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ANNUAL REPORTS

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OP THE

¥AE DEPAKTMENT

FOR THE

FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1902.

VOLUME I.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR

AND

REPORTS OF BUREAU CHIEFS.

"WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1903.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE ANNUAL ' REPORTS OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT

FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1902.

Volume I. — Report of the Secretary of War and Reports of Bureau Chiefs,

as follows:

Adjutant-General.

Inspector-General.

Judge- Advocate-General.

Quartermaster-General.

Commissary-General.

Surgeon-General.

Paymaster-General.

Chief Signal Officer.

Chief of Record and Pension Office.

Chief of Bureau of Insular Affairs.

Volumes II- VI. — Report of CJiief of Engineers.

Volume VH. — Reports of the Chief of Ordnance and Board of Ordnance and

Fortification.

Volume VIII. — Miscellaneous Reports, as follows:

Commissioners of National Military Parks:

Chickamauga and Chattanooga.

Gettysburg.

Shiloh.

Vicksburg.
United States Military Academy, West Point, N. Y.:

Board of Visitors.

Superintendent.
Soldiers' Home, District of Columbia:

Board of Commissioners.

Inspection of.
Inspection of National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers.

IV ARRANGEMENT OF REPORTS OF WAR DEPARTMENT.

Volume IX. — Reports of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army

and Department Commanders, as follows:
Chief of Artillery.
Department of California.
Department of the Colorado.
Department of the Columbia.
Department of Dakota.
Department of the East.
Department of the Lakes.
Department of the Missouri.
Department of Texas.
Department of Cuba.
General Service and Staff College.
Cavalry and Field Artillery School.
Artillery School.
School of Submarine Defense.
Division of the Philippines:

Department of North Philippines.

Department of South Philippines.

Department of the Visayas.

Volume X, Parts 1 and 2. — Report of the Philippine Commission.
Volume XI. — Acts of the Philippine Commission.

CONTENTS.

Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi
Report oi

Page.

the Secretary of War 1-281

theAdjutant-General 283- 366

thtflnspector-General 367-492

the Judge- Advocate-General 493-500

the Quartermaster-General 501-526

the Commissary-General 527-557

the Surgeon-General 559-641

the Paymaster-General 643-659

the Chief Signal Officer 661-728

the Chief of the Record and Pension Office 729-738

the Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs 739-762

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

REPORT

THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

War Department,
Washington, D. C, December i, 1902.
To the President:

I have the honor to submit the following report of operations of
this Department for the past year:

On November 27, 1901, the date of the last annual report of the
Secretary of War, the Army of the United States, according to the
latest reports which had been received from the field, consisted of
3,253 officers and 76,084 enlisted men. In addition there were 4,336
men in the hospital corps; 172 volunteer surgeons appointed for duty
in the Philippines under the provisions of section 18 of the act of
February 2, 1901; 4,973 native scouts under the command of 98
officers in the Philippines, and 25 officers and 815 men of the Porto
Rico Provisional Regiment of Infantry.

REDUCTION OF THE ENLISTED STRENGTH OF THE ARM?.

The continued improvement of conditions in the Philippines made
possible a further reduction in the enlisted strength of the Army,
which, by order dated Ma}' 31, 1902, was fixed as follows:

Caval ry 1 4, 040

Artillery:

Coast 13, 734

Field 3,680

Noncommissioned staff and bands 328

17, 742

Infantry 29,880

Engineer battalions and band 1, 282

Additional strength for troops stationed at the General Service and Staff Col-
lege, School of Application, and Legation Guard, Pekin, China 770

Enlisted men, staff departments, etc 2, 783

Total Army 66,497

WAR 1902— VOL 1 1 1

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

To meet the requirements of the act of June 28, 1902, for the sup-
port of the Military Academy, and of the act of June 30, 1902,
making appropriations for the support of the Army, slight modifica-
tions of the enlisted strength were made under date of July 1, 1902,
making the total enlisted strength of the Army 66,711.

On October 15, 1902, the regular establishment consisted, according
to the latest reports which had been received, of 3,586 officers and
66,003 enlisted men, a total of 69,589. In addition, there were 3,598
men of the Hospital Corps, but under the provisions of the act of
March 1, 1887, not included as part of the enlisted force of the Army.
There were also in the service 182 volunteer medical officers, appointed
under section 18 of the act of February 2, 1901, all of whom are under
orders for honorable discharge on account of their services being no
longer required; 4,978 Philippine scouts, enlisted from the natives,
under command of 100 officers, and 29 officers and 840 enlisted men
of the Porto Rico Provisional Regiment.

The distribution of the Army October 15, 1902, was as follows:

Country.

United States

Philippine Islands

Cuba

Porto Rico

Hawaiian Islands .

China

Alaska

Total

Officers.

Enlisted
men.

Hospital
Corps.

Total.

2,476

44,163

1,868

48,507

1,039

19,800

1,594

22,433

819

884

228

276

198

222

131

188

664

727

3,586

66,003

3,598

78,187

(In addition there were the officers and men of the Porto Rico Provisional Regiment and of the
Philippine Scouts and the volunteer surgeons under orders for discharge, as above stated.)

Since the ending of the insurrection and the complete establishment
of civil government in the Philippines, it has been possible to make a
still further reduction of the Army, and on October 24, 1902, an order
was made reducing the enlisted strength to 59,866, the minimum
provided by the act of February 2, 1901 (excepting as to the
organizations stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Fort Riley, and Pekin),
as follows:

Cavalry 12,240

Artillery:

Coast 13,734

Field 3,680

Noncommissioned staff and bands 328

17, 742

BEPOBT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 3

Infantrv 24,480

Engineer battalions and band 1, 282

Additional strength for troops stationed at the General Service and Staff

College, School of Application, and Legation Guard, Pekin, China 1, 245

Enlisted men, staff departments, etc 2, 877

Total 59,866

The necessary instructions have been given prescribing the method
of effecting the reduction required by the order of October 24, 1902,
so that it will have been completely accomplished in the most econom-
ical way before the end of the current fiscal year, and in the main
accomplished during the next thirty days.

The effect of carrying out this order will be to bring the American
troops stationed in the Philippines down to an enlisted strength
of 13,480.

The distribution will be as follows:

In Philippines 13,480

Coast Artillery in United States, Cuba, and Hawaii 13, 298

Field Artillery in United States 3,320

Nine bands and sergeante-major 300

Cavalry in United States (including bands, regimental and squadron non-
commissioned staff) 8, 540

Infantry in United States (including bands, regimental and battalion non-
commissioned staff) 16, 645

Infantry in Pekin 150

Infantry in Alaska (excluding 234, who will have to be left there until after

navigation opens next summer) 390

Engineers in United States (including band) 866

Staff departments 2,877

Total 59,866

The exception of the organizations stationed at Fort Leavenworth
and Fort Riley from the reduction to the minimum strength is made
for purposes of instruction, so that at the general service and staff col-
lege and the school of application for cavalry and light artillery, stu-
dent officers may become familiar with the handling of troops at full
war strength.

With the execution of this order the Regular Army will have been
reduced to the minimum of enlisted strength which, in the judgment
of Congress, a wise policy requires us to maintain as insurance against
future attack.

The estimates prepared for submission to Congress at the present
session call for appropriations on that basis.

4 BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAB.

The only armed forces which will then remain to be maintained on
account of the islands ceded by Spain under the Treaty of Paris will
be the Porto Rico Provisional Regiment and the Philippine Scouts.

PORTO RICO REGIMENT.

The act of February 2, 1901, provides that the Porto Rico Regiment
shall be continued in service until further directed by Congress. I
recommend that the discontinuance of that regiment be now directed,
and that at the same time the right of enlistment in the Regular Army
be extended to citizens of Porto Rico. There is no longer occasion
for maintaining a special and peculiar force in the island, at the expense
of the United States, outside of the coast-defense fortifications. Under
the prosperous conditions which have followed the very liberal treat-
ment of the island by the United States, the insular government is well
able to support a police force adequate to preserve internal peace and
order, and there is no more reason for maintaining a special United
States force in addition to the Regular Army to protect Porto Rico
against external attack than there is to maintain such a force to pro-
tect any part of our territory on the Atlantic coast. The people of
Porto Rico should, however, have an opportunity to share in the gen-
eral defense of the Government to which they owe allegiance and of
the institutions which they enjoy.

PHILIPPINE SCOUTS.

The Philippine Scouts should be continued. They enable us to
reduce the force of American troops in the Philippines more rapidly
than we could without them, and their knowledge of the country,
language and the ways of the people, make them especially valuable
in hunting down ladrones, which for a good while to come will be an
urgent business. The relations between this body of scouts, main-
tained at the expense of the United States, and the insular constab-
ulary, maintained at the expense of the Philippine government, will
have to be worked out hereafter when we have had longer experience
of the working of the two forces under peaceful conditions, and know
better what revenues can be relied upon by the insular government
under like conditions. Both forces are now useful agents in maintain-
ing order. Whether that shall be ultimately accomplished through one
force or the other, or both, can hardly as yet be profitably discussed.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 5

VOLUNTEER SURGEONS.

The reduction of the Army has been accompanied by an order for
the discharge of all the volunteer surgeons authorized by the act of
February 2, 1901, and a large reduction of the Hospital Corps. The
prevalence of cholera in the Philippines, however, has made it neces-
sary to retain a number of contract surgeons and Hospital Corps
men, with whose services we can dispense ultimately.

ENLISTMENTS.

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, there were 124,542
applications for enlistment in the Army, not including the Hospital
Corps and Philippine Scouts. Of these, 37,461, or about 30 per cent,
were accepted and 87,081, or about 70 per cent, were rejected. Of
the number accepted, 32,249 were natives of the United States, 4,726
were of foreign birth, and 486 were born in Porto Rico; 34,677 were
white, 2,284 colored, 14 Indians, and 486 Porto Ricans (color not
specified). The reenlistments numbered 11,435 and the new enlist-
ments 26,026. Excluding reenlistments, the percentage of native born
among the newly enlisted men was 89.5. Of the applicants rejected,
1,622 were rejected as aliens and 3,828 as illiterates.

MORTALITY AND HEALTH.

The health of the Army has shown a continued improvement. The
deaths from all causes during the calendar year 1901 amounted to
13.94 per thousand of mean strength as against 22.74 per thousand of
mean strength during the calendar year 1900. This large reduction of
death rate was in a great measure due to improved conditions in the
Philippines, where the rate was reduced to 17.96 per thousand in the
year 1901 as against 29.42 per thousand in the year 1900. The death
rate from all causes during the year 1901 in the United States was 6.90
per thousand; in Porto Rico, 7.81; in Cuba, 5.29, and in the Pacific
islands and China, 17.96. The rates of admission to sick report for
disease and injury and the rate of discharge for disability during the
calendar year 1901 agree with the reduced mortality rate in being
considerably less than the corresponding rates for the year 1900.

A further improvement of health in the Philippines may be
anticipated from the cessation of guerrilla warfare with the exposure
incident to it, and from the concentration of the troops remaining

6 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

in the islands in a smaller number of posts selected and constructed
with special reference to sanitary conditions. This work of con-
struction is being pressed forward as rapidly as possible with the
appropriations made by Congress at the last session.

Full returns have not been received covering the period of epi-
demic cholera in the Philippines, but telegraphic reports indicate
that the Army has suffered but little.

MILITARY OPERATIONS.

The principal military events of the past year have been the end of
the military occupation of Cuba and the end of the insurrection in the
Philippines.

CUBA.

In conformity to the Cuban constitution and electoral law, transla-
tions of which were annexed to my report of last year, elections were
held by the Cuban people on the 31st of December, 1901, and by the
electoral college on the 24th of February, 1902, when a president,
vice-president, senate and house of representatives were chosen.
On the 24th of March, 1902, the following instructions were given to
the military governor:

Brigadier-General Leonard Wood,

Military Governor of Cuba, Havana, Cuba,

Sir: You are authorized to provide for the inauguration, on the 20th of May next,
of the government elected by the people of Cuba; and upon the establishment of said
government to leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to ite people,
pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress entitled "An act making appropria-
tion for the Army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902," approved March 2, 1901.

Upon the transfer of government and control to the President and Congress so
elected, you will advise them that such transfer is upon the express understanding
and condition that the new government does thereupon, and by the acceptance
thereof, pursuant to the provisions of the appendix to the constitution of Cuba
adopted by the constitutional convention on the 12th of June, 1901, assume and
undertake all and several the obligations assumed by the United States with respect
to Cuba by the treaty between the United States of America and Her Majesty the
Queen Regent of Spain, signed at Paris on the 10th day of December, 1898. It is the
purpose of the United States Government, forthwith upon the inauguration of the
new government of Cuba, to terminate the occupancy of the island by the United
States and to withdraw from that island the military forces now in occupancy
thereof; but for the preservation and care of the coast defenses of the island, and to
avoid leaving the island entirely defenseless against external attack, you may leave
in the coast fortifications such small number of artillerymen as may be necessary,
for such reasonable time, as may be required to enable the new government to
organize and substitute therefor an adequate military force of its own; by which
time it is anticipated that the naval stations referred to in the statute and in the

REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 7

appendix to the constitution above cited, will have been agreed upon, and the said
artillerymen may be transferred thereto.

You will convene the Congress elected by the people of Cuba in joint session
at such reasonable time before the 20th of May as shall be necessary therefor, for
the purpose of performing the duties of counting and rectifying the electoral vote
for President and Vice-President under the fifty-eighth article of the Cuban consti-
tution. At the same time you will publish and certify to the people of Cuba the
instrument adopted as the constitution of Cuba by the constitutional convention on
the 21st day of February, 1901, together with the appendix added thereto and
forming a part thereof, adopted by the said convention on the 12th day of June,
1901. It is the understanding of the Government of the United States that the
government of the island will pass to the new President and Congress of Cuba as a
going concern, all the laws promulgated by the government of occupation contin-
uing in force and effect, and all the judicial and subordinate executive and admin-
istrative officers continuing in the lawful discharge of their present functions until
changed by the constitutional officers of the new government. At the same moment
the responsibility of the United States for the collection and expenditure of reve-
nues, and for the proper performance of duty by the officers and employees of the
insular government will end, and, the responsibility of the new government of
Cuba therefor will commence.

In order to avoid any embarrassment to the new president which might arise
from his assuming executive responsibility with subordinates whom he does not
know, or in whom he has not confidence, and to avoid any occasion for sweeping
changes in the civil-service personnel immediately after the inauguration of the new
government, approval is given to the course which you have already proposed of
consulting the president-elect, and substituting before the 20th of May, wherever he
shall so desire, for the persons now holding official positions, such persons as he
may designate. This method will make it necessary that the new president and
yourself should appoint representatives to count and certify the cash and cash bal-
ances, and the securities for deposits, transferred to the new government. The con-
sent of the owner of the securities for deposits to the transfer thereof you will of
course obtain.

The vouchers and accounts in the office of the Auditor and elsewhere relating
to the receipt and disbursement of moneys during the government of occupation
must necessarily remain within the control and available for the use of this
Department Access to these papers will, however, undoubtedly be important
to the officers of the new Government in the conduct of their business subsequent
to the 20th of May. You will accordingly appoint an agent to take possession of
these papers, and retain them at such place in the island of Cuba as may be agreed
upon with the new Government until they can be removed to the United States
without detriment to tfce current business of the new Government

I desire that you communicate the contents of this letter to Mr. Palma, the
President-elect, and ascertain whether the course above described accords with
his views and wishes.

Very respectfully, Elihu Root,

kSecreumj of Wat.

10 BEPOBT OF THE 8ECBETABY OF WAR.

administration; and to the department commanders, Gen. James H.
Wilson and Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; to the lamented Gen. William Ludlow,
whose arduous labors in the government and sanitation of Havana
made his untimely death not the least of his country's sacrifices for
Cuba; to Brig. Gen. Joseph P. Sanger, commander at Matanzas and
later director of the census; and to Maj. Gen. (then Col.) Adna R.
Chaffee, chief of staff, and Col. W. V. Richards and Col. H. L. Scott,
adjutants-general of the department.

Especial credit is due also to the Medical Department of the Army,
and particularly to Maj. Walter Reed and Maj. William C. Gorgas
for their extraordinary service in ridding the island of yellow fever,
described in my last report; and to Dr. Jefferson R. Kean and Dr.
James Carroll for their share in that work.

The brilliant character of this scientific achievement, its inestimable
value to mankind, the saving of thousands of lives, and the deliverance
of the Atlantic seacoast from constant apprehension, demand special
recognition from the Government of the United States.

Dr. Reed is the ranking major in the Medical Department, and
within a few months will, by operation of law, become lieutenant-
colonel. I ask that the President be authorized to appoint him assist-
ant surgeon-general with the rank of colonel, and to appoint Major
Gorgas deputy surgeon-general with the rank of lieutenant-colonel,
and that the respective numbers in those grades in the Medical Depart-
ment be increased accordingly during the period for which they hold
those offices.

The name of Dr. Jesse W. Lazear, contract surgeon, who volun-
tarily permitted himself to be inoculated with the yellow fever germ,
in order to furnish a necessary experimental test in the course.of the
investigation, and who died of the disease, should be written in the
list of the martyrs who have died in the cause of humanity. As a
slight memorial of his heroism a battery in the coast defense fortifi-
cation at Fort Howard, Baltimore, Md., has been named ''Battery
Lazear."

Under the clause of the foregoing instructions relating to the care
of the coast defenses in Cuba, four companies of Coast Artillery have
been left in the fortifications of Habana, two companies at Cienfuegos,
and two companies at Santiago, pending the location of naval stations,
to which they may be transferred, and the instruction of Cuban artil-

BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 11

lerists to take their place. The Cuban artillery force has been organ-
ized and is receiving regular instruction from our artillery officers.

1 append hereto, marked "Appendix B," a statement showing the
amount and sources of all revenue collected in Cuba between the sur-
render of Santiago on July 14, 1898, and the end of the military
government on the 20th of May, 1902, and showing the disposition
of the funds so collected. A complete and detailed statement of the
audited accounts by items covering the entire sum has been prepared
and will be transmitted to Congress at the opening of the session.

THE PHILIPPINES.

At the time of my last report Malvar, in the provinces of Batangas
and Tayabas, in the island of Luzon, and Lukban, in the island of
Samar, were the only insurgent leaders of importance who still main-
tained guerrilla warfare. We hoped that these leaders with their
followers would yield to the example and advice of the great body
of the Philippine people who had become friendly to the United
States, and would voluntarily lay down their arms. It soon became
evident, however, that this would not be the case. Malvar grew
stronger, rather than weaker, under the effect of a conciliatory and
peaceful policy, and the fierce natives of Samar were excited to
greater hostile activity by a successful surprise at Balangiga in Sep-
tember, by which the people of the town, who had given every
appearance of friendliness and were treated as friends, set upon a
company of the Ninth Infantry while at breakfast and murdered
most of them.

Active campaigns were accordingly inaugurated in both regions;
and these resulted in the surrender of Malvar on the 16th of April,
and in the capture of Lukban and the surrender of Guevara, his suc-
cessor, on the 27th of April. Gen. Frederick D. Grant reports that
the surrenders in Samar included every gun known to exist in the
island, except two; and Gen. J. F. Bell, who conducted operations
against Malvar, in Batangas, reports that during the campaign we
secured 3,561 guns, 625 revolvers, with many thousand bolos, rounds
of ammunition, etc., and detected, captured, or forced to surrender
some eight or ten thousand persons actively engaged in one capacity
or another in the insurrection. These surrenders put an end to the
guerrilla warfare in the Philippines, which had been waged with great

6 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Full returns have not been received covering the period of epi-
demic cholera in the Philippines, but telegraphic reports indicate
that the Army has suffered but little.

MILITARY OPERATIONS.

The principal military events of the past year have been the end of
the military occupation of Cuba and the end of the insurrection in the
Philippines.

CUBA.

Brigadier-General Leonard Wood,

Military Governor of Cuba, Havana, Cuba.

Sir: You are authorized to provide for the inauguration, on the 20th of May next,
of the government elected by the people of Cuba; and upon the establishment of said
government to leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to its people,
pursuant to the provisions of the act of Congress entitled "An act making appropria-
tion for the Army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902," approved March 2, 1901.

Upon the transfer of government and control to the President and Congress so
elected, you will advise them that such transfer is upon the express understanding
and condition that the new government does thereupon, and by the acceptance
thereof, pursuant to the provisions of the appendix to the constitution of Cuba
adopted by the constitutional convention on the 12th of June, 1901, assume and
undertake ail and several the obligations assumed by the United States with respect
to Cuba by the treaty between the United States of America and Her Majesty the
Queen Regent of Spain, signed at Paris on the 10th day of December, 1898. It is the
purpose of the United States Government, forthwith upon the inauguration of the
new government of Cuba, to terminate the occupancy of the island by the United
States and to withdraw from that island the military forces now in occupancy
thereof; but for the preservation and care of the coast defenses of the island, and to
avoid leaving the island entirely defenseless against external attack, you may leave
in the coast fortifications such small number of artillerymen as may be necessary,
for such reasonable time, as may be required to enable the new government to
organize and substitute therefor an adequate military force of its own; by which
time it is anticipated that the naval stations referred to in the statute and in the

BEPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 7

appendix to the constitution above cited, will have been agreed upon, and the said
artillerymen may be transferred thereto.

The vouchers and accounts in the office of the Auditor and elsewhere relating
to the receipt and disbursement of moneys during the government of occupation
must necessarily remain within the control and available for the use of this
Department. Access to these papers will, however, undoubtedly be important
to the officers of the new Government in the conduct of their business subsequent
to the 20th of May. You will accordingly appoint an agent to take possession of
these papers, and retain them at such place in the island of Cuba as may be agreed
upon with the new Government until they can be removed to the United States
without detriment to tfce current business of the new Government.

I desire that you communicate the contents of this letter to Mr. Palma, the
President-elect, and ascertain whether the course above described accords with
his views and wishes.

Very respectfully, Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

8 BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OP WAR.

These instructions, being communicated to the President-elect, Mr.
Palma, received his approval, and they were completely executed on
the 20th of May, 1902. The specific instructions which followed
and the various public acts, which, taken together, accomplished the
termination of military government and the inauguration of the
new Republic, are shown in the series of papers annexed hereto as
"Appendix A."

The whole governmental situation in Cuba was quite unprece-
dented, with its curious device of a suspended sovereignty given up
by Spain, but not in terms vested in anybody else, and if vested
remaining dormant, while a practical working government of mili-
tary occupation in time of peace, deriving its authority from the
sovereignty of another country, claimed temporary allegiance, made
and enforced laws, and developed a political organization of the
Cuban people to take and exercise the suspended or dormant sover-
eignty. It was important that in inaugurating the new government
there should be no break in the continuity of legal obligation, of
rights of property and contract, of jurisdiction, or of administrative
action. It would not do to wait for the new government to pass
laws or to create offices and appoint administrative officers and vest
them with powers, for the instant that the new government was
created the intervening government ceased, and the period of waiting
would be a period of anarchy.

It was necessary, therefore, to take such steps that the new gov-
ernment should be created as a going concern, every officer of which
should be able to go on with his part of the business of governing
under the new sovereignty without waiting for any new authority.
That everything necessary to this end should be done, and that it
should be done according to a consistent and maintainable legal
theory, caused the Department a good deal of solicitude. It is grat-
ifying to report that it was done, and that the government which,
until noon of May 20th, was proceeding under the authority of the
President of the United States, went on in the afternoon of that day
and has ever since continued under the sovereignty which had been
abandoned by Spain in April, 1899, without any more break or
confusion than accompanies the inauguration of a new President in
the United States. This could not have been done without the most
perfect good understanding, mutual confidence, and sympathetic

BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 9

cooperation on the part of our officers, who were about to retire, and
the newly-elected officers of Cuba, who were about to take the reins
of government. Our troops withdrew from Cuba in the afternoon of
the 20th of May, amid universal expressions of gratitude, esteem, and
affection. The public feeling was well illustrated by the following

telegram from President Palma:

Havana, May £i, 1902,
Elihu Root,

Secretary of War, Washington:

I am deeply moved by your heartfelt message of congratulation on the inaugura-
tion of the Republic of Cuba, to the birth of which the people and the Government
of the United States have contributed with their blood and treasure. Rest assured
that the Cuban people can never forget the debt of gratitude they owe to the great
Republic, with which we will always cultivate the closest relations of friendship and
for the prosperity of which we pray to the Almighty.

T. Estrada Palma.

I venture to express the hope that this strong and well-deserved
friendship of Cuba may be permanent and may never be alienated by
our treatment of the smaller and weaker power, and that the people
of the United States may never lose their deep interest in the welfare
of the new Republic which they have called into being with so much
labor and sacrifice. I know of no chapter in American history more
satisfactory than that which will record the conduct of the military
government of Cuba. The credit for it is due, first of all, to Brig.
Gen. Leonard Wood, the commander of the department of Santiago
until December, 1899, and thenceforth military governor of the
island. Credit is due also to Brig. Gen. Tasker H. Bliss, who had
charge of the collection of customs revenues; Maj. E. St. John Greble
and Maj. and Surg. Jefferson R. Kean, successively heads of the
department of charities; Lieut. Matthew E. Hanna, superintendent
of public schools; Lieut. E. C. Brooks and Mr. J. D. Terrill,
successively auditors of Cuba; and to the Cuban gentlemen who, as
heads of the various state departments, constituted the cabinet of the
military governor: Messrs. Diego Tamayo, secretary of state and
government; Leopoldo Cancio, secretary of finance; Jose Varela,
secretary of justice; Jose R. Villalon, secretary of public works;
Enrique Jose Varona, secretary of public instruction; and Perfecto
Lacoste, secretary of agriculture. Credit is also due to Maj. Gen.
John R. Brooke, the first military governor, and the member« of his

10 BEPOBT OF THE 8ECBETABY OF WAR.

The name of Dr. Jesse W. Lazear, contract surgeon, who volun-
tarily permitted himself to be inoculated with the yellow fever germ,
in order to furnish a necessary experimental test in the course .of the
investigation, and who died of the disease, should be written in the
list of the martyrs who have died in the cause of humanity. As a
slight memorial of his heroism a battery in the coast defense fortifi-
cation at Fort Howard, Baltimore, Md., has been named ''Battery
Lazear."

Under the clause of the foregoing instructions relating to the care
of the coast defenses in Cuba, four companies of Coast Artillery have
been left in the fortifications of Habana, two companies at Cienf uegos,
and two companies at Santiago, pending the location of naval stations,
to which they may be transferred, and the instruction of Cuban artil-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 11

lerists to take their place. The Cuban artillery force has been organ-
ized and is receiving regular instruction from our artillery officers.

1 append hereto, marked "Appendix B," a statement showing the
amount and sources of all revenue collected in Cuba between the sur-
render of Santiago on July 14, 1898, and the end of the military
government on the 20th of May, 1902, and showing the disposition
of the funds so collected. A complete and detailed statement of the
audited accounts by items covering the entire sura has been prepared
and will be transmitted to Congress at the opening of the session.

THE PHILIPPINES.

12 BEPOBT OF THE 8E0RETARY OF WAR.

ferocity ever since the destruction of Aguinaldo's government in the
latter part of 1899, and had been accompanied by constant treachery,
assassination, cruelty, and disregard of the laws of war.

The way was now clear to complete the establishment of civil govern-
ment, and by energetic action and hearty cooperation on the part of
both the civil and military authorities in the Philippines this was
accomplished coincidently with the enactment by Congress of the
Philippine government bill of July 1, 1902.

On the 4th of July, 1902, the remainder of the military government
was ended by the following order:

War Department, Washington, July 4, 1909,

The insurrection against the sovereign authority of the United States in the Philip-
pine Archipelago having ended, and provincial civil governmente having been estab-
lished throughout the entire territory of the archipelago not inhabited by Moro
tribes, under the instructions of the President to the Philippine Commission, dated
April 7, 1900, now ratified and confirmed by the act of Congress approved July 1,
1902, entitled "An act temporarily to provide for the administration of affairs of civil
government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," the general com-
manding the Division of the Philippines is hereby relieved from the further perform-
ance of the duties of military governor, and the office of military governor in said
archipelago is terminated. The general commanding the Division of the Philippines,
and all military officers in authority therein, will continue to observe the direction
contained in the aforesaid instructions of the President, that the military forces in
the Division of the Philippines shall be at all times subject, under the orders of the
military commander, to the call of the civil authorities for the maintenance of law
and order and the enforcement of their authority.

By the President:

Klihu Root, Secretary of War..

On the same day the President issued a proclamation of peace and
amnesty, a copy of which is annexed as "Appendix C."

The dual process by which the military power had steadily acquired
control over the various provinces of the archipelago, and at the same
time had been superseded progressively by civil administration, was
then finished, and a complete system of civil government, built up
under the authority of the President, was in operation, ready to go
on under the authority of Congress.

I described in my last report the important bearing which the con-
tinuous offer and bestowal of civil rights and local self-government as
the result of pacification had upon the attitude of the people toward
the insurrection. It is evident that the insurrection has been brought

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 13

to an end both by making a war distressing and hopeless on the one
hand, and by making peace attractive, through immediate and present
demonstration of the sincerity of our purpose to give to the people
just and free government, on the other. This result could not have
been accomplished except by genuine and hearty cooperation of both
the military and civil authorities acting together under the general
direction of the War Department. The good temper and mutual con-
sideration and helpfulness, and subordination of personal to public
interests, displayed by General MacArthur and General Chaffee on
the one hand, and by Governor Taft, Vice-Governor Wright, and the
Civil Commission on the other, frequently under circumstances of
great delicacy and difficulty, are worthy of high praise. Some of
their subordinates, through incomplete knowledge and from widely
differing points of view, have sometimes expressed discordant opin-
ions, but both soldiers and civilians, with very few exceptions, have
rendered loyal and devoted support to the prescribed policy.

There was at one time in the public press and on the floor of
Congress much criticism of the conduct of the Array in the
Philippines, as being cruel and inhuman. All wars are cruel. This
conflict consisted chiefly of guerrilla warfare. It lasted for some three
years and a half, and extended over thousands of miles of territory.
Over 120,000 men were engaged upon our side, and much greater
numbers upon the other, and we were fighting against enemies who
totally disregarded the laws of civilized warfare, and who were guilty
of the most atrocious treachery and inhuman cruelty. It was
impossible that some individuals should not be found upon our side
who were unnecessarily and unjustifiably cruel. Such instances,
however, after five months of searching investigation by a committee
of the Senate, who took some three thousand printed pages of
testimony, appear to have been comparatively few, and they were in
violation of strict orders obedience to which characterized the conduct
of the Army as a whole.

The two observers who, as the heads of the civil government in the
Philippines, had the best opportunities for information, and at the
same time were naturally free from any military bias, have given
what 1 believe to be a true statement of the character of our military
operations.

14 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Vice-Governor Luke E. Wright says, in a letter written on the 20th
of July last:

General Chaffee, as a matter of course, had no patience with any acts of oppression
or cruelty, and whenever his attention has been called to them has at once taken
proper steps. The howl against the Army has been made mainly for political pur-
poses, and the cruelties practiced have been largely exaggerated. Of course, numer-
ous instances of this character have occurred. There never was and never will be
a war of which the same may not be said, but taken as a whole, and when the char-
acter of the warfare here is considered, I think the officers and men of the Amer-
ican Army have been forbearing and humane in their dealings with the natives, and
the attempt to create a contrary impression is not only unjust to them, but it seems
to me unpatriotic as well.

Governor Taft, in his testimony under oath before the Philippine
Committee of the Senate on the 4th of February last, said:

After a good deal of study about the matter, and, although I have never been
prejudiced in favor of the military branch, for when the civil and military branches
are exercising concurrent jurisdiction there is some inevitable friction, I desire to
say that it is my deliberate judgment that there never was a war conducted,
whether against inferior races or not, in which there was more compassion and
more restraint and more generosity, assuming that there was war at all, than there
have been in the Philippine Islands.

SUMMARY OF SERVICE IN CUBA AND THE PHILIPPINES.

The conduct and service of the Army, both in Cuba and in the
Philippines, were summed up in the following order:

War Department, Washington, July 4, 1902.
To the Army of the United States:

The President upon this anniversary of national independence wishes to express
to the officers and enlisted men of the United States Army his deep appreciation of
the service they have rendered to the country in the great and difficult undertak-
ings which they have brought to a successful conclusion during the past year.

He thanks the officers and the enlisted men who have been maintaining order and
carrying on the military government in Cuba, because they have faithfully given
effect to the humane purposes of the American people. They have with sincere
kindness helped the Cuban people to take all the successive steps necessary to the
establishment of their own constitutional government. During the time required
for that process they have governed Cuba wisely, regarding justice and respecting
individual liberty; have honestly collected and expended for the best interests of the
Cuban people the revenues, amounting to over $60,000,000; have carried out practical
and thorough sanitary measures, greatly improving the health and lowering the
death rate of the island. By patient, scientific research they have ascertained
the causes of yellow fever, and by good administration have put an end to that

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAB. 15

most dreadful disease, which has long destroyed the lives and hindered the
commercial prosperity of the Cubans. They have expedited justice and secured
protection for the rights of the innocent, while they have cleansed the prisons
and established sound discipline and healthful conditions for the punishment of
the guilty. They have reestablished and renovated and put upon a substantial
basis adequate hospitals and asylums for the care of the unfortunate. They have
established a general system of free common schools throughout the island, in which
over 200,000 children are in actual attendance. They have constructed great and
necessary public works. They have gradually trained the Cubans themselves in all
branches of administration, so that the new government upon assuming power has
begun its work with an experienced force of Cuban civil service employees competent
to execute its orders. They have borne themselves with dignity and self-control,
so that nearly four years of military occupation have passed unmarred by injury or
insult to man or woman. They have transferred the government of Cuba to the
Cuban people amid universal expressions of friendship and good will, and have left
a record of ordered justice and liberty, of rapid improvement in material and moral
conditions, and progress in the art of government which reflects great credit upon
the people of the United States.

The President thanks the officers and enlisted men of the army in the Philippines
both regulars and volunteers, for the courage and fortitude, the 'indomitable spirit
and loyal devotion with which they have put down and ended the great insurrection
which has raged throughout the archipelago against the lawful sovereignty and just
authority of the United States. The task was peculiarly difficult and trying. They
were required at first to overcome organized resistance of superior numbers, well
equipped with modern arms of precision, intrenched in an unknown country of
mountain defiles, jungles, and swamps, apparently capable of interminable defense.
When this resistance had been overcome they were required to crush out a general
system of guerrilla warfare conducted among a people speaking unknown tongues,
from whom it was almost impossible to obtain the information necessary for success-
ful pursuit or to guard against surprise and ambush.

The enemies by whom they were surrounded were regardless of all obligations of
good faith and of all the limitations which humanity has imposed upon civilized
warfare. Bound themselves by the laws of war, our soldiers were called upon to
meet every device of unscrupulous treachery and to contemplate without reprisal the
infliction of barbarous cruelties upon their comrades and friendly natives. They
were instructed, while punishing armed resistance, to conciliate the friendship of the
peaceful, yet had to do with a population among whom it was impossible to dis-
tinguish friend from foe, and who in countless instances used a false appearance of
friendship for ambush and assassination. They were obliged to deal with problems
of communication and transportation in a country without roads and frequently
made impassable by torrential rains. They were weakened by tropical heat and
tropical disease. Widely scattered over a great archipelago, extending a thousand
miles from north to south, the gravest responsibilities, involving the life or death of
their commands, frequently devolved upon young and inexperienced officers beyond
the reach of specific orders or advice.

16 REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

Under all these adverse circumstances the Army of the Philippines has accom-
plished its task rapidly and completely. In more than two thousand combats, great
and small, within three years, it has exhibited unvarying courage and resolution.
Utilizing the lessons of the Indian wars, it has relentlessly followed the guerrilla
bands to their fastnesses in mountain and jungle and crushed them. It has put an
end to the vast system of intimidation and secret assassination by which the peace-
ful natives were prevented from taking a genuine part in government under Ameri-
can authority. It has captured or forced to surrender substantially all the leaders
of the insurrection. It has submitted to no discouragement and halted at no obsta-
cle. Its officers have shown high qualities of command, and its men have shown
devotion and discipline. Its splendid virile energy has been accompanied by self-
control, patience, and magnanimity. With surprisingly few individual exceptions,
its course has been characterized by humanity and kindness to the prisoner and the
noncombatant. With admirable good temper, sympathy, and loyalty to American
ideals its commanding generals have joined with the civilian agents of the Govern-
ment in healing the wounds of war and assuring to the people of the Philippines the
blessings of peace and prosperity. Individual liberty, protection of personal rights,
civil order, public instruction, and religious freedom have followed its footsteps. It
has added honor to the flag which it defended, and has justified increased confidence
in the future of the American people, whose soldiers do not shrink from labor or
death, yet love liberty and peace.

The President feels that he expresses the sentiments of all the loyal people of the
United States in doing honor to the whole Army which has joined in the perform-
ance and shares in the credit of these honorable services.

This General Order will be read aloud at parade in every military post on the 4th
day of July, 1902, or on the first day after it shall have been received.

Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.
THE CONTROL OF THE MOR08.

The establishment of civil government in the Philippines still left a
function for the Army to perform in the control of the Moros in the
Sulu Archipelago, Southern Mindanao, and the southern part of Pala-
wan very similar to that which it has long performed in relation to
the Indian tribes in the Western part of the United States. It was
only through an extended series of decisions by the Supreme Court of
the United States, dealing with specific questions as they arose in the
early years of the last centui^, that the precise legal relations between
the Federal Government, the State and Territorial governments, and
the Indian tribes of North America were determined.

The court said in the case of The Cherokee Nation v. The State of
Georgia (5 Peters, 1):

The Indians are acknowledged to have an unquestionable and heretofore an
unquestioned right to the lands they occupy until that right shall be extinguished

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY 3F WAR. 17

by a voluntary cession to the Government. It may well be doubted whether those
tribes which reside within the acknowledged boundaries of the United States can
with strict accuracy be denominated foreign nations. They may more correctly,
perhaps, be denominated domestic dependent nations. They occupy territory to
which we assert a title, independent of their will, which must take effect in point of
„ possession when their right of possession ceases; meanwhile they are in a state of
pupilage. Their relations to the United States resemble that of a ward to his guard-
ian. They look to our Government for protection; rely upon its kindness and its
power; appeal to it for relief to their wants, and address the President as their
great father. #

A similar process of judicial decision will probably be called for by
the numerous questions certain to arise from our relations to the Moro
tribes; but in the meantime the close general analogy to the relations
of the North American Indians indicates a duty, for the present at
least, of limited supervision and control operating upon the tribal
governments of the Moros, rather than an attempt to substitute an
American or Philippine government acting directly upon the individ-
ual Moros. In the performance of this duty we find ourselves exer-
cising powers and following methods plainly contemplated by the
Constitution, and sanctioned by the judicial decisions and established
usage of the entire existence of the Government of the United States.

The instructions of the President to the Philippine Commission of
April 7, 1900, contained the following direction based upon the fore-
going view:

In dealing with the uncivilized tribes of the islands the Commission should adopt
the same course followed by Congress in permitting the tribes of our North American
Indians to maintain their tribal organization and government, and under which
many of those tribes are now living in peace and contentment, surrounded by a civil-
ization to which they are unable or unwilling to conform. Such tribal governments
should, however, be subjected to wise and firm regulation, and without undue or
petty interference constant and active effort should be exercised to prevent barbarous
practices and introduce civilized customs.

The same instructions provide that the military forces in the Phil-
ippines shall be at all times subject, under the orders of the military
commander, to the call of the civil authorities for the maintenance of
law and order and the enforcement of their authority.

These instructions were approved and adopted by Congress in the
Philippine government act of July 1, 1902, and they will continue to
guide the civil and military authorities in the Philippines in their
dealings with the Moros. The questions to be worked out in that
process are altogether apart from the general questions of government
war 1902— vol 1 2

18 REPORT OF THE 8E0RETARY OF WAR.

in the Philippines, and such measures of force as are necessary to con-
trol the various Moro tribes have no more relation to the recent
Philippine insurrection than our troubles with the Sioux or the
Apaches had to do with the suppression of the Southern rebellion.

The Moros of the Sulu Archipelago and Palawan, and those living
upon, or in immediate communication with, the seacoast in Mindanao,
have been as a rule friendly and well behaved. Some of the MaJanao
Moros who inhabit the borders of Lake Lanao, in the interior of Min-
danao, resented attempts made by Americans to examine the interior
of the country, and in the spring of this year entered upon a regular
system of attacking our men when found alone or in small parties, and
stealing our horses and mules. Several of our men were murdered,
and in April a demand was made for the return of the property and
the surrender of the murderers. This demand was met by defiance,
and after long continued and repeated efforts to secure redress and a
discontinuance of the practice by peaceable means, an expedition was
organized under Col. (now Brig. Gen.) Frank D. Baldwin, which on
the 2d and 3d of May attacked and captured the strongholds of the
Sultan of Bayang and the dato of Binadayan on Lake Lanao, with a
loss of 7 killed and 44 wounded. A part of the Twenty-seventh
Infantry and the Twenty-fifth Mountain Battery were engaged. It
was a brilliant affair, and the conduct of officers and men merited the
high praise conveyed in the following dispatch from the President:

Washington, D. C, May 5, 190$.
Chaffee, Manila:

Accept for the army under your command, and express to General Davis and
Colonel Baldwin especially, my congratulations and thanks for the splendid courage
and fidelity which have again carried our flag to victory. Your fellow-countrymen
at home will ever reverence the memory of the fallen, and be faithful to the sur-
vivors who have themselves been faithful unto death for their country's sake.

Theodore Roosevelt.

After this lesson many of the lake dattos came in and established
friendly relations. Some of them, however, remained recalcitrant,
and continued the practice of annoyance and attack. General Chaffee
reported on the 6th of September that since the 2d of May our troops
had been attacked twelve times, with a loss of 4 killed and 12 wounded.
On the 28th of September another well-conducted expedition under
Qapt. John J, Pershing, of the Fifteenth Cuv&lry, composed of a bat-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 19

talion of the Seventh Infantry, a troop of the Fifteenth Cavalry, and
two platoons of the Twenty-fifth Field Artillery, inflicted severe pun-
ishment upon the Maciu Moros, capturing many of their fortified
places, killing 1 of their sultans and 40 or 50 of their fighting men,
with a loss of 2 Americans wounded.

Some further punishment may yet be necessary, but the present
indications since this last experience seem to be peaceful.

The numbers of the Lake Lanao Moros are estimated variously from
100,000 to 400,000. The smaller number is probably nearer the fact.
No attempts appear to have been made by Spain to exercise any con-
trol over them between the middle of the seventeenth century and the
year 1890. Some unsuccessful efforts were made by small forces in
the years 1890 and 1891; and in 1898, before the war between Spain
and the United States, extensive preparations had been made by the
Spanish forces in the Philippines for the subjugation of the lake tribes.

Farther in the interior of Midanao are numerous heathen tribes still
more savage and lower in the scale of civilization than the Moros. In
1897 the Spanish governor of Mindanao estimated the numbers of six-
teen of these tribes at an aggregate of 262,000. From time immemo-
rial the Moros have been in the habit of raiding their villages and
carrying away captives into slavery, and a considerable slave trade
appears to have been carried on between the southwest coast of Min-
danao and ports in the Sulu Archipelago. It is only by asserting and
establishing our right of control over the Moro tribes that we can put
a stop to this nefarious business; and if there were no other reason,
that alone would make it impossible for us to follow the example of
Spain and leave the Moros of the interior to themselves.

Now that the insurrection has been disposed of we shall be able to turn
our attention, not merely to the slave trade, but to the already existing
slavery among the Moros. We can not immediately free the slaves by
a single act, first, because it would require a war of extermination in
which a large part of the slaves would probably be found fighting
against us; and, second, because a large part of them would have
nowhere to go and no way to live if deprived of the protection and sup-
port of their present masters. I believe, however, that we can main-
tain a process of gradual and steady reduction, resulting ultimately in
the extinction of the practice of slavery. Some of the results of our
efforts i|i th&t direction are stated in my last report. The process will

20 BEPOBT OF THE 8ECRETABY OF WAB.

be slow, and will require patience and good judgment, but 1 believe
the result will be worth the trouble. The task of improving the Moros
is by no means hopeless. Gen. George W* Davis, who commanded in
Mindanao, and now commands the Division of the Philippines, says
of them:

Whatever may be the number of Moros, whether a few, or many hundred thousands,
all, and many times more than all, of these people will be needed as agricultural and
mechanical laborers and helpers in the cultivation of the soil and the utilization of
its productions for the benefit of themselves and mankind. They are able to produce
rice, sugar cane, coffee, corn, cattle, beautiful woven fabrics, and thrusting and cutting
weapons; they manufacture bronze cannon and gunpowder, and give surprising
proofs of their ingenuity and industry. Their Moro boats are fashioned and rigged
and sailed with the utmost skill, and are admired by all strangers. A race of men
who are capable of doing all this and who possess many manly qualities, should be
kept alive and not shot down in war. They should be aided and encouraged and
taught how to improve their own natural and social condition, and benefit us at the
same time. Mohammedans in Turkey and India and Java have proved to be indus-
trious and useful members of the communities. Mohammedan Malays in Sarawak,
a British Protectorate in Borneo, perform all the skilled and unskilled labor of that
prosperous colony, and are as plainly showing their adaptability for the higher dutii^
and occupations as did the Japanese. The Moros have certainly equal or greater
capacity for usefulness.

The report from which this quotation is taken is among those trans-
mitted herewith, and I commend it to special attention. It exhibits
the breadth of view and sound judgment which uniformly characterise
that officer's work.

THE DISPOSITION TO BE MADE OF THE ARMY IN PEACE.

The restoration of the normal conditions of peace, and the return
of the greater part of the Army to the United States, have made it
possible to resume with increased activity the work of preparing for
future wars.

The increase of the Array from 25,000 to a minimum of 60,000 has,
of course, made necessary a great increase in barracks, quarters, hos-
pitals, and all the constructions which go to make up an Army post.
The accommodations which had been provided before the war with
Spain are now quite inadequate, and require to be more than doubled.
The work of construction has been pressed vigorously by the Quarter.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 21

master's Department to the extent allowed by the appropriations made
by Congress for this purpose.

The policy followed has been rather to increase the size of the posts
in which the Army is to be quartered than to increase the number.
Two considerations have determined that policy: First, economy of
administration, and second, and most important, efficiency of officers
and men. The tendency of life in small one or two company posts is
narrowing and dwarfing, and such posts can be justified only by
necessity. On the other hand, the comparison and emulation
between officers and organizations grouped in a large post, the
advantages of systematic study and practice in the schools which can
be maintained at such posts, the advantage of being under the imme-
diate direction and influence of officers of high rank who can not be
scattered among the small posts, but can be collected in the large ones;
the practical benefit derived from handling considerable bodies of
troops so that company officers may be learning to handle regiments,
and regimental officers to handle brigades, and so on — all these con-
siderations, point to the large post as furnishing the conditions of
increasing efficiency on the part of both officers and men.

The only argument which has been made against this view is that
the scattering of the Army in a great number of small posts would
popularize it, and that there ought to be an equitable distribution of
the troops among all the different States. I think these propositions
may be dismissed with the confident assertion that the Army will be
popular and satisfactory to all the States in proportion as it is effi-
cient and economical.

Another line of policy followed by the Department is, so far as
practicable, to get the Army posts out of the cities and large towns,
and establish them upon larger tracts of cheaper land in the neighbor-
hood of the same cities and towns, so that the men inav have the bene-
fit of country air instead of city air. and more room for training and
exercise; the neighborhood of the barracks may be under military
control; the rum shops and brothels may be pushed farther away from
the men; and at the same time the advantages of convenient inspection,
transportation and supply, and a reasonable degree of educational and
and social privileges, may be retained.

In order to secure a definite plan for the distribution of troops and
the construction work necessary to provide for their maintenance, a

22 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

board was convened in Washington in November last, composed of all
the general officers of the Army in the United States, under the fol-
lowing directions:

By direction of the Secretary of War, a board of officers is hereby appointed to
meet in Washington, D. C, on the 25th day of November, 1901, to consider and
report upon the location and distribution of the military posts required for the
proper accommodation, instruction, and training of the Army as organized under
the act of February 2, 1901, not including coast fortifications. The board will make
recommendations in detail as to which of the existing posts should be retained or
abandoned, and of those retained which, if any, should be enlarged and to what
extent, and the location, size, and character of such new posts as may be necessary,
having due regard in all its recommendations to the proper distribution of the dif-
ferent arms of the service based upon strategic, sanitary, and economical considera-
tions.

The board will also formulate and submit a project for the location, examinations
and surveys to be made for the permanent camp grounds provided for by section 35
of the act of February 2, 1901.

This board performed its duties during the months of November,
December, January, and February, and its report and recommenda-
tions were transmitted to Congress on the 19th of May, and are printed
as House Doc. No. 618, Fifty -seventh Congress, first session.

Much delay and difficulty in providing barracks and quarters for
the coast-defense artillery has arisen from the policy followed in
making appropriations during the earlier years of work upon our
coast defenses. With what we can now see to have been unwise
economy, the appropriations were in a great number of cases so
limited as to permit the purchase of only enough land for the fortifi-
cations themselves, leaving the land necessaiy for barracks, quarters,
hospitals, storehouses, and administrative purposes to be acquired in
the future. As a natural result, as soon as the Government was com-
mitted to an extensive fortification the prices of all the additional land
which it needed in the neighborhood were put up immensely, and in
order to provide for troops to man the fortifications, the Government
has been obliged, after long negotiations, to pay many times as much
as the land could have been bought for originally, or to take condem-
nation proceedings with usually the same result.

To prevent a continuance of this practice an order was made on
April 9, 1901, requiring all papers presented to the Secretary of War
for approval of the purchase of land connected with the seacoast for-

BEPOBT OF THE 8E0RETARY OF WAR.

tifications, to be accompanied by a certificate of the Chief of Artillery,
that the proposal presented included all the land which would be
required for all purposes of the defense at that point. It is to be
hoped that future appropriations for such purposes will be so
arranged as to permit a continuance of this policy.

SEAGOAST DEFENSES.

Additional guns have been mounted in the coast-defense fortifica-
tions during the year as follows: Eight 12-inch, three 8-inch, twenty
rapid-fire, thirty-four 12-inch mortars, making a total now mounted
of eighty 12-inch, one hundred and twelve 10-inch, eighty-nine 8-inch,
one hundred and eight rapid-fire guns, and two hundred and ninety-
seven mortars.

There have also been completed and issued, ready to mount, addi-
tional guns, as follows: Two 12-inch, three 10-inch, seventy-four
rapid-fire, and fifteen mortars, making a total now mounted or ready
to mount of eighty-two 12-inch, one hundred and fifteen 10-inch,
eighty-nine 8-inch, one hundred and eighty-two rapid-fire, and three
hundred and twelve mortars.

The status of emplacements for which funds have been provided by
Congress was as follows at the close of the fiscal year 1902:

12-inch.

10-inch.

8-inch.

Rapid-
fire.

12-inch
mortars.

Guns mounted

112

a 89
5
2

&108

0 229

146

297

Ready for armament

Under construction

Total

105

130

483

376

a Nineteen of these, which had been mounted temporarily, have since been dismounted.

ft One temporarily.

« Including seventy 6-pounders not requiring permanent emplacements.

In compliance with the direction of the fortifications act of June 6,
1902, a board was constituted in July last, composed of one engineer
officer, one ordnance officer, three artillery officers, one naval officer,
and one civilian mechanical engineer of high standing, to make a
thorough test of disappearing gun carriages. Such tests were made
by the board in accordance with the statute. The report of the
board was unanimous in favor of the disappearing carriage, and the
Board of Ordnance and Fortification has concurred in that approval.

24 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

This is the third competent board which has tested and approved the
disappearing carriage, and the third time that the Board of Ordnance
and Fortification, with widely differing membership on each occasion,
has approved it as a type.

When the general plan of coast-defense fortification was adopted by
the Endicott board in 1886, the only means then invented for pro-
tecting the high-power coast-defense gun and its crew was the steel
or chilled cast-iron turret, which would have cost between $1,000,000
and $1,100,000 for each pair of 12-inch guns mounted. The first
attempt to escape from this enormous expense by a mechanical device
which would protect the gun and gunners during the period of load-
ing and expose the gun only at the time of firing was the gun lift,
upon which we now have two 12-inch guns mounted at Sandy Hook.
It cost about $525,000, exclusive of the guns, and each of the guns
mounted upon it can be fired once in eight minutes and a half.
Within a few rods of this gun lift at Sandy Hook we have two 12-inch
guns mounted on modern disappearing carriages, at a cost of
$150,000 for the carriages, emplacements and protection of both guns,
and each of these guns can be fired ten times in eight minutes and a
half.

Satisfactory progress has been made in the installation of search-
lights, in developing systems of fire control and direction, and in the
application of electricity to the handling of heavy guns and projectiles
and ammunition.

The nitrocellulose smokeless powder developed by the Ordnance
Department continues to prove satisfactory. Four private firms are
engaged in its manufacture, and a considerable reserve has been
accumulated.

The test of the Gathmann torpedo gun under the requirement of
the fortifications act of March 1, 1901, resulted in an unfavorable
report, in which the Board of Ordnance and Fortification has con-
curred. The statute required the Gathmann gun to be fired in com-
petition with an army 12-inch service rifle, and the firing of the latter
weapon exhibited extraordinary progress made by the Ordnance
Department toward the perfection of high explosives for the bursting
charge of armor-piercing shells, and in the development of fuses
for such shells. The ordnance shells from the 12-inch service rifle
passed entirely through a 12-inch harveyized steel plate and exploded

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 25

on the farther side of the plate. The ability thus demonstrated to
send a shell through a ship's armor 12 inches in thickness and
detonate the shell within the ship is of course of great defensive
value.

It has been the fashion of late to decry mortars as weapons of
coast defense, and Congress has recently refrained from appropri-
ations for their further construction. Extensive and thorough tests
of mortar firing made last spring at Fort Preble, Portland Harbor,
have, however, demonstrated the great accuracy of mortars, and
have also shown that their accuracy can be relied upon through a
much wider range, both far and near, than was formerly supposed.
1 think confidence in them should be resumed, and appropriations
for their construction and emplacement continued in accordance with
the original plan of defense.

Most valuable experience and suggestion and great practical benefit
have been received by all branches of the service concerned in coast
defense, from a series of joint maneuvers participated in by the Army
and the Navy on the New England coast during September. This
movement was undertaken on the suggestion of the Chief of Artillery,
and took the form of simulated attacks by the Navy upon the defenses
at the eastern end of Long Island Sound, at New London, at the
entrance of Narragansett Bay, and at New Bedford. They were car-
ried out with the most admirable spirit and efficiency by both branches
of the service. The Army was much gratified by the effective partic-
ipation with them of the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery and two
companies of Connecticut Heavy Artillery; and with the Navy the
naval reserves of New York. Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massa-
chusetts took part. The Thirteenth New York Heavy Artillery was
most desirous to take part, but was prevented by a lack of State
appropriations. An actual attempt to use tools is the best way to
learn whether they are in good order and are complete, and it is also
the best way to learn how to use them. The advantage gained in this
way by the Engineer, Ordnance, Signal, and Artillery Corps of the
Army, and I doubt not also by the officers of the Navy, more than
justifies the undertaking and indicates the wisdom of annual repetitions
of the exercise at different points upon the coast.

1 append hereto a memorandum by the Chief of Artiller}r, marked
"Appendix D," and a memorandum by General MacArthur, marked

26 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

"Appendix E," especially devoted to the general effect of the work
upon the efficiency of the Army.

Observers of our coast-defense work sometimes speak of it as
defective because it is incomplete. It is indeed incomplete. It is
only about half finished. It is a work which requires time and has
been begun but recently. Before the war with Spain it proceeded
in a very leisurely way. Since the beginning of that war it has been
pressed forward with great activity. The work was commenced in
1888; but for the eight years which followed prior to 1896 the total
appropriations for the construction of fortifications amounted to but
$3,521,000, or an average of $440,000 a year, while for the last seven
years, beginning with 1896, the appropriations have amounted to
$22,236,000, or an average of $3,176,000 a year, an annual increase
of more than sevenfold. The appropriations for the construction of
guns and carriages for seacoast defense for the eight years prior to
1896 were but $8,100,000 (not including the unsuccessful dynamite
gun), an average annual rate of $1,012,000, while the appropriations
for the same purposes for the last seven years were $24,193,000, or
an annual average of $3,456,000, an annual increase of more than
threefold. Out of the $58,000,000 expended for both classes of work,
over $46,000,000 have been appropriated in the last seven years.

The Endicott board plan of coast defense contemplated the expendi-
ture of over $100,000,000. Before 1896 we were progressing at a
rate which would have required seventy years to complete the defenses
according to the plan. Since 1896 we have been progressing at a rate
which will finish the defeases according to the plan in fifteen years.
With a half -finished work so recent and so rapidly pressed it follows
necessarily that a formative process is constantly going on, mistakes
are being made and corrected, new experiments are being made, new
things are being learned, and many difficult problems remain still
unsolved.

It follows also that neither the officers nor the men of the artillery
have as yet had much opportunity to become proficient in the use of
the new weapons, and there is great need for practical instruction and
training in their use.

Another reason why there is special urgency for the training of
the artillery is the great preponderance of new and inexperienced
officers and men. Before the Spanish -American war we had but five
regiments of artillery. We now have a corps which is equivalent to

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 27

thirteen regiments, two regiments being added in 1899 and the
equivalent of six regiments in 1901. Of course the majority of the
officers and the great majority of the men are new. Every lieutenant
in the Artillery Corps has come in since the act of February 2, 1901.

The facts which I have now stated make the kind of exercise fur-
nished by the joint Army and Navy maneuvers of last September of
the utmost importance. I urge that appropriations to be made by
Congress shall be such as to provide for a continuance of the same
practice, and to provide for the most liberal allowances of ammunition
and projectiles for general target practice with full service charges in
which the entire coast artillery can take part. It is a gratifying fact
that the Chief of Engineers, Chief of Ordnance, Chief Signal Officer,
and Chief of Artillery are working together in hearty cooperation
and sympathy to accomplish the desired results, and that their corps
are generally working with them, inspired by the same spirit. The
time of mutual fault-finding appears haooily to have been succeeded
by a time of mutual helpfulness.

The progress of events and changes in ordnance and ship construc-
tion, since the Endicott Board of 1886 determined upon the plan of
coast defense along the lines of which we are now working, have
made it necessary to consider the defense of many points not consid-
ered by that board. Porto Rico, Culebra, naval and coaling stations
in Cuba, and possibly the Danish Islands — all in a region made
specially important by the probable construction of the Isthmian
Canal — Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines, and possibly the Lake
ports and the St. Lawrence River, should be considered with ref-
erence to the construction of defensive works in the same way that
the Endicott Board considered our Atlantic and Pacific coasts. I
concur in the recommendation of the Chief of Engineers that a similar
board should be created for that purpose by Congress, constituted,
like the Endicott Board, of the Secretary of War, the Chiefs of
Engineers, Ordnance, and Artillery, one high ranking officer of each
of those branches of the service, two naval officers of high rank, and
two civilians expert in the subject of our foreign commercial relations.

FIELD ARTILLERY.

The series of tests and competitive trials which have been con-
ducted for two years past under the direction of the Board of
Ordnance and Fortification for the selection of new models of field

28 REPORT OF ME SECRETARY OF WAS.

gun and carriage have been concluded, and arrangements have been
made for the construction of new guns and carriages to the extent
of the appropriations now available. The new gun will have a cali-
ber of 3 inches, and will fire a projectile weighing 15 pounds, with
an initial velocity of 1,700 feet per second. It will be of the long
recoil type, and will use fixed ammunition. It is capable of firing
about six times as rapidly as the field guns which we now use, so
that one of the new guns will be able to throw as many shells at
an enemy as a whole 6-gun battery of the present type. This
great increase in the effectiveness of field artillery is of special
value to the United States, because we are always weak in artillery
in proportion to our infantry. A well -organized army calls for a
due proportion between artillery and infantry. When we go to war
we can raise a volunteer infantry with great rapidity, but we can
not increase our artillery proportionately. An increase in the rel-
ative effectiveness of field artillery tends to do away with the result-
ing disproportion, and makes it possible for us to raise a much
larger well-balanced army than we could otherwise.

SMALL ARMS.

The Ordnance Department has produced a rifle which it considers
an improvement upon the present service, rifle. It is clearly superior
to the present rifle in some respects. It is a bolt gun, caliber .30,
having a clip magazine under the chamber instead of at the side, and
therefore better balanced than the present gun. It continues the
220-grain bullet, but increases the charge of powder from 37.6 grains
to 43.3 grains. It gives an initial velocity of 2,300 feet per second as
against 2,000 of the present rifle, a striking energy at 1,000 yards of
447.9 foot-pounds as against 396.2 for the present rifle. It has a
flatter trajectory and weighs about a pound less. I have authorized
the construction of 5,000 for issue and practical trial in the service.

The enlargement of the capacity of the Springfield Armory for the
manufacture of rifles and the addition at the Rock Island Arsenal of
a plant for that purpose are approaching completion. The total pro-
ducing capacity of the two establishments will then be 650 arms per
day of eight hours, and in an emergency they would be capable of
producing 1,500 per day.

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 29

SERVICE UNIFORMS.

The great range of the modern rifle, which enables a soldier to
kill his adversary with great accuracy at a distance of several miles,
if he can distinguish him from the surrounding landscape, has led
to a curious reversal of military desires in the matter of dress.
Instead of devising things to wear which will make the soldier fright-
ful and awe-inspiring to his enemy, the whole military world is
looking for clothing which will make its wearers as inconspicuous as
possible. For several years we have been conducting extensive
experiments to determine the visibility of different colors and
materials under different circumstances and at different distances;
and in March last a board of officers was convened to consider the
subject of uniforms, and the results of these experiments were
submitted to it. The result is the selection, for service uniforms, of
an olive-drab, which is found to be, under average conditions, the least
visible color at considerable distances, and which, after long-
continued trials, the Quartermaster's Department has succeeded in
making a fast color for woolen material to meet the requirements of
cold climates, as well as for the cotton khaki used in the Tropics.
This will be worn in place of the khaki of the present color, and it
will be available for both hot and cold climates, the material being
varied to suit the climate.

The traditional blue uniform will be retained as dress uniform
tor both officers and men.

The Board at the same time recommended a number of minor
changes in uniforms, the good sense of which has long been apparent:
notably, replacing the heavy and uncomfortable helmet for foot and
mounted troops by suitable dress and service caps to be worn except
where the campaign hat is prescribed, and the substitution of dull
bronze for bright buttons and other articles liable to catch and reflect
the light, aqd the use of clouded scabbards and russet leather belts.

The report of the Board has been approved, and the new articles of
clothing will be introduced as rapidly as due economy in the dispo-
sition of the present stock on hand permits.

MILITARY EDUCATION.

An examination of the sources from which are drawn the officers of
the Army, as now constituted under the act of February 2, 1901, show$

30 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

how important it is to go on with the military education of officers in
some such general and systematic way as was outlined in my last
report. Of the 2,900 officers of the line of the Army, 1818 have been
appointed since the beginning of the war with Spain. Of these 1818
but 276 were supplied by the West Point Academy; the remaining
1,542 have come— 414 from the ranks, 512 from civil life, and 616
from the volunteers of the war with Spain and in the Philippines.

The volunteers and the enlisted men have of course acquired useful
experience, and they were all selected on the ground of their military
conduct and intelligence. Yet it is generally true of the whole 1542,
constituting more than one-half of all the officers of the line, that they
have had no systematic military education. They constitute nearly
the entire body of first and second lieutenants. After some years,
when their seniors have passed off the stage, they will have to supply
our generals and colonels and chief staff officers charged with the
instruction, discipline, and command of our forces. Unless the theory
of military education under which we have maintained the Academy
at West Point for a century is all a mistake, it is very important to
give to this class of young officers, now that they are in the Army,
some degree of the educational advantages which the West Point men
get before they are commissioned. The same will be true of future
accessions to the force of officers, for the West Point Academy, even
with the recent enlargements, can not be expected to fill more than
about two-thirds of the annual vacancies which will occur in the ordi-
nary course of life.

The development of the general scheme of systematic instruction,
provided for by the order of November 27, 1901, annexed to my last
report, has made satisfactory progress during the year. As soon as
the officers selected for the first War College Board could be with-
drawn from the other duties in which they were engaged, that board
was constituted by the detail of Maj. Gen. S. B. M. Young, Brig. Gen.
William H. Carter, Brig. Gen. Tasker H. Bliss, Maj: Henry A.
Greene, and Maj. William D. Beach. The plans for the buildings
of the new War College and the new Engineers' School, to be
erected on the old Washington Barracks Reservation, under author-
ity of the act of June 30, 1902, have been prepared and approved.
The building of the necessary sea walls and the filling in of the low
ground forming part of both sites were commenced by the Engineer

BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF WAB. 31

Department immediately after the passage of the act, and the con-
struction of the buildings will begin presently under the direction of
the Corps of Engineers.

In the meantime, the Engineers' School has occupied the old Wash-
ington Barracks buildings, and the War College Board has secured a
house for temporary use near the War Department. The board has
addressed itself especially to reinstating and regulating military
instruction in the military schools and colleges. of the country, which
may serve as a source for future appointments of second lieutenants
from civil life; to the establishment of systematic instruction of offi-
cers in the Army posts, and to organizing the General Service and Staff
College at Fort Leavenworth on the foundation of the Infantry and
Cavalry School which existed there before the war with Spain.
Seventy -seven officers have been detailed as instructors at the mili-
tary schools and colleges. Ninety -seven officers have been detailed as
students at the General Service and Staff College, and are now in attend-
ance at that institution. Thirty officers are in attendance as students
at the Artillery School at Fortress Monroe, ten at the School of Sub-
marine Defense at Fort Totten, and eleven at the Engineers' School at
Washington Barracks. The enlargement of accommodations and facil-
ities at these institutions, now in various stages of progress, will
make it possible to materially enlarge these numbers.

Undoubtedly the military schools and colleges to which details of
officers as instructors are made will be found to differ widely in their
thoroughness and efficiency, and the maintenance of thorough in-
spection and supervision by the War College Board will be essential.
It is the purpose of the Department to discontinue details to institi-
tions which, upon such inspection, are found not to come up to the
requisite standard, and to give to the graduates of the thorough and
efficient institutions a preference in recommendations for appointment
as second lieutenants in the Regular Army. The same observation
will doubtless apply to the post schools, which will vary according to
the capacity and zeal of the commanding officer. The same sys-
tematic inspection by the War College Board is designed to hold com-
manding officers to the same degree of responsibility for an efficient
school as for a well-disciplined force.

Annexed hereto is an order by the Secretary of War, dated July 22,
1902, addressed to the officers of the Army, relating to their duties in
the matter of military education, marked ''Appendix F;" and an order

32 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

•

prepared by the War College Board, dated August 1, 1902, prescrib-
ing regulations and the course of instruction in the General Service
and Staff College, marked "Appendix G;" and an order prepared by
the War College Board, dated August 9, 1902, prescribing regulations
for the details to and military instruction to be given by military
schools and colleges, marked *4 Appendix H;" and an order prepared
by the War College Board, dated September 22, 1902, prescribing
regulations and the course of instruction to be followed in the post
schools of the Army, marked u Appendix I." An examination of
these prescribed courses will indicate the practical character of the
instruction required and the wide range of subjects with which a well-
equipped officer must become familiar.

The excellent work done by the Medical Department in the Army
Medical School in this city should not pass unnoticed. The school
takes the young surgeon, who has already graduated from some
regular medical college, and has passed his examination and re-
ceived a commission in the Medical Corps, and instructs him to adapt
his knowledge to the special requirements of military service in
surgery, medicine, and hygiene. The general hospital on the Wash-
ington Barracks reservation which this school has been using for pur-
poses of special instruction will no longer be available after the con-
struction of the engineers' school at that place. It is very desirable
that new and adequate accommodations be provided for the continu-
ance of the hospital at some other point in or near the city, and for
the continuance and enlargement of this most important branch of
instruction.

The Military Academy at West Point on the 11th of June, 1902,
celebrated with appropriate ceremonies the completion of a hundred
years of honorable and useful service. The advance of the world in
military science, the increasing complexity of the machinery and
material used in warfare, and the difficulty of the problems involved
in transporting, supplying, and handling the great armies of modern
times, make such an institution even more necessary to the country
now than when it was founded by the fathers of the Republic a
hundred years ago.

The efficiency of the institution and the high standard of honor and
devotion to duty which have characterized its graduates justify the
continuance of public confidence. The wise liberality of Congress
has enabled the institution to begin its second century with the well-
founded hope of larger and long-continued usefulness. The present

BEPOET OF THE 8ECRETAEY OF WAR. 33

academic year has opened with 471 cadets on the rolls of the Academy,
' the largest number ever belonging to it at one time. Under the new
regulations relating to admissions, examinations of candidates were
held on the 1st of May in this year, at sixteen army posts throughout
the country, selected with a view to reducing to a minimum the
expenses of candidates in attending. Under the authority of the act
of March ^ 2, 1901, the examinations were made to conform to the
courses of study ordinarily covered in the high schools and academies
of the country by boys of the average age of appointees to the Acad-
emy. Sixty-two cadets were admitted upon certificates from educa-
tional institutions in which they had prepared, following the course
which has been generally adopted by the colleges and universities of
this country.

The curriculum has been modified somewhat, reducing the time
expended in pure mathematics and increasing the attention to Spanish,
English, and military hygiene; decreasing the theoretical course in
philosophy and increasing the time given to chemistry and electricity.
The increase of practical instruction has been continued, and a new
practice, which I hope will be long continued, has been inaugurated
by taking the first class to the battlefield of Gettysburg, where for
several days in April they studied the lessons of that great conflict
upon the field.

The discipline has been good and the practice of hazing appears to
have been abandoned. But one case in which it was attempted, and
that in a mild form, was brought to the attention of the authorities of
the Academy during the year. The offending cadet was tried by court-
martial, and being found guilty was dismissed, pursuant to law.

The provision of the Military Academy act of June 28, 1902,
authorizing the enlargement and improvement of the plant at West
Point upon a plan involving a total expenditure of $5,500,000, has
caused much solicitude by the Department and by the officers of the
Academy, lest in rearranging and rebuilding a result might be reached
out of harmony with the historic traditions of the institution and the
beauties of the site, with its mountains and plain and river. After
much consideration the following method of working out the plan has
been adopted: A board composed of officers of the Academy was con-
vened to prepare in detail a statement of the practical requirements
of the institution which were to be met by the enlargement and
rearrangement.

war 1902— vol 1 3

34 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Upon the coming in of that report, ten of the leading architects
of the country were invited to submit in competitiori general pre-
liminary plans showing the proposed arrangement of buildings and
treatment of the ground to meet the various requirements of the Acad-
emy, based upon the data thus furnished, together with an indication
of the architectural treatment of the separate buildings. From the
plans thus submitted one will be selected, and the author of' that plan
will be expected to develop it into the complete plan authorized by the
statute. Thereafter, as the statute requires, the work will proceed
with the assistance of a consulting architect, who will naturally be
either the successful competitor or some one connected with his
establishment.

THE MILITIA SYSTEM.

Early in the last session a bill was prepared by the War Depart-
ment, embodying the views expressed in my last report, upon the
treatment of the National Guard of the several States by the Federal
Government, the relation of the Guard to the militia and volunteer
systems, and preparation in advance for the organization of volunteers
in time of war. This bill was submitted to the chairman of the Com-
mittee on Military Affairs of the Senate, the chairman of the Com-
mittee on Militia of the House, and to a convention of officers of the
national guard organizations which met in Washington in January,
1902. The convention appointed a special committee to consider and
report upon the proposed bill, and after some modifications it was
reported favorably to the convention, which after thorough discussion
adopted a resolution approving the measure and requesting its enact-
ment by Congress. The bill thus approved was introduced in the
Senate by Mr. Hawley, and in the House by Mr. Dick, who rendered
invaluable service in the framing and advocacy of the measure. The
House Committee on Militia considered it with great care, and with
extensive and improving additions returned it to the House with a
unanimous report in its favor, and it was passed by the House. It
is now pending before the Committee on Military Affairs of the
Senate (H. R. 15345, Fifty -seventh Congress, first session).

I earnestly urge that this measure be made a law. It is really
absurd that a nation which maintains but a small Regular Army and
depends upon unprofessional citizen soldiery for its defense should
run along as we have done for one hundred and ten years under a
militia law which never worked satisfactorily in the beginning, and

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 35

whicn was perfectly obsolete before any man now fit for military duty
was born. * The result is that we have practically no militia system,
notwithstanding the fact that the Constitution makes it the duty of the
Federal Congress " to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining
the militia," and "for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of
the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." The National
Guard organizations of the several States have grown up in default of
any national system and to meet local requirements. Their relations
to the Federal Government have never been defined or settled. The
confusion, controversy, and bad feeling arising from this uncertain
status were painfully apparent at the beginning of the war with Spain;
and it must always be the same until Congress shall exercise its con-
stitutional power over the subject. Repeated efforts have been made
U5 accomplish this result. Two years after the passage of the present
law of 1792, President Washington addressed Congress on the subject
in these words:

The devising and establishing ol a wen-regulated militia would be a genuine source
of legislative honor and a perfect title to public gratitude. I therefore entertain a
hope that the present session will not pass without carrying to its full energy the
power of organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and thus providing, in the
anguage of the Constitution, for calling them forth to execute the laws of the Union,
suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.

President Jefferson, eleven years later, in 1805, said:

I can not, then, but earnestly recommend to your early consideration the expe-
diency of so modifying our militia system as, by a separation of the more active part
from that which is less so, we may draw from it, when necessary, an efficient corps
for real and active service, etc.

And in 1808 he said:

For a people who are free, and who mean to remain so, a well-organized and-
armed militia is their best security. It is therefore incumbent. on us at every
meeting to revise the condition of the militia, and to ask ourselves if it is prepared to
repel a powerful enemy at every point of our territories exposed to invasion. Some
of the States have paid a laudable attention to this subject; but every degree of neg-
lect is to be found among: others. Congress alone has power to produce a uniform
state of preparation in this great organ of defense. The interest which they so deeply
feel in their own and their country's security will present this as among the most
important objects of their deliberation.

President Madison said in 1816:

An efficient militia is authorized and contemplated by the Constitution and required
by the spirit and safety of free government. The present organization of our militia
is universally regarded as less efficient than it ought to be made, and no organization

38 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Fifth. Such further volunteers as it may be necessary to call forth
from the States, according" to their respective quotas, and commanded
by regimental officers appointed by the governors of the States.

A conservative estimate of the number which would be included in
the first four classes of troops, who have already had military service
and will be available for immediate action, is from 250,000 to 300,000.

The number of the fifth class — volunteers who may or may not
have had previous service — has no limit, except the possibilities of
transportation and supply.

The capacity of the National Guard organizations in general to serve
effectively as organizations, either militia or volunteer, in the national
army in case of war depends very largely upon the aid which they
receive from the National Government. The Guard is now armed
with a variety of weapons of different kinds and calibers, including
two different calibers of the obsolete Springfield rifle, the Lee, the
Remington-Lee, the Winchester, and the Krag-JOrgensen. In several
instances different National Guard organizations of the same State are
armed with different weapons of different calibers. Among all the
115,000 National Guardsmen of the different States and Territories
only about 4,000 have the modern service rifle of the United States
Army. With the exception of these 4,000 rifles the arms of the
Guard would be practically worthless in time of war, not merely
because they are inferior but because the Guard would have to look to
the United States Government for their ammunition, and the Govern-
ment will have no ammunition for the kind of rifles they carry : they
would have to look to the Government to replace the arms lost or
broken in service, and the Government will be unable to supply the
same kind. The militia and the volunteer National Guard organiza-
tions in general would, therefore, be obliged to throw away their
present arms at the beginning of a war and get reequipped with
weapons the use of which they had never learned.

THE MILITIA AND COAST DEFENSE.

One of the most valuable services which can be rendered to the
country by its militia, and the one which can be made the easiest and
most natural for it to render, is to supplement the regular force in
manning the coast defenses in time of war. Our present regular
force is none too large to take care of the guns and the machinery of
the fortifications in time of peace. It will be quite insufficient in war.

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 37

that the General Government shall furnish to the Guard the same arms
which it furnishes to the Regular Army, and for the voluntary partici-
pation by the Guard with the Regular Army in maneuvers and field
exercises for brief periods in each year. The bill also contains pro-
visions making the National Guard organizations which choose volun-
tarily to go beyond the limitations of militia service in effect a First
Volunteer Reserve, and further provisions for the enrollment of a
Second Volunteer Reserve not exceeding 100,000, to be composed of
trained men who have served in the National Guard or in the Regular
Army or the volunteer armies of the United States. These would
constitute the first volunteer regiments after the National Guard Vol-
unteers under any call by Congress. It also provides for ascertaining
by practical tests, in advance of a call for volunteers, the fitness of
members of the National Guard, graduates of the military schools and
colleges, and other citizens with military training, to hold volunteer
commissions, thus constituting an eligible list from which in case of a
call for volunteers the officers of the Second Reserve must be taken,
and the officers of the. general body of volunteers may be taken.
With the system provided for by the bill carried into effect we should
be able while maintaining a standing army of but 60,000 men to put a
force of at least 250,000 well-trained men into the field instantly upon
a declaration of war, and the cost would be less than to maintain but
a few additional regiments of regular troops.

The military force of the United States would then be as follows:

First. The Regular Army, capable of enlargement by the President,
when he sees war coming, to 100,000.

Second. Such of the organized militia (already trained as a national
guard, and just as valuable, when used in the manner hereinafter indi-
cated, as any other troops) as the President shall see fit to call into
the service of the United States for not exceeding nine months, to
repel invasion.

Third. A First Volunteer Reserve, composed of such companies,
troops, and regiments of the organized militia already trained as a
national guard as volunteer by organizations with all their officers
and men.

Fourth. A Second Volunteer Reserve, composed of men previously
enrolled and having previous military training in the National Guard,
the Regular Army or the Volunteer Army, and commanded by officers
whose fitness has been previously ascertained by practical tests under
the provisions of the militia act.

38 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Fifth. Such further volunteers as it may be necessary to call forth
from the States, according to their respective quotas, and commanded
by regimental officers appointed by the governors of the States.

The number of the fifth class — volunteers who may or may not
have had previous service — has no limit, except the possibilities of
transportation and supply.

The capacity of the National Guard organizations in general to serve
effectively as organizations, either militia or volunteer, in the national
army in case of war depends very largely upon the aid which they
receive from the National Government. The Guard is now armed
with a variety of weapons of different kinds and calibers, including
two different calibers of the obsolete Springfield rifle, the Lee, the
Remington-Lee, the Winchester, and the Krag-Jorgensen. In several
instances different National Guard organizations of the same State are
armed with different weapons of different calibers. Among all the
115,000 National Guardsmen of the different States and Territories
only about 4,000 have the modern service rifle of the United States
Army. With the exception of these 4,000 rifles the arms of the
Guard would be practically worthless in time of war, not merely
because they are inferior but because the Guard would have to look to
the United States Government for their ammunition, and the Govern-
ment will have no ammunition for the kind of rifles they carry : they
would have to look to the Government to replace the arms lost or
broken in service, and the Government will be unable to supply the
same kind. The militia and the volunteer National Guard organiza-
tions in general would, therefore, be obliged to throw away their
present arms at the beginning of a war and get reequipped with
weapons the use of which they had never learned.

THE MILITIA AND COAST DEFENSE.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 39

The number of artillerymen for which Congress was asked to provide
in the act of February 2, 1901, was intentionally made small in view
of the manifest practicability of supplementing it by a well-trained
militia force, available in case of threatened attack. Manning the
coast fortifications is constitutional militia work, for it is always to
repel invasion. It can be undertaken by citizens living in the
neighborhood of the fortifications with less disturbance and sacrifice
than any other military duty, because it does not take them far away
from their homes and their business.

The handling of the modern high-power and rapid-tire guns and the
complicated machinery by which they are worked requires, it is true,
special training, but there is no trouble in securing a reasonable degree
of that for heavy artillery mjlitia organizations. For the past three
years I have been following closely the work of the First Massachu-
setts Heavy Artillery, which has been admitted each year to one or
another of the defenses on that coast for practice. The officers at all
the fortifications speak in high terms of the intelligence and readiness
with which they have acquired facility in doing the work. Many of
them are mechanics and take naturally to the machinery of defense.
On the other hand, the members of the regiment evidently take great
and sustained interest and satisfaction in the performance of their
duties. The same is true of the Connecticut artillery organization
which took part in the recent seacoast maneuvers, and of the Thirteenth
New York Heavy Artillery, and I doubt not of other organizations
with which I am less familiar.

If the militia bill above described becomes a law, an effort should be
made to procure the organization of a National Guard force of heavy
artillerymen in the neighborhood of each coast-defense fortification,
with the understanding that whenever the President finds occasion to
call out militia to repel invasion that organization will be called into
that fortification. In the meantime an immediate and special relation
should be established between the militia organization and the for-
tification for the purpose of practice and instruction. They should
oe made as familiar as possible with the use of the guns and methods
of defense at that particular point. In many cases it will be practi-
cable to give them facilities for meeting and keeping their equipment
on the military reservation, which would make unnecessary any out-
side armory for their use. Such an organization could readily perform
all its duties to the State serving as infantry, but it could at the same

40 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

time be distinctly known and constantly prepared for service as the
militia reserve of the fortification with which it sustains the relations
described.

Another very important function to be performed by militia, and
having the same characteristic of not requiring militiamen to render
any service except for the defense of their homes, is the service to be
rendered by infantry in the defense of our coast fortifications against
attack in reverse by land. That is a subject which ought to receive
early and earnest attention on the part of the Federal Government.
It is of great importance that an adequate force should be ready to
perform that service, should be ready to take their places without con-
fusion, and that there should be a perfect understanding as to where
the force is to come from, where they are to be posted, and how they
are to be supplied and maintained.

The National Guard contains two widely different elements. One is
composed of men who wish to perform their duty to the State and as
members of the militia, but do not wish, or do not feel at liberty, to
leave their families or their business interests and become soldiers for
all purposes, liable to be sent away for distant military operations.
The other element wish to go wherever there is adventure and a chance
to fight. The amount of strictly local military work of the highest
importance to be done in case of war is so great that the whole
National Guard force, of the seacoast States at all events, can be made
just as useful as if they all became volunteers for all purposes. In
order to accomplish this, however, there should be a careful prear-
rangement as to the distribution of duties.

FORT RILEY MANEUVERS AND CAMP SITES.

A good example of what can be done in the way of joint maneuvers
and exercise by regulars and militia, to the great advantage of both,
in preparation for general military service, has been furnished by the
concentration and exercise of troops at Fort Riley in the latter part of
September. Three regiments of regular infantry, two regiments of
infantrv of the National Guard of Kansas, a battalion of Colorado
infantry, a regiment of regular cavalry, five batteries of regular field
artillery, two batteries of Kansas field artillery, a battalion of regular
engineers, and detachments of the regular Signal Corps and Hospital
Corps were concentrated at that point and engaged for from five days
to two weeks in practicing field operations, involving work from the

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 41

simplest outpost and patrol duties up to and including maneuvers by
brigade and division.

A large number of National Guard officers, besides those command-
ing troops in the maneuvers, and representing twenty different States
and two Territories, were present. A large number of National Guard
troops of other States would have been present had there been any
appropriations to pay their expenses. Both the officers of the Guard
and of the Regular Army unite in the opinion that both branches of
the service received great benefit; and the good understanding and
friendly feeling established between the two classes of officers who
were present at the maneuvers are most gratifying. Jealousy, super-
ciliousness, or a suspicion of it, and bad feeling- between regular and
volunteer officers have been some of the most fruitful causes of dissen-
sion and hindrance to general military efficiency in this country. The
best way to put an end to this is to bring the officers together and
get them to know each other and work with each other with a common
purpose.

General Bates, the commander of the Department of the Missouri,

says in his report:

The value of such concentrations and maneuverings can not be overestimated,
either to the regular forces or to the National Guard, as it gives to both an oppor-
tunity for observing the appearance and formation of a division under various
conditions, and affords to officers of the several arms of the service a chance for
seeing the evolutions and capabilities of the other arms, and enables them to
enlarge their circle of military acquaintanceship, which can rarely be done without
absorbing new ideas upon military subjects. During the exercises under discussion
young officers had constantly impressed upon them the value of studying the
terrain, with a view to protecting their commands by the accidents of the ground,
and of seizing advantageous positions. The lessons learned in this connection at
Fort Riley may be the means of saving many lives in future hostilities. The
power of modern weapons was well illustrated and accentuated by each opponent
maneuvering for position.

The report quoted from is annexed hereto, marked "Appendix K."
At the end of the encampment the officers representing Maryland,
Texas, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Dakota, Michigan,
Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Ohio, Indiana, Georgia, Illinois, Cali-
fornia, Florida, New York, Virginia, and Oklahoma met and passed
resolutions expressing their opinion as to the benefit of what had been
done.

A copy of the resolutions, signed by the respective officers, is
annexed hereto marked "Appendix L."

42 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

It is to be hoped that before another autumn the passage of the
militia bill will enable the War Department to facilitate the attend-
ance of greater numbers of National Guard troops for a repetition of
these maneuvers on a larger scale.

Section 35 of the act of February 2, 1901, directed the Secretary of
War to cause preliminary examinations and surveys to be made for
the purpose of selecting four sites with a view to the establishment
of permanent camp grounds for instruction of troops of the Regular
Army and National Guard. In compliance with this direction such pre-
liminary examinations and surveys have been made at places selected
by the board of general officers upon military posts and camp sites
already mentioned in this report; and on the 19th of May, 1902, the
reports of the examinations and surveys were transmitted to Congress.
(House Doc. No. 618, Fifty-seventh Congress, first session). The
sites selected by the board were at Fort Riley, Kans., where the
present reservation consists of about 20,000 acres; one in the vicinity
of Chickamauga Park, Ga., where a not very expensive addition to the
present park grounds now owned by the Government would suffice;
one in the Conewago Valley in Lebanon, Dauphin, and Lancaster
counties, Pa. ; and one on the Nacimiento Ranch, in Monterey and San
Luis Obispo counties, Cal.

Reports of examinations and estimates of the cost of several other
sites in Indiana, Kentucky, New Mexico, Texas, and Wisconsin were
also transmitted for the consideration of Congress. It is to be hoped
that Congress will proceed to carry out the design of the act of Feb-
ruary 2, 1901, by authorizing the purchase of a sufficient number of
sites in different parts of the country to make it possible to give to
the National Guard of all the States, and to the regular troops sta-
tioned in each section, the benefits of annual maneuvers similar to
those which have been inaugurated at Fort Riley.

GENERAL STAFF.

The most important thing to be done now for the Regular Army is
the creation of a general staff. I beg to call attention to the remarks
made upon this subject under the head of "Improvement of Army
organization" in the report for 1899 and under the head of "General
staff" in the report for 1901. Since the report for 1899 was made
many of the important measures then recommended for the greater
efficiency of the Army have been accomplished or are in course of

lent under authority conferred by legislation. Our mili-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 43

tary system is, however, still exceedingly defective at the top. We
have a personnel unsurpassed anywhere, and a population ready to
respond to calls for the increase of the personnel in case of need, up
to the full limit at which it is possible to transport and subsist an army.
We have wealth and a present willingness to expend it reasonably for
the procurement of supplies and material of war as plentiful and as
good as can be found in any country. We have the different branches
of the military service well organized, each within itself, for the per-
formance of its duties. Our administrative staff and supply depart-
ments, as a rule, have at their heads good and competent men,
faithful to their duties, each attending assiduously to the business of
his department.

But when wre come to the coordination and direction of all these
means and agencies of warfare, so that all parts of the machine shall
work true together, we are weak. Our system makes no adequate
provision for the directing brain which every army must have, to work
successfully. Common experience has shown that this can not be fur-
nished by any single man without assistants, and that it requires a
body of officers working together under the direction of a chief and
entirely separate from and independent of the administrative staff of an
army (such as the adjutants, quartermasters, commissaries, etc., each
of whom is engrossed in the duties of his own special department).
This body of officers, in distinction from the administrative staff,
has come to be called a general staff. There has been much misunder-
standing as to the nature and duties of a general staff. Brig. Gen.
Theodore Schwan, in his work on the organization of the German
army, describes it as follows:

In Prussia, at least, the term has been exclusively and distinctively applied, since
about 1789, to a body of officers to whom, as assistants to the commander in chief
and of his subordinate generals, is confided such work as is directly connected with
the designing and execution of military operations. That in Germany, as elsewhere,
chiefs of special arms, heads of supply departments, judge-advocates, etc., form an
important branch of the higher commands, goes without saying, but they are not
included in the term "general staff." Clause witz's dictum that the general staff is
intended to convert the ideas of the commanding general into orders, not only by
communicating the former to the troops, but rather by working out all matters of
detail, and thus relieving the general from a vast amount of unnecessary labor, is
not a sufficient definition of general staff duties, according to Von Schellendorf
(upon this question certainly the better authority), as it fails to notice the
important obligation of the general staff officer of constantly watching over the
effectiveness of the troops, which would be impaired by a lack of attention to their

44 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

material welfare. Out of this obligation grows, he says, the further duty of
furnishing to the heads of the supply departments and other officers attached to
headquarters such explanations touching the general military situation, or the effect
of a sudden change therein, as will enable them to carry out intelligently what is
expected of them. The general staff thus becomes a directing and explaining body,
and its chief, therefore, is in some respects the head of the whole staff. It follows
that of the two terms, staff and general staff, the Germans regard the former as the
more comprehensive one and as embracing the latter.

It is conceded on all hands that the almost phenomenal success that has attended
the German (Prussian) arms during the last thirty years is due in a large degree to
the corps of highly trained general staff officers which the German army possesses.

Neither oar political nor our military system makes it suitable that
we should have a general staff organized like the German general staff
or like the French general staff; but the common experience of man-
kind is that the things which those general staffs do, have to be done
in every well-managed and well-directed army, and they have to be
done by a body of men especially assigned to do them. We should
have such a body of men selected and organized in our own way
and in accordance with our own system to do those essential things.
The most intelligible way to describe such a body of men, however
selected and organized, is by calling it a general staff, because its
duties are staff duties and are general in their character.

The duties of such a body of officers can be illustrated by taking for
example an invasion of Cuba, such as we were all thinking about a
few years ago. It is easy for a President, or a general acting under
his direction, to order that 50,000 or 100,000 men proceed to Cuba
and capture Havana. To make an order which has any reasonable
chance of being executed he must do a great deal more than that. He
must determine how many men shall be sent and how they shall be
divided among the different arms of the service, and how they shall
be armed, and equipped, and to do that he must get all the informa-
tion possible about the defenses of the place to be captured and the
strength and character and armament of the forces to be met. He
must determine at what points and by what routes the place shall
be approached, and at what points his troops shall land in Cuba; and
for this purpose he must be informed about the various harbors of
the island and the depth of their channels; what classes of vessels
can enter them; what the facilities for landing are; how they are
defended; the character of the roads leading from them to the place
to be attacked; the character of the intervening country; how far it is
healthful or unhealthful; what the climate is liable to be at the season

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 45

of the proposed movement; the temper and sympathies of the inhabi-
tants; the quantity and kind of supplies that can be obtained from
the country; the extent to which transportation can be obtained, and
a great variety of other things which will go to determine whether it
is better to make the approach from one point or from another, and
to determine what it will be necessary for the Army to carry with it
in order to succeed in moving and living and fighting.

All this information it is the business of a general staff to procure
and present. It is probable that there would be in such case a number
of alternative plans, each having certain advantages and disadvantages,
and these should be worked out each by itself, with the reasons for
and against it, and presented to the President or general for his deter-
mination. This the general staff should do. This can not be done in
an hour. It requires that the staff shall have been at work for a long
time collecting the information and arranging it and getting it in form
to present. Then at home, where the preparation for the expedition
is to be made, the order must be based upon a knowledge of the men
and material available for its execution; how many men there are who
can be devoted to that purpose, from what points they are to be
drawn, what bodies of troops ought to be left or sent elsewhere, and
what bodies may be included in the proposed expedition; whether
there are ships enough to transport them; where they are to be
obtained; whether they are properly fitted up; what more should be
done to them; what are the available stocks of clothing, arms and
ammunition, and engineers' material, and horses and wagons, and all
the innumerable supplies and munitions necessary for a large expedi-
tion; how are the things to be supplied which are not ready, but which
are necessary, and how long time will be required to supply them.

All this and much more necessary information it is the business
of a general staff to supply. When that has been done the order is
made with all available knowledge of all the circumstances upon
which the movement depends for its success. It is then the business
of a general staff to see that every separate officer upon whose action
the success of the movement depends understands his share in it and
does not lag behind in the performance of that share; to see that
troops and ships and animals and supplies of arms and ammunition
and clothing and food, etc., from hundreds of sources, come together
at the right times and places. It is a laborious, complicated, and
difficult work, which requires a considerable number of men whose
special business it is and who are charged with no other duties.

46 REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

It was the lack of such a body of men doing that kind of work
which led to the confusion attending the Santiago expedition in the
summer of 1898. The confusion at Tampa and elsewhere was the neces
sary result of having a large number of men, each of them doing his
own special work the best he could, but without any adequate force of
officers engaged in seeing that they pulled together according to
detailed plans made beforehand. Such a body of men doing general stafl
duty is just as necessary to prepare an army properly for war in time
of peace as it is in time of war. It is not an executive body; it is not
an administrative body; it acts only through the authority of others.
It makes intelligent command possible by procuring and arranging
information and working out plans in detail, and it makes intelligent
and effective execution of commands possible by keeping all the
separate agents advised of the parts they are to play in the general
scheme.

In creating a general staff I think we should change the desig-
nation of the officer whom we have called the Commanding General of
the Army to Chief of Staff, and at the same time enlarge his powers
by giving him the immediate direction of the supply departments,
which are now independent of the Commanding General of the Army
and report directly to the Secretary of War. The position of the
Commanding General of the Army is not created by statute. It
depends entirely upon executive order, and it could be abolished at
any time by the President and the position of Chief of Staff could
be created in its place. Legislative action, however, is desirable in
two directions. One is to provide for the performance of duties of
the president of the Board of Ordnance and Fortification and the
president of the Board of Commissioners of the Soldiers' Home,
both of which have been attached by statute to the position of the
Commanding General of the Army. The other line of legislative
action needed is to authorize the control of the Secretary of War
over the supply departments to be exercised through the Chief of
Staff. This probably could not be done except by Congress.

The change of title from " Commanding General of the Army" to
14 Chief of Staff" would be of little consequence were it not that
the titles denote and imply in the officers bearing them the exist-
ence of widely different kinds of authority. When an officer is
appointed to the position of "Commanding General of the Army" he
naturally expects to command, himself, with a high degree of inde-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 47

pendence, following his own ideas rather than the ideas of others.
We cannot ordinarily expect an officer placed in such a position
and thus endowed with what purports to be the right and title to
command, not to stand up for his right to really command and not
to regard any attempt to control his action or limit his power as
unjustifiable interference.

The title of Chief of Staff, on the other hand, denotes a duty to advise,
inform, and assist a superior officer who has command, and to represent
him, acting in his name and by his authority in carrying out his poli-
cies and securing the execution of his commands. The officer who
accepts the position assumes the highest obligation to be perfectly
loyaito his commander, to exclude all personal interest from his advice
and representation, and to try, in the most whole-hearted way, to help
him to right conclusions, and to successful execution of his policies
even though his conclusions may not agree with the advice given. For
the successful performance of his duties the chief of staff must have
the entire confidence of his commander. In proportion as he merits
that confidence, the chief of staff gradually comes to find his advice
usually accepted, and to really exercise the authority of his com-
mander, subject only to the most general directions, just as Von Moltke
exercised the authority of King William of Prussia as his chief of
staff.

Experience has shown that it is impossible for any officer to really
exercise in this country, in time of peace, the powers which appear
and are assumed to be conferred along with the title of " Command-
ing General of the Army." This follows from the constitution of our
Government. The Constitution requires the President to be the com-
mander of the Army, and a great variety of laws require the Secre-
tary of War, who directly represents the President, to supervise and
direct the expenditure of the vast sums of money appropriated annu-
ally by Congress for the support of the Army. As every important
movement requires the use of money, so long as the Secretary of
War performs this duty faithfully he must practically control the
operations of the Army in time of peace, and there can not be any
independent command of the Army, except that which the President,
himself exercises over the Secretary of War and everybody else in
the military establishment. It is because Congress has always looked
to the civilian Secretary at the head of the War Department to hold
the purse strings, that the laws require all the great departments

48 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

which build the fortifications and furnish the arms, supplies, and
munitions of war, and actually expend the money for those purposes,
such as the Engineer, Ordnance, Quartermaster's, and Subsistence
Departments, to act under the direction of the Secretary, and withhold
from the officer who is called "Commanding General of the Army"
all control over those departments.

This way of treating the expenditure of money is an expression of
the ingrained tendency of the American people to insist upon civilian
control of the military arm. Our fathers inherited that from England
and we have always held to it. It is not likely to be changed in sub-
stance. One result of the arrangement is that the officer who is called
"Commanding General of the Army" can not in time of peace really
exercise any substantial power at all unless he acts in conformity to
the policy and views of the Secretary of War, acting under the direc-
tion of the President; that is to say, he can not exercise any independ-
ent command; and this must always be so as long as the Secretary of
War performs the duties which are imposed upon him by law and
which are essential to the maintenance of civilian control over the mil-
itary establishment. It was the inability to exercise the power which
the title of "Commanding General of the Army" appears to carry with
it, but which does not really exist, that led General Scott to leave Wash-
ington and establish his headquarters in New York and General Sher-
man to remove to St. Louis, both of them abandoning the attempt to
do anything in connection with the administration of the Army in
Washington. And this difficulty has been the cause of almost constant
conflict and bitter feeling in the administration of the Army for the
past fifty years, to the very great injury of the service and very great
loss of efficiency.

It does not follow, however, that the principal and most trusted
general of the army can not exercise a great and commanding influ-
ence in the control of the army, and practically manage it in all mili-
tary matters. What does follow is that he can do this only by aban-
doning the idea of independent command and by assuming the position
and performing the functions which I have described as belonging to
a chief of staff. General Schofield did this with entire success and
rendered great service to the country by doing so. I quote his own
words in describing the course he followed:

Recent experience has served to confirm all the results of my life-long study and
large experience that the proper position for the senior officer of the Army on duty

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 49

at Washington is not that of commanding general, a position which is practically
impossible, but that of general in chief, which means in fact chief of staff to the
President. The title of general in chief was a permanent one during the entire
history of the country up to the time when General Grant became Lieutenant-General.
When I became the commanding general I addressed to the President a letter in
which I pointed out to him what had been the result of my study and experience,
and saying that the only way was to abandon entirely, which I did during my seven
years of service, all pretense of being the commanding general and to content myself
with acting as the chief of staff of the Army under the Secretary of War and the
President. The result was that perfect harmony prevailed during my time, and I
did exercise a legitimate influence in command of the Army, this because I did not
claim to exercise anything which the law did not give me.

Everybody is not as self- restrained and sensible as General Schofield,
and the best way to secure from others the same kind of good service
that he rendered, is to give the officer from whom it is expected a
designation which indicates what he is really to do.

TRANSPORT SERVICE.

The reduction of the force in the Philippines has made possible a
large reduction of the transport service on the Pacific. The regular
service between San Francisco and Manila has been reduced from
bimonthly to monthly sailings. Marked economies have been effected
in the conduct of the business in San Francisco. Several ships have
been sold, although after most extensive and painstaking advertising
very inadequate prices have been realized. Three ships, the Hancock,
Relief, and Lawton, have been turned over to the Navy Department,
which could make profitable use of them, and one, the Grant, has been
turned over to the Engineer Corps, which can save a hundred thousand
and odd dollars more than the ship could be sold for, by using her in
river and harbor work. I ask that authority be given for charging
the fair value of these ships to the naval and river and harbor appro-
priations, respectively, and crediting them to the appropriation for
transportation of the Army against which they now stand charged.

In October bids were invited from commercial lines for transporta-
tion of passengers and freight for the Army between San Francisco,
Portland, Seattle, and Tacoma and Manila, until June 30, 1903. A num-
ber of bids have been received, but the comparative advantage of oper-
ating under them has not yet been worked out, and no contract has been
awarded. As rapidly as it becomes apparent that the Government
business can be done more economically in any part, or as a whole, by
this method, it is the purpose of the Department to follow the same
war 1902— vol 1 4

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

course which has been followed upon the Atlantic in discontinuing the
use of Government transports, and to put the business in the hands of
commercial lines on the basis of open competition.

I am satisfied that it is practicable for private shippers to do all
ordinary business much cheaper than it is possible for the Govern-
ment to do it, under the limitations which rest upon Government
action, and that thev can afford to do the business for less than it costs
the Government and still make a profit. At the same time by follow-
ing this method the Government will be aiding to build up regular
commercial lines between the Pacific coast and Manila, which is much
to be desired.

PROMOTION OF INDIVIDUAL ECONOMY IN THE ARMY.

The act of May 15, 1872, under which the Government acts practi-
cally as a savings bank for enlisted men, has been very beneficial in its
operation. Under that law enlisted men may deposit their savings,
in sums not less than $5, with paymasters, and upon deposits of not
less than $50, remaining for a period of six months or longer, interest
is paid at the rate of 4 per cent per annum. Without some such pro-
vision, under the ordinary conditions of army life, the soldier would
have no means of investing or taking care of any savings from his
pay, and the tendency would be to spend the pay, whenever oppor-
tunity offered, up to the full limit.

Under this law deposits of enlisted men's savings for the past four
years and the amounts of principal and interest paid to enlisted men
against deposits on their leaving the service have been as follows:

Fiscal year ending June 30—

1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.

Total

Number of
separate
deposits.

37,842

91,461

111,004

80,883

Aggregate
amount of de-
posits.

Number
men paid

their
deposits on
discharge.

SI, 496, 762. 31
3,215,544.66
3,438,529.11
2,660,250.66

28,508

27,571

78,948

104,109

10,811,086.74

239,136

Principal paid.

Interest
paid.

$61,273.96
43,234.89
114,750.37
3,002,424.24 ! 147,441.81

$988,774.63
1,028,146.34
2,955,169.39

7,974,514.60

366,701.02

The amount of savings reported yby the Paymaster-General as
remaining in the Treasury to the credit of enlisted men on the 30th of
June, 1902, was $4,269,244.81. The effect of this arrangement has
been to promote economy, discourage useless aud profligate expendi-

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 51

ture, and to give the men who leave the service an accumulation upon
which to start in civil life.

I concur in the recommendation of the Adjutant-General that the
privilege of this statute should be extended to officers. They are sub-
ject to very much the same conditions, preventing them from readily
caring for or investing the small savings which the practice of economy
may reserve from their salaries, and the natural tendency of such
conditions is to prevent their economizing. When an officer has a
natural tendency to economy and accumulation he finds himself con-
fronted by a long-established policy of the Department, which
discourages any participation in business enterprises by the officers
of the Army, and which seems to be wise. If officers invest money
they naturally put it into enterprises in the neighborhood of their
stations, and they become involved in business affairs which are liable
to develop interests inconsistent with their official duties.

The conditions of military life are such that officers of the Army
have not the training or the knowledge of business affairs to make
them, as a rule, successful in their investments. Many most distress-
ing cases of demoralization of officers of good natural parts, and origi-
nally of bright promise, have come from their becoming involved in
debt through ill-advised business investments which have been unsuc-
cessful, or which have led to extravagance of living by reason of san-
guine expectations of profit never realized. It is of the highest impor-
tance that the officers of the Army should live within their means, and
whatever measures encourage economy tend toward that end, and pro-
mote good habits, attention to duty, efficiency, and good administration
of military affairs.

The frequent changes which are necessary for the officers of our
small Army and the very great distances which they are obliged to
travel, often make an order for a change of station work really
great hardship by requiring the officer to pay the cost of transporting
' his furniture above the limit allowed by law as a charge upon the
Treasury. The deterioration of the furniture by frequent removals is
also great. I think it desirable that the same course should be adopted
for officers of the Armv which is followed by the Navv as to its offi-
cers who occupy public quarters on shore, and that the Government
should supply the heavy furniture for officers' quarters.

The Government, buying the furniture in large quantities, could
get it at a very much smaller first cost than the officers can; the fur-

52 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

niture, remaining permanently in the same quarters, would depreciate
much less rapidly than when it is moved about from post to post, and
the cost of transportation, which is now paid partly by the Govern-
ment and partly by the officer, would be altogether saved. The sav-
ing to the officer would undoubtedly make it practicable for him to
pay a moderate rental to the Government for the use of the furniture
sufficient to constitute a renewal fund and perhaps to reimburse the
original expense. I annex hereto, marked "Appendix M," a memo-
randum addressed to the Quartermaster-General on the 16th of Octo-
ber, 1902, calling for information on this subject, and a memorandum
by that officer in reply, dated November 5, 1902. I hope that the
subject will receive the favorable consideration of Congress.

THE CANTEEN.

Referring to the operation of section 38 of the act of February 2,
1901, which prohibits the sale of beer and light wines in post
exchanges, I said in my last report that a great body of reports had
been received which indicated that the effect of the law was unfortu-
nate, but that I thought a sufficient time had not elapsed to give the
law a fair trial, and that the observation and report of its working
would be continued during the ensuing year.

A great number of additional reports have now been received, and
they confirm the impression produced by the earlier reports. I am
convinced that the general effect of prohibiting the use of beer and
light wines within the limited area of the army post is to lead the
enlisted men to go out of the post, to frequent vile resorts which cluster
in the neighborhood, to drink bad whisky to excess, and to associate
intimately with abandoned men and more abandoned women; and that
the operation of the law is to increase drunkenness, disease of the most
loathsome kind, insubordination and desertion, and moral and phjrsical
degeneration.

These reports are ready to be sent to Congress whenever that body
desires to consider the subject.

ALASKAN TELEGRAPH SY8TEM.

The Signal Corps has exhibited great activity, under circumstances
of great difficulty, in pressing forward the construction of the
system of military telegraph lines in the Territory of Alaska, under
the act of May 2tf, 1900. They have built and put in working order in
Alaska, within a period of twenty-four months, 1,121 miles of land

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 53

lines and submarine cables. When the exceedingly difficult physical
conditions within the Territory are considered, and the labor and
hardships which the officers and men of the corps encountered, are
appreciated, the construction of this telegraph system must be regarded
as an additional illustration of the tireless energy and indomitable
spirit which characterize this branch of our service. Efforts were
made to introduce wireless telegraphy in Alaska, and a contract was
made for the establishment of communication according to the Fes-
senden system between Nome and St. Michael. The work was to be
completed by the 1st of October, 1902, but the contract was not
performed.

I wish to call especial attention to the importance of a cable between
the northwestern coast of the State of Washington and the southern
point of our Alaskan territory, so as to connect the telegraph system
of the United States with the telegraph system in Alaska. The Gov-
ernment of the United States is maintaining troops in Alaska at
various points. It is responsible for the maintenance of order. Dis-
turbances are always liable to occur in new mining camps, and there
is always a possibility of their occurring along a frontier line. Our
only present means of communicating by telegraph with our officers,
or with anyone concerned in the government of Alaska, is over the
Canadian land lines.

MILITARY REPRESENTATIVES IN EUROPE.

In June last the War Department received, through the State
Department, from His Majesty the German Emperor, a courteous
invitation for Maj. Gen. Henry C. Corbin, Maj. Gen. S. B. M. Young,
and Brig. Gen. Leonard Wood to attend the autumn maneuvers of
the Prussian army as the guests of the German Emperor. The invi-
tation was accepted, and the officers named were directed to attend the
maneuvers. Acknowledgment is due for the great courtesy which
was showu them by the Emperor, and by all officers of the German
army whom they met. Similar acknowledgments are due to the
Governments of France and Great Britain, and to the officers of their
armies, for many courtesies shown to American officers and many
facilities afforded to them for acquiring useful information upon mili-
tary subjects.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

GENERAL WAR DEPARTMENT SERVICE.

•

The year has been characterized generally by faithful and painstak-
ing work by the different bureaus of the War Department and by the
civilian force of the Department. The Quartermaster's, Subsistence,
and Pay departments have dealt ably and successfully with the ditti
culties presented by rapidly changing conditions and constant move
ment of troops. The transportation of the Army has been accom-
plished with promptness and comfort, and the clothing and food
supplied have been of the best quality.

I wish especially to make acknowledgment of the devoted and able
services of the Assistant Secretary of War, Col. William Cary Sanger,
and of the Chief Clerk of the Department, Mr. John C. Scofield.

EXPENDITURES, APPROPRIATIONS, AND ESTIMATES.

The expenditures for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, the esti-
mates of appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, the
appropriations for the present fiscal year, and the estimates of appro-
priations required for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, are as
follows:

General object.

Expenditures

for the fiscal

year ended

June 30, 1902.

Estimates for

the fiscal year

ending June

30,1903.

81,638,266.00

237,307.26

32,000.00

57,000.00

15, 700. 00

Appropriations
for the fiscal
year ending

June 30, 1903.

Estimates for

the fiscal
year ending
June 30, 1904.

CIVIL ESTABLISHMENT.

Salaries, regular force

$1,300,949.57

559,138.08

24,458.13

43,304.19

14, 550. 00

$1,310,196.00

596,400.00

30,000.00

55,000.00

15,300.00

$1,859,126.00

Salaries, temporary force

Stationery, War Department

25,000.00

50,000.00

15,600.00

500.00

Contingent expenses, War Department.
Rent, War Department

Postage, War Department

1,000.00

Salaries and contingent expenses
under Superintendent Public Build-
ings and Grounds

66,208.56

67. 220. 00

67,320.00

70,670.00

■

Total civil establishment

2,009,608.53 j 2,047,493.26

2,074,216.00

2.020,896.00

MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT.

Pay, etc., of the Armv

26,209.17

36,137,867.90

6,421,391.73

245,379.06

106,492.80

92,640.00

33,725.225.78

11,934,916.25

399,200.00

92,140.00

32,700,796.41

11,000,000.00

399,200.00

45,500.00

29,672,364.87

7, 338, 955. HO

549. 000. 00

Subsistence of the Army

Signal service of the Army

Military telegraph and cable lines,

United States service schools

14, 997. 08

25,000.00

25,000.00
16,500.00

25.000.00

School of Submarine Defense, Fort
Totten, N. Y

18,000.00
15,000.00
25,000.00

Army War College

Engineer School, Washington, D. C . . . i

45,000.00

46,000.00

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Regular supplie

iil'l.ti.-lil.il rxy.Oli-t".. iJlluT-lrrljjil-lcl-'.l

i«TJorti»ent

Ilarriu'ks iinil quarter*

llnniK'li- iirii] i_| I III CIh.S-T-. I'ljrllpj'ilir

Islands

Army tnwmmMm

<"'i»vji lr>" -iind artillery horses...........

Clothing, etc

Olwtrm'tlOTl uml r.-l .nil" . -f iir>.[>illll....

Quarters for hoeplinl stewards

ahi»>litijj KJifckTJt--' jlthI muges

Military [»*(■ exchanges

Arm; ^-ill-till !iu-|jllu!a

Medical ami Hospital tlcpartincnt

Army Mi-'linil M ii-i.-i.mh anil Library ..

Ensrim-iT depot

Engineer depot, Wlllets Point, N.Y ...
Buildings, EngiTiL'tr Sell.*.-!. Wn-hiiii;-

Kin.'iii.iT ii|ulpment of troops

Ulvlliini u-.j.tulit- [,, L-ilitilK'i-r ■itli.'i.-r. .

tiriliimiiT. ordnance stores and. aup-
P«™

Kstimu[e> fu
rlldillfc' Jl'llli

K, COO, 000. 00

iminiprmlHms

6,000,000.00
150, 000. 00 !
1&,OI».00 i

Emcrgi-niy fund. War Depart

Mil! ttry Academy

Total military establish

Oun and mortar battc

Torpedoes for harbor i

Sites lor fortification

dafenses

1 repair, and plane

Sea walls and embankments

Armament ol lortiikntlnns

Board of Ordnance and Fortification .
Other fortifications appropriations . ..
KuiHini'-iiri'i if r- -i mi- I - n. Washington,

24,711.7-1
42,362.20

to, 500, a
2,800,01

BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

General object

public works— continued.

River and harbor improvements under
the con tinuing-con tract system

River and harbor improvements under
the Mississippi River Commission ...

Ri ver and harbor improvements under
the Missouri River Commission

Improving rivers and harbors under
the Chief of Engineers

Total public works

MISCELLANEOUS.

National cemeteries, etc

8urveys, maps, etc

Artificial limbs and appliances
California Debris Commission .

Bringing home the remains of officers,
soldiers, and civil employees who die
abroad, and soldiers who die on
transports

Prevention of deposits, harbor of New
York

National Home for Disabled Volun-
teer Soldiers

Aid to State and Territorial homes

Miscellaneous items

Total miscellaneous
Grand total

Expenditures

for the fiscal

year ended

June 30, 1902.

113,802,860. 15

23,448,288.52

229,419.08

110,870.38

121,225.69

10,535.89

109,817.61

72,782.01

3,236,434.40

1,004,724.80

2,500.00

Estimates for Appropriations laminate* for
the fiscal year for the fiscal the fiscal

ending June
30,1903.

/ear ending | year ending
une 30, 1903. : June 30, 1904.

$5,489,377.50

2,695,000.00

315,200.00

$12,306,360.00 $16,570,339.33
2,200,000.00 2,000,006.00

20,113,100.00 18,058,839.94

49,914,383.40

46,682,701.94 j 40,175,613.03

4,898,309.76

108,798,433.62

313,814.05

205,100.00

516,000.00

15,000.00

90,000.00

70,260.00

3,434,294.00

950,000.00

4,055.10

5,598,523.15

157,409,836.26

298,814.00

155,100.00

516,000.00

15,000.00

90,000.00

70,260.00

3,894,669.00

950,000.00

7,000.00

5,996,843.00

146,937,395.77

265,380.00

180,100.00

154,000.00

15,000.00

45,000.00

120,260.00

4,039,458.00

950,000.00

87,218.10

6,806,411.10

125,989,435.42

RECAPITULATION.

General object.

Expenditures

for the fiscal

year ended

June 30, 1902.

Estimates for

the fiscal year

ending June 30,

1903.

Civil establishment $2, 009, 608. 63

Military establishment (support of the
Army and Military Academy ) 78, 442, 226. 81

Public works (including fortifications
and river and harbor improvements)

Miscellaneous

23,448,288.52
4,898,309.76

Grand total I 108,798,433.62

$2,047,493.26

99,849,436.45

49,914,383.40
5,598,523.15

157,409,836.26

Appropriations
for the fiscal
year ending
June 30, 1903.

$2,074,216.00

92,283,634.83

46,582,701.94
5,996,843.00

146,937,395.77

Estimates for

the fiscal year

ending June

80,1904.

$2,020,896.00

77,986,516.29

40,175,618.03
5,806,411.10

126,989,485.42

General object.

Net increase of esti-
mates for 1904 as
compared with esti-
mates for 1903.

Civil establishment.

Net decrease of esti-
mates for 1904 as
compared with esti-
mates for 1903.

Military establishment (support of
Army and Military Academy) .

the

Public works (including fortifications
and river and harbor improvements)

Miscellaneous

Grand total

Less increase

$207,887.95

207,887.95

$26,597.26

21,862,921.16

9,738,770.37

Net decrease of
estimates for 1904
as compared with

appropriations
for 1908.

$68, 82a 00

14,297,119.64

6,407,088.91
190,481.90

31,628,288.79

20,947,960.85

Net decrease of estimates for 1904
as compared with estimates
for 1903

207,887.96

31,420,400.84

REPORT OF THE 8E0RETARY OF WAR.

A comparative statement of the last four estimates submitted to
Congress for the support of the military establishment proper, and of
the appropriations and expenditures thereon, is as follows:

Submitted in December, 1899, for the

fiscal year ending June 30, 1901

Submitted in December, 1900, for the

fiscal year ending June 30, 1902

Submitted in December, 1901, for the

fiscal year ending June 30, 1903

Submitted in December, 1902, for the

fiscal year ending June 30, 1904

Estimates.

$128,170,583.54

113,568,319.39

99,849,436.45

77,986,515.29

Appr >priations.

$114,586,229.22

116,249,552.78

92,283,634.83

Expenditures.

$105,702,101.02

78,442,226.81

It will be observed that estimates have progressively decreased.
The estimate for 1901 was, in round numbers, $128,000,000; for 1902,
$113,000,000; for 1903, $99,000,000; for 1904, $77,000,000. Upon the
estimate for $128,000,000 for 1901, the appropriations were $114,000,000
and the expenditures $105,000,000; upon the estimate for $113,000,000
for 1902, the appropriations were $116,000,000 and the expenditures
$78,000,000.

The estimates presented this year for the support of the mili-
tary establishment proper, involving chiefly things consumed during
the year, are $14,000,000 less than last year's appropriations and
$21,000,000 less than last year's estimates. On the other hand, we
are asking Congress for considerable increases in appropriations for
investment in permanent plant, such as sites for fortifications and
seacoast defenses, gun and mortar batteries, armament of fortifica-
tions, arsenals, and military posts.

Expenditures from indefinite and permanent annual appropriations
and appropriations for war claims and relief acts are not included in
the above statement, but are shown in Appendix N to this report,
which is a complete and detailed statement of all appropriations under
the direction of the War Department for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1902, showing the balances from appropriations of the preceding
fiscal year, the amounts appropriated under each title of appropria-
tion, the amounts drawn from the Treasury upon requisition, and the
unexpended balances June 30, 1902.

There were no expenditures from the appropriation for national
defense (War) during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, but repay-

58 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

merits to this fund were made from several bureaus by covering into
the Treasury the following amounts:

Ordnance Department 1346,805.61

Quartermaster's Department 464. 76

Paymaster's Department 473. 01

Total 347,743.38

and the present condition of this appropriation is shown in the fol-
lowing tabulated statement :

Condition of the special emergency appropriation for national defense {war) under the

War Department,

Amounts allot-
Allotments. ! ted to June

30, 1899.

9225,000.00
9, 081, 4%. 86
5,585,000.00
1,989,230.82

Office of Secretary of War

Ordnance Department

Engineer Department

Quartermaster's Department

Medical Department I 1,520,000.00

Pay Department :.' 255,000.00

Signal Service 238, 900. 00

Light-House Board 75, 000. 00

Total 18,969,627.68

Balances June
30,1902.

1931.08

1,160.406.36

12,393.07

2,029.34

46,028.31

2, 399. 26

1,224,187.37

As stated in the last annual report, it had been held by the Comp-
troller of the Treasury that the appropriation for national defense
lapsed on June 30, 1901, by reason of the limitation of the acts of
March 9, 1898 (30 Stats., 274), and June 5, 1899 (30 Stats., 781), and
that consequently the balances remaining to the credit of the several
bureaus of the War Department were no longer available for
expenditure.

Subsequent to this decision of the Comptroller, a provision was
inserted in the urgent deficiency act approved February 14, 1902,
with reference to the naval establishment, reappropriating the unex-
pended balance of the national defense appropriation, and making it
"available for expenditure in fulfillment of contracts heretofore made
and properly chargeable to said appropriation.'' Under date of April
25, 1902, the Comptroller decided that balances of this appropriation
remaining to the credit of the several bureaus of the War Department
are available for expenditure in fulfillment of contracts made by
the War Department before June 30, 1901, and properly chargeable
to said appropriation.

BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 59

CIVIL GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES.

The Philippine government act of July 1, 1902, adopts and continues
with enlarged powers the system of government built up under the
President's instructions of April 7, 1900. The growth and character
of that government were described in my last annual report. 1 trans-
mit herewith all the statutes passed by the Philippine Commission
from and including act No. 264, passed October 14, 1901, to and includ-
ing act No. 424, passed July 1, 1902. These, together with the acts
previously transmitted to Congress, constitute the entire bodjr of leg-
islation by the Philippine Commission prior to the passage of the Phil-
ippine government act by Congress.

The enacting clause of all these laws is "By authority of the
President of the United States, be it enacted by the United States
Philippine Commission" Their authority as law rests: First, upon
the power vested in the Commission by the President in the exercise
of his war powers under the Constitution, in the instructions of April
7, 1900. Second, upon the sanction given to those instructions in that
part of the act of March 2, 1901, commonly known as the "Spooner
amendment," which provided:

All military, civil and judicial powers necessary to govern the Philippine Islands,
acquired from Spain by the treaties concluded at Paris on the tenth day of December,
1898, and at Washington on the seventh day of November, 1900, shall, until other-
wise provided by Congress, be vested in such person and persons and shall be exer-
cised in such manner as the President of the United States shall direct for the
establishment of civil government and for maintaining and protecting the inhabitants
of said islands in the free enjoyment of their liberty, ^property and religion.

And Third, upon the provision of the Philippine government act of
July 1, 1902.

That the action of the President of the United States in creating the Philippine
Commission and authorizing said Commission to exercise the powers of government
to the extent and in the manner and form and subject to the regulation and control
set forth in the instructions of the President to the Philippine Commission, dated
April 7, 1900, * * * is hereby approved, ratified, and confirmed.

The statutes passed by the Philippine Commission after the 1st of
July, 1902, will rest upon the authority conferred beforehand upon
the Commission by Congress in that act, and the enacting clause will
be: "By authority of the United States, be it enacted by the Phil-
ippine Commission."

60 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

A report by the Philippine Commission has been mailed at Manila
and is in transit to Washington. Upon its arrival it will be trans-
mitted to Congress and with it will be sent copies of all acts passed
by the Commission since the 1st of July, 1902.

Sections 63, 64 and 65 of the act of July 1, 1902, authorize the
Commission to acquire title to lands of religious orders held in such
large tracts as to injuriously affect the peace and welfare of the peo-
ple of the islands, to issue bonds in payment for such land, to sell the
land, with a preference to actual settlers and occupants, and to apply
the proceeds to paying the principal and interest of the bonds. After
the bill containing these provisions had been reported favorably by
the committees of both Houses, but before the passage of the bill,
Governor Taft being about to return from Washington to his post at
Manila via the Suez Canal, was directed to stop at Rome for the pur-
pose stated in the following extract from his instructions:

In view, therefore, of the critical situation of this subject in the Philippines, and
of the apparent impossibility of disposing of the matter there by negotiation with
the friars themselves, the President does not feel at liberty to lose the opportunity
for effective action afforded by your presence in the West. He wishes you to take
the subject up tentatively with the ecclesiastical superiors who must ultimately
determine the friars' course of conduct, and endeavor to reach at least a basis of
negotiation along lines which will be satisfactory to them and to the Philippine
government, accompanied by a full understanding on both sides of the facts and of
the views and purposes of the parties to the negotiation, so that when Congress
shall have acted the business may proceed to a conclusion without delay.

These instructions were complied with and resulted in a very full
and satisfactory understanding as to the methods to be adopted for
disposing of the various questions arising out of the separation of
church and state in the Philippine Islands required by the change of
sovereignty. The papers establishing this basis of an understanding
are annexed hereto, marked " Appendix O." The negotiations are
now proceeding at Manila between Governor Taft and Monsignor
Guidi, the Papal delegate to the Philippines, in accordance with the
understanding reached at Rome. I have no doubt that, although
many of the questions involved are delicate and difficult, just conclu-
sions will be reached, satisfactorjr to both sides.

The trade of the islands has been greatly hampered during the past
year by the ravages of rinderpest, causing a mortality in some prov-
inces of over 90 per cent among the carabao, and a consequent short-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

age of food crops. Business in many sections has been seriously
interrupted by an epidemic of cholera, yet the imports for the fiscal
year 1902 were greater than in any previous year in the history of
the archipelago, and exports were exceeded in but two previous
years, 1870 and 1889. The total merchandise, exclusive of gold and
silver and Government supplies, imported during the fiscal year 1902
was $32,141,842, as against $30,279,406 for the fiscal year 1901 and
$20,601,436 for the fiscal year 1900, and the total value of merchan-
dise exported during the fiscal year 1902 was $23,927,679, as against
$23,214,948 for the fiscal year 1901 and $19,751,068 for the fiscal year
1900, an increase of 6 per cent in the value of imports for the fiscal
year 1902 over the fiscal year 1901 and of 56 per cent over the fiscal
year 1900, and an increase in the value of exports for the fiscal year
1902 over the fiscal year 1901 of 3 per cent and over the fiscal year
1900 of 21 per cent.

The imports for the fiscal year 1902 came from the following
countries:

United States $4,035,243

United Kingdom 5, 523, 161

Germany 2,356,548

France 1,524,523

China $4,300,959

Hongkong 1,820,109

British East Indies 2, 995, 192

French East Indies 3,244,329

Spain 2,388,542 Other countries 3,953,236

The exports for the same period went to the following countries:

United States $7,691,743

United Kingdom 8,282,979

Germany 75,626

France 955,828

Spain 868,528

China 462,946

Hongkong $3,183,482

Japan 925,767

British East Indies 670, 819

Australasia 437,840

Other countries 372, 121

The imports from the United States amounted to $4,035,243 in 1902
as against $2,855,685 in 1901 and $1,657,701 in 1900, or an increase
for the past year over 1900 of 143 per cent. The value of merchan-
dise exported to this country in 1902 was $7,691,743 as against
$2,572,021 in 1901 and $3,522,160 in 1900, showing an increase in
favor of the latest period over 1900 of 118 per cent.

The United States shows greater gains of imports for the fiscal year
1902 than any other country, except the French East Indies, which
shows a great increase in the quantity of rice exported to the islands

62 BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

to make up for deficient crops. In exports the United States gained
more than any other country.

The showing made by the United States on the basis of direct ship-
ments to and from the islands discloses a marked increase during the
past few years; yet it does not take into account purchases made in
this country entered at the Philippine customs-houses free of duty
for use of the United States military departments or the insular gov
ernment or its subordinate branches. In these figures also this coun-
try is deprived of the proper credit for its imports into the islands
by shipments passing through Hongkong and eventually reported as
originating at that point. Although this applies also to European
countries to some extent, it has been found that only a small part of
their export credits is affected, for the reason that nearly all their
shipments come direct via Singapore; and the transshipment at that
port and at Hongkong and Saigon are rarely attended by the issue of
new shipping documents, under which the port of transshipment can
be taken as the port of origin.

As to the Philippine export trade to the United States, in which
this country has trebled its figures during the last two years, the
results stated represent more nearly the proper credit, but there
are numerous instances of shipments of hemp in large quantities,
intended for the United States, to Europe and Hongkong under docu-
ments in which these countries are given as the ports of final destina-
tion. This will appear from the fact that approximately $7,500,000
worth of hemp was exported from the Philippines to the United
Kingdom during the year 1902, while during the same period the
importations of this fiber into the United States from the United
Kingdom amounted to nearly $4,250,000, presumably included in
indirect shipments, credit for which should be given to this country.
If credit is given for these importations the United States is placed
far in advance as the leading market for Philippine products at the
present time.

The second section of the act of March 8, 1902, approving the
Philippine tariff law, provides that —

All articles, the growth and product of the Philippine Islands, admitted into the
ports of the United States free of duty under the provisions of this act, and coming
directly from said islands to the United States for use and consumption therein,
shall be hereafter exempt from any export duties imposed in the Philippine
Islands.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 63

Under this provision it has been ruled that, to be entitled to the
benefit of this exemption from export duty in the Philippines, articles
must come from the Philippines to the United States in the same bot-
tom, aind that articles exported from Manila to Hongkong or London
and there reshipped to the United States, even though under a through
bill of lading, are not entitled to the statutory benefit of exemption
from export tax. Under this provision it is probable that the next
hemp crop, so far as it is required for consumption in the United
States, will come direct to our ports instead of going by Hongkong or
London. In that case the business will be open for American com-
mercial lines, if they see fit to engage in it.

The total importations received from date of American occupation
to and including June 30, 1902, amounted to $96,135,694, or, reckoning
complete yearly periods covered by the last three fiscal years, an aver-
age annual import trade of more than twenty-seven and a half million
is shown to have been maintained; and the total duty collected during
these years approximated twenty-two and a half millions.

The value of merchandise exported during the same period was
$79,260,607, the duty collected amounting to nearly $3,000,000.

Annexed hereto will be found a tabulated statement in comparative
form, showing the Philippine commerce with the United States and
leading countries during three calendar years of American occupation
ended December 31, 1901, marked "Appendix P."

Immigrants to the number of 30,094 arrived in the Philippine
Islands during the fiscal year 1902 as against 17,108 in the fiscal year
1901. Of this number 12,751 (including 10,101 Chinese) had been in
the islands before. Among the 17,343 who came for the first time
there were 15,312, or 88 per cent, Americans, 368 Chinese, 451 Japa-
nese, 222 English, 358 Spaniards, 129 East Indians, and 503 of other
nationalities. There were 2,497 females and 928 children under 14
years of age. With the exception of 8,349 Chinese but 3 per
cent of the immigrants were illiterates. Among the Americans there
were 176 merchant dealers and grocers, 790 teachers, 122 clerks and
accountants. The greater number of Americans are, however, not
described by occupation. More than three-fourths of the Chinese
were laborers, and more than half the remainder merchants.

Annexed hereto, marked uAppendix Q," is a statement of revenues
and expenditures in the Philippine Archipelago from the date of Amer-

64 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

ican occupation to the end of the fiscal year 1902, which coincides
with the end of the government under the authority of the President
and the beginning of government under the direct authority of
Congress. The total revenues have amounted to $33,589,819.05 and
the total expenditures to $23,253,573.13, American moneys

The relative income and expenditure by fiscal years has been as
follows:

1899.
1900.
1901.
1902.

Income.

$3,608,682.83

6,763,527.73

10,686,188.97

12,631,419.52

Expenditure.

$2,376,008.62
4,758,677.76
6,073,766.44

10,045,120.32

The surplus of income over expenditure has in a great measure been
allotted to the payment of various contracts for public improvements
and public benefit, so that the real surplus of free cash in the Treasury
is comparatively small.

1 shall defer comment and recommendation generally upon Philip-
pine affairs until 1 transmit the report of the Commission, now on the
way to this country. 1 realize that it is hardty to be expected that
Congress shall devote much time to legislation for the Philippines
during the approaching short session, especially in view of the great
amount of time which they devoted to the subject in the last session
and the scope and value of the laws which they then considered and
passed.

1 do not wish to delay, however, in asking the attention of Congress
to two subjects upon which, I think, if the conditions and needs of
the islands could be fully understood, there would be but little
controversy, and upon which very simple enactments would be of
immense value to the people of the islands, whose welfare the
Government of the United States is bound to promote. I earnestly
urge, first, that the duties levied in the United States upon products
of the Philippine Archipelago imported therefrom be reduced to
25 per cent of the Dingley tariff rates; second, that the government
of the island be permitted to establish the gold standard for its
currency, and to bike such measures as it finds to be practicable
and prudent to keep the silver coinage which it is authorized to issue
at parity with gold, without in any way committing the United States
to responsibility therefor.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 65

1 shall not now undertake, nor is it the proper office of such a
report as this, to argue the economic questions which may be raised
by the consideration of these recommendations. The views upon
which they are based have been presented in my former reports and
in the reports of the Philippine Commission. The reason for pre-
senting them now is that the ills which have recently befallen the
people of the islands call urgently for active and immediate measures
of relief. The people of a country just emerging from nearly six
years of devastating warfare, during which productive industry was
interrupted, vast amounts of property were destroyed, the bonds of
social order were broken, habits of peaceful industry were lost, and
at the close of which a great residuum of disorderly men were left
leading a life of brigandage and robbery, had a sufficiently difficult
task before them to restore order and prosperity. In addition to
this, however, the people of the Philippine Islands have within the
past year been visited by great misfortunes.

The rinderpest has destroyed about 90 per cent of all their carabaos,
leaving them without draft animals to till their land and aid in the
ordinary work of farm and village life. Carabaos have increased in
price from $20 to $200 Mexican. The Eastern disease known as
64 surra" has killed and is killing the native and American horses,
further crippling transportation. The rice crop has been reduced to
25 per cent of the ordinary crop. Last year in the Visayan Islands
and this year in Luzon a plague of locusts has come upon the land,
destroying much of the remaining 25 per cent of the rice crop. A
drought in China and the fall in the price of silver have raised the price
of rice from $4 to $7 a picul. The Commission has been obliged to
go out of the islands and use insular funds to buy over 40,000,000
pounds of rice to save the people from perishing by famine. Cholera
has raged and is raging throughout the' islands. The ignorance of the
people and their unwillingness to submit to sanitary regulations have
made it almost impossible to check the ravages of the disease, which,
it is estimated, will claim not less than 100,000 victims. The decline
in the price of silver has carried Mexican dollars down from a ratio
of two to one in gold to a ratio of over two and one-half to one, and
this has borne heavily on the commercial interests and on the wage
earners.

war 1902— vol 1 5

66 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

The insular government has in ten months lost over $1,000,000 gold
by the decline in silver because it was operating on a silver basis, and
this has changed the surplus of revenues into a deficit at the very time
when the other causes mentioned have caused an extraordinary demand
for the use of the revenues for the relief of the people. Agriculture
is prostrated. Commerce is hampered and discouraged. All the
political parties in the Philippines urgently demand a change of the
present currency standard. Some relief would be afforded by open-
ing a profitable market in the United States to the products of the
islands. Still greater relief would be afforded by delivering the busi-
ness of the islands from the disastrous effects of the decline in the
price of silver and the fluctuations in exchange, and putting it upon
the substantial basis of the gold standard currency which exists in the
United States, where we wish them to do their business, which exists
on the continent of Europe and in India and Japan, and the adoption
of which is now under consideration in the Straits Settlements.

Realizing the difficulty and importance of many of the questions
with which we were about to be confronted in our undertaking to
govern or supervise the government of the Philippines, and at about
the time of sending Mr. Charles A. Conant to study the banking and
currency questions in the Philippines, the War Department sent Prof.
Jeremiah W. Jenks, of Cornell University, as special commissioner
to study and report on the systems of currency, labor, and internal

•

taxation of Burma, the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay
States, iind Java. His very able and painstaking report upon all these
subjects was received in September, 1902, and is transmitted here-
with. Without any conference between himself and Mr. Conant,
starting with views in favor of the silver standard and proceeding
upon the basis of an entirely independent investigation, viewing
broadly the entire conditions in the Orient, Professor Jenks has come
to substantially the same conclusion, that the true solution of the
monetary difficulties in the Philippines is to be found in the adoption
of the gold standard. I recommend this report to careful considera-
tion, and urge that a measure based upon the views which he thus
reenforces, should be adopted in performance of the peremptory duty
resting upon the Government of the United States to act and not
remain indifferent in regard to the evils which now press so heavily
upon the people of the Philippine Islands.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 67

I annex hereto, marked 4fc Appendix R," a statement showing the
commercial relations of Cuba with the United States and other coun-
tries during the entire period of American occupation.

I submit herewith the annual reports of the heads of the bureaus of
the War Department and of the Lieutenant-General Commanding the
Army, to which are appended the reports to him by division and
department commanders, including separate reports of military
operations in the Philippine Islands.

The final report of Brig. Gen. Leonard Wood as military governor
of Cuba, when received, will be submitted as a supplemental report.

The reports of the Board of Ordnance and Fortification; the com-
missioners of national military parks; the Board of Visitors to the
United States Military Academy at West Point; the Superintendent
of the United States Military Academy; the Board of Commissioners
of the Soldiers' Home, District of Columbia; of inspection of the
Soldiers' Home, District of Columbia, and inspection of the National
Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, are also submitted.

Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

APPENDIX A.

being the documentary history of the inauguration of the

cuban government.

March 24, 1902.

Sir: You are authorized to^provide for the inauguration, on the 20th
of May next, of the government elected by the people of Cuba; and
upon the establishment of said government to leave the government
and control of the island of Cuba to its people, pursuant to the pro-
visions of the act of Congress entitled "An act making appropriation
for the Army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902," approved March
2, 1901.

Upon the transfer of government and control to the President and
Congress so elected, you will advise them that such transfer is upon
the express understanding and condition that the new government
does thereupon, and by the acceptance thereof, pursuant to the pro-
visions of the appendix to the constitution of Cuba, adopted by the
constitutional convention on the 12th of June, 1901, assume and
undertake all and several the obligations assumed by the United States
with respect to Cuba by the treaty between the United States of
America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, signed at Paris
on the 10th day of December, 1898. It is the purpose of the United
States Government, forthwith upon the inauguration of the new gov-
ernment of Cuba, to terminate the occupancy of the island by the
United States and to withdraw from that island the military forces now
in occupancy thereof; but for the preservation and care of the coast
defenses of the island, and to avoid leaving the island entirely defense-
less against external attack, you may leave in the coast fortifications
such small number of artillerymen as may be necessary, for such rea-
sonable time, as may be required to enable the new government to
organize and substitute therefor an adequate military force of its own;
by which time it is anticipated that the naval stations referred to in
the statute and in the appendix to the constitution above cited, will
have been agreed upon, and the said artillerymen may be transferred
thereto.

You will convene the Congress elected by the people of Cuba in
joint session at such reasonable time before the 20th of May as shall

70 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

be necessary therefor, for the purpose of performing the duties of
counting and rectifying the electoral vote for President and Vice-
President under the fifty-eighth article of the Cuban constitution.
At the same time you will publish and certify to the people of Cuba
the instrument adopted as the constitution of Cuba by the constitu-
tional convention on the 21st day of February, 1901, together with
the appendix added thereto, and forming a part thereof, adopted by the
said convention on the 12th day of June, 1901. It is the understand-
ing of the Government of the United States that the government of
the island will pass to the new President and Congress of Cuba as a
going concern; all the laws promulgated by the government of occu-
pation continuing in force and effect, and all the judicial and subor-
dinate executive and administrative officers continuing in the lawful
discharge of their present functions until changed by the constitu-
tional officers of the new government. At the same moment the
responsibility of the United States for the collection and expenditure
of revenues, and for the proper performance of duty by the officers
and employees of the insular government, will end, and the respon-
sibility of the new government of Cuba therefor will commence.

In order to avoid any embarrassment to the new President which
might arise from his assuming executive responsibility with subordi-
nates whom he does not know, or in whom he has not confidence, and
to avoid any occasion for sweeping changes in the civil -service per-
sonnel immediately after the inauguration of the new government,
approval is given to the course which you have already proposed of
consulting the President-elect, and substituting, before the 20th of
May, wherever he shall so desire, for the persons now holding official
positions, such persons as he ma}7 designate. This method will make
it necessary that the new President and yourself should appoint repre-
sentatives to count and certify the cash and cash balances, and the
securities for deposits, transferred to the new government. The con-
sent of the owner of the securities for deposits to the transfer thereof
you will of course obtain.

The vouchers and accounts in the office of the auditor and elsewhere
relating to the receipt and disbursement of moneys during the govern-
ment of occupation must necessarily remain within the control, and
available for the use, of this department. Access to these papers will,
however, undoubtedly be important to the officers of the new govern-
ment in the conduct of their business subsequent to the 20th of May.
You will accordingly appoint an agent to take possession of these
papers, and retain them at such place in the island of Cuba as may
be agreed upon with the new government, until they can be removed
to the United States without detriment to the current business of the
new government.

SEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 7i

I desire that you communicate the contents of this letter to Mr.
Palma, the President-elect, and ascertain whether the course above
described accords with his views and wishes.
Very respectfully,

Elihu Root, /Secretary of War.
Brig. Gen. Leonard Wood,

Military Governor of Cuba, Havana, Cuba.

[First indorsement.]

The proposals included in this letter meet my personal approval.
Washington, 25th, 1902.

T. Estrada Palma.

[Second indorsement.]

Washington, D. C, Mcvrch 25, 1902.

Respectfully returned to the honorable the Secretary of War.

I have the honor to inform you that I have complied with the instruc-
tions in the last paragraph of the within letter, which I have the honor
to return to you with the indorsement of Senor T. Estrada Palma,
president-elect of Cuba. Senor Palma has also placed his signature

on each page of the letter.

Leonard Wood,

Brigadier- General, If. S. A., Military Gavemor of Cuba.

War Department,
Washington, March 27, 1902.

Sir: In the instructions already communicated to you as to the with-
drawal of the army from Cuba there is a provision that you may leave
a small force of artillery troops for certain purposes therein specified.
The retention of these troops will require that special arrangements
be made for the maintenance of discipline among the forces so remain-
ing with a view to limit their action to the ends proposed. From the
evacuation provided for in the instructions already communicated
exception will, therefore, be made of the modern fortifications and of
the barracks, quarters, buildings and grounds appurtenant thereto,
constituting a part of the seacoast defenses of the ports of Habana,
Cienfuegos, and Santiago, which will continue to be garrisoned by the
troops of the United States until a date to be hereafter agreed upon
by the respective Governments of the United States and of Cuba.

The posts to be thus provisionally garrisoned by the military forces
of the United States will be designated by you, and the boundaries of
the tracts constituting the reservations pertaining to the same will be
described, by metes and bounds, and will also be shown on maps and
plans to be furnished by you to the Government of Cuba ; and the

72 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

lines of demarcation so described and shown will mark and define the
limits of the jurisdiction of the Government of Cuba and of the mili-
tary jurisdiction of the United States Government over the forces in
its military service. The troops thus remaining as garrisons of the
artillery defenses of Havana, Cienfuegos, and Santiago will enjoy all
the privileges of exterritoriality to which vessels of war visiting the
territorial waters of a friendly power are entitled under the generally
accepted rules of international law.

The troops remaining in garrison in the island of Cuba will, on the
date of the evacuation, cease to constitute an occupying force and will
thereafter occupy a status of exterritoriality to be presently explained.
The duties of the senior officer will be restricted to the command of
the military forces under his orders, and he will under no circum-
stances exercise, or attempt to exercise, any authority whatever in the
governmental affairs of Cuba; and as to himself and the officers and
men under his command will carefully abstain from all interference in
local or political affairs. You will ask from the proper governmental
authority an assurance that it will refrain from ther exercise of juris-
diction over the officers and men composing the garrisons of the
defenses hereinbefore described, their armament and equipment, and
the public property of the United States which is in their custodjr and
control.

The troops of the United States so remaining in the island of Cuba,
and there enjoying the privileges of exterritoriality, are to be under
the exclusive military command and control of the senior officer sta-
tioned therewith; and you will obtain the necessary assurances that
the right of transit of individuals, detachments, or military organiza-
tions, to and from the United States and from one post to another in
the island shall not be denied, impeded, or interfered with, and the
right of the United States Government to inspect and communicate
with the garrisons above named and of its subordinate military com-
manders to communicate with each other and with their military supe-
riors in the United States by mail, telegraph, telephone, or by special
messenger, shall be maintained and protected. You will also ask for
similar assurances that the several military commands herein provided
for shall have the right to procure supplies in the island of Cuba, to
receive military stores, and munitions of war from the United States,
and to ship stores, military supplies, and public property of all kinds,
and the private property and baggage of officers and enlisted men to
the United States, or from one point to another in the island of Cuba;
that such importations and exports shall be exempt from customs and
inspections, from insular taxation, and from municipal impositions of
all kinds; and that such stores, supplies, and munitions shall during
their transit from point to point in Cuba be entitled to a similar

REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 73

immunity from local jurisdiction and from seizure by way of execu-
tion or otherwise.

The Government of Cuba should also be asked to pledge itself to
protect individual officers and enlisted men, or detachments of troops
under proper military commands, while on duty outside of the limits
of the reservations hereinbefore described. The proper local author-
ities should similarly be instructed to protect individual officers and
enlisted men, who may find themselves without the limits of their
respective reservations, while engaged in private business, in making
or returning official or personal visits, or while engaged in travel.

You will endeavor to impress upon the commander of the artillery
forces constituting the garrisons to be retained in the island the impor-
tance of refraining from even the appearance of interference in
governmental or political affairs. He will render appropriate military
honors to the Cuban flag and to all officers of the Cuban Government
who are entitled thereto, and will treat its representatives with whom
he may come into personal or official contact with the greatest cour-
tesy and consideration, upon all occasions.

Very respectfully, Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

Brig. Gen. Leonard Wood,

Military Governor of Cuba^ Havana, Cuba.

War Department,
Washington, May 3, 1902.
Sir: I inclose herewith four papers marked respectively " A," "B,"
"C," and "D," for your official action. You will perceive that these
are papers which were prepared during my recent visit to Havana,
with some slight verbal changes. They have now been submitted to
and approved by the President and his Cabinet. The paper marked
"A" you will publish in the form of a law or order as soon as practi-
cable after its receipt. The paper marked " B," with the blanks prop-
erly filled, you will promulgate by publication in the " Official Gazette"
as soon as the Cuban Congress has examined the credentials, counted
the votes, reached the decisions, and made the adjournment therein
recited. At the same time such further steps as you think necessary
should be taken to give the paper full publicity in all parts of Cuba
before- the 20th of May. The paper marked " C," with the blank prop-
erly filled, you will publish in the " Official Gazette" on the morning of
the 20th of May instant. At noon on the 20th of May the newly
elected President and Congress of Cuba being assembled in one place,
you will publicly read to them the declaration of transfer marked " D"
and at the same time deliver to the President the original thereof

7 4 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WA&.

signed by you. This act will be the operative act to terminate the
military government. At some convenient time before the day of
this ceremony the President-elect, Mr. Palma, should be informally
furnished with a copy of the paper which you propose to read and
deliver, in order that he may have an opportunity to consider what
reply, if any, he desires to make on the moment, and also have an
opportunity, if he wishes to do so, to provide a translation for the
information of those members of the Cuban Congress who do not under-
stand English. It would seem appropriate that the Cuban flag should
be raised by you immediately after any reply which Mr. Palma may
make, and as a part of the same transaction. This is, however, to be
arranged between you and Mr. Palma.

Very respectfully, Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.
Brig. Gen. Leonard Wood,

Militainj Governor of Ctiba,

Iiabana, Ouba.

Whereas the seventh clause of the transitory rules contained in the
constitution adopted by the constitutional convention of Cuba provides
as follows:

All laws, decrees, regulations, orders, and other rulings which may be in force at
the time of the promulgation of this Constitution shall continue to be observed in so
far as they do not conflict with the said Constitution until such time as they may be
legally revoked or amended, and

Whereas certain of the laws, decrees, regulations, orders and other
rulings made and promulgated by the military governor of Cuba and
now in force, are in terms specifically applicable and apparently limited
to the military government and the officers thereof:

Now, therefore, to the end that the foregoing provision may be
fully operative and that none of the matters and things to which said
laws, decrees, regulations, orders and rulings relate shall be, or
appear to be, without regulation and control after the termination of
the military government and pending action thereon by the govern-
ment established under the said constitution when the same shall have
taken effect:

It is hereby declared and ordered that each and every of the said
laws, decrees, regulations, orders and other rulings made and pro-
mulgated by and under the military government of Cuba shall be
deemed to be general and continuing in its character, and to be appli-
cable to and binding upon all officers of the Government of Cuba
under whatsoever names or titles who shall succeed the officers of the
military government, and to continue in force and effect under what-
soever government shall exist in Cuba until such time as it may be
legally revoked or amended pursuant to the provisions of the Consti-
tution aforesaid.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 75

Headquarters Department of Cuba,

Havana, May — , 1902.

It is hereby made known to the people of Cuba:

1. That the Congress of Cuba, elected on December 31, 1901, and
February 24, 1902, under the provisions of the electoral law published
in orders No. 218, October 14, 1901, these headquarters, having been
duly convened in Havana on the 5th day of Ma}', 1902, pursuant to
orders No. 101, April 14, 1902, these headquarters, has examined into
the credentials and decided as to the validity of the election of its
members and has found and decided that the following-named persons
have been duly elected senators:

(Here will follow the list of senators.)

And the following-named persons have been duly elected represent-
atives:
(Here will follow the list of representatives.)

2. That the Congress so convened, after counting and ratifying the
electoral vote, has found and proclaimed to be elected President of the
Republic of Cuba Tomas Estrada Palma, and to be elected Vice-Presi-
dent of the Republic of Cuba Luis Esteves Romero.

3. That the said Congress has adjourned to meet at Havana on the
20th day of May, 1902, at 12 o'clock noon.

4. That on the said 20th day of May, 1902, at 12 o'clock noon, the
constitution adopted by the constitutional convention at Havana on
the 21st day of February, 1901, together with the appendix to the said
constitution adopted by said convention on the 12th day of June, 1901,
will be promulgated as the constitution of the Republic of Cuba, and
will go into full force and effect; and thereupon and at that time the
occupation of Cuba by the United States and the military government
of the island will cease and determine, and the government and con-
trol of the island will be transferred to the President and Congress so
elected, to be held and exercised by them under the constitution so
promulgated.

Such transfer will be upon the understanding and condition that the
new government does thereby and by the acceptance thereof, pursu-
ant to the provisions of the said appendix to the constitution, assume
and undertake all and several the obligations assumed by the United
States with respect to Cuba by the treaty between the United States
of America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, signed at
Paris on the 10th day of December, 1898.

Military Governor.

Headquarters Department of Cuba,

Havana, May 20, 1902.

The following constitution, adopted by the constitutional convention
of the people of Cuba on the 21st day of February, 1901, together
with and including the appendix thereto, adopted by said convention
on the 12th day of June, 1901, is hereby promulgated as the consti-

16 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

tution of the Republic of Cuba, and declared to be in full force and
effect on and after this day.

(Take in the constitution, omitting date and signatures as marked in
pencil in the Gazette of April 14, 1902, marked K.)

Military Governor of Cuba.

Headquarters Department of Cuba,

Havana, Man/ 20, 1902.

To the President and Congress of the Republic of Cuba.

Sirs: Under the direction of the President of the United States, 1
now transfer to you as the duly elected representatives of the people
of Cuba the government and control of the island; to be held and
exercised by you, under the provisions of the constitution of the
Republic of Cuba heretofore adopted by the constitutional convention
ana this day promulgated; and I hereby declare the occupation of
Cuba by the United States and the military government of the island
to be ended.

This transfer of government and control is upon the express condi-
tion, and the Government of the United States will understand, that
by the acceptance thereof you do now, pursuant to the provisions of
the said constitution, assume and undertake, all and several, the obli-
gations assumed by the United States with respect to Cuba, by the
treaty between the United States of America and Her Majesty the
Queen Regent of Spain, signed at Paris on the 10th day or Decem-
ber, 1898.

All money obligations of the military government down to this date
have been paid as far as practicable. The public civil funds derived from

the revenues of Cuba transferred to you this day amounting to $ ,

are transferred subject to such claims and obligations properly paya-
ble out of the revenues of the island as may remain. The sum of
$100,000 has been reserved from the transfer of funds to defray antic-
ipated expenses of accounting, reporting, and winding up the affairs
of the military government, after which any unexpended balance of
said sum will be paid into the treasury of the island.

The plans already devised for the sanitation of the cities of the island
and to prevent a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases, to
which the Government of the United States understands that tie pro-
vision of the constitution contained in the fifth article of the appendix
applies, are as follows:

1. A plan for the paving and sewering of the city of Havana, for
which a contract has been awarded by the municipality of that city to
McGivuev, Rokeby & Co.

2. A plan for waterworks to supply the city of Santiago de Cuba,
prepared by Capt. S. D. Rockenbach, in charge of the district of San-
tiago, and approved by the military governor, providing for taking
water from tne wells of San Juan Canyon and pumping the same to
reservoirs located on the heights to the east of the city.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 77

3. A plan for the sewering of the city of Santiago de Cuba, a con-
tract for which was awarded to Michael J. Dady & Co. by the military
governor of Cuba, and now under construction.

4. The rules and regulations established by the President of the
United States on the 17th of January, 1899, for the maintenance of

2 uarantine against epidemic diseases at the ports of Havana, Matanzas,
Jienfuegos, and Santiago de Cuba, and thereafter at the other ports
of the island, as extended and amended and made applicable to future

conditions by the order of the military governor, dated ,

published in the Official Gazette of Havana on the day of April,

1902.

5. The sanitary rules and regulations in force in the city of Havana
(and in any other city having official rules, etc.).

aIt is understood by the United States that the present government
of the Isle of Pines will continue as a de facto government, pending
the settlement of the title to said island by treaty pursuant to the Cuban
constitution and the act of Congress of the United States approved
March 2, 1902.

aI am further charged by the President of the United States to
deliver to you the letter which I now hand you.

Military Governor.

Action in Havana under above Instructions.

Correspondence relative to the United States artillery forces remaining
m Cuba after the termination of the military government of that
island and their transfer eventually to naval stations, being a letter to
Hon. T. Estrada Palm a, dated Ilavana , May H, 1902, Mr. Palmds
reply thereto, dated May 16, and letter of may 1£ transmitting the
orders of the military governor of Cuha to the commanding officer of
artillery forces to remain in Cuba.

Headquarters Military Governor, Island of Cuba,

Havana, May H, 1902.
Honorable T. Estrada Palma,

President-elect, Republic of Cuba, Havana, Cuba.

Sir: As you are aware, a certain force of artillery are to be left in
the fortifications at Santiago, Cienfuegos and Havana, pending such
arrangement as to naval stations as are to be made between the Gov-
ernment of the United States and the Government of Cuba.

The posts thus to be garrisoned by the military forces of the United
States will be designated and their limits defined by metes and
bounds to be shown upon maps, in order that the exact limits of the
military jurisdiction oi the United States Government over the forces
in the military service may be distinctly defined.

The troops thus remaining are to enjoy all the privileges of exterri-
toriality to which vessels of war visiting the territorial waters of a
friendly power are entitled under the generally accepted rules of inter-
national law.

These troops will cease to constitute an occupying force and will
occupy a status of exterritoriality. They will have no intervention in

«As amended by letters May 10 and 16.

78 REPORT OF THE 8EORETARY OF WAR.

the governmental, local or political affairs of the Cuban Government,
and it is desired that you grant an assurance that the Government of
the Republic of Cuba will refrain from the exercise of jurisdiction
over the officers and men composing the garrisons of tne defenses
herein described, their armament and equipment, and the public prop-
erty of the United States which is in their custody and control.

it is further desired that you give the necessary assurance that the
right of transit of individuals, detachments, or military organizations
to and from the United States and from one post to another in the
island of Cuba shall not be denied, impeded, or interfered with, and
the right of the United States Government to inspect and communi-
cate with the garrisons above named and of its subordinate military
commanders to communicate with each other and with their superiors
in the United States by mail, telegraph, telephone, or by special mes-
senger, shall be maintained and protected; and that the military com-
mands herein referred to shall have the right to procure supplies in
the island of Cuba, to receive military stores, ana munitions of war
from the United States, and to ship stores, military supplies, and pub-
lic property of all kinds and the private property of officers and
enlisted men to the United States, from one point to another in the
island of Cuba; that such importations and exports shall be exempt
from customs inspections and duties, from insular taxation and from
municipal impositions of all kinds; and that such stores, supplies, and
munitions shall, during their transit from point to point in Cuba, be
entitled to a similar immunity from local jurisdiction and from seizure
by way of execution or otherwise. The commanding officer will be
instructed to see that there is no abuse of the courtesy thus extended.

Assurance is also requested that the Government of Cuba pledge
itself to protect the individual officers and enlisted men, or detach-
ments of troops under proper commands, while outside of the limits
of the reservation hereinbefore described; and that the proper local
authorities be instructed to protect individual officers and enlisted
men who may find themselves without the limits of their respective
reservations, while engaged in private business, in making or return-
ing official or personal visits, or while engaged in travel.

Assurance on these points is desired from you as President-elect of
Cuba, with the further assurance that the Executive branch of the
Cuban Government will exercise its influence to the end that that Cuban
Government, when constituted, will duly confirm the assurances above
requested.

The officers and troops of the United States will render appropriate
honors to the Cuban flag and to all officials of the Cuban Government.

It is earnestly desired that the subject-matter of this letter receive
your early consideration and approval.

Very respectfully, Leonard Wood,

Military Governor of Cuba.

Havana, May 16, 1908.
General Leonard Wood,

Military Governor of Cuba.

Sir: I beg to acknowledge your communication of the 14th instant
in reference to the force of United States Artillery which are to remain

BEPOjtwT OF THE 8E0BETARY OF WAR. 79

in certain fortifications of the island of Cuba, pending the arrangement
as to naval stations to be made between the Government of the United
States and the Government of Cuba.

I give you the assurances, as President-elect, that I will do all which
depends on me to carry out the desires expressed in the said commu-
nication.

Yours, very truly, T. Estrada Palma.

Headquarters Military Governor, Island of Cuba,

Havana, May 11+, 190°2.
Colonel William L. Haskin,

Artillery Corps, U. S. Army,

Commanding Artillery Defenses, Havana, Cuba.

Sir: You have been designated to command the United States
forces which are to remain in Cuba subsequent to the termination of
the military government on the 20th of May, 1902.

The following relative to your duties, and all that pertains to your
relation with the Cuban Government, is transmitted to you for your
information and guidance. The posts to be garrisoned by the troops
under your command are:

(1) Morro Castle Barracks, Santiago, Cuba. The military jurisdic-
tion will be coincident with the boundaries of the military reservation
as heretofore recognized by the military government, and as indicated
on the within map hereunto attached, marked "A."

(2) Howell Barracks, at the entrance of the harbor of Cienfuegos,
Cuba. The military jurisdiction to be coincident with the present ter-
ritory occupied as a military reservation, as indicated in the map here-
unto attached, marked "B."

(3) Cabana Barracks, on the eastern side of the entrance to the har-
bor of Havana, including Batteries Nos. 1 and 2 and Velasco Battery.

The military jurisdiction over the barracks and batteries above men-
tioned will be coincident with the territory embraced in the map
hereunto attached, marked "C." The jurisdiction of the military
commander does not include the Morro and Cabana fortresses.

(4) Santa Clara Batteixy and batteries Nos. 3, 1+, and 5. — The mili-
tary jurisdiction being coincident with the maps hereunto attached,
marked " D," " E," and '; F."

All forts and reservations occupied by troops will, in addition to
being shown on maps and plans, be described by metes and bounds,
and the lines of demarcation so described and shown will mark and
define the limits of the military jurisdiction of the United States Gov-
ernment over the forces in its militarv service.

The troops remaining as garrisons of the military defenses referred
to at Havana, Cienfuegos, and Santiago will cease to constitute an
occupying force and will enjoy all the privileges of exterritoriality to
which vessels of war visiting the territorial waters of a friendly power
are entitled under the generally accepted rules of international law.

The duties of the senior officer will be restricted to the command of
the military forces under his orders, and he will under no circum-
stances exercise or attempt to exercise any authority whatever in the

80 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

governmental affairs of Cuba; and as to himself and the officers and
men under his command will carefully abstain from all interference in
local or political affairs.

Assurance will be requested from the Government of Cuba that it
will refrain from the exercise of jurisdiction over the officers and men
composing the garrisons of the defenses hereinbefore described, their
armament and equipment, and the public property of the United
States which is in their custody and control.

The troops of the United States so remaining in the Island of Cuba,
and there enjoying the privileges of exterritoriality, are to be under
the exclusive military command and control of the senior officer
stationed therewith, and assurance will be obtained from the Cuban
Government that the right of transit of individuals, detachments, or
military organizations, to and from the United States and from one
post to another in the island of Cuba, shall not be denied, impeded, or
interfered with, and the right of the United States Government to
inspect and communicate with the garrisons above named, and of its
subordinate military commanders to communicate with each other and
with their military superiors in the United States by mail, telegraph,
telephone, or by special messenger, shall be maintained and protected.

Assurance will be requested from the Cuban Government that it
will permit the several military commands to receive military stores,
and munitions of war from the United States, and to ship stores,
military supplies, and public property of all kinds, and the private
property and baggage of officers and enlisted men to the united
btates, or from one point to another in the island of Cuba; that such
importations and exports shall be exempt from customs duties and
inspections, from insular taxation and from municipal impositions of all
kinds; and that such stores, supplies and munitions shall, during their
transit from point to point in Cuba, be entitled to immunity from local
jurisdiction and from seizure by way of execution or otherwise, and
you are instructed to exercise all necessary precautions to see that the
courtesy hereby extended is not abused.

The Government of Cuba will also be asked to protect individual
officers and enlisted men, or detachments of troops under proper mili-
taiy commands, while on duty outside of the limits of the reservations
hereinbefore referred to. The proper local authorities will also be
requested to protect individual officers and enlisted men, who may find
themselves without the limits of their respective reservations, while
engaged in private business, in making or returning official or personal
visits, or while engaged in travel.

You must bear always in mind that even the appearance of interfer-
ence in governmental or political affairs must be avoided by the offi-
cers and forces of the United States; and that appropriate military
honors will be rendered the Cuban flag and to all officers of the Cuban
Government who are entitled thereto, and its representatives with
whom you may come into personal or official contact will be treated
with the greatest courtesy and consideration upon all occasions.
Very respectfully,

Leonard Wood,
Military Governor of Ouba.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP WAR. 81

No. 148. Headquarters Department op Cuba,

Hcwma, May IS, 1902.

Whereas the seventh clause of the transitory rules contained in the
constitution adopted by the constitutional convention of Cuba pro-
vides as follows:

"All laws, decrees, regulations, orders and other rulings which may be in force
at the time of the promulgation of this constitution shall continue to be observed, in
so far as they do not conflict with the said constitution, until such time as they may
be legally revoked or amended."

And whereas eertain of the laws, decrees, regulations, orders and
other rulings made and promulgated by the military governor of Cuba
and now in force are in terms specifically applicable and apparently
limited to the military government and the officers thereof;

Now, therefore, to the end that the foregoing provision may be fully
operative, and that none of the matters and things to which said laws,
decrees, regulations, orders and rulings relate shall be or appear to
be without regulation and control after the termination of the mili-
tary government and pending action thereon by the government estab-
lished under the said constitution when the same shallhave taken effect.

It is hereby declared and ordered that each and every of the said
laws, decrees, regulations, orders and other rulings made and promul-
gated by and under the military government of Cuba shall be deemed
to be general and continuing in its character, and to be applicable to
and binding upon all officersK)f the Government of Cuba under what-
soever names or titles who shall succeed the officers of the military
government, and to continue in force and effect under whatsoever
government shall exist in Cuba until such time as it may be legally
revoked or amended pursuant to the provisions of the constitution
aforesaid.

[seal.] Leonard Wood,

Military Governor.

No. 158. Headquarters Department of Cuba,

Havana, May 16, 1902.

It is hereby made known to the people of Cuba:

1. That the Congress of Cuba elected on December 31, 1901, and
February 24, 1902, under the provisions of the electoral law pub-
lished in Orders No. 218, October 14, 1901, these headquarters, having
been duly convened in Havana on the 5th day of May, 1902, pursuant
to Orders No. 101, April 14, 1902, these headquarters, has examined
into the credentials and decided as to the validity of the election of its
members and has found and decided that the following-named persons
have been duly elected senators:

Province.

Adolfo Cabello y Bermiidez Havana.

Nicasio Estrada y Mora

Carlos I. Parraga y Hernandez

Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso

Luis Fortun y Govfn Matanzas.

Pedro E. Betancourt y Davalos

Domingo Mendez Capote

Manuel Sanguily y Garit

WAB 1902— VOL 1 6

i(
(<
It

it
((
11

82 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Province.

Antonio Sanchez Bustamante y Sirvent Pinar del Rfo.

Manuel Lazo Valdes "

Ricardo Dolz y Arango "

Antonio Gonz&les BeTtran "

Francisco Carillo y Morales Santa Clara.

Jose" de Jesus Monteagudo y Consuegra

Martfn Morua Delgado

Jose" Antonio Frfas y Perez

Salvador Cisneros Betancourt Puerto Prfncipe.

Manuel Ram6n Silva Zayas "

Augusto Betancourt Pichardo "

Tomas RecioLoin&z "

Antonio Bravo Correoso Santiago de Cuba.

Eudaldo Tamayo Pav6n "

Jos6 Ferndndez Rondan "

Federico Rey Bruchet "

and the following-named persons have been duly elected representa-
tives:

Province.

Gonzalo de Quesada Pinar del Rfo.

Alberto Nodarse "

Alfredo Betancourt Manduley "

Faustino Guerra.. "

Guillermo Gonz&les Arocha "

Jose" Antonio Blanco "

Jose* Rodriguez Acosta "

Juan Jose* ae la Maza v Artola Havana.

Francisco Peraza "

Augustfn Garcfa Osuna

Mario Garcia Kohly ^

Ambrosio Bones "

Jos£ Lorenzo Castellanon "

Gustavo P£rez Abreu "

Carlos de la Torre "

Felipe Gonzdles Sarrafn "

Antonio Gonzalo P£rez "

Francisco Leyte Vidal "

Francisco Chenard "

Bernabe* Boza "

Jose* A. Mall>erti "

Jos6 Manuel Govfn "

Carlos Font Sterling "

Juan Antonio Garmendfa Matanzas.

Manuel Sobrado "

Teodoro Cardenal "

Joaquin Garcfa Pola "

Felipe Fontanills "

Alejandro Neyra : "

Fernando M6ndez Capote "

Juan Felipe Risque! "

Pedro Cue Santa Clara.

Jose* M. Nunez "

Ricardo Fuste*

Pebro Albarran "

Carlos Mendieta "

Santiago Garcfa Cafiizares "

Enrique Villuendas "

Antonio Torrado "

Pelayo Garcfa "

Rafael Martfnez Ortfz. "

Manuel Gutierrez Quiros "

Gonzalo Garcfa Vieta "

Fernando Escobar "

Augustfn Cruz Gonzales "

Juan Xiques y Arango Puerto Prfncipe.

Pedro Mendoza Guerra u

BEPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 83

Province.

Enrique Loinaz del Castillo Puerto Principe.

Francisco Duque Estrada Varona "

Rafael Portuondo Tamayo Santiago de Cuba.

Carlos Manuel de Cespedes "

Luis A. Columbia "

Mariano Corona "

Pedro Martfnez Rojas "

Antonio Poveda Ferrer "

Juan Le6n Bello "

Augustfn Cebreco "

AlvaroCatd "

Am£rico Feria Nogales "

Antonio Masferrer y Grave de Peralta "

Faustino Sirven "

2. That the Congress so convened, after counting and ratifying the
electoral vote has found and proclaimed to be elected President of the
Republic of Cuba Tomas Estrada Palma, and to be elected Vice-Presi-
dent of the Republic of Cuba Luis Estevez Romero.

3. That the said Congress has adjourned to meet at Havana on the 20th
day of May, 1902, at 12 o'clock noon.

4. That on the said 20th day of May, 1902, at 12 o'clock noon, the
constitution adopted by the constitutional convention at Havana on the
21st day of February, 1901, together with the appendix to the said con-
stitution adopted by said convention on the 12th day of June, 1901,
will be promulgated as the constitution of the Republic of Cuba, and
will go into full force and effect; and thereupon and at that time the
occupation of Cuba by the United States the military government of
the island will cease and determine, and the government and control
of the island will be transferred to the President and Congress so elected,
to be held and exercised by them under the constitution so promulgated.

Such transfer will be upon the understanding and condition that the
new government does thereby and by the acceptance thereof, pursuant
to the provisions of the said appendix to the constitution, assume and
undertake all and several the obligations assumed by the United States
with respect to Cuba by the treaty between the United States of
America and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of Spain, signed at Paris
on the 10th day of December, 1898.

Leonard Wood,
Military Governor.

Martes, 20 de Mayo de 1902. Oaceta de la Habana (Periodieo Oficial
del Gobiemd). Edieidn Extraor dinar ia. Parte Oficial. Awmini-
stracidn General. Gobierno Militar de la Ida de Cvba.

No. 181.

Cuartel General, Departamento de Cuba,

Habana, Mayo 20 de 1902.

La Constituci6n que sigue, acordada por la Convenci6n Constituyente
del pueblo de Cuba el dia 21 de Febrero de 1901, juntamente 6 inclu-
yendo el Ap^ndice k la misma acordado por dicha Convention el dia
12 de Junio de 1901, queda por la presente promulgada como Consti-
tuci6n de la Republica de Cuba, y se declara que queda en todo su
vigor y efecto desde esta fecha en adelante:

84 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

CONSTITUCI6N DE LA REPtJBLICA DE CUBA.

Nosotros, los Delegados del pueblo de Cuba, reunidos en Convenci6n
Constituyente, & fin de redactor y adoptar la Ley Fundamental de su
organizaci6n como Estado independiente y soberano, estableciendo un
gobierno capaz de cumplir sus obligaciones internacionales, mantener
el orden, asegurar la libertad y la justicia y promover el bienestar
general— acordamos y adoptamos, invocando el favor de Dios, la
siguiente Constituci6n:

TiTULO I.
DE LA NACl6N, DE SU FORMA DE GOBIERNO, Y DEL TERRTFORIO N AC ION A L.

ArtIculo 1.° El pueblo de Cuba se constituye en Estado indepen-
diente y soberano, y adopta, como forma de gobierno, la republicans.

Art/culo 2.° Componen el territorio de la Repfiblica, la Isla de
Cuba, asi como las islas y cayos adyacentes que con ella estaban bajo
la soberania de Espana hasta la ratificaci6n del Tratado de Paris de 10
de Diciembre de 1898.

ArtIculo 3.° El territorio de la Repfiblica se divide en las seis Pro-
vincial que existen actualmcnte, y con sus mismos If mites; correspon-
diendo ai Consejo Provincial de cada una determinar sus respectivas
denominaciones.

Las Provincias podr&n incorporarse unas a otras 6 dividirse para
f ormar nuevas Provincias, mediante acuerdo de los respectivos Consejos
Provinciales y aprobaci6n del Congreso.

TITULO II.
DE LOS CUBANOS.

ArtIculo 4.° La condicion de cubano se adquiere por nacimiento 6
por natural izacion.

ArtIculo 5.° Son cubanos por nacimiento:

1.° Los nacidos, dentro 6 fuera del territorio de la Repfiblica, de
padres cubanos.

2.° Los nacidos en el territorio de la Repfiblica de padres extran-
jeros, siempre que, cumplida la mayor edad, reclamen su inscripci6n,
como cubanos, en el Registro correspondiente.

3.° Los nacidos en el extranjevo de padres naturales de Cuba que
hayan perdido la nacionalidad cubana, siempre que, cumplida la mayor
edad, reclamen su inscripcion, como cubanos, en el mismo Registro.

ArtIculo 6.° Son cubanos por naturalizaci6n:

1.° Los extranjeros que habiendo pertenecido al Ej6rcito Libertador
reclamen la nacionalidad cubana dentro de los seis meses siguientes i
la promulgaci6n de esta Constituci6n.

2.° Los extranjeros que establecidos en Cuba antes del 1.° de Enero
de 1899 hayan conservado su domicilio despu^s de dicha fecha, siempre
que reclamen la nacionalidad cubana dentro de los seis meses siguientes
a la promulgacion de esta Constitucion, 6, si fueren menores, dentro
de un plazo igual desde que alcanzaren la mayoria de edad.

3.° Los extranjeros que, despues de cinco anos de residencia en el
territorio de la Repfiblica, y no menos de dos desde que declaren su

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 85

intenci6n de adquirir la nacionalidad cubana, obtengan carta de natu-
ralizaci6n con arreglo & las leyes.

4.° Los espanoles residentes en el territorio de Cuba el 11 de Abril
de 1899 que no se hayan inscripto como tales espanoles en los Registros
correspondientes, hasta igual mes y dia de 1900.

5.° Los africanos que navan sido eselavos en Cuba, y los emancipa-
dos comprendidos en el articulo 13 del Tratado de 28 de Junio de 1835,
celebrado entre Espana e* Inglaterra.

ArtIculo 7.° La condicion de cubano se pierde:

1.° Por adquirir ciudadanfa extranjera.

2.° Por admitir empleo u honores de otro Gobierno sin licencia del
Senado.

3.° Por entrar al servicio de las armas de una Nacion extranjera sin
la misma licencia.

4.° Por residir el cubano naturalizado cinco anos continuos en el pais
de su nacimiento, & no ser por razon de empleo 6 comision del Gobierno
de la Republica.

ARTfcuLO 8.° La condicion de cubano podra recobrarse con arreglo
& lo que prescriban las leyes.

ArtIculo 9.° Todo cubano est& obligado —

1.° A servir & la patria con las armas, en los casos y forma que
determinen las leyes.

2.° A contribuir para los gastos publicos, en la forma y proporci6n
que dispongan las leyes.

TlTULO HI-
DE LOS EXTRANJEROS.

ArtIculo 10. Los extranjeros residentes en el territorio de la
Republica, se equipardn k los cubanos:

1.° En cuanto k la protecci6n de sus personas y bienes.

2.° En cuanto al goce de los derechos garantizados en la seccion l.A
del titulo siguiente> con excepcion de los que en ella se reconoeen
exclusivamente & los nacionales.

3.° En cuanto al goce de los derechos civiles en las condiciones y con
las limitaciones que establezca la ley de Extranjeria.

4.° En cuanto & la obligaci6n de observar y cumplir las leyes, decre-
tos, reglamentos y demds disposiciones que est£n en vigor en la
Republica.

5.° En cuanto k la sumisi6n & la potestad y a las resoluciones de los
Tribunales y dem^s Autoridades de la Republica.

6.° Y en cuanto & la obligaci6n de contribuir & los gastos publicos
del Estado, la Provincia y el Municipio.

TlTULO IV.
DE LOS DERECHOS QUE GARANTIZA ESTA CONSTITUCI6n.

Secci6n Primera. — Derechos tndiviahiales.

ARTfcuLO 11. Todos los cubanos son iguales ante la Ley. La
Republica no reconoce f ueros ni privilegios personales.

ArtIoulo 12. Ninguna ley tendrd erecto retroactivo, excepto las
penales, cuando sean f avorables al delincuente 6 procesado.

86 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR,

ArtIculo 13. Las obligaciones de car&cter civil que nazcan de los
contratos 6 de otros actos li omisiones que las produzcan, no pod ran
ser anuladas ni alteradas por el Poder Legislativo ni por el Ejecutivo.

ARTfcuLO 14. No podrd imponerse, en ningun caso, la pena de
muerte por delitos de car&cter politico, los cuales ser&n defimdos por
la Ley.

ArtIculo 15. Nadie podrd, ser detenido sino en los casos y en la
forma que prescriban las leyes.

ARTfcuLO 16. Todo detenido sera puesto en libertad 6 entregado al
Juez 6 Tribunal competente dentro de las veinticuatro horas siguientes
al acto de la detencion.

ARTfcuLO 17. Toda detencion se dejani sin efecto, 6 se elevari &

Srision, dentro de las setenta y dos horas de haber sido entregado el
etenido al Juez 6 Tribunal competente.

Dentro del mismo plazo se notificard al interesado la providencia que
se dictare.

ARTfcuLO 18. Nadie podra ser preso, sino en virtud de mandamiento
de Juez 6 Tribunal competente.

El auto en que se haya dictado el mandamiento se ratificarfi, 6
repondrfi, oido el presunto reo, dentro de las setenta y dos horas
siguientes al acto de la prision.

ArtIculo 19. Nadie podra ser procesado ni sentenciado sino por
Juez 6 Tribunal competente, en virtud de leyes anteriores al delito y
en la forma que 6stas establezcan.

ARTfcuLO 20. Toda persona detenida 6 presa sin las formalidades
legales, 6 f uera de los casos previstos en esta Constituci6n 6 en las
leyes, sera puesta en libertad a peticion suya 6 de cuakjuier ciudadano.

La Ley determinant la forma de proceder sumariamente en este
caso.

Art/culo 21. Nadie esta obligado & declarar contra si mismo, ni
contra su conyuge 6 sus parientes dentro del cuarto grado de con-
sanguinidad 6 segundo de afinidad.

ARTfcuLO 22. Es inviolable el secreto de la correspondencia y demfc
documentos privados, y ni aquella ni ^stos podran ser ocupados ni
examinados sino por disposicion de Autoridad competente y con las
formalidades que prescriban las leyes. En todo caso se guardara
secreto respecto de los extremos ajenos al asunto que motive la ocupa-
cion 6 examen.

ArtIculo 23. El domicilio es inviolable, y en consecuencia nadie
podrd penetrar de noche en el ajeno, sin el consentimiento de su mora-
dor, d no ser para auxiliar 6 socorrer & victimas de delito 6 desastre;
ni de dia, sino en los casos y en la forma detenninados por las leyes.

ArtIculo 24. Nadie podrd ser compelido a mudar de domicilio 6
residencia sino por mandato de Autoridad competente y en los casos
prescriptos por las leyes.

ArtIculo 25. Toda persona podrd libremente, y sin sujeci6n k cen-
sura previa, einitir su pensamiento, de palabi^a 6 por escrito, por medio
de la imprenta 6 por cualquier otro procedimiento; sin perjuicio de
las responsabilidades que impongan las leyes, cuando por alguno
de aquellos medios se atente contra la honra de las personas, el orden
social 6 la tranquilidad pfiblica.

Art/culo 20. Es libre la profesion de todas las religiones as! como
el ejercicio de todos los cultos, sin otra limitacion que el respeto & la
moral cristiana y al orden pfiblico.

KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 87

La Iglesia estara separada del Estftdo, el cual no podra subvencionar,
en caso alguno, ningun culto.

ArtIculo 27. Toda persona tiene el derecho de dirigir peticiones 6
las Autoridades; de que sus peticiones sean resueltas, y de que se le
comunique la resolucion que a ellas recaiga.

ArtIculo 28. Todos los habitantes de la Republica tienen el derecho
de reunirse pacificamente y sin armas, y el de asociarse para todos los
fines licitos ae la vida.

ARTfcuiiO 29. Toda persona podra entrar en el territorio de la Repu-
blica, salir de 61, viajar dentro de sus limites, y mudar de residencia,
sin necesidad de carta de seguridad, pasaporte u otro requisite seme-
jante; salvo lo que se disponga en las leyes sobre inmigracion, y las
facultades atribuidas & la Autoridad en caso de responsabilidad criminal.

ARTfciJLO 30. Ningun cubano podrd ser expatriado, ni & ninguno
podrd prohibirsele la entrada en el territorio de la Republica.

ArtIculo 31. La ensenanza primaria es obligatoria, y asi 6sta como
la de Artes y Oficios seran gratuitas. Ambas estaran k cargo del
Estado, mientras no puedan sostenerlas respectivamente, por carecer
de recursos suficientes, los Municipios y las Provincias.

La segunda ensenanza y la superior estar&n & cargo del Estado. No
obstante, toda persona podra aprender 6 enseiiar libremente cualquiera
ciencia, arte 6 profesion, y fundar y sostener establecimientos de edu-
cacion y de ensenanza; pero corresponde al Estado la determinacion de
las profesiones en que exija titulos especiales, la de las condiciones
para su ejercicio, la de los requisites necesarios para obtener los
titulos, y la expedicion de los mismos, de conformidad con lo que esta-
blezcan las leyes.

ArtIculo 32. Nadie podrd ser privpxlo de su propiedad, sino por
Autoridad competente y por causa justificada de utilidad pubhca,
previa la correspondiente indenmizacion. Si no precediere este requi-
site, los Jueces y Tribunales amparar&n y, en su caso, reintegrardn al
expropiado.

ArtIculo 33. No podra imponerse, en ningun caso, la pena de con-
fiscaci6n de bienes.

ArtIculo 34. Nadie esta obligado k pagar contribucion ni impuesto
que no estuvieren legalmente estableciaos, y cuya cobranza no se
niciere en la forma prescripta por las leyes.

ARTfcuLO 35. Todo autor 6 inventor gozard de la propiedad exclu-
siva de su obra 6 invencion, por el tiempo y en la forma que determine
la Ley.

ArtIculo 36. La enumeraci6n de los dereehos garantizados expresa-
mente por esta Constitucion, no excluye otros que se deriven del prin-
cipio de la soberania del pueblo y de la forma republicana de gobierno.

ARTfcuLO 37. Las leyes que regulen el ejercicio de los dereehos que
esta Constituci6n garantiza, seran nulas si los disminuyen, restringen
6 adulteran.

Secci6n Segunda. — Derec/io de mfragio.

ArtIculo 38. Todos los cubanos, varones, may ores de veinte y un
anos, tienen derecho de sufragio, con excepcion de los siguientes:

1.° Los asilados.

2.° Los incapacitados mentalmente, previa declaracion judicial de su
incapacidad.

3.° Los inhabilitados judicialmente por causa de delite.

88 BEP0BT? OF ?HE 8ECBEtAfcir OF WAB.

4.° Los individuos pertenecientes 6. las fuerzas de mar y tierra, que
estuvieren en servicio active

AbtIculo 39. Las leyes establecer&n reglas y procedimientos que
aseguren la intervencion de las minorias en la formaci6n del Censo de
electores y dem&s operaciones electorates y su representacion en la
Camara de Representantes, en los Consejos Provinciales y en los
Ayuntamientos.

Secci6n Tercera. — Suspension de las garantias constihunoriales.

ArtIoulo 40. Las garantias establecidas en los articulos d£cimo
quinto, d^cimo sexto, d£cimo septimo, d^cimo nono, vig&imo segundo,
vig^simo tercero, vig&simo cuarto y vig^simo septimo de la seccion
primera de este Titulo, no podr£n suspenderse en toda la Repiibliea ni
en parte de ella, sino temporalmente y cuando lo exija la seguridad del
Estado, en caso de invasion del territorio 6 de grave perturbacion del
orden que amenace la paz publica.

ArtIculo 41. El territorio en que fueren suspendidas las garantias
que se determinan en el articulo anterior, se regird durante la suspen-
sion, por la Ley de Orden Publico, dictada de antemano. Pero ni en
dicha ley, ni en otra alguna, podra disponerse la suspensi6n de nifis
garantias que las ya mencionaaas.

Tampoco podra hacerse, durante la suspensi6n, declaraci6n de nuevos
delitos, ni imponerse otras penas que las establecidas en las leyes
vigentes al decretarse la suspension.

Queda prohibido al Poder Ejecutivo el extranamiento 6 la deporta-
ci6n de los ciudadanos, sin que pueda desterrarlos & m&s de ciento
veinte kilometros de su domicilio, ni detenerlos por m&s de diez dias,
sin hacer entrega de ellos a la Autoridad judicial; ni repetir la deten-
ci6n durante el tiempo de la suspension de garantias. Los detenidos
no podran serlo sino en departamentos especiales de los establecimientos
publicos, destinados & la detencion de procesados por causa de delitos
comunes.

ARTfcuLO 42. La suspension de las garantias de <jue se trata en el
articulo cuadrag^simo, solo podra dictarse por medio de una ley 6,
cuando no estuviere reunido el (Jongreso, por un decreto del Presi-
dente de la Republica. Pero 6ste no podrd decretar la suspensi6n mas
de una vez durante el periodo comprendido entre dos legislaturas, ni
por tiempo indefinido, ni mayor de treinta dias, sin convocar al Con-
greso en el mismo decreto de suspension. En todo caso deber& darle
cuenta para que resuelva lo que estime procedente.

TtTULO V.
DE LA SOBERANfA Y DE LOS PODERES PUBLICOS.

ArtIculo 43. La soberania reside en el pueblo de Cuba, y de &te
dimanan todos los Poderes publicos.

TtTULO VI.
DEL PODER LEGISLATTVO.

Secci6n Primera. — Delos Cuerpos Colegisladores.

ArtIculo 44. El Poder Legislativo se ejerce por dos cuerpos electi-
vos, que se denominan CfcC6mara de Representantes" y "Senado,"y
conjuntamente reciben el nombre de " (Jongreso. "

REPORT OF THE 8E0RETARY OF WAR. 89

Secci6n Segunda. — Del Senado, su composition y atribuciones.

ArtIculo 45. El Senado se compondrd de cuatro Senadores por pro-
vincia? elegidos, en cada una, para un periodo de ocho anos, por los
Conseieros Provinciates y por aoble numero de Coinpromisarios, con-
stituiaos con aqu£llos en Junta electoral.

La mitad de los Compromisarios seran mayores contribuyentes, y la
otra mitad reunirdn las condiciones de capacidad que determine la Ley;
debiendo ser todos, adem&s, mayores de edad y vecinos de t£rminos
municipales de la provincia.

La eleccion de los Compromisarios se hara por los electores de la
Provincia, cien dfas antes de la de Senadores.

El Senado se renovard, por mitad, cada cuatro anos.

ARTfcuLO 46. Para ser Senador se requiere:

1.° Ser cubano por nacimiento.

2.° Haber cumplido 35 anos de edad.

3.° Hallarse en el pleno goce de los derechos civiles y politicos.

ArtIculo 47. Son atribuciones propias del Senado:

1.° Juzgar, constituido en Tribunal de Justicia, al Presidente de la
Republica, cuando fuere acusado por la Camara de Representantes, de
delito contra la seguridad exterior del Estado, contra el libre funcio-
namiento de los Poderes Legislativo 6 Judicial, 6 de infraccion de los
preceptos constitucionales.

2.° Juzgar, constituido en Tribunal de Justicia, & los Secretarios
del Despacho, cuando f ueren acusados j>or la Camara de Representan-
tes, de aelito contra la seguridad exterior del Estado, contra el libre
funcionamiento de los Poderes Legislativo 6 Judicial, de infraccion de
los preceptos constitucionales, 6 de cualquier otro delito de caracter
politico que las leyes determinen.

3.° Juzgar, constituido en Tribunal de Justicia, a los Gobernadores
de las Provincias, cuando f ueren acusados por el Consejo Provincial 6
por el Presidente de la Republica, de cualquiera de los delitos expre-
sados en el p&rrafo anterior.

Cuando el Senado se constituya en Tribunal de Justicia, ser& presi-
dido por el Presidente del Tribunal Supremo, y no podrd imponer a
los acusados otras penas que la de destituci6n, 6 las de destitucion 6
inhabilitaci6n para el ejercicio de cargos publicos, sin perjuicio de que
los Tribunales que las leyes declaren competentes, les impongan cual-
quier otra en que hubieren incurrido.

4.° Aprobar los nombramientos que haga el Presidente de la Repu-
blica, del Presidente y Magistrados del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia:
de los Representantes diplom&ticos y Agentes consulares dc la Nacion,
y de los demds funcionarios cuyo nombramiento requiera su aprobacion,
segun las leyes.

5.° Autorizar & los nacionales para admitir empleos li honores de
otro Gobierno, 6 paraservirlo con las armas.

6.° Aprobar los Tratados que negociare el Presidente de la Republica
con otras naciones.

Secci6n Tergera. — De la Camara de Representantes, su composicidn

y atribuciones.

ARTfcuLO 48. La C&niara de Representantes se compondrd de un
Representante por cada veinte y cinco mil habitantes 6 fraccion de mds

90 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP WAR.

de doce mil quinientos, elegido, para un periodo de cuatro afios, por
sufragio directo y en la forma que determine la Ley.

La Cdmara de Representantes se rcnovard, por mitad, cada dos anas.

ArtIculo 49. Para ser Representante se requiere:

1.° Ser cubano por nacimiento 6 naturalizado con ocho afios de resi-
dencia en la Republica, contados desde la naturalization.

2.° Haber cumplido veinte y cinco anos de edad.

3.° Hallarse en el pleno goce de los derechos civilea y politicos.

ARTfcui,o 50. Corresponde d la Camara de Representantes, acusar,
ante el Senado, al Presidente de la Repulica y ,d los Secretarios del
Despacho, en los casos determinados en los pdrraf os primero y segundo
dol articulo 47, cuando las dos terceras partes del numero total de
Representantes, acordaren en sesi6n secreta la acusaei6n.

Secci6n Cuarta. — Dixpoisioioneti eorrvunes d los Cuerpos Colegisladores.

ARTfcuLO 51. Los cargos de Senador y de Representante son in-
compatibles con cualesquiera otros retribuidos, de nombramiento del
Gobierno; exceptuandose el de Catedratico por oposicion de Estable-
cimiento oficial, obtenido con anterioridad d la elecci6n.

ArtIculo 52. Los Senadores y Representantes recibirdn del Estado
una dotaci6n, igual para ambos cargos, y cuya cuantia podrd ser alte-
rada en todo tiempo; pero no surtird efecto la alteraci6n hasta que sean
renovados los Cuerpos Colegisladores.

ARTfcuLO 53. Los Senadores y Representantes ser&n inviolables por
las opiniones y votos que emitan en el ejercicio de sus cargos. Los
Senadores y Representantes solo podran ser detenidos 6 procesados con
autorizacion del Cuerpo d oue pertenezcan, si estuviese reunido el Con-
greso; excepto en el caso ae ser hallados infraganti en la comisi6n de
algfin delito. En este caso, y en el de ser detenidos 6 procesados
cuando estuviere cerrado el Congrcso, se dara cuenta, lo mfis pronto
posible, al Cuerpo respectivo, para la resoluci6n que corresponda.

ARTfcuLO 54. Las Caniaras abriran y cerraran sus sesiones en un
mismo dia, residiran en una misma poblacion y no podrdn trasladarse
6. otro lugar, ni suspender sus sesiones por m&s de tres dias, sino por
acuerdo de ambas.

Tampoco podrfin comenzar sus sesiones sin la presencia de las dos
terceras partes del numero total de sus miembros; ni continuarlas sin
la mayoria absoluta de ellos.

ARTfcuLO 55. Cada Cdmara resolvera sobre la validez de la elecci6n
de sus respectivros miembros, y sobre las renuncias que presenten.
Ningiin Senador 6 Representante podra ser expulsado ae la Cdmara d
que pertenezca, sino en virtud de causa previamente determinaday por
el acuerdo de las dos terceras partes, por lo menos, del numero total
de sus miembros.

ARTfcuLO 56. Cada Camara formard su reglamento, y elegird
entrc sus miembros, su Presidente, Vice-Presidentes y Seicretarios.
No obstante, el Presidente del Senado solo ejercerd su cargo cuando
f alte el Vice-Presidente de la Republica, 6 este ejerciendo la Presiden-
cia de la misma.

Secoi6n Quinta. — Del Congrew y sus atribuciones.

ARTfcuLO 57. El Congreso se reunira por derecho propio, dos vecee
al ano, y permanecera funcionando durante cuarenta dias hdbiles, por

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 91

lo menos, en cada legislatura. Una empezard el primer lunes de Abril
y la otra el primer lunes de Noviembre.

Se reunira en sesiones extraordinarias en los casos y en la forma que
determinen los Reglamentos de los Cuerpos Colegisladores, y cuando
el Presidente de la Kepublica lo convoque con arreglo a lo establecido
en esta Constitucion. En dichos casos solo se ocupard del asunto 6
asuntos que motiven su reunion.

ARTfcmx) 58. El Congreso se reunira en un solo Cuerpo para pro-
clamar al Presidente y Vice-Presidente de la Republica, previa rectifi-
cacion y comprobacion del escrutinio.

En este caso desempenara la Presidencia del Congreso, el Presidente
del Senado, y en su def ecto, el de la Camara de Representantes, & titulo
de Vice-Presidente del propio Congreso.

Si del escrutinio para Presidente resultare que ninguno de los candi-
dates reune mayoria absoluta de votos, 6 hubiere empate, el Congreso,
por igual mayoria, elegira el Presidente de entre los dos candidates
que hubieren obtenido mayor numero de votos.

Si fuesen m&s de dos los que se encontraren en este caso, por haber
obtenido dos 6 m&s candidates igual numero de votos, elegird, entre
todos ellos el Congreso.

Si en el Congreso, resultare tambi^n empate, se repetira la votacion;
y si el resultado de 6sta f uese el mismo el voto del Presidente decidird.

El procedimiento establecido en el parrafo anterior se aplicard & la
eleccion del Vice-Presidente de la Republica.

El escrutinio se ef ectuara con anterioridad a la expiracion del t^rmino
presidencial.

ArtIculo 59. Son atribuciones propias del Congreso:

1.° Formar los Codigos y las le}res de caracter general; determinar
el regimen que deba observarse para las elecciones generates, provin-
ciates y municipales; dictar las disposiciones que regulen y organicen
cuanto se relaciona con la administracion general, la provincial y la
municipal; y todas las demas leyes y resoluciones que estimare con-
venientes sobre cualesquiera otros asuntos de interns publico.

2.° Discutir y aprobar los presupuestos de gastos 6 ingresos del
Estado. Dichos gastos 6 ingresos, con excepcion de los que se men-
cionardn mas adelante, se incluirdn en presupuestos anuales y solo
regir&n durante el ano para el cual hubieren siao aprobados.

lx)R gastos del Congreso; los de la Administraci6n de Justicia; los
de intereses y amortizacion de empr^stitos, y los ingresos con que deben
ser cubiertos, tendran el caracter de permanentes y se incluirdn en
presupuesto fijo, que regira mientras no sea reformado por leyes
especiales.

3.° Acordar emprestitos, pero con la obligacion de votar, al mismo
tiempo, los ingresos permanentes, necesarios para el pago de intereses
y amortizaci6n.

Todo acuerdo sobre emprestitos requiere el voto de las dos terceras
partes del numero total de los miembros de cada Cuerpo Colegislador.

4.° Acunar moneda, determinando su patron, ley, valor y denomi-
naci6n.

5.° Regular el sistema de uesas y medidas.

6.° Dictar disposiciones para el regimen y fomento del comercio
interior y exterior.

7.° Regular los servicios de comunicaciones y ferrocariles, caminos,
canales y puertos, creando los que exija la conveniencia pfiblica.

92 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

8.° Establecer las contritiuciones 6 impuestos, de cardcter nacional,
que sean necesarios para las atenciones del Estado.

9.° Fijar las reglas y procedimientos para obtener la naturalizacion.

10. Conceder amnistias.

11. Fijar el ndraero de las fuerzas de mar y tierra y determinar su
organizacion.

12. Declarar la guerra y aprobar los Tratados de paz, que el Presi-
dente de la Republica haya negociado.

13. Designar, por meaio de una ley especial, aui6n debe ocupar la
Presidencia de la Republica en el caso de que el Presidente y el Vice-
Presidente sean destituidos, fallezcan, renuncien 6 se incapaciten.

ArtIculo 60. El Congreso no podra incluir en las leyes de presu-
puestos, disposiciones que ocasionen reformas legislativas 6 adminis-
trativas de otro orden; ni podra reducir 6 suprimir ingresos de car&c-
ter permanente, sin establecer al mismo tierapo otrosque losustituyan,
salvo el caso que la reduccion 6 supresion procedan de reduccion 6
supresion de gastos perraanentes equivalentes; ni asignar & ningun
servicio que deba ser dotado en el presupuesto anual, mayor cantidad
que la propuesta en el proyecto del Gobierno; pero si podrd crear
nuevos serviciosy reformar 6 ampliar los existentes, por medio de leyes
especiales.

Secci6n Sexta. — De la iniciativa yformacidn de lm leyes, su sancufn

y prmn tdgact&i,

ArtIculo 61. La iniciativa de las leyes se ejercerd por cado uno de
los Cuerpos Colegisladores indistintamente.

ARTfcuLO 62. Todo proyecto de ley que haya obtenido la aprobaci6n
de ambos Cuerpos Colegisladores, y toda resolucion de losmismos que
haya de ser ejecutada por el Presidente de la Republica, deber&n pre-
sentarse & 6ste para su sancion. Si los aprueba, los autorizard desde
luego; devolviendolos en otro caso, con las objeciones que hiciere, al
Cuerpo Colegislador que los hubiere propuesto; el cual consignari las
refendas objeciones integramente en acta, discutiendo de nuevo el
proyecto 6 resolucion.

Si despu^s de esta discusion dos terceras partes del numero total de
los mierabros del Cuerpo Colegislador, votasen en favor del proyecto
6 resolucion, se pasara, con las objeciones del Presidente, al otro
Cuerpo, que tambi^n lo discutini y si por igual mayoria lo aprueba, ser6
ley. En todos estos casos las votaciones ser£n nominates.

Si dentro de los diez dias hit biles siguientes & la remisi6n del pro-
yecto 6 resolucion al Presidente, 6ste no lo devolviere, se tendril por
sancionado y ser& ley.

Si, dentro de los ultimos diez dias de una legislatura, se presentare
un proyecto de ley al Presidente de la Republica. y 6ste se propusiere
utilizar todo el t^rmino <jue, al efecto de la sancion, se le conceae en el
p&rrafo anterior, eomunicard su proposito, en el mismo dia, al Con-
greso, & fin de que permanezca reunido, si lo quisiere, hasta el venci-
miento del expresado t^rmino. De no hacerlo asi el Presidente, se
tendrd por sancionado el proyecto y serd ley.

Ningun proyecto de ley desechado totalmente por algunos de loe
Cuerpos Colegisladores, podra discutirse de nuevo en la misma legis-
latura.

REPORT OP THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 93

AbtIculo 63. Toda ley sera promulgada dentro de los diez dias
siguientes al de su sancion, proceaa 6sta del Presidente 6 del Congreso,
segfin los casos mencionados en el articulo precedente.

TtTULO VII.

DEL PODER EJECUTTVO.

Seoci6n Primera/ — Del ejercicio del Poder Ejecutivo.

ArtIculo 64. El Poder Ejecutivo se ejerce por el Presidente de la
Republica.

Secci6n Segunda. — Del Presidente de la Republica, #U8 atribuciones

y deberes.

ArtIculo 65. Para ser Presidente de la Republica se requiere:

1.° Ser cubano por nacimiento 6 naturalizacion, y en este ultimo caso,
haber servido con las armas k Cuba, en sus guerras de independencia,
diez anos por lo menos.

2.° Haber cumplido cuarenta anos de edad.

3.° Hallarse en el pleno goce de los derechos civiles y politicos.

ArtIculo 66. El Presidente de la Republica ser& elegido por sufra-
gio de segundo grado, en un solo dia, y conf orme ,al procedimiento
que establezca la Ley.

El cargo durard cuatro anos; y nadie podra ser Presidente en tres
periodos consecutivos.

ArtIculo 67. El Presidente jurara 6 prometera, ante el Tribunal
Supremo de Justicia, al tomar posesion de su cargo, desempenarlo fiel-
mente, cumpliendo y haciendo cumplir la Constitucion y las leyes.

ARTfcuLO 68. Corresponde al Presidente de la Republica:

1.° Sancionar y promulgar las leyes, ejecutarlas y hacerlas ejecutar;
dictar, cuando no lo hubiere hecho el Congreso, los reglamentos para
la mejor ejecucion de las leyes; y expedir, ademas, los decretos y las
ordenes que, para este fin y para cuando incumba al gobierno y
administracion del Estado, creyere convenientes, sin contravenir en
ningfin caso lo establecido en dichas leyes.

2.° Convocar a sesiones extraordinarias al Congreso, 6 solamente al
Senado, en los casos que senala esta Constitucion, 6 cuando, & su juicio,
fufcre necesario.

3.° Suspender las sesiones del Congreso, cuando tratandose en este
de su suspension, no hubiere acuerdo acerca de ella entre los Cuerpos
Colegisladores.

4.° Presentar al Congreso, al principio de cada legislatura y siempre
que lo estimare oportuno, un Mensaje referente a los actos de la
Administracion, y demostrativo del estado general de la Republica;
y recomendar, ademds, la adopcion de las leyes y resoluciones que
creyere necesarias 6 utiles.

5.° Presentar al Congreso, en cualquiera de sus Camaras, y antes del
dia quince de Noviembre, el Proyecto de los Presupuestos anuales.

6.° Facilitar al Congreso los informes que ^ste solicitare sobre toda
clase de asuntos que no exijan reserva.

7.° Dirigir las negociaciones diplomaticas, y celebrar tratados con
las otras naciones, debiendo someterlos a la aprobacion del Senado,
sin cuyo requisite no tendran validez ni obligaran a la Republica.

94 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

8.° Nombrar y remover libremente a los Secretarios del Despacho,
dando cuenta al Congreso.

9.° Nombrar, con la aprobacion del Senado, al Presidente y Magis-
trados del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, y a los Representantes diplo-
matics y Agentes consulares de la Repfiblica; puaiendo hacer nom-
bramientos interinos de dichos f uncionarios, cuando en caso de vacante,
no est6 reunido el Senado.

10. Nombrar, para el desempeno de los demas cargos instituidos
por la Ley, k los f uncionarios correspondientes, cuyo nombramiento
no est6 atribufdo a otras Autoridades.

11. Suspender el ejercicio de los derechos que se enumeran en el
articulo 40 de esta Constitucion, en los casos y en la forma que se
expresan en los articulos 41 y 42.

12. Suspender los acuerdos de los Consejos Provinciales y de los
Ayuntamientos, en los casos y en la forma que determina esta
Constitucion.

13. Decretar la suspension de los Gobernadores de Provincia, en los
casos de extralimitacion de funciones y de infracci6n de las leyes,
dando cuenta al Senado, segun lo que se establezca, para la resolucion
que correspohda.

14. Acusar & los Gobernadores de Provincia en los casos expresa-
dos en el pdrrafo tercero del articulo 47.

15. Indultar a los delincuentes con arreglo a lo que prescriba la Ley,
excepto cuando se trate de f uncionarios pfiblicos penados por delitos
cometidos en el ejercicio de sus funciones.

16. Recibir a los Representantes diplom&ticos y admitir & los Agen-
tes consulares de las otras Naciones.

17. Disponer, como Jef e Supremo, de las f uerzas de mar y tierra de
la Republica. Proveer & la defensa de su territorio, dando cuenta
al Congreso; y a la conservacion del orden interior. Siempre que
hubiere peligro de invasion 6 cuando alguna rebelion amenazare grave-
mente la seguridad piiblica, no estando reunido el Congreso, el Presi-
dente lo convocara sin demora para la resolucion que corresponda.

ArtIculo 69. El Presidente no podra salir del territorio de la Repu-
blics sin autorizacion del Congreso.

ARTfcuLO 70. El Presidente sera responsable, ante el Tribunal
Supremo de Justicia, por los delitos de caracter comfin que cometiere
durante el ejercicio de su cargo; pero no podra ser procesado sin previa
autorizacion del Senado.

ARTfcuLO 71. El Presidente recibirti del Estado una dotaci6n, que
podra ser alterada en todo tiempo; pero no surtira efecto la alteracion
sino en los periodos presidenciales siguientes a aqu^l en que se acordare.

TlTULO VIII.
DEL VICE-PRESIDENTE DE LA REPtJBLICA.

ArtIculo 72. Habrfi un Vice-Presidente de la Repdblica, que sei*a
elegido en la misma forma y para igual periodo de tiempo que el
Presidente, y conjuntamente con cste; requiriendose para ser Vice-
Presidente las mismas condiciones que prescribe esta Constituci6n para
ser Presidente.

ARTfcuLO 73. El Vice-Presidente de la Republica ejercerfi la Presi-
dencia del Senado; pero solo tendra voto en los casos de empate.

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 95

ARTfcuiiO 74. Por falta, temporal 6 definitiva, del Presidents de la
Repfiblica, le sustituird el Vice-Presidente en el ejercicio del Poder
Ejecutivo. Si la falta fuere definitiva durara la sustitucion hasta la
terminaei6n del periodo presidencial. ^

ArtIculo 75. El Vice-Presidente recibird del Estado una dotaci6n,
que podrd ser alterada en todo tierapo; pero no surtira efecto la altera-
cion sino en los periodos presidenciales siguientes a aqu61 en que se
acordare.

TITULO IX.
DE LOS SECRETARIOS DEL DE8PACHO.

ArtIculo 76. Para el ejercicio de sus atribuciones tendrd el Presi-
dente de la Repfiblica, los Secretarios del Despacho que determine la
Ley; debiendo recaer el nombramiento de 6stos en ciudadanos cubanos
que se ballen en el pleno goce de los derechos civiles y politicos.

ArtIculo 77. Todos los decretos, ordenes y resoluciones del Presi-
dents de la Repfiblica habr&n de ser refrendados por el Secretario del
ramo correspondiente, sin cuyo requisite careceran de fuerza obliga-
toria y no ser&n cumplidos.

ArtIculo 78. Los Secretarios ser&n personalmente responsables de
los actos que refrenden, y, ademas, solidariamente, de los que, juntos,
acuerden 6 autoricen. Esta responsabilidad no excluye la personal y
directa del Presidents de la Repfiblica.

ArtIculo 79. Los Secretarios del Despacho serdn acusados por la
C&mara de Representantes, ante el Senado, en los casos que se men-
cionan en el parrafo segundo del articulo 47.

ArtIculo 80. Los Secretarios del Despacho recibiran del Estado
una dotaci6n que podrd ser alterada en todo tiempo; pero no surtirfi
efecto la alteracion sino en los perfodos presidenciales siguientes &
aqu£l en que se acordare.

TITULO X.
DEL PODER JUDICIAL.

Secci6n Prime ra» — Del ejercicio del Poder Judicial.

ArtIculo 81. El Poder Judicial se ejerce por un Tribunal Supremo
de Justicia y por los demas Tribunales que las Leyes establezcan.
Estas regularan sus respectivas organizacion y facultades, el modo de
ejercerlas y las condiciones que deban concurrir en los f uncionarios
que los compongan.

Secci6n Segunda. — Del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia.

ArtIculo 82. Para ser Presidente 6 Magistrado del Tribunal
Supremo de Justicia, se requiere:

1.° Ser cubano por nacimiento.

2.° Haber cumplido treinta y cinco anos de edad.

3.° Hallarse en el pleno goce de los derechos civiles y politicos y no
haber sido condenado a pena aflictiva por delito comfin.

4 ° Reunir, ademds, algunas de las circunstancias siguientes:

Haber ejercido, en Cuba, durante diez aiios, por lo raenos, la pro-
fesi6n de Abogado; 6 desempenado, por igual tiempo, funciones judi-

96 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR,

ciales; 6 explicado, el mismo numero de afios, una c&tedra de Derecho
en Establecimiento oficial de Ensenanza.

Podr&n ser tambi£n nombrados para los cargos de Presidente y
Magistrados del Tribunal Supremo, siempre que reunan las condiciones
de los numeros 1, 2 y 3 de este articulo:

(a) Los que hubieren ejercido, en la Magistratura, cargo de cate-
goria igual 6 inmediatamente inferior, por el tiempo que determine
la Ley.

(b) Los que, con anterioridad & la promulgaci6n de esta Constituci6n,
hubieren sido Magistrados del Tribunal Supremo de la lsla de Cuba.

El tiempo de ejercicio de funciones judiciales se computarfi como de
ejercicio de la Abogacia; al efecto de capacitar a los Abogados para
poder ser nombrados Magistrados del Tribunal Supremo.

ArtIculo 83. Adem&s de las atribuciones que le estuvieren anterior-
mente senaladas y de las que en lo sucesivo le confieran las leyes,
corresponden al Tribunal Supremo las siguientes:

l.a Uonocer de los recursos de casaci6n.

2.a Dirimir las corapetencias entre los Tribunales que le sean inme-
diatamente inferiores 6 no tengan un superior comun.

3.a Couocer de los juicios en que litiguen entre si el Estado, las
Provincias y los Municipios.

4.a Decidir sobre la constitucionalidad de las leyes, decretos y regla-
mentos, cuando f uere objeto de controversia entre partes.

Secci^n Tercera. — Disposiciaties geiierales acerca de la Administra-

ci&ti de Justicia.

ARTfcmx) 84. La justicia se administrara gratuitamente en todo el
territorio de la Repiiblica.

ARTfcuix) 85. Los Tribunales conoccr&n de todos los juicios, ya sean
civiles, criminales 6 contencioso-administrativos.

ARTfcuLO 86. No se podr£n crear, en ningun caso, ni bajo ninguna
denominacion, Coniisiones judiciales ni Tribunales extraordinarios.

ArtIculo 87. Ningun f uncionario del orden judicial podr& ser suspen-
dido ni separado de su destino 6 empleo, sino por raz6n de dehto fi
otra causa grave, debidamente acreditada, y siempre con su audiencia.

Tampoco podrd ser trasladado sin su consentimiento, & no ser por
motivo evidente de conveniencia piiblica.

ARTfcuLO 88. Todos los funcionarios del orden judicial ser&n per-
sonalmente responsables, en la forma que determinen las leyes, de toda
infraction de ley que cometieren.

ARTfcuLO 89. La dotaeion de los funcionarios del orden judicial, no
podrfi ser alterada sino en periodos may ores de cinco anos, y por medio
de una ley. Esta no podra asignar distintas dotaciones a cargos cuyo
grado, categoria y funciones sean iguales.

ARTfcuLO 90. Los Tribunales de las f uerzas de mar y tierra se
regular&n por una ley org&nica especial.

t1tx;lo xi.

DEL REGIMEN PROVINCIAL.

Secci6n Primera. — Disposiciones generates.

ArtIculo 91. La Provincia comprende los t£rminos Municipales
enclavados dentro de sus limites.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 97

ArtIculo 92. En cada Provincia habra un Gobernador y un Consejo
Provincial, elegidos por sufragio de primer grado en la forma que
prescriba la Ley.

El numero de Consejeros, en cada una, no sera menor de ocho ni
mayor de veinte.

Secci6n Segunda. — De los Consejos Provinciales y sus atrifniciones.

ArtIculo 1)3. Corresponde a los Consejos Provinciales:

1.° Acordar sobrc todos los asuntos que conciernan a la Provincia y
que, por la Constitucion, por los Tratados 6 por las leyes> no corres-
pondan 6. la competencia general del Estado 6 & la privativa de los
Ayuntamientos.

2.° Formal" sus presupuestos, estableciendo los ingresos necesarios
para cubrirlos, sin otra limitacion que la de hacerlos compatibles con
el sistema tributario del Estado.

3.° Acordar empr6stitos para obras pfiblicas de interes provincial;
pero votando al mismo tiempo los ingresos permanentes necesarios
para el pago de sus intercses y amortizacion.

Para que dichos emprestitos puedan rcalizarse, habran de ser apro-
bados por las dos terceras partes de los Ayuntamientos de la Provincia.

4.° Acusar ante el Senaao al Gobernador, en los casos determinados
en el parrafo tercero del articulo 47, cuando los dos tercios del numero
total de los Consejeros Provinciales, acordaren, en sesion secreta, la

acusacion.

5.° Nombrar y remover los empleados provinciales con arreglo a lo
que establezcan las leyes.

ARTfcuLO 94. Los Consejos Provinciales no podran reducir 6 supri-
mir ingresos de caracter permanente, sin establecer al mismo tiempo
otros que los sustituyan; salvo en el caso de que la reduction 6
supresion procedan de rcduccion 6 supresion de gastos permanentes
equivalentes.

ARTfcuLO 95. Los acuerdos de los Consejos Provinciales seran pre-
sentados al Gobernador de la Provincia. Si fete los aprobare, los
autorizara con su tirma. En otro caso, los devolvera, con sus obje-
ciones, al Consejo, el cual discutira de nuevo el asunto. Y, si despue^
de la segunda discusion, las dos terceras partes del numero total de
Consejeros votaren en favor del acuerdo, este sera ejecutivo.

Cuando el Gobernador, transcurridos diez dias desde la presentacion
de un acuerdo, no lo devolviere, se tendra por aprobado y sera tambi^n
ejecutivo.

ArtIculo 96. Los acuerdos de los Consejos Provinciales podran ser
suspendidos por el Gobernador de la Provincia 6 por el Presidente de
la Repfiblica, cuando, a su juicio, fueren contrarios a la Constitucion,
a los Tratados, a las leyes 6 a los acuerdos adoptados por los Ayunta-
mientos, dentro de sus atribuciones propias. Pero se reservara & los
Tribunales el conocimiento y la resolucion de las reclamaciones que se
promuevan con motivo de la suspension.

ARTfcuLO 97. Ni los Consejeros Provinciales ni ninguna Seccion 6
Comision, de su seno 6 por ellos designada fuera de 61, podran tener
intervencion en las operaciones que correspondan al procedimiento
electoral para cualquier clase de elecciones.

ARTfcuLO 98. Los Consejeros Provinciales seran personalmente
responsables, ante los Tribunales, en la forma que las leyes prescriban,
de los actos que ejecuten en el ejercicio de sus funciones.

WAR 1902— vol 1 7

98 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Seccion Tercera. — De los Gobemadores de JProvmeias y sus atribu-

eiones.

ArtIcuix) 99. Corresponde a los Gobemadores de Provincia:

1.° Cumplir y hacer cumplir, en los extremos que les conciernan, las
leyes, decretos y reglamentos generates de la Nacion.

2.° PubKcar los acuerdos del Consejo Provincial que tengan fuerza
obligatoria, ejecutdndolos y haci^ndolos ejecutar.

3.° Expedir ordenes y dictar adem&s las instrucciones y reglamentos
para la mejor ejecuci6n de los acuerdos del Consejo Provincial, cuando
6ste no los hubiere hecho.

4.° Convocar al Consejo Provincial a sesiones extraordinarias cuando,
a su juieio, fuere necessario; expres&ndose en la convocatoria el
objoto de las sesiones.

5.° Suspender los acuerdos del Consejo Provincial y de los Ayunta-
mientos, en los casos que determina esta Constituci6n.

6.° Acordar la suspensi6n de los Alcaldes en los casos de extralimi-
tacion de facultades, violacion de la Constituci6n 6 de lasleves,infrac-
cion de los acuerdos de los Consejos Provinciales, 6 incumplimiento de
sus deberes; dando cuenta al Consejo Provincial, en los terminos que
establezca.n las leyes.

7.° Nombrar y remover los enipleados de su despacho conf orme a
lo que establezcan las leyes.

AitTfcuLO 100. El Gobernador sera responsable ante el Senado, en
los casos (Hie en esta Constitucion se senalan, y ante los Tribunales
en los demas casos de delito, con arreglo a lo que prescriban las leyes.

ARTfciiLO 101. El Gobernador recibira del Tesoro provincial una
dotacion, que podra ser altemda en todo tiempo; pcro no surtira efecto
la alteracion smo despu^s que se veritique nueva eleccion de Goberna-
dor.

ARTfcuix) 102. Por falta, temporal 6 definitiva, del Gobernador do
la Provincia le sustituira en el ejercicio do su cargo, el Presidente del
Consejo Provincial. Si la falta fuere definitiva durard la sustituci6n
hasta que termine el periodo para que hubiere sido electo el Gobernador.

TITULO XII.
DEL REGIMEN MUNICIPAL.

Seccion Primera. — Disposiciones generates.

ARTfcuLo 103. Los Terminos municipales seran regidos por Ayun-
tamiontos, compuestos de Concejales elegidos por sufragio de primer
gmdo, en el niimero y en la forma quo la ley prescriba.

Art/cuix) 104. En cada T^rmino municipal habr& un Alcalde, ele-
gido por sufragio de primer grado, en la forma que establezca la Ley.

Seccion Seounda. — De los Ayuntwaientos y »us atribxiciones.

AiiTfcuix) 105. CoiTesponde a los Ayuntamientos:

1.° Acordar sobre todos los asuntos que conciernan exclusivamente
al t<5rmino municipal.

2.° Formar sus presupuestos, estableciendo los ingresos necesarios
para cubrirlos, sin otra limitacion que la de hacerlos compatibles con
el sistema tributario del Estado.

BEPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 99

3.° Acordar empr^stitos; pero votando al mismo tiempo los ingresos
permanentes necesarios para el pago de sus intereses y amortizacion.

Para que dichos emprestitos pueaan realizarse, habran de ser apro-
bados por las dos terceras partes de los electores del T6rmino munici-
pal.

4.° Nombrary remover los empleados municipales conforme & lo
que establezcan las leyes.

ArtIculo 106. Los Ayuntamientos no podran reducir 6 suprimir
ingresos de caracter permanente sin establecer al mismo tiempo otros
que los sustituyan, salvo en el caso de que la reduccion 6 supresion
procedan de reduccion 6 supresion de gastos permanentes equivalentes.

ARTfcmx) 107. Los acuerdos de los Ayuntamientos serdn presenta-
dos al Alcalde. Si 6ste los aprobare, los autorizara con su firma. En
otro caso, los devolvera, con sus objeciones, al Ayuntamiento; el cual
discutird de nuevo el asunto. Y si despu^s de la segunda discusion, las
dos terceras partes del numero total de Concejales votaren en favor
del acuerdo, este sera ejecutivo.

Cuando el Alcalde, transcurridos diez dias desde la presentacion de
un acuerdo, no lo devolviere, se tendra por aprobado y sera tambien
ejecutivo.

ARTfcuLO 108. Los acuerdos de los Ayuntamientos podran ser sus-
pendidos por el Alcalde, por el Gobernador de la Provincia 6 por el
Presidfente de la Repiiblica, cuando, & su juicio, fueren contrarios k la
Constituci6n, & los Tratados, a las leyes 6 & los acuerdos adoptados por
el Consejo Provincial dentro de sus atribuciones propias. Pero se
reservara a los Tribunales el conocimiento y la resolucion de las recla-
maciones que se promuevan con motivo de la suspension.

ArtIculo 109. Los Concejales seran personalmente responsables,
ante los Tribunales de Justicia, en la forma que las leyes prescriban,
de los actos que ejecuten en el ejercicio de sus f unciones.

Seccion Tercera. — De los Alcaldes sus atribuciones y deberes.

ArtIculo 110. Corresponde & los Alcaldes:

1.° Publicar los acueraos de los Ayuntamientos que tengan fuerza
obligatoria, ejecutandolos y haci^ndolos ejecutar.

2.° Ejercer las f unciones activas de la administraci6n municipal,
expidiendo, al efecto, ordenes y dictando ademds instrucciones y re-
glamentos para la mejor ejecucion de los acuerdos del Ayuntamiento,
cuando £ste no los hubiere hecho.

3.° Nombrar y remover los empleados de su despacho, conforme &
lo que establezcan las leyes.

ArtIculo 111. El Alcalde ser& personalmente responsable, ante los
Tribunales de Justicia, en la forma que las leyes prescriban, de los
actos que ejecuten en el ejercicio de sus f unciones.

Art£culo 112. El Alcalde recibird, del Tesoro Municipal una dota-
cion que podrd ser alterada en todo tiempo; pero no surtird efecto la
alteraci6n sino desde que se verifique nueva eleccion de Alcalde.

ArtIculo 113. Por falta, tempo ml 6 definitiva del Alcalde, le susti-
tuira en el ejercicio de su cargo el Presidente del Ayuntamiento.

Si la falta fuere definitiva durara la sustituci6n hasta que termine el
perlodo para que hubiere sido electo el Alcalde.

• . • !

• • •«• -

100 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR,

TITULO XIII.
DE LA HACIENDA NACIONAL.

ArtIculo 114. Pertenecen al Estado todos los bienes, existentes en
el territorio de la Repiiblica, que no correspondan & las Provincias 6
a los Municipios, ni seau, individual 6 colectivamente, de propiedad
particular.

TITULO XIV.
DE LA REFORMA DE LA CONSTITUCl6N.

Art/culo 115. La Constitucion no podra ref ormarse, total ni parcial-
mente, sino por acuerdo de las dos terceras partes del numero total de
los miembros de cada Cuerpo Colegislador.

Seis meses despu^s de acordada la reforma, se procederd k convocar
una Convencion Constituyente, que se liniitara a aprobar 6 desechar
la reforma votada por las Cuerpos Colegisladores; los cuales continua-
ran en el ejercicio de sus funciones con entera independencia de la
Convencion.

Los Delegados a dicha Convenci6n serdn elegidos por provinces, en
la proporcion de uno por cada cincuenta mil habitantes, y en la forma
que establezcan las leyes.

Disposiciones Transitorias.

TRIMERA.

La Repiiblica de Cuba no reconoce mas deudas y compromisos que
los contraidos legitimamente, en beneficio de la Revolucion, por los
Jefes de Cuerpo del Ejercito Libertador, despu&j del 24 de Febrero de
1895, y con anterioridad al 19 de Septiembre del mismo ano, fecha»en
que se promulgo la Constitucion de Jimaguayu; y las deudas y com-
promisos que elGobierno Revolucionario hubiere contraido posterior-
mente, por si 6 por sus legitiinos representantes en el extrangero. El
Congreso calificara dichas deudas y compromisos, y resolverl sobre el
pago de los que f ueren legitimos.

SEGUNDA.

Los nacidos en Cuba 6 los hijos de naturales de Cuba que, al tiempo
de promulgarse esta Constitucion, fueren ciudadanos de algfin listado
extranjero, no podran gozar de la nacionalidad cubana sin renunciar,
previa y expresamente, la que tuvieren.

TERCERA.

El tiempo que los extranjeros hubieren servido en las guerras por
la independencia de Cuba, se computard como tiempo de naturaliza-
ci6n y ae residencia para la adquisicion del derecbo que & los naturali-
zados reconoce el articulo 49.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 101

CUARTA.

La base de poblacion que se establece, en relacion con las elecciones
de Representantes y de Delegados a la Convencion Constituyente, en
los articulos 48 y 115, podra modificarse por una ley cuando d juicio
del Congreso lo exigiere el aumento de habitantes que resulte de los
Censos periodicainente formados.

QUINTA.

Al constituirse por primera vez el Senado, los Senadores, al efecto
de su renovaci6n, se dividirdn en dos series. Los comprendidos en la
primera, cesardn al fin del cuarto ano, y los comprendidos en la segunda,
al terminar el octavo; decidiendo la suerte los dos Senadores que
correspondan, por cada provincia, d una }r otra serie.

La Ley establecerd el procedimiento para la formacion de las dos
series en que haya de dividirse, d los ef ectos de su renovacion parcial,
la Camara de Representantes.

SEXTA.

Noventa dias despu^s de promulgada la Ley Electoral que habra de
redactar y adoptar la Convencion Constituyente, se procederd a elegir
los funcionarios creados por la Constitucion, para el traspaso del
Gobierno de Cuba a los que resulten elegidos, conforme d lo dispuesto
en la Orden numero 301 del Cuartel General de la Division de Cuba,
de 25 de Julio del ano 1900.

SEPTIMA.

Todas las leyes, decretos, reglamentos, ordenes y demds disposi-
ciones que estuvieren en vigor al promulgarse esta Constitucion, con-
tinuardn observandose en cuanto no se opongan a ella, mientras no
f ueren legalmente derogadas 6 modificadas.

Apendice.

Art£cul,o 1.° El Gobierno de Cuba nunca celebrard con ningun
Poder 6 Poderes extranjeros ningun Tratado u otro pacto que menos-
cabe 6 tienda d menoscabar la independencia de Cuba, ni en raanera
alguna autorice 6 permita d ningun Poder 6 Poderes extrangeros
obtener por colonizacion 6 para propositos navales 6 mil i tares 6 de
otra manera asiento en 6 jurisdiccion sobre ninguna porcion de dicha
Isla.

ARTfcoLO 2.° Dicho Gobierno no asumird 6 contraerd ninguna
deuda publica para el pago do cuyos intereses y amortizacion definitiva,
despu^s de cubiertos los gastos corrientes del Gobierno, resulten ina-
decuados los ingresos ordinarios.

ArtIculo 3.° El Gobierno de Cuba consiente que los Estados Uni-
dos puedan ejercer el derecho de inter\ enir pai*a la preservacion de la
independencia de Cuba, y el sostenimiento de un Gobierno adecuado
d la protecci6n de la viua, la propiedad y la libertad individual, y al
cumplimiento de las obligaciones, con respecto k Cuba, impuestas a los
Estados Unidos por el Tratado de Paris y que deben ahora ser asumi-
das y complidas por el Gobierno de Cuba.

102 REPOBT OF THE SECRET ABT OF WAR.

ARTfcuLO 4.° Todos los actos realizados por los Estados Unidos en
Cuba durante su ocupacion militar, ser£n ratificados y tenidos por
validos, y todas los derechos legalraente adquiridos & virtud de aquellos,
seran mantenidos y protegidos.

ArtIculo 5.° l5l Gobierno de Cuba ejecutara y hasta donde fuere
necesario ainpliard los planes ya proyectados 6 otros que mutuamente
se convengan, para el saneaniiento de las poblaciones de la Isla, con
el fin de evitar la recurrencia de enfermedades epidemicas 6 infecciosas.
protegiendo asi al pueblo y al comercio de Cuba, lo mismo que al
comercio y al pueblo de los puertos del Sur de los Estados Unidos.

ARTfcuLO G.° La Isla de Pinos queda omitida de los limites de Cuba
propuestos por la Constitucion, dejdndose para un futuro Tratado la
fijacion de su pertenencia.

Art^gulo 7.° Para poner en condiciones & los Estados Unidos de
mantener la independencia de Cuba y protejer al pueblo de la misraa,
asi como para su propia dcfensa, el Gobierno de Cuba venderd 6 arren-
dard a los Estados Unidos las tierras necesarias para carboneras 6
estaciones navales en ciertos puntos determinados que se convendran
con el Presidents de los Estados Unidos.

ArtIculo 8.° El Gobierno de Cuba insertard las anteriores disposi-
ciones en un Tratado pennanente con los Estados Unidos.

Leonard Wood,
Gobwruidm* Militar de Cuba.

[Translation.]

Tuesday r, May 20, 1902. Havana Gazettee {official newspaper of the
Government). Extra edition. Official section. General adminis-
tration. Military government of i/te island of Cuba.

No. 181.

Headquarters Department of Cuba,

Havana, May 80, 1902.

The following constitution adopted by the constitutional convention
of the people of Cuba on the 21st day of February, 1901, together
with and including the appendix thereto adopted by said convention
on the 12th day of June, 1901, is hereby promulgated jus the constitu-
tion of the Republic of Cuba, aud declared to be in full force and effect
on and after tnis day.

CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CUBA.

We, the delegates of the people of Cuba, having met in Constitu-
tional Convention for the purpose of preparing and adopting the
fundamental law of their organization as an independent and sovereign
people, establishing a government capable of fulfilling its international
obligations, maintaining public peace, insuring liberty, justice, and
promoting the general welfare, do hereby agree upon and adopt the
following Constitution, invoking the protection of tne Almighty.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 103

TITLE I.
. THE NATION, ITS FORM OF GOVERNMENT, AND IT8 TERRITORY.

Article 1. The people of Cuba are hereby constituted a sovereign
and independent State and adopt a republican form of government.

Art. 2. The territory of the Republic is composed of the island of
Cuba, as well as the adjacent islands and keys, which, together there-
with, were under the sovereignty of Spain Until the ratification of the
treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898.

Art. 3. The territory of the Republic shall be divided into six prov-
inces, as they exist at present and with the same boundaries, the pro-
vincial council of each to determine their respective names.

The provinces may be incorporated with each other or divided into
new provinces through actions that may be agreed upon by the respec-
tive provincial councils and approved by Congress.

TITLE II.
THE CUBAN PEOPLE.

Art. 4. Cuban citizens are native born or naturalized.

Art. 5. Native-born Cubans are:

First. Those born of Cuban parents within or without the territory
of the Republic.

Second. Those born within the territory of the Republic of foreign
parents, provided that on becoming of age they claim the right of
inscription as Cubans in the proper register.

Third. Those born in foreign countries of native-born parents, who
have forfeited their Cuban nationality, provided that on becoming of
age they claim their inscription as Cubans in the same register.

Art. 6. Naturalized Cubans are:

First. Foreigners who, having served in the Liberating Army, may.
claim Cuban nationality within six months following the promulgation
of this Constitution.

Second. Foreigners established in Cuba prior to January 1st, 1809,
who may have retained their residence after said date, provided they
claim Cuban nationality within the six months next following the pro-
mulgation of this Constitution, or, if minors, within a like period after
they shall have attained their majority.

Third. Foreigners who, after five years' residence in the territory
of the Republic and not less than two years from the time that they
declared their intention of acquiring Cuban citizenship, may obtain
their letters of naturalization in conformity with the laws.

Fourth. Spaniards residing in the territory of Cuba on the 11th
day of April, 1899, who may not have been registered as such in the
proper registers prior to the same mouth and day of 1900.

Fifth. Africans who may have been slaves in Cuba, and those who
were emancipated and comprised in article 13 of the treaty of June
28th, 1835, entered into by opain and England.

Art. 7. Cuban citizenship is forfeited:

First. By acquiring foreign citizenship.

Second. By accepting employment or honors from auother govern-
ment without permission of the Senate.

104 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAS.

Third. By entering the military service of a foreign nation without
a like permission.

Fourth. By a naturalized Cuban residing five years continuously in
his native country, except by reason of his being in the employ of or
fulfilling a commission of the Government of the Republic.

Art. 8. Cuban citizenship may be reacquired as may be provided
for by law.

Art. 9. Every Cuban shall —

First. Bear arms in defense of his country in such cases and in the
manner determined by the laws.

Second. Contribute to the payment of public expenses in such man-
ner and proportion as the laws may prescribe.

TITLE III.

FOREIGNERS.

Art. 10. Foreigners residing within the territory of the Republic
shall have the same rights and obligations as Cubans —

First. As to protection of their persons and properties.

Second. As to the enjoyment of the rights guaranteed by Section I
of the following title, excepting those exclusively reserved to citizens.

Third. As to the enjoyment of civil rights under the conditions and
limitations prescribed in the law of alieus.

Fourth. As to the obligation of respecting and obeying the laws,
decrees, regulations, and all other enactments that may be in force in
the Republic.

Fifth. As to submission to the jurisdiction and decisions of the
courts of justice and all other authorities of the Republic.

Sixth. As to the obligation of contributing to the public expenses
of the State, province, and municipality.

TITLE IV.

RIGHTS GUARANTEED BY THIS CONSTITUTION.

Section Fi rst. — In dividual rights.

Art. 11. All Cubans have equal rights before the law. The Repub-
lic does not recognize any personal privileges or special rights.

Art. V2. No law shall have anv retroactive effect, other than penal
ones favorable to convicted or indicted persons.

Art. 13. Obligations of a civil nature arising from contracts or
other acts or omissions, shall not be annulled or altered by either the
legislature4 or Executive power.

Art. 14. The penalty of death shall in no case be imposed for crimes
of a political nature, which shall be defined by law.

Art. 15. No person shall be arrested except in such cases and in
the manner prescribed by law.

Art. 1(>. Every person arrested shall be set at liberty or placed at
the* disposal of a competent judge or court within twenty-four hours
immediately following the arrest.

Art. 17. All persons arrested shall be set at liberty or their impris-
onment ordered within seventy-two hours after having been placed at
the disposal of the competent judge or court. Within the same time

BEPOBT OF THE SEORETABY OF WAB. 105

notice shall be served upon the party interested of any action which
may have been taken in the matter.

Art. 18. No person shall be arrested except by warrant of a compe-
tent judge or court. The order directing tne serving of the warrant
of arrest shall be affirmed or reversed, after the accused shall have
been heard in his defense, within seventy-two hours next following
his imprisonment.

Art. 19. No person shall be indicted or sentenced except by compe-
tent judge or court, by virtue of laws in force prior to the commission
of the crime, and in such manner as therein prescribed.

Art. 20. Any person arrested or imprisoned without legal formali-
ties, or not in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution and
the laws, shall be set at liberty at his own request or that of any citi-
zen. The law will determine the prompt action which shall be taken
in the case.

Art. 21. No person whatsoever is bound to give evidence against
himself, nor huslband or wife against each other, nor relatives within
the fourth degree of consanguinity or second of affinity.

Art. 22. All correspondence and other private documents are invi-
olable, and neither shall be seized or examined except by order of a
competent authority and with the formalities prescribed by the laws,
and in all cases all points therein not relating to the matter under
investigation shall be kept secret.

Art. 23. No person's domicile shall be violated; and therefore no
one shall enter that of another at night, except by permission of its
occupant, unless it be for the purpose of giving aid and assistance to
victims of crime or accident; or in the daytime, except in such cases
and manner as prescribed by law.

Art. 24. No person shall be compelled to change his domicile or
residence except by virtue of an order issued by a competent authority
and in the manner prescribed by law.

Art. 25. Every person may freely, without censorship, express his
thoughts either by word of mouth or in writing, through the press, or
in any other manner whatsoever, subject to the responsibilities speci-
fied by law, whenever thereby attacks are made upon the honor of
individuals, upon social order, and upon public peace.

Art. 26. The profession of all religious beliefs, as well as the prac-
tice of all forms of worship, arc free, without further restriction than
that demanded by the respect for Christian morality and public order.
The church shall be separated from the state, which shall in no case
subsidize any religion.

Art. 27. All persons shall have the right to address petitions to the
authorities, to have them duly acted upon, and to be informed of the
action taken thereon.

Art. 28. All inhabitants of the Republic have the right to assemble
peacefully unarmed, and to associate for all lawful pursuits of life.

Art. 29. All persons shall have the right to enter into and depart
from the territory of the Republic, to travel within its boundaries,
and to change their residence without requiring any safeguard, pass-
port, or any other similar requisite, except as may be required by the
laws governing immigration, and b}7 the authorities, in cases of crimi-
nal responsibility, by virtue of the powers vested in them.

Art. 30. No Cuban shall be banished from the territory of the
Republic or be prohibited from entering therein.

106 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Art. 31. Primary education is compulsory and shall be gratuitous,
as also that of arts and trades. The expenses thereof shall be defrayed
by the State during such time as the municipalities and provinces,
respectively, may Tack sufficient means therefor. Secondary and
advanced education will be controlled by the State. However, all per-
sons may, without restriction, study or teach any science, art, or pro-
fession, and found and maintain establishments of education and in-
struction, but it pertains to the State to determine what professions
shall require special titles, the conditions necessary for their practice,
the necessary requirements to obtain the titles, and the issuing of the
same as may be established by law.

Art. 32. No person shall he deprived of his property, except by
competent authority for the justified reason of public benefit, and
after being duly indemnified for the same. Should the latter require-
ment not have been complied with, the judges and courts shall give
due protection; and in such case they shall restore possession of the
property to the person who may have been deprived thereof.

Art. 33. In no case shall the penalty of confiscation of property be
imposed.

Art. 34. No person is obliged to pay any tax or impost not legally
established and the collection thereof is not carried out in the manner
prescribed by the laws.

Art. 35. Every author or inventor shall enjoy the exclusive owner-
ship of his work or invention for the time and in the manner deter-
mined by law.

Art. 36. The enumeration of the rights expressly guaranteed by
this Constitution does not exclude others that may be based upon the
principle of the sovereignty of the people and upon the republican
form of Government.

Art. 37. The laws regulating the exercise of the rights which this
Constitution guarantees shall become null and void if they diminish,
restrict, or change the said rights.

Section Second. — Right of suffrage.

Art. 38. All male Cubans over twenty-one years of age have the
right of suffrage, with the following exceptions:

First. Inmates of asylums.

Second. Persons mentally incapacitated after having been judicially
so declared.

Third. Persons judicially deprived of civil rights on account of
crime.

Fourth. Persons in active service belonging to the land or naval
forces.

Art. 39. The laws shall establish rules and procedures to guarantee
the intervention of the minority in the preparation of the ^Electoral
Census, and in other electoral matters, and their representation in the
House of Representatives and in provincial and municipal councils.

Section Third. — Siispensi<m of constitutional guarantees.

Art. 40. The guarantees established in articles 15, 10, 17, 19, 23,
23, 24, and 27 of the tirst section of this title shall not be suspended
throughout the entire Republic, or in any part thereof, except tempo-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 107

rarily and when the safety of the state may require it, in cases of
invasion of the territory or of serious disturbances that may threaten
public peace.

Art. 41. The territory within which the guarantees determined in
the preceding article may have been suspended shall be governed dur-
ing the period of suspension b}' the Law of Public Order previously
enacted, but neither in the said law, or in any other, shall the suspen-
sion be ordered of any other guarantees than those already mentioned.
Nor shall there be made, during the period of suspension, any decla-
ration of new crimes, nor shall there be imposed other penalties than
those established by the law in force at the time the suspension was
ordered.

The Executive power is prohibited from banishing or exiling citi-
zens to a greater distance than one hundred and twenty kilometers
from their domicile, and from holding them under arrest for more
than ten days without turning them over to the judicial authorities,
and from rearresting them during the period of the suspension of
guarantees. Persons arrested shall not be detained except in special
departments of public establishments used for the detention of persons
indicted for ordinary offenses.

Art. 42. The suspension of the guarantees specified in article 40
shall only be orderea by means of a law, or, when Congress is not in
session, by a decree of the President of the Republic; but the latter
shall not order the suspension more than once during the period com-
prised between two legislatures, nor for an indefinite period of time,
nor for more than thirty days, without convening Congress in the
same order of suspension. In every case the President shall report to
Congress for such action as Congress may deem proper.

TITLE V.
SOVEREIGNTY AND PUBLIC POWERS.

Art. 43. Sovereignty is vested in the people of Cuba and all public
powers are derived therefrom.

TITLE VI.
LEGISLATIVE POWERS.

•

Section First. — The legislative bodies.

Art. 44. The legislative power is exercised by two elective bodies,
which shall be known as the House of Representatives and the Senate,
and which conjointly will be called Congress.

Section Second. — The Senate; its organization and attributes.

Art. 45. The Senate shall be composed of four Senators from each
Province, elected therefrom for a period of eight years by the provin-
cial councilmen and by a double number of electors, who, together
with the provincial councilmen, shall constitute an Electoral Board.

One-half of the electors must be persons who pay the highest amount
of taxes and the remainder shall possess the qualifications that may be

108 REPORT OB' THE SECRETARY OF WAB.

determined by law. All of the electors must also be of age and resi-
dents of municipal districts of the Province.

The electors shall be chosen by the voters of the Province one hun-
dred days prior to the election of Senators.

One-halt of the members of the Senate shall be elected every four
years.

Art. 46. To become a Senator it is necessary —

First. To be a native-born Cuban.

Second. To have attained to the age of 35 years.

Third. To be in full possession of all civil and political rights.

Art. 47. The inherent attributes of the Senate are —

First. To try, sitting as a court of justice, the President of the
Republic whenever he be accused by the House of Representatives of
crimes against the external security of the State, against the free exer-
cise of legislative or judicial powers, or of violation of the Constitution.

Second. To try, sitting as a court of justice, Cabinet ministers when-
ever they be accused by the House of Representatives of crimes against
the external security of the State, against the free exercise of legisla-
tive or judicial powers, or of violation of the Constitution, or of any
other offense of a political nature specified by law.

Third. To try, sitting as a court of justice, governors of Provinces,
whenever they be accused by the provinciates councils or by the Presi-
dent of the Republic of any of the offenses specified in the preceding
paragraph. Whenever the Senate sits as a court of justice it shall be
presided over by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and it shall
not impose upon the accused any other penalty than that of removal
from office, or removal from office and disqualification to hold any
public office, without detriment to any other penalty which the accused
may have incurred which may be imposed by the courts declared to be
competent by law.

Fourth. To confirm the appointments made by the President of the
Republic of Chief Justice and associate justices of the Supreme Court
of Justice; of diplomatic representatives and consular agents of the
nation, and of all other public officers whose appointment may require
the approval of the Senate in accordance with tne law.

Fifth. To authorize Cuban citizens to accept employment or honors
from another government or to serve in the army thereof.

Sixth. To ratify the treaties entered into by the President of the
Republic with other nations.

Section Third. — Tlui House of Representatives; its organization and

attributes.

Art. 48. The House of Representatives shall be composed of one
Representative for each twenty-five thousand inhabitants or fraction
thereof over twelve thousand five hundred, elected for the period of
four years by direct vote and in the manner provided for by law.

Ouc-half of the members of the House of Representatives shall be
elected everv two vears.

Art. 49. The following qualifications are necessary to be a Repre-
sentative:

First. To bo a native-born or naturalized Cuban citizen who has
resided for eight years in the Republic from and after the date of his
naturalization.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 109

Second. To have attained to the age of twenty-five years.

Third. To be in full possession of all civil and political rights.

Art. 50. It shall be the duty of the House ot Representatives to
impeach in the Senate the President of the Republic, and the Cabinet
ministers in all cases prescribed in paragraphs h'rst and second of article
47, whenever two-thirds of the total number of Representatives shall
so resolve in secret session.

Section Fourth. — Provisions common to both colegislative bodies.

Art. 51. The positions of Senator and Representative are incom-
patible with the holding of any paid position of government appoint-
ment, with the exception of that of a professorship in a government
institution, obtained by competitive examination prior to election to
the first-named positions.

Art. 52. Senators and Representatives shall receive from the State
a pecuniary remuneration, alike for both positions, the amount of
which may be changed at any time; but the change shall not take effect
until after the future election of one-half of the members of the colegis-
lative bodies.

Art. 53. Senators and Representatives shall not be held liable for
the votes and opinions given and expressed in the discharge of their
duties. Senators and Representatives shall only be arrested or indicted
by authority of the body of which they form part, should Congress be
in session at the time, except in case of being actually discovered in
fliUfrante delicto. In this case, and in case of their being arrested or
indicted at the time when Congress is not in session, report shall be
made as soon as practicable' to the body to which they belong for proper
action.

Art. 54. Both Houses of Congress shall open and close their ses-
sions on the same day; they shall be established at the same place, and
neither the Senate nor the House of Representatives shall remove to
any other place nor adjourn for more than three days, except by joint
resolution of both Houses.

Neither shall they open their sessions without two-thirds of the total
number of their members being present, nor shall they continue their
sessions without an absolute majority of members being present.

Art. 55. Each House shall decide as to the validity of the election
of its respective members and as to the resignations presented by them.
• No Senator or Representative shall be expelled from the House to
which be belongs, except by virtue of a case previously decided
against him, and by resolution of at least two-thiras of the total num-
ber of its members.

Art. 56. Each House shall frame its respective rules and, regula-
tions, and elect from among its members its President, vice-presidents,
and secretaries. However, the President of the Senate will only dis-
charge the duties of office when the Vice-President of the Republic is
absent or is fulfilling the duties of President of the same.

Section Fifth. — Congress and its powers.

Art. 57. Congress shall meet by virtue of the inherent rights thereof
twice in each year, and shall remain in session during a period of at
least forty legal working days during each term.

110 BEPORT OF THE SECRET ABY OF WAR,

The first session shall begin on the first Monday in April and the
other on the first Monday inNovember. It will meet in extra sessions
in such cases and in such manner as provided for by the rules and
regulations of the colegislative bodies and whenever convened bv the
President of the Republic in accordance with the provisions 01 this
Constitution.

In such cases it shall only consider the express object or objects for
which it meets.

Art. 58. Congress shall meet as a joint body to proclaim, after
counting and rectifying the electoral vote, the President and Vice-
President of the Republic.

In this case the duties of the President of Congress shall be per-
formed by the President of the Senate, and in nis absence bv the
President of the House of Representatives as vice-president of said
Congress.

If upon counting the votes for President it should appear that none
of the candidates has an absolute majority of votes, or if there should
be a tie, Congress, by a majority of votes, shall elect as President one
of the two candidates having obtained the greatest number of votes.

Should two or more candidates be in the same condition, by two or
more of them having obtained a like number of votes, Congress shall
elect one of their number.

Should the vote of Congress also result in a tie, the vote shall be
again taken; and if the result of the second vote be the same, the
President shall cast the deciding vote.

The method established in the preceding paragraph shall be emplo}-ed
in the election of Vice-President of the Republic.

The counting of the electoral vote shall take place prior to the
expiration of the Presidential term.

Art. 50. Powers of Congress.

First. To prepare the national codes and laws of a general nature;
to determine the rules that shall be observed for general, provincial,
and municipal elections; to issue orders for the regulation and organi-
zation of all matters pertaining to the general administration of public,
provincial, and municipal affairs, and issue all other laws and decisions
which it may deem proper in connection with all other matters what-
soever of public interest.

Second. To discuss and approve the budgets of Government revenue
and expenditure. The saia revenue and expenditure, except such as
will be mentioned hereinafter, shall be included in annual budgets and#
shall only remain in force during the year for which they shall have'
been approved.

The expenses of Congress, those of the administration of justice,
those for interest and redemption of loans, and the revenues with which
they have to be paid shall be of a permanent nature and shall lie
included in a fixed budget which, shall remain in force until changed
by special laws.

Third. To contract loans; but at the same time it shall be under the
obligation of deciding what permanent revenues shall be necessary for
the payment of the interest and redemption thereof. All action relat-
ing to loans shall require two-thirds of the vote of the total number of
the members of each colegislative body.

Fourth. To coin money, specifying the standard, weight, value, and
denomination thereof.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. Ill

Fifth. To regulate the system of weights and measures.

Sixth. To establish rules for regulating and developing internal and
foreign commerce.

Seventh. To regulate the postal service; also railroads, public roads,
canals, and harbors, establishing those required by public convenience.

Eighth. To establish the duties, and taxes of a national character
necessary for the needs of the Government.

Ninth. To establish rules and procedures for naturalization of citi-
zens.

Tenth. To grant amnesties.

Eleventh. To fix the number of the land and naval forces and to
determine the organization thereof.

Twelfth. To declare war and approve treaties of peace made by the
President of the Republic.

Thirteenth. To designate, by means of a special law, who shall be
President of the Republic in case of the removal from office, death,
resignation, or incapacity of the President and Vice-President thereof.

Art. 60. Congress shall not include in the budget laws provisions
that may bring about legislative or administrative changes 01 any other
nature; nor shall it reduce or suppress any revenue of a permanent
nature without establishing at the same time others in substitution
thereof, except in case of reduction or suppression caused by the
reduction or suppression of equivalent permanent expenses; nor shall
Congress assign to any service that has to be provided for in the annual
budget a greater amount than that recommended in the project of the
Government; but it may establish new services aud reform or give
greater scope to those already existing by enactment of special laws.

Section Sixth. — The initiative, preparation, sanction, and jwomuUja-

tion oj the laws.

Art. 61. The initiative in respect to the laws is in each of the
colegislative bodies without distinction.

Art. 62. Every bill which shall have passed both colegislative bodies,
and every resolution of the said bodies that may have to be executed
by the President of the Republic must be presented to him for
approval. If he approve them he will sign them at once, otherwise
he shall return them with his objections to the colegislative body in
which they shall have originated; which body shall enter the said
objections at large upon its minutes and will again discuss the bill or
resolution. If, after this second discussion, two-thirds of the total
number of members of the colegislative bod}r should vote in favor of
the bill or resolution, it shall be sent, together with the objections of
the President, to the other body, where it shall also be discussed, and
if the latter should approve same by like majority it shall become a
law. In all the above cases the vote shall be taken by name.

If within the following ten working days after having received a
bill or resolution the President shall not have returned the same, it
shall be considered approved and become law.

If within the last ten days of a legislative session there should be
presented to the President of the Republic any bill, and he should decide
to take advantage of the entire period, in accordance with the preced-
ing paragraph, granted to him by law for the approval thereof, he
shall notify Congress on the same day of his determination, in order

112 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

that the latter may remain in session, should it so desire, until the
expiration of the said period. Should the President not do so, the bill
shall be considered approved and become law.

No bill after being defeated in its entirety by either of the colegis-
lative bodies shall be again presented for discussion during the same
legislative session.

Akt 63. Every law shall be promulgated within ten days next fol-
lowing the date of its approval by either the President or Congress,
as the case may be, according to the preceding article.

TITLE VII.
THE EXECUTIVE POWER.

Secttion First. — The exercise of Executive power.

Art. 64. The Executive power shall be vested in the President of
the Republic.

Second Section. — The President of the Republic, his powers and

duties.

Art. 65. The President of the Republic must possess the following
qualifications:

First. He must be a native-born or naturalized Cuban citizen, and
in the latter case must have served in the Cuban Army in its wars of
Independence for at least ten years.

Second. He must have attained to the age of forty years.

Third. He must be in full possession of his civil ana political rights.

Art. ()(y. The President of the Republic shall be elected by Presi-
dential electors on one single day and as provided for by law.

The term of office shall be four years, and no person shall be Presi-
dent for three consecutive terms.

Art. 67. The President shall take oath of office, or make affirma-
tion, before the Supreme Court of Justice, upon taking office, faith-
fully to discharge the duties thereof, to comply with and enforce tie
Constitution and the laws.

Art. 68. The duties of the President of the Republic are:

First. He shall sanction and promulgate the laws, execute and
enforce them ; issue, when Congress may not have done so, the regu-
lations for the better enforcement of the laws, and, in addition thereto,
the decrees and orders which, for this purpose and for all that which
pertains to the control and administration of the nation, he may deem
proper, without in any case violating the provisions established in
said laws.

Second. He shall convene special sessions of Congress, or of the
Senate alone, in the cases specified in this Constitution or when in his
judgment it may be necessary.

Third. He shall adjourn Congress whenever therein an agreement in
this particular shall not have been arrived at between the colegislative
bodies. '

Fourth. He shall present to Congress at the opening of each legisla-
tive session and at such other times as he may deem proper a message
relating to the acts of his administration, demonstrating the general

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 113

condition of the Republic: and he shall furthermore recommend the
adoption of such laws and resolutions as he may deem necessary or
advantageous.

Fifth. He shall present to either House of Congress prior to the 15th
day of November the project of the annual budgets.

Sixth. He shall furnish Congress with all the information that it
may ask for in reference to all matters that do not demand secrecy.

Seventh. He shall direct diplomatic negotiations and make treaties
with all nations, but he must submit same for the approval of the
Senate, without which they shall not be valid or binding upon the
Republic.

Eighth. He shall have the power to freely appoint and remove from
office the members of his Cabinet, notifying Congress of such action.

Ninth. He shall appoint, subject to the approval of the Senate, the
Chief Justice and justices of the Supreme Court and the diplomatic
representatives and consular agents of the Republic, with power to
make pro tempore appointments of such functionaries in cases of
vacancy when the Senate is not in session.

Tenth. He shall appoint such other public officers to all positions
specified by law whose appointment does not pertain to any other
authoritv.

Eleventh. He shall have the right to suspend the exercise of the
powers enumerated in article 40 of this Constitution in such cases and
in the manner stated in articles 41 and 42.

Twelfth. He shall have the right to suspend the resolutions of pro-
vincial and municipal councils in such cases and in the manner deter-
mined by this Constitution.

Thirteenth. He shall have the right to order the suspension from
office of governors of Provinces in case of their exceeding their powers
and violating the laws, reporting the fact to the Senate in such manner
as may be determined, for proper action.

Fourteenth. He shall have the right to prefer charges against the
governors of Provinces in the cases stated in paragraph third of arti-
cle 47.

Fifteenth. He shall have the right to pardon criminals in accordance
with the provisions of the law, except public officers who may have
been convicted of crimes committed in the performance of their duties.

Sixteenth. He shall receive the diplomatic representatives and rec-
ognize the consular agents of other nations.

Seventeenth. He shall have at his disposal, as Commander in Chief,
the land and naval forces of the Republic, take proper measures for
the defense of its territory, reporting to Congress the action taken for
the purpose, and take proper measures for the maintenance of the
public peace whenever there shall arise any danger of invasion or any
rebellion seriously threatening public safety. At a time when Congress
is not in session the President shall convene same without delay for
proper action.

Art. 69. The President shall not leave the territory of the Republic
without the authority of Congress.

Art. 70. The President shall be responsible before the Supreme
Court of Justice for all ordinary'crimes committed by him during his
term of office; but he shall not be indicted without previous authority
of the Senate.

war 1902— vol 1 8

114 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Art. 71. The President shall receive from the State a salavy which
may be changed at any time; but the change shall not take effect
except within the Presidential periods next following that in which it
may have been agreed upon.

TITLE VIII.

THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBUC.

Art. 72. There shall be a Vice-President of the Republic^ who shall
be elected in the same manner and for a like period of time as the
President and conjointly with the latter. To become Vice-President,
the same qualifications prescribed for President by this Constitution
are necessary.

Art. 73. The Vice-President of the Republic shall be President of
the Senate, but shall only be entitled to vote in case of a tie.

Art. 74. In case of temporary or permanent absence of the President
of the Republic, the Vice-President shall substitute him in the exercise
of the Executive power. Should the absence be permanent, the substi-
tution shall continue until the end of the Presidential term.

Art. 75. The Vice-President shall receive a salary from the State
which may be changed at an}r time, but the change shall not take effect
except within the Presidential periods next following that in which it
may nave been agreed upon.

TITLE IX.

Art. 70. For the exercise of his powers the President of the Repub-
lic shall have such Cabinet Ministers as may be prescribed by law, and
Cuban citizens only in the full enjoyment of their civil and political
rights shall be appointed.

Art. 77. All decrees, orders, and decisions of the President of the
Republic shall bear the referendum of the respective Cabinet Min-
ister, without which they shall not be enforceable and shall not be
executed.

Art. 78. The Cabinet Ministers shall be personally responsible for
all acts bearing their referendum and jointly and severally respon-
sible for those which they mav jointly decree or sanction. This
responsibility does not exempt the President from the personal and
direct responsibility which he may incur.

Art. 7i). The Cabinet Ministers shall be impeached bv the House
of Representatives, in the Senate, in the cases mentioned in paragraph
two of article 47.

Art. 80. The Cabinet Ministers shall receive a salary from the State
which may be changed at any time, but the change shall not go into
effect except within the Presidential periods next following the one in
which it may have been agreed upon.

TITLE X.

Section First. — The exercise of judicial powers.

Art. SI. The judicial power shall be vested in a Supreme Court of
Justice and in such other courts as may be established by law. The
said law will regulate their respective organization and powers, the

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 115

manner of exercising the same, and the qualifications that must be
possessed by the functionaries composing the said courts.

Section Second. — Supreme Court of Justice.

Art. 82. To be Chief Justice or justices of the Supreme Court the
following conditions are required:

First. To be a Cuban by birth.

Second. To have attained to the age of thirty-five years.

Third. To be in the full enjoyment of civil and political rights, and
not to have been condemned to any penaaflictiva for ordinary offenses.

Fourth. To possess, in addition, any of the following qualifications:

To have practiced in Cuba, during ten years at least, the profession
of law, or discharged for a like period of time judicial duties, or occu-
pied for the same number of years a chair of law in an official educa-
tional establishment.

Other persons may be also appointed to the positions of Chief Justice
and justices of the Supreme Court, provided they possess the qualifica-
tions required by conditions 1, 2, and 3 of this article.

(a) Those persons who may have previously held positions in the

{'udiciary of a similar or next inferior grade for the period that may
>e provided for by law.

(o) Those persons who, prior to the promulgation of this Constitu-
tion, may have been justices of the Supreme Court of the Island of
Cuba.

The time during which lawyers shall have exercised judicial func-
tions shall be reckoned as that of the practice of law necessary to
qualify them for appointment as justices of the Supreme Court.

Art. 83. In addition to the powers that ma}r have been conferred
previously, or may be in future conferred by the laws, the Supreme
Court shall be vested with the following:

First. To take cognizance of appeals for the cassation of decisions
of .inferior courts.

Second. To decide as to the right of jurisdiction of courts immedi-
ately below it, or which may not be under the control of a higher
court, common to both.

Third. To have cognizance of all cases in litigation to which the
State, Provinces, and municipalities are parties inter se.

Fourth. To decide as to the constitutionality of the laws, decrees,
and regulations, wheuever questions relating thereto shall arise between
interested parties.

Section Third. — General rules relating to the administration of justice.

Art. 84. Justice shall be administered gratuitously throughout the
territory of the Republic.

Art. 85. The courts of law shall have cognizance of all suits, either
civil, criminal, or interadministrative (contencioso-administrativos).

Art. 86. There shall not be created, under any circumstances or
title whatsoever any judicial commission or special courts.

Art. 87. No judicial functionary shall be suspended or discharged
from his office or position except by reason of crime or other serious
cause, duly proven, and always after he has been heard.

116 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Neither shall he bo removed to another position without his consent
unless it be for the manifest benefit of the public service.

Art. 88. All judicial functionaries shall be personally responsible,
in the manner which the laws may determine, for all violations of the
laws committed by them.

Art. 89. The salaries of judicial functionaries shall only be changed
at periods of over five years, the said change to be made by a special
law. The law shall not assign different salaries for positions the grade,
category, and duties of which are equal.

Art. 90. Military and naval courts shall be regulated by a special
organic law.

TITLE XL

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.

Section First. — General rules.

Art. 91. Provinces shall comprise the municipal districts within
their limits.

Art. 92. Each Province shall have one governor and one provincial
council, elected by the direct vote of the people in the manner pre-
scribed by law. The number of councilmen in each Province shall not
be less than eight nor more than twenty.

Section Second. — Provincial councils and their powers.

Art. 93. Provincial councils shall have the right to —

First. Decide all matters concerning the Province, and which, under
the Constitution, treaties, or laws, are not within the general juris-
diction of the State or the special jurisdiction of the ayuntamientos.

Second. Prepare their budgets, providing the necessary incomes to
meet them, without any other limitations thereto than that consistent
with the tax system of the Government.

Third. Contract loans for public works for the benefit of the Prov-
ince, but voting at the same time the necessary permanent incomes for
the payment of the interest and redemption of said loans.

In order that said loans may be raised, they must be approved by
two-thirds of the members of the municipal councils of the Province.

Fourth. To impeach the governor before the Senate, in the cases
specified in paragraph 3 of article 47, whenever two-thirds of the total
number of provincial councilmen shall decide, in secret session to
prefer such charges.

Fifth. To appoint to and remove from office provincial employees,
in accordance with provisions which may be established by law.

Art. 94. Provincial councils shall not reduce or suppress revenues
of a permanent character without establishing, at the same time, others
in substitution thereof, except when the reduction or suppression shall
arise from the reduction or suppression of equivalent permanent
expenses.

Art. 95. The decisions of the provincial councils shall be presented
to the governor of the Province, and should he approve the same he
shall affix his signature thereto. Otherwise, he shall return them,
with his objections, to the council, which will again discuss the matter.

RKPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 117

If, after this second discussion, two-thirds of the total number of coun-
cilmen should vote in favor of the measure it shall be executed.

Whenever the governor does not, within ten days after the presen-
tation of the resolution, return the same it will be considered approved,
and shall, in a like manner, be executed.

Art. 96. All resolutions of the provincial councils may be suspended
by the governor of the Province or by the President of the Republic,
whenever, in their judgment, they may be contrary to the Constitu-
tion, treaties, laws, or resolutions adopted by the municipal councils
in the exercise of their inherent rights. But the right of cognizance
and decision of all claims arising from the said suspension shall pertain
to the courts.

Art. 97. Neither the provincial councilmen, nor an}' section of, or
commission from among their members, or of other persons designated
by them, shall have any intervention in election matters pertaining to
any election whatsoever.

Art. 98. The provincial councilmen shall be personally responsible
before the courts in the manner prescribed by law for all acts whatsoever
which they may perform in the exercise of their duties.

Section Third. — Gftvwttorx of Promnrrx mul tlwir jtowerx.

Art. 99. The governors of Provinces shall have power to —

First. Comply with and enforce, in all matters within their juris-
diction, the laws, decrees, and general regulations of the nation.

Second. Publish the resolutions of the provincial councils that may
be enforceable, executing the same and causing them to be executed.

Third. Issue orders, as well as the necessary instructions and regu-
lations for the better execution of the resolutions of the provincial
councils, when the latter should not have done so.

Fourtn. Call together the provincial councils in special session, when-
ever in their judgment it may be necessary, stating in the order con-
vening the session the object thereof.

Fifth. Suspend the resolutions of the provincial and municipal coun-
cils in the cases determined by this Constitution.

Sixth. Order the suspension of alcaldes from office in cases where
they exceed their powers, violate the Constitution or the laws, infringe
the resolutions of provincial councils, or fail to comply with their
duties; reporting such action to the provincial council in such manner
a&may be provided for by law.

Seventh. Appoint and remove the employees of his office in such
manner as may be provided for by law.

Art. 100. The governor shall be responsible to the Senate, as speci-
fied in this Constitution, and to the courts of justice, in all other cases
of crime in such manner as may be provided for by law.

Art. 101. The governor shall receive from the provincial treasury a
salary, which may be changed at any time, but the change shall not take
effect until after the election of a new governor.

Art. 102. In case of absence, either temporary or permanent, of the
governor of the province, he shall be substituted in the discharge of
his official duties by the president of the provincial council. Should
such absence be permanent such substitution shall continue until the
end of the term for which the governor may have been elected.

118 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

TITLE XII.
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.

Section First. — General rules.

Art. 103. The municipal district shall be governed by municipal
councils composed of the number of councilnien, elected by direct
vote, as may be provided for by law.

Art. 104. In each municipal district there shall be an alcalde elected
by direct vote, as may be provided for by law.

Section Second. — Municipal councils and their jxnvers.

Art. 105. The municipal councils shall have power to —

First. Decide all matters that relate exclusively to municipal dis-
tricts.

Second. Prepare the budgets, providing the necessary revenues to
meet them, without further limitations than making them compatible
with the tax system of the State.

Third. Contract loans, but at the same time voting the permanent
revenues necessary for the payment of interest and redemption of
same.

In order that said loans may be negotiated, they must be approved
by two-thirds of the voters of the municipal districts.

Fourth. To appoint and remove from office municipal employees, as
may be provided for by law.

Art. 106. The municipal council shall not reduce or suppress any
revenues of a permanent nature without providing others at the same
time in substitution thereof, except when the reduction or suppression
arises from the reduction or suppression of equivalent permanent
expenditures.

Art. 1()7. The resolutions of municipal councils shall be presented
to the alcalde. If the latter should approve them he will attach his
signature thereto; otherwise he will return them, with his objections,
to the municipal council, where they will again be discussed. And if,
upon this second discussion, two-thirds of the total number of coun-
cilmen should vote in favor of anv resolution it shall be executed.

Whenever the alcalde should not return any resolution within ten
days after it has been presented to him, it shall be considered approved
and shall also be executed.

Art. 108. The resolutions of municipal councils may be suspended
by the alcalde, by the governor of the Province, or by the President
of the Republic, whenever, in their judgment, such resolutions are
contrary to the Constitution, to treaties, to the laws, or to the reso-
lutions adopted by the provincial council by virtue of its inherent
rights, but the courts of justice shall take cognizance of and decide all
claims arising therefrom.

Art. 109. Councilnien shall be personally responsible before the
courts of justice, as may be provided for by law, for all acts performed
by them in the exercise of their duties.

BEPOBT OF THE 8ECBETABY OF WAB. 119

Section Third. — Alcaldes; tlieir powers and duties.

Abt. 110. Alcaldes shall be required to —

First. Publish the resolutions of municipal councils that may be
binding, execute and cause the same to be executed.

Second. To take charge of the administration of municipal affairs,
issuing orders for the purpose, as well as instructions and regulations
for the better execution of the resolutions of municipal councils, when-
ever the latter may fail to do so.

Third. Appoint and remove the employees of his office as may be
provided for by law.

Art. 111. The alcalde shall be personally responsible before the
courts of justice, as may be prescribed by law, for all acts performed
in the discharge of his official duties.

Art. 1 12. The alcalde shall receive a salary, to be paid by the munic-
ipal treasury, which mav be changed at any time; but such change
snail not tafee effect until after a new election has been held.

Art. 113. In case of either temporary or permanent absence of the
alcalde, his official duties shall be discharged by the president of the
municipal council.

Should such absence be permanent, such substitution shall continue
for the term for which the alcalde may have been elected.

TITLE XIII.
THE NATIONAL TREASURE.

Art. 114. AH property existing within the territory of the Republic
not belonging to provinces or municipalities or to individuals, sepa-
rately or collectively, is the property of the State.

TITLE XIV.
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION.

Art. 115. The Constitution shall not be amended, in whole or in
part, except bv a resolution adopted by two-thirds of the total number
of members of each colegislative body.

Six months after an amendment has been agreed upon a Constitu-
tional Convention shall be convened, the duties whereof shall be limited
to either approving or rejecting the amendment voted by the colegis-
lative bodies, which latter shall continue in the performance of their
duties with absolute independence of the convention.

Delegates to the said convention shall be elected by each province
in the proportion of one for every fifty thousand inhabitants and in
the manner that may be provided by law.

TRANSITORY RULES.

First. The Republic of Cuba does not recognize any other debts and
obligations than those legitimately contracted in behalf of the revolu-
tion by the corps commanders of the Liberating Army subsequent to
the twenty-fourth day of February, 1895, and prior to the nineteenth
day of September of the same year, the date on which the Jimaguay 6

120 REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

Constitution was promulgated, and such debts and obligations as the
revolutionary government may have contracted subsequently, either
by itself or through its legitimate representatives in foreign countries.
Congress shall classify said debts ana obligations and decide as to the
payment of those that may be legitimate.

Second. Persons born in Cuba, or children of native-born Cubans,
who, at the time of the promulgation of this Constitution, might be
citizens of any foreign nation shall not enjoy the rights of Cuban
nationality without first and expressly renouncing their said foreign
citizenship.

Third. The period of time which foreigners may have served in the
wars of independence of Cuba shall be computed as within that
required for the naturalization and residence necessary to acquire the
right granted to naturalized pitizens in article 49.

Fourth. The basis of population which is established in relation to
the election of Representatives and Delegates to the Constitutional
Convention in articles 48 and 115 may be changed by law whenever,
in the judgment of Congress, it should become necessary through the
increase of the number of inhabitants, as may be shown by the census
which may be periodically taken.

Fifth. Senators, at the time of the first organization of the Senate,
shall divide into two groups for the purpose of determining their
respective tenures of office.

Those comprising the first group shall cease in their duties at the
expiration of the fourth year, and those comprising the second group
at the expiration of the eighth year. It shall be decided by lot whicn
of the two Senators from each province shall belong to either group.

The law will provide the procedure for the formation of the two
groups into which the House of Representatives shall be divided for
the purpose of its partial renewal.

Sixth. Ninety clays after the promulgation of the electoral law, which
shall be prepared and adopted by the Constitutional Convention, the
election of public officers provided for by the Constitution shall be
proceeded with, for the transfer of the Government of Cuba to those
elected, in conformity with the provisions of Order No. 301 of Head-
quarters Division of Cuba, dated July 25, 1900.

Seventh. All laws, decrees, regulations, orders, and other rulings
which may be in force at the time of the promulgation of this Consti-
tution shall continue to be observed, in so far as they do not conflict
with the said Constitution, until such time as they may be legally
revoked or amended.

Appendix.

Article I. The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any
treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will
impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any way
authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by coloni-
zation or for naval or military purposes, or otherwise, lodgment or
control over any portion of said island.

Art. II. That said Government shall not assume or contract any
public debt to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable
sinking-fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which the ordi-
nary revenues of the Island of Cuba, after defraying the current
expenses of the Government, shall be inadequate.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 121

Art. III. That the Government of Cuba consents that the United
States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of
Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for
the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for dis-
charging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty
of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by
the Government of Cuba.

Art. IV. That all the acts of the United States in Cuba during the
military occupancy of said island shall be ratified and held as valid,
and all rights legally acquired by virtue of said acts shall bo maintained
and protected.

Art. V. That the Government of Cuba will execute, and, as far as
necessary, extend the plans already devised, or other plans to be mutu-
ally agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities of the island, to the
end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be pre-
vented, thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of
Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the Southern ports of the United
States and the people residing therein.

Art. VI. The island of Pines shall be omitted from the boundaries
of Cuba specified in the Constitution, the title of ownership thereof
being left to future adjustment by treaty.

Art. VII. To enable the United States to maintain the independence
of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own
defence, the Cuban Government will sell or lease to the United States
the lands necessary for coaling or naval stations, at certain specified
points, to be agreed upon with the President of the United States.

Art. VIII. The Government of Cuba will embody the foregoing
provisions in a permanent treaty with the United States.

Leonard Wood,
Military 0%/nrnor of Cuba.

Headquarters Military Governor Island of Cuba,

I la rami ^ May 20, 1902.

To the President and Cong rex* of the Republic of Cuba.

Sirs: Under the direction of the President of the United States, I
now transfer to you as the duly elected representatives of the people
of Cuba the government and control of the island, to be held and exer-
cised by you, under the provisions of the constitution of the Republic
of Cuba, heretofore adopted by the constitutional convention and this
day promulgated; and I hereby declare the occupation of Cuba by the
United States and the military government of the island to be ended.

This transfer of government and control is upon the express condi-
tion, and the Government of the United States will understand, that by
the acceptance thereof you do now, pursuant to the provisions of the
said constitution, assume and undertake all and several the obliga-
tions assumed by the United States with respect to Cuba by the treaty
between the United States of America and her Majesty the Queen
Regent of Spain, signed at Paris on the 10th day of December, 1898.

All money obligations of the military government down to this date
have been paid as far as practicable. The public civil funds derived
from the revenues of Cuba transferred to you this date, amounting to

122 REPORT. OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

$689,191.02 are transferred subject to such claims and obligations
properly payable out of the revenues of the island as may remain.
The sum of $100,000 has been reserved from the transfer of funds, to
defray anticipated expenses of accounting, reporting and winding up
the affairs of the military government, after which any unexpended
balance of said sum will be paid into the treasury of the island.

The plans already devised for the sanitation of the cities of the island
and to prevent a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases, to
which tne Government of the United States understands that the pro-
vision of the constitution contained in the fifth article of the appendix
applies, are as follows:

( 1 ) A plan for the sewering and paving of the city of Havana, for which a contract
has been awarded by the municipality of that city to McGivney, Rokeby and Com-
pany.

(2) A plan for waterworks to supply the city of Santiago de Cuba, prepared by
Captain S. D. Rockenbach, in charge of the district of Santiago, and approved by
the military governor, providing for taking water from the wells of San Juan Canyon,
and pumping the same to reservoirs located on the heights to the east of the city.

(3) A plan for the sewering of the city of Santiago de Cuba, a contract for which
was awarded to Michael J. l)ady and Company, by the military governor of Cuba
and now under construction.

(4) The rules and regulations established by the President of the United States on
the seventeenth of January, 1899, for the maintenance of quarantine against epidemic
diseases at the ports of Habana, Matanzaa, Cienfuegos and Santiago de Cuba, and
thereafter at the other porta of the island, as extended and amended and made
applicable to future conditions, by the order of the military governor dated April
twenty-ninth, 1902, published in the Official Gazette of Havana on the twenty-ninth
day of April, 1902.

(5) The sanitary rules and regulations in force in the city of Havana.

It is understood by the United States that the present government
of the Isle of Pines will continue as a de facto government pending
the settlement of the title to the said island by treaty pursuant to the
Cuban constitution and the act of Congress of the United States
approved March 2, 1901.

1 am further charged by the President of the United States to deliver
to you the letter which 1 now hand you.

[seal.] Leonard Wood,

Militainj Governor of Cuba.

Letter from the President of tlw United States referred to above.

White House,
Washington, D. C , May 10,' 1902.

To the President and Congress of the Republic of Cuba.

Sirs: On the 20th of this month the military governor of Cuba will,
by my direction, transfer to you the control and government of the
island of Cuba, to be thenceforth exercised under the provisions of the
constitution adopted by your constitutional convention as on that day

Eromulgatcd; and he will thereupon declare the occupation of Cuba
y the United States to be at an end.

At the same time I desire to express to you the sincere friendship
and good wishes of the United States, and our most earnest hopes for
the stability and success of your Government, for the blessings of
peace,* justice, prosperity and ordered freedom among your people,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 123

and for enduring friendship between the Republic of the United States
and the Republic of Cuba.
[seal.] Theodore Roosevelt,

President of the United States.

Letter from. Hon. Estrada Pal-ma in rrplu to Gmrral WooaVs hitter of

May 20, 1903.

Hakana, 30 df Maya di> 1,903.
Honorable General Leonardo Wood.

Senor: Como President*' de la Repiiblica de Cuba, recibo en este
acto el Gobierno de la Isla de Cuba que Vd. me transfierc, en cunipli-
miento de las ordenes comunicadas a Vd. por el President!4 de los
£stados Unidos, y tomo nota de que en este acto cesa la ocupacion
militar de la Isla.

Al aceptar ese traspaso, deelaro que el Gobierno de, la Repiiblica
asume, de acuerdo con lo preceptuado en la Constitucion, todas y cada
una de las obligaciones que se impuso respecto de Cuba el Gobierno de
los Estados Unidos }K>r virtud del T rat ado linnado en diez de Diciem-
bre de mil ochocientos noventa v ocho entre los Estados Unidos v S. M.
la Reina Regente de Espana.

Quedo enterado de estar pagadas, en cuanto ha sido posible, todas
las responsibilidades pecunianas contraidas por d Gobierno Militar
hasta esta fecha: de que se han destinado cien mil pesos para atender
en cuanto fucre necesario, a los gastos <jue pueda ocasionar la liquida-
ci6n y finiquito de obligaciones contraidas por dicho Gobierno y de
haberse tmnsferido al Gobierno de la Repiiblica la suina de seiscientos
ochenta y nueve mil ciento noventa y un pesos y dos centavos, ([lie con-
stituyen el saldo en efectivo existente hoy a favor del Estado.

En el concepto de que les sea aplicable el articulo quinto del Apen-
dice Constitucional, el Gobierno cuidani de facilitar la cjecucion de las
obras de saneamiento provectadas por el Gobierno Militar; procurara,
ademas, en cuanto dependa de el y responda en el orden sanitario a las
necesidades de am bos paises, la observacion del regimen implantadopor
el Gobierno Militar de Cuba.

Queda entendido que la Isla de Pinos continua de facto bajo la juris-
dicci6n del Gobierno de la Repiiblica, a reserva de lo que en su oportu-
nidad convengan el Gobierno de los Estados Unidos y el de la Repiib-
lica Cubana, de acuerdo con lo preceptuado en la Constitucion Cubana
y en la Ley votada por el Congreso de los Estados Unidos, aprobada
en Marzo aos de mil novecientos uno.

Recibo con verdadera satisfaction la carta que al Congreso de la
Repiiblica de Cuba y & mi, dirije el Presidente Roosevelt por los sen-
timientos de amistad hacia el pueblo de Cuba, que las inspiran.

Y aprovecho esta ocasion solemne en que resulta cumplidu la hon-
rada promesa del Gobierno y pueblo de los Estados Unidos respecto
de la Isla de Cuba y consagrada la personalidad de nuestra patria
como Naci6n Soberana, para expresar a Vd. digno represante de aquel
gran pueblo, la inmensa gratitud que siente el de Cuba hacia la Nacion
Americana, nacia su ilustre Presidente Theodore Roosevelt y hacia
Vd., por los esfuerzos que para el logro de tan acariciado ideal han
realizado.

T. Estrada Palma.

124 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

[Translation.]

Havana, May 20, 1902.
Honorable General Leonard Wood.

Sir: As President of the Republic of Cuba, I hereby receive the
government of the island of Cuba which you transfer to me in com-

Bliance with orders communicated to you by the President of the
United States, and take note that by this act the military occupation of
Cuba ceases.

Upon accepting this transfer I declare that the Government of the
Republic assumes, as provided for in the constitution, each and every
one of the obligations concerning Cuba imposed upon the United
States by virtue of the treaty entered into on the 10th of December,
1898, between the United States and Her Majesty the Queen Regent of
Spain.

I understand that, as far as possible, all pecuniary responsibilities
contracted by the military government up to this date have been paid;
that $100,000, or such portion thereof as may be necessary, have been
set aside to cover the expenses that may be occasioned by the liquida-
tion and finishing up the obligations contracted by said government;
and that there has been transferred to the Government of the Repub-
lic the sum of $689,191.02, which constitutes the cash balance existing
to-day in favor of the State.

In the belief that article 5 of the amendment to the constitution
is applicable to the matter, the Government will take pains to facili-
tate the execution of the works of sanitation projected by the military
government; furthermore, it will procure, in so far as depends upon
the same and corresponds thereto in the sanitary measures for the
necessities of both countries, the observance of the system implanted
by the military government of Cuba.

It is understood that the Isle of Pines is to continue de facto under
the jurisdiction of the Government of the Republic of Cuba, subject
to such treaty as may be entered into between the Government of the
United States and that of the Cuban Republic, as provided for in the
Cuban constitution and in the act passed by the Congress of the United
States and approved on the 2d of March, 1901.

I receive with sincere gratification the letters which President Roose-
velt addresses to the Congress of the Republic of Cuba and to me, for
the sentiments of friendship for the people of Cuba which inspire them.

I take this solemn occasion, which marks the fulfillment of the hon-
ored promise of the Government and people of the United States in
regard to the island of Cuba, and in which our country is made a ruling
nation, to express to you, the worthy representative of that grand
people, the immense gratitude which the people of Cuba feel toward
the American nation, toward its illustrious President, Theodore Roose-
velt, and toward you for the efforts you have put forth for the suc-
cessful accomplishment of such a precious ideal.

T. Estrada Palma.

Havana, May 20, 1902.
Theodore Roosevelt,

President, Washington :

The Government of the island having been just transferred, I, as
Chief Magistrate of the Republic, faithfull}r interpreting the sentiments

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 125

of the whole people of Cuba, have the honor to send you and the
American people testimony of our profound gratitude and the assur-
ance of an enduring friendship, with wishes and prayers to the
Almighty for the welfare and prosperity of the United States.

T. Estrada Palma.

Washington, May 20, 1002.

President of the Republic of Cuba:

Believe in my heartfelt congratulations upon the inauguration of the
Republic which the people of Cuba and the people of the, United States
have fought and labored together to establish. With confidence in
your unselfish patriotism ana courage and in the substantial civic vir-
tues of your people, I bid you Godspeed, and on this happy day wish
for Cuba for all time liberty and order, peace and prosperity.

Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

Havana, May 21, 1902.
Elihu Root,

Secretary of War, Washington:

I am deeply moved by your heartfelt message of congratulation on
the inauguration of the Republic of Cuba, to the birth of which the
people and the Government of the United States have contributed
witn their blood and treasure. Rest assured that the Cuban people
can never forget the debt of gratitude they owe to the great Republic
with which we will always cultivate the closest relations of friendship
and for the prosperity of which we pray to the Almighty.

T. Estrada Palma.

Washington, P. C Jam; 10, 1002.
The Adjutant-General U. S. Army,

Washington, 1). C.

Sir: 1 have the honor to inform you that the Republic of Cuba was
established at 12 o'clock noon, May 2<>, 1JI02. The transfer was made
upon the lines indicated in the instructions of the honorable, the Secre-
tary of War, and the autograph letter of the President read to Presi-
dent Palma and presented to him. President Palma responded, express-
ing his sincere appreciation of the work done by the United States in
Cuba and the lasting gratitude of himself and the people of Cuba.

The transfer was made in the main reception hall of the palace of
the military governor. There were present the President-elect and
his cabinet: the military governor and the oilicers of his staff; civil and
military; the Cuban Congress; the judiciary: officers of the British
and Italian navies; the captain and staff of the U. S. S. Brooklyn; and
the consular representatives of foreign countries.

The document of transfer was read at exactly 12 o'clock. President
Palma at once read his reply. During the reading of the document of
transfer and the reply or President Palma a salute of 45 guns to our
flag was being fired. Upon the conclusion of this salute the troops of

126 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

the Seventh U. S. Cavalry, which had been formed in the Plaza de
Armas in front of the palace, presented arms, the band played the
national air, and the American flag was lowered by a special detail
designated for this purpose and received by an officer of my staff.
The Cuban flag was then hoisted and saluted with a national salute of
21 guns both by the fortress of Cabana and by the U. S. S. Brooklyn.
The Cuban national air was played and our troops saluted the flag.
This ceremoliy completed, the troops immediately embarked, and were
not allowed, either officers or men, to set foot again on shore.

1 left the palace at 25 minutes past 12 o'clock, accompanied by the
officers of my personal and department staif. We were accompanied
to the capitania del puerto by President Palma with his cabinet, the
Cuban Congress and all others who had been present at the cere-
monies. President Palma bade us farewell at tne wharf after again
expressing his most sincere and lasting good- will and appreciation.

Accompanied by my personal staff I immediately embarked upon
the U. S. S. Brooklyn. The officers of the department staff embarked
on the S. S. Morro Castle, which sailed at a quarter past 3. The
U. S. S. Brooklyn sailed at about 3.45.

There was immense interest and enthusiasm displayed in the trans-
fer, and it would have been impossible for any people to have shown
more friendship and cordiality to the representatives of another nation
than was shown by the people of Havana of all classes to the repre-
sentatives of the late military government of the United States in
Cuba. Jt is safe to say that at least 100,000, probably 150,000, people
were assembled along the water front within the harbor limits at the

Sunta and along the sea front to see the troops off. Both the S. S.
forro Castle and the U. S. S. Brooklyn were escorted to sea by a
large number of tugs and launches packed with people.

l proceeded on the U. S. S. Brooklyn directly to the mouth of the
St. Johns River, below Jacksonville, and there transferred to the
U. S. A. T. Kanawha with the officers of my personal staff, Captain
H. L. Scott, adjutant-general, and Lieutenants M. E. Hanna, Frank R.
McCoy, and Edward Carpenter, aids-de-camp.

From Jacksonville I proceeded directly to Washington, stopping at
Charleston to coal; a few hours at Norfolk for supplies, and at Fortress
Monroe to visit the works, arriving at Washington Wednesday morn-
ing, Mav 28.

Very respectfully, Leonard Wood,

Brigadier- General, U. S. Army.

APPENDIX B.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF THE FISCAL AFFAIRS OF CUBA DURING AMEB-
IC AH OCCUPATION FROM JULY 18, 1898, TO MAT 19, 1902.

CONTENTS.

Customs revenues by ports.
Customs revenues by items.
Postal revenues.

Internal revenues by fiscal zones.
Internal revenues by items.
Miscellaneous revenues fiscal year 1899.
Miscellaneous revenues fiscal year 1900.
Miscellaneous revenues fiscal year 1901.
Miscellaneous revenues fiscal year 1902.
Expenditures fiscal year 1899.
Expenditures fiscal year 1900.
Expenditures fiscal year 1901.
Expenditures fiscal year 1902.
Expenditures summary.
Excess of revenues over expenditures.
Statement — balance sheet.

Summary, by ports, of customs revenues collected in Cuba during American administration,
July 18, 1898, to May 19, 1902, as certified by the auditor for Cuba.

Julyl8, 1898, to
June 30, 1899.

Fiscal year
1900.

Fiscal year
1901.

July 1, 1901, to
May 19, 1902.

Total during
American ad-
ministration.

Baracoa

$19, 184. 93

1,481.97

554,111.07

144,015.11

65,165.04

49,111.76

64,915.57

5,102,762.85

$33,597.55

2, 784. 89

1,126,268.30

312,409.70

191,972.69

123,536.55

184,946.45

12,062,124.89

$24,274.45

2,445.24

1,287,614.93

281,477.24

227,526.53

146,959.38

311,275.70

11,516,922.09

5,993.51

231,365.75

469,869.48

185,794.86

. 189,527.24

5,969.56

1,031,875.93

15,471.85

16, 163. 17

$19,290.76

1,421.63

1,135,058.61

301,455.87

182, 593. 64

109,145.57

256,997.02

9,398,147.33

71,126.96

228,382.34

434,599.75

192,735.69

118,627.12

4,731.28

921,362.30

17,041.73

10,299.55

$96, 347. 69

Batabano

8, 133. 73

Cienfuegos

4, 103, 052. 91

Cardenas

1, 039, 387. 92

Caibarien

667,257.90

Ouantanamo

428, 753. 26

Gibara

Habana

818,134.74
38,079,957.16

Jucaro

77, 120. 47

Manzanillo

65,873.87

197, 755. 30

119,347.53

74,703.23

746.30

754,452.76

10,797.11

4,006.20

173, 361. 88
462,800.40
183,128.31
182, 278. 15

2,963.66

995,532.48

27,063.43

3,266.57

698,983.84

Matanzas

1, 565, 024. 93

Nue vitas

681,006.39

Sagua la Grande

Santa Cruz

565,035.74
14, 410. 80

Santiago

3,703,223.47

Trinidad

70, 874. 12

Tunas de Zaza

33,735.49

Total

7,228,460.60

16,068,035.90

15,950,526.91

13,402,917.15

52, 649, 940. 56

127

128

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Summary, by items, of customs revenues collected in Cuba during American administration,
July 18, 1898, to May 19, 1902, as certified by the auditor for Cuba.

Import duties

Export duties

Tonnage tax

Harbor improvement .

Fines, seizures, etc

Capitation tax

Storage and cartage . . .

Consular fees

Overtime work

Cattle inspection

Live-stock tax

Certificate fees

Deposits for badges —

Liquor tax

Pilotage

Private dock inspec-
tion

Rent

.Seized and unclaimed
goods, useless mate-
rial

Sale of fishery plots —

Sanitary tax

Ship measuring

Signal service

Translation and inter-
pretation

Tramway charges

Wharfage

Wreckage

Repairs

Clothing

Revenue-Cutter Serv-
ice

July 18, 1898,

to June 30,

1899.

Total

96,473,668.28

406,408.10

227,691.41

79,230.86

2,317.76

17,983.65

3,766.93

222.52

4,357.74

10,908.28

1,525.89

89.00

64.93

225.25

Fiscal year
1900.

814,592,683.04

719,801.43

343,007.51

265,220.23

14,963.46

25,610.58

24,087.06

2,134.50

16,485.66

42,535.48

40.67

212.00

131.65

97.73

10,442.87

1,291.92

170.00

196.66

7,228,460.60

4,778.63
"4,"i44.*82

16,068,035.90

Fiscal year
1901.

$14,187,131.41

a 988, 928. 39

352,251.37

256,362.49

24,421.44

24,218.14

22,417.56

1,956.50

29,663.66

34,673.73

297.96

1,438.00

190.14

608.72

825.00
220.00

14,127.34

July 1, 1901, to
May 19, 1902.

$12,623,603.55

60.51
277.00

6,319.00
690.49

2,906.12
541.95

15,950,526.91

336,721.35

255,680.49

40,429.44

18,880.94

16,176.28

1,660.72

26,161.93

31,383.73

22.50

1,140.10

bft.69

150.00
80.00

33,435.03

1,060.00

5,110.50

3,643.22

7,378.54

150.00

5.00

37.65

11.87

13,402,917.15

Total during
American ad-
ministration.

$47,877,086.28

2,115,137.92

1,259,671.61

856, 494. 07

82, 132. 10

86, 693. 31

66,447.82

5,974.24

76,668.99

119,501.22

361.13

2, 790. 10

316. 10

1,525.89

608.72

975.00
486.73

58,070.17

1,291.92

395.25

257.17

1,337.00

16,208.13

4,333.71

14,429.48

691.95

5.00

37.65

11.87

52,649,940.56

a All export duties were abolished Apr. 1, 1901.

b Deduction for revenues refunded.

Summary of postal revenues collected in Cuba during American administration from

January 1, 1899, tfie date of the organization of the postal department, to May 19, 1902,
as certified by the auditor for Cuba.

Receipts from sales of postage stamps, stamped paper, box rent, etc. :

January 1, 1899, to June 30, 1899 $148,692.70

Fiscal year 1900 237,692.70

Fiscal year 1901 354,806.59

July 1, 1901, to May 19, 1902 324,226.74

Total 1,065,418.73

Fees on money orders:

January 1, 1899, to June 30, 1899 2,892.70

Fiscal year 1900 20,455.33

Fiscal year 1901 13,144.01

July 1, 1901, to May 19, 1902 11,729.87

Total 48,221.91

» »

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETABY OF WAR.

129

Summary, by fiscal zones, of internal revenues collected in Cuba during American adminis-
tration from January 1, 1899, the beginning of tfie administration of the internal affairs
under direction of the American authorities, to May 19, 1902, as certified by the auditor
for Cuba.

Jan. 1, 1899, to
June 30, 1899.

Fiscal year
1900.

Fiscal year
1901.

July 1, 1901. to
May 19, 1902.

$429,998.58
18,458.51
10,282.01
29,361.54
30,645.27
31,010.89
42, 564. 40
30,911.29
16,977.68
9.551.00
38,820.50

Total during
American ad-
ministration.

Habana

t247.510.94
8,332.89

$547,887.63
24,946.66

$447,211.39*
15,583.84

9,060.56
27,268.94
27,846.10
34,911.56
29,020.03
20,628.61
11,688.11

9,266.63
39,026.78

$1,672,608.54
67,321.90
19, 342. 57

Pinardel Rio

Guanajay

Mntwn?afl .............

38,688.11

136,113.05

231,431.64
58, 491. 37

ftordenas

Santa Clara

16,889.97

99,144.53

181, 956. 95

Clenfuearoe

71,584.43

Holguin

30,324.89

26,546.26

108,411.06
28, 665. 79

Manfanfllo ............

18, 817. 63

Santiago

5,685.99

50, 146. 16

133,677.53

Total

671,512.55
12,926.63

2,592,309.40

Less amount refunded .

12,926.63

Net total

347,431.89

884,783.29

658,585.92

688,581.67

2, 579, 382. 77

Summary, by Hems, of internal revenues collected in Cuba during American administration,
from January 1, 1899, the beginning of the administration of the internal affairs under
directum of the American authorities, to May 19, 1902, as certified by the auditor for
Cuba.

Conveyance and inheritance
tax

Industrial and commercial tax.

10 and 3 per cent on passenger
and freight rates

Forest proceeds

Redemption of rent charges . . .

Interest of rent charges

Interest of liabilities

Rents of state properties

Sale of state lands

Sale of useless material

Eventual proceeds

Liquor tax

Total

Less amount refunded

Net total

Jan. 1,1899,

to June 30,

1899.

$163, 892. 80
13,984.75

"128,419.19

120.00

75. 77

5,078.55

251.03

3,209.13

637.93

25,921.75

5,840.99

347,431.89

Fiscal year
1900.

$386,047.77
96,843.51

303,064.12

739.40

1,606.94

20,977.75

1,511.90

5, 138. 54

2,070.81

1,355.92

65,427.63

884,783.29

Fiscal year
1901.

$374,714.25
126, 162. 17

1,055.40

6,679.06

26,184.92

6,062.66

6,001.46

8,584.74

626.38

115,441.52

671,512.55
12,926.63

658,585.92

July 1,1901,

to May 19,

1902.

$357,325.40
132, 639. 07

297.60

11,313.61

34,497.00

9,201.83

7,417.71

19,079.96

1,474.68

115,334.91

688,581.67

Total during
American ad-
ministration.

$1,281,980.22
369,629.50

431,483.31

2,212.30

19,674.37

86,738.22

17,027.42

21,766.84

29,735.61

4,094.91

322,125.81

5,840.99

2,592,309.40
12,926.63

2,579,382.77

a This tax was abolished July 1, 1900, by headquarters division of Cuba, Order No. 258.

Summary of miscellaneous revenues collected in Cuba during American administration,
July 18, 1898, to May 19, 1902, as certified by the auditor for Cuba.

REVENUES FROM JULY 18, 1898, TO JUNE 30, 1899.

Municipal and miscellaneous revenues collected at Santiago in 1898 "U64, 486. 52

Proceeds from teleg[raph-line receipts 17, 370. 29

Proceeds from earnings of Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 11, 437. 80

Proceeds from tax collections 1, 971. 33

Proceeds from municipal tax 307. 88

Proceeds from customs 37. 57

Proceeds from cleaning cesspools 172. 00

Proceeds from dredging work 1, 398. 14

Proceeds from rent of pile driver 200. 00

Proceeds from rent of dredge, Porto Rico 60.00

Proceeds from work done at 137 Obispo street 4. 87

Proceeds from sale of hardware 672. 57

~ WAB 1902— vol 1 9

130 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Proceeds from sale of scrap iron .* $24. 37

Contributions to the Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad by Mr. Carter. 1, 000. 00
Amounts taken up by collectors of internal revenue for overpayments

and credited to miscellaneous revenues 7, 402. 98

Miscellaneous receipts for which auditor is unable to furnish itemized

certificates 146. 50

Amount gained in exchange 17, 607. 12

Residue sum unexpended by late junta de obras del puerto 1, 323. 65

Discount payment, employees of junta de obras del puerto 292. 57

Lunatic asylum '. 27. 78

Cash found in Habana custom-house vault 1, 614. 32

Cash found in Santiago custom-house vault 6, 788. 40

Total 234,345.66

REVENUES FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1900.

Proceeds from telegraph-line receipts $56, 950. 83

Proceeds from earnings of Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 29, 388. 39

Proceeds from sale of ice 10, 924. 50

Proceeds from cleaning cesspools 3, 397. 84

Proceeds from premium on sale of Spanish money and billettes 4, 733. 84

Proceeds from sale of old iron 1, 971. 76

Proceeds from sale of lumber 198. 50

Proceeds from sale of flour 437. 00

Proceeds from sale of clothing 3, 903. 84

Proceeds from sale of horses arid mules 450. 00

Proceeds from sale of old drain material 11. 40

Proceeds from sale of garbage cans 83. 20

Proceeds from sale of condemned insular property 21. 00

Proceeds from sale of street sweepings and manure 602. 27

Proceeds from sale of old vehicles 90. 90

Proceeds from sale of miscellaneous articles 117. 32

Proceeds from rental of canteen 1 82. 75

Proceeds from rent of pile driver 47. 50

Proceeds from rent of steam roller 26. 20

Proceeds from miscellaneous rents 607. 99

Proceeds from subrental of telephone 50. 00

Guaranty for dredging 31, 144. 23

Harbor improvements 200. 00

Damage to wharves 50. 70

Damage to vehicles 4. 40

Received from administrator of Marianao Railroad 351. 49

Repairs to slaughterhouse 8, 894. 80

Repairs to Las Animas hospital 380. 00

Files for architect, sanitary office 8. 00

File cabinet for sanitary office 21. 25

Asphalt pavements 1, 621. 00

Excavation work 322. 00

Board of patients and hospital treatment 679. 80

Subscription 12. 00

Repairs to buildings 2, 360. 63

Deposits on account of borings 100. 00

Deposits on account of work for the municipality of Habana 4, 771. 19

Care of prisoners 40. 62

Checks lost and uniforms unaccounted for 697. 33

Disinfecting warehouse 263. 70

Refunds of overpayment of duties, etc 370. 28

Receipts of funds not classified 8, 817. 70

Total : 175,308.15

REVENUES FOR THE FI8CAL YEAR ENDED JUNK 30, 1901,

Proceeds from telegraph-line receipts $75, 805. 06

Proceeds from earnings of the Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 13, 155. 02

Proceeds from sale of ice 13, 476. 71

Proceeds from auction sales 2. 00

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAB. 131

Proceeds from board and treatment of patients $541. 00

Proceeds from cleaning cesspools 2,013.50

Proceeds from dredging and floating dry dock at Regla 25, 077. 60

Proceeds from dredging. 1, 650. 00

Proceeds from earnings of S. S. Valeda 600. 00

Proceeds from installing meters and water service 11, 497. 32

Proceeds from fees for examining steam engine 115. 00

Proceeds from fees for registration of trade-marks 441. 50

Proceeds from maintenance of immigrants 4, 665. 58

Proceeds from miscellaneous rente 1, 364. 82

Proceeds from rent of pile driver 195.00

Proceeds from repairs, extension, and improvement of streets and roads . 1, 700. 00

Proceeds from repairs to launches, tugs, scows, and dredges 4, 986. 92

Proceeds from repairs to batteries and arsenals 83. 15

Proceeds from sale of condemned and unserviceable material 2, 499. 97

Proceeds from sale of sand and firewood 238. 80

Proceeds from sale of clothing to employees 365. 85

Proceeds from sale of rags 1, 231. 29

Proceeds from sale of insular property 209. 00

Proceeds from sale of animals 2, 151. 75

Proceeds from sale of rations ... 171. 25

Proceeds from sale of street sweepings 1, 191. 19

Proceeds from cleaning premises and sewers 5, 982. 42

Proceeds from miscellaneous sales 245. 02

Proceeds from improvements of municipal buildings and property 2, 216. 73

Fines, penalties, and forfeitures 1, 419. 12

Deposits on contracts 563. 91

Salvage and storage 17. 00

Receipts from issuing penalty envelopes 1, 408. 40

Sale of foreign gold and currency 4, 536. 52

Cash found in safes 49. 13

Repayments of services and labor furnished 2, 135. 70

Total 184,003.23

REVENUES FROM JULY 1, 1901, TO MAY 19, 1902.

Proceeds from telegraph-line receipts $88, 192. 58

Proceeds from sale of ice 13, 854. 94

Proceeds from auction sales 2, 744. 26

Proceeds from board and treatment of patients 1, 706. 67

Proceeds from cleaning cesspools 5, 824. 80

Proceeds from damage to wharves and sea walls 91. 34

Proceeds from damage to Department property 4. 00

Proceeds from dredging Matadero Canal 700. 00

Proceeds from earnings S. S. Valeda 1, 626. 87

Proceeds from establishing water supply 1, 155, 14

Proceeds from fees and licenses 1, 681. 58

Proceeds from maintenance of immigrants 10, 808. 38

Proceeds from miscellaneous rents 9, 284. 51

Proceeds from printing office 252. 00

Proceeds from repairs to harbor buoys 285. 76

Proceeds from rent of steam roller and pile driver 753. 00

Proceeds from repairing mowing machine 6. 50

Proceeds from repairs, extension, and improvement of streets 28, 398. 95

Proceeds from repairs to launches, tugs, scows, and dredges 8, 570. 67

Proceeds from repairs to batteries and arsenals 338. 91

Proceeds from repairs and dredging wharves 1, 739. 46

Proceeds from sale of ordnance stores 13, 566. 16

Proceeds from sale of condemned and unserviceable material 9, 008. 17

Proceeds from sale of coal and sand 336. 28

Proceeds from sale of clothing to employees 30. 50

Proceeds from sale of rags and paper 7, 539. 78

Proceeds from sale of insular property 18, 407. 54

Proceeds from sale of charts •. 10. 55

Proceeds from sale of horses and mules 2, 514. 80

Proceeds from sale of produce and rations 7, 984. 86

132 BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Contributions to schools at Santiago $20, 130. 81

Conveyance and inheritance tax 54. 44

Fees for examining locomotive engineers 1, 718. 72

Fines, penalties, and forfeitures 3, 205. 02

Judicial fines 147. 99

Expense of erecting and removing reviewing stand 151. 72

Received from National Conference of Charities 163. 20

Receipts from issuing penalty envelopes 869. 89

Tunas and Sancti Spintus Railroad 213. 00

Loss on sales of foreign money «3, 553. 96

Total 260,519.79

EXPENDITURES FROM JULY 18, 1898, TO JUNE 30, 1899.

Barracks and quarters $447, 415. 90

Sanitation 1,066,075.28

Rural guard and administration 408, 079. 34

Public works, ports, and harbors 170, 365. 41

Charities and hospitals 176,256.79

Miscellaneous 625,700.22

Aid to destitute 131,705.36

Quarantine 22,707.70

Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 10, 908. 50

Expenditures by collectors of customs 130, 435. 26

Other customs expenditures 242, 297. 31

State and Government 188,628.78

Justice and public instruction 266, 498. 96

Finance 147,557.37

Agriculture, industry, commerce, and public works 101, 354. 62

Municipalities 1,358,162.29

Extraordinary payments ordered bv the general commanding at San-
tiago in 1898 ' 64,346.71

Postal expenditures 223,492.75

Loss in exchange 2, 630. 18

Revenues refunded 3, 725. 16

Total 5,788,343.89

EX FEND ITU RES DURING FISCAL YEAR 1900.

Barracks and quarters $1, 349, 671. 96

Sanitation 3,480,277.48

Rural guard and administration 1, 702, 450. 33

Public works, ports, and harbors 881, 963. 38

Charities and hospitals 814, 132. 26

Miscellaneous 208,735.74

Aid to destitute 92,623.17

Quarantine 224,332.91

Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 27, 457. 00

Expenditures by collectors of customs 689, 059. 62

Other customs expenditures 152, 316. 97

Treasurer's office 113,632.67

Auditor's office 77,200.10

Headquarters division of Cuba 80, 617. 78

State and Government 924,958.41

Justice and public instruction 1, 308, 090. 07

Finance 244,050.74

Agriculture, industrv, commerce, and public works 511, 177. 79

Municipalities ." 1,960,059.90

Census 299,239.70

Postal expenditures 494, 539. 09

Paris exposition 24, 798. 40

Total ! 15,661,385.47

<* Deduction.

REPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF WAR. 133

EXPENDITURES DURING FISCAL YEAR 1901.

State and Government:

Central office $236,471.12

Civil government 160,846.47

Rural Guard 124,433.91

Census 80,286.24

Hospitals and charities 512, 839. 71

Jails 389,088.08

Public buildings 210,943.69

Electrons 42,256.46

•Justice*

Central office 70,201.93

Supreme court aud audiencia 431, 989. 36

Courts of province .• : 188,820.31

Lower courts 166,022.54

Public buildings 15,583.72

Public instruction:

Central office 137,555.77

Universities and State schools 558, 379. 31

• Public buildings 38,400.70

Finance:

Central office 103,104.60

Offices of the zones 161,272.92

Expenditures by collectors of customs 714, 326. 60

Other customs-service expenditures 196, 667. 06

Postal sendee 524,198.85

Auditor's office 107,823.38

Treasurer, s office 276, 855. 40

Quarantine 255,039.20

Public building 768.03

Tariff commission 7,841.23

Aid to destitute 70.45

Miscellaneous 512. 91

Agriculture, industry, and commerce:

Central office 64,417.59

Province 48,326.21

Paris and Pan-American expositions 13, 470. 93

Purchase of brood horses and cattle 100, 344. 04

Public works:

Central office 60,113.68

Province 45,694.46

Expenditures by Captains of ports 75, 943. 96

Public works 383,710.77

Construction and repairs 1, 010, 046. 67

Light-houses 141, 362. 59

Public buildings 1,070.52

Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 18, 973. 01

Municipalities:

Administration 26, 040. 78

Instruction 3, 413, 184. 53

Sanitation " 2,856,912.48

Police 765,407.50

Hospitals and asylums 1, 042, 536. 71

Jails 1,266.46

Public buildings 19, 282. 60

Elections 12,722.03

Miscellaneous 99,122.75

Military department:

Barracks and quarters 455, 652. 60

Administration 193,530.80

Administration and Rural Guard 1, 071, 373. 22

Miscellaneous 12,462.67

Total 17,645,568.51

134

REPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

EXPENDITURES FROM JULY 1, 1901, TO MAY 19, 1902.

State and Government:

Central office $159

Hospitals and charities 580

jgllg __ 439

labile buildings! !!!!!!!! ZIZZZZZZZZZZZIZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZ!Z i,063

Secret service and secret police

Civil government 121

Census

Elections 118

Rural guard 863

Artillery corps 25

Justice:

Central office „ 58

Supreme court 137

Courts of province 675

Public buildings 1

Public instruction:

Central office 258

Universities and State schools 510

Public buildings 112

Finance:

Central office 174

Province 123

Postal service 383

Expenditures by collectors of customs 642

Other customs expenditures 144

Quarantine 191

Public buildings 26

Tariff commission 1

Consular funds

Treasurer's office 191

Auditor's office 127

Agriculture, industry, and commerce:

Central office 124

Province 36

Expositions 92

Brood horses and cattle 4

Public works:

Central office 63

Province 185

Public works 2

Construction and repairs 1, 311

Light-houses 160

Ports 2

Expenditures by captains of ports 62

Miscellaneous

Municipalities:

Administration 61

Police 99

Instruction 2, 760

Sanitation 2, 302

Hospitals and charities

Elections

Public buildiugs

Miscellaneous

Military department:

Barracks and quarters

Administration

Administration and rural guard
Miscellaneous

774
33
29
11

272

782
1
1

041.78
369.64
137. 41
747. 72
547. 77
480. 21

867. 50
325. 67
831.00
061.44

012.96
489. 19
681.79
125.58

647.90
029.23
050.76

250.75
180.34
531.34
522. 87
700.37
945.00
962. 38
067.50
17.94
212. 03
734. 94

881.67
743. 95
016. 19
167.89

171.80
353.50
421 . 36
596.70
747.20
839. 41
512.08
3.00

990.50
573.40
422.85
992.96

452. 51
136. 39
229.97
182. 95

743. 32
389.86
476.90
114.04

Total 16,309,733.41

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 135

EXPENDITURES DURING ENTIRE PERIOD OF AMERICAN ADMINISTRATION.

State and Government $2,780,781.16

Justice and public instruction 11, 108, 187. 46

Finance ^ 990, 586. 7 1

Customs service 2,912,326.06

Postal service 1,625,762.03

Quarantine 694,024.81

Census 380,393.44

Auditor 312,758.42

Treasurer •. 581,700.10

Rural guard and administration t 5, 253, 244. 58

Agriculture, industry, and commerce « 1, 121, 699. 28

Public buildings, works, ports, and harbors 5, 833, 607. 90

Jucaro and San Fernando Railroad 57, 338. 51

Barracks and quarters 2, 525, 483. 78

Charities and hospitals 4, 1 24, 986. 60

Sanitation 9, 706, 258. 20

Municipalities (other than charities and hospitals and sanitation) 4, 477, 177. 52

Miscellaneous 918, 714. 72

Total 55,405,031.28

Summary of revenues and expenditures in Cuba during American administration, from
July 18, 1898, to May 19, 1902, as certified by the Auditor for Cuba.

REVENUES.

July 18, 1898, to June 30, 1899:

Customs $7,228,460.60

Postal 151,585.40

Internal 347, 431. 89

Miscellaneous 234, 345. 66

$7, 961, 823. 55

Fiscal year 1900:

Customs 16,068,035.90

Postal 258,148.03

Internal 884,783,29

Miscellaneous 175, 308. 15

17,386,275.37

Fiscal year 1901 :

Customs 15,950,526.91

Postal 367,950.60

Internal 658,585.92

Miscellaneous 1 84, 003. 23

17,161,066.66

July 1, 1901, to May 19, 1902:

Customs 13,402,917.15

Postal 335,956.61

Internal 688, 58 1 . 67

Miscellaneous 260, 519. 79

14, 687, 975. 22

$57, 197, 140. 80

EXPENDITURES.

July 18, 1898, to June 30, 1899:

Customs 372, 732. 57

Postal 223,492.75

Other 5,192,118.57

5,788,343.89

Fiscal year 1900:

Customs 841 , 376. 59

Postal 494,539.09

Other 14,325,469.79

15, 661, 385. 47

« Includes expenditures for public works to June 30, 1900.

136 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Fiscal year 1901 :

Customs $910,993.66

Postal 524,198.85

Other 16,210,376.00

f 17, 645, 568. 51

July 1, 1901, to May 19, 1902:

Customs ~ 787,223.24

Postal 383,531.34

Other 15,138,978.83

16,309,733.41

$55, 405, 031. 28

Excess of revenues over expenditures 1, 792, 109. 52

STATEMENT.

In the summary of revenues and expenditures in Cuba during
American occupation the following figures appear, namely:

Revenues $57,197,140.80

Expenditures 55, 405, 031 . 28

Excess of revenues over expenditures 1 , 792, 109. 52

In order to analyze the balance in favor of the Government of Cuba
at the close of American administration in account with collectors,
disbursing officers, and others, it is necessary to state an account includ.
ing all fiscal transactions.

The consolidated balance sheet is as follows:

Debtor.

For excels of revenues over expenditures $1, 792, 109. 52

J^ost property charged to officers 278. 88

Funds deposited with the treasurer in excess of amount certified for

credit to depositors 21, 869. 96

Mines deposits 5, 841. 70

Trust funds:

Money-order funds $80, 900. 14

Charity funds 2, 786. 43

Sinking fund for Normal school purposes 3, 508. 30

Outstanding disbursing officers' checks 3, 338. 24

90,533.11

Total 1,910,633.17

Creditor.

By amount credited to officers for transfer of funds in excess of amount
charged 50,757.39

Amount of indebtedness canceled by authority of military governor
under provision of rule 34 498. 59

Suspense items 677. 16

In hands of treasurer 635, 170. 29

Balance outstanding in Santiago de Cuba from transactions in calendar
year 1898 6,917.67

Amount due by United States Government for overpayment by Gen-
eral Humphrey (since paid to the Republic of Cuba) 29, 836. 22

Net balance in the hands of collectors and disbursing officers 1, 186, 775. 85

Total 1,910,633.17

The foregoing balance sheet represents the condition of the general
account as far as audited to the close of business on May 19th. Such
items as remained unsettled at that time, as well as the accounts with
one or two officers remaining open to be thereafter disposed of, will
be reported in a supplementary statement.

APPENDIX G.

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
A PROCLAMATION.

Whereas, Many of the inhabitants of the Philippine Archipelago
were in insurrection against the authority and sovereignty of the King-
dom of Spain at divers times from August, eighteen hundred and
ninety-six, until the cession of the archipelago hy that Kingdom to the
United States of America, and since such cession many of the persons
so engaged in insurrection have until recently resisted the authority
and sovereignty of the United States; and

Whereas, The insurrection against the authority and sovereignty of
the United States is now at an end, and peace has been established in
all parts of the archipelago except in the country inhabited by the
Moro tribes, to which this proclamation does not apply; and

Whereas, During the course of the insurrection against the King-
dom of Spain and against the Government of the United States, per-
sons engaged therein, or those in sympathy with and abetting them,
committed many acts in violation of the laws of civilized warfare; but
it is believed that such acts were generally committed in ignorance of
those laws, and under orders issued by the civil or insurrectionary
leaders; and

Whereas, It is deemed to be wise and humane, in accordance with
the beneficent purposes of the Government of the United States towards
the Filipino people, and conducive to peace, order, and loyalty among
them, that the doers of such acts who have not already suffered pun-
ishment shall not be held criminally responsible, but shall be relieved
from punishment for participation in these insurrections and for
unlawful acts committed during the course thereof by a general
amnesty and pardon:

Now, therefore, be it known that I, Theodore Roosevelt, President
of the United States of America, by virtue of the power and authority
vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby proclaim and declare
without reservation or condition, except as hereinafter provided, a
full and complete pardon and amnesty to all persons in the Philippine
Archipelago who have participated in the insurrections aforesaid or
who have given aid and comfort to persons participating in said insur-

137

138 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

rections for the offenses of treason or sedition and for all offenses
political in their character committed in the course of such insurrec-
tions pursuant to orders issued by the civil or military insurrectionary
authorities, or which grew out of internal political feuds or dissen-
sions, between Filipinos and Spaniards, or the Spanish authorities, or
which resulted from internal political feuds or dissensions among the
Filipinos themselves during either of said insurrections;

Provided, luywever. That the pardon and amnesty hereby granted
shall not include such persons committing crimes since May first, nine-
teen hundred and two, in any province of the archipelago in which at
the time civil government was established, nor shall it include such
persons as have been heretofore finally convicted of the crimes of
murder, rape, arson, or robbery by any military or civil tribunal
organized under the authority of Spain, or of the United States of
America, but special application may be made to the proper authority
for pardon by any person belonging to the exempted classes and such
clemency as is consistent with humanity and justice will be liberally
extended; and

Further provided^ That this amnesty and pardon shall not affect the
title or right of the Government of the United States or that of the
Philippine Islands to any property or property rights heretofore used
or appropriated by the military or civil authorities of the Government
of the United States, or that of the Philippine Islands, organized under
authority of the United States by way of confiscation or otherwise;
and

Provided furtlier, That every person who shall seek to avail himself
of this proclamation shall take and subscribe the following oath before
any authority in the Philippine Archipelago authorized to administer
oaths, namely:

I, , solemnly swear (or affirm) that I recognize and accept the supreme

authority of the United States of America in the Philippine Islands and will main-
tain true faith and allegiance thereto; that I impose upon myself this obligation vol-
untarily without mental reservation or purpose of evasion. So help me God.

Given under my hand at the city of Washington this fourth day of
July, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and two, and
in the one hundred and twenty -seventh year of the Independence of
the United States.

Theodore Roosevelt.
By the President:
Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

APPENDIX D.

memorandum fob the secretary of war.

Headquarters of the Army,
Office of the Chief of Artillery,

Washington, November 15, 1902.
The individual reports of officers present during the operations
cover in detail all technical features of the maneuvers.

Upon receipt of a communication from the Chief of Artillery, dated
January 2, 1902, in which the opinion was expressed that combined
maneuvers between the Navy and coast artillery would prove a most
effective means of preparing the latter in time of peace for war, the
Secretary of War, on January 9, extended an invitation to the Secre-
tary of the Navy to participate during the coming summer in such
maneuvers. This invitation was accepted by the latter on January 12,
and the following problem was drafted by the Chief of Artillery:

GENERAL IDEA.

Anticipating the declaration of hostilities, a strong Red fleet (without torpedo
boats) determines to make a sudden dash upon Newport, or the eastern entrance
of Long Island Sound to secure a naval base, taking advantage of the absence of a
declaration of war to find the Blue land forces somewhat unprepared.

SPECIAL IDEA.

In undertaking these operations the controlling idea should be to test the training
of the personnel and the efficiency of the material, and it is of paramount importance
that this idea should not be lost sight of.

1. All the forte in the artillery district of Narragansett (Fort Rodman, Fort Adams,
Fort Wetherill, and Fort Greble), and in the artillery district of New London (Fort
Mansfield, Fort Wright, Fort Michie, and Fort Terry), will be mobilized on a war
basis, allowing two reliefs of artillerymen.

2. The period of maneuvers should last eight days and be divided into two distinct
phases:

(a) Period of preparation — two days and two nights.

(b) Period of hostility — six days and six nights.

3. It is desirable that the attack or feints should be made all along the line. so as
to test the efficiency of each part of the line, rather than to have one main attack
upon some prominent point, thereby allowing the enthusiasm and interest at other
places to wane by a feeling of fancied security.

4. The attacks by the fleet should embrace a day attack and a night attack, and, if
possible, a bombardment and forcing of a passage.

5. This coup being made before a declaration of war, the Red Fleet should be jus-
tified in assuming that all passages are not mined.

6. In the report of the Endicott Board on the System of Coast Defenses considera-
tion has been given to the defenses of the various ports of the United States by means

139

140 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

of the cooperation of divisions of torpedo boats. This board allotted to Narragansett
Bay 6 and to New London 13 torpedo boats. No system of defense combining these
has ever been attempted, so far as known.

A certain number of torpedo boats should act in conjunction with the fixed defenses,
and, if possible, the Holland, and any other submarines available, would be particu-
larly desirable.

7. During the period of hostilities the conditions are to approach those of war as
closely as possible.

The artillery, having had little or no opportunity to become familiar
with naval tactics, labored under great disadvantages. A number of
fortifications had never before been manned, and at several points the
Ordnance Department found it necessary to continue work on guns
and carriages until the beginning of operations. The Navy may be
said to be always on a war footing so far as its available ships are con-
cerned. Its officers are familiar with our coast and fortifications, and
at its war college at Newport, R. L, had fully discussed all the ques-
tions involved in the maneuvers, and had made a thorough study of
the situation.

The Coast Artillery should be equally well prepared; for when the
critical time conies, it must act on very short notice. The naval forces,
having had the benefit of the practical experience resulting from the
war with Spain, were in a great measure prepared for the work
required of them; the Artillery during this war had only the expe-
rience of preparing as far as practicable for an attack which never
occurred.

The theater of the operations was confined to the artillery districts
of Narragansett and New London, and, in addition to the regular
companies of Coast Artillery stationed permanently or temporarily in
these districts (practically sufficient for two reliefs for each gun), the
First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, two companies of Connecticut
Heavy Artillery, the Naval Reserve of New York, Connecticut, Rhode
Island, and Massachusetts also took part in the maneuvers. It is
greatly regretted that the Thirteenth Regiment, Heavy Artillery,
National Guard of New York, owing to lack of State appropriations,
was unable to participate.

The many obstacles encountered by the various officers of the line
and staff were surmounted by cordial cooperation and earnestness of
purpose, and it is the opinion of all officers who participated in the
maneuvers that the benefit derived from them can not be overesti-
mated, and that the practical experience gained will exert its influence
for years to come. The maneuvers were in the nature of a school of
instruction for about one-fourth of the total strength of the Artillery
Corps. No better method of imparting technical instruction could
possibly be devised. It afforded the recent volunteer appointees a
practical illustration of the requirements of modern artillery, and
many rules of discipline, command, and administration, which before

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 141

had appeared vague and unsatisfactory, were practically exemplified.
The artillery was given an opportunity to test not only its own sys-
tem, methods, and theories of fire direction and control, but also the
material furnished by the various supply departments, such as search-
lights, cables for telegraph, telephones, and searchlights, installed by
the Engineer Department; ammunition and electrical tiring gear for
the large-caliber guns and mortars, supplied by the Ordnance Depart-
ment, and telephones, telautographs, and other communications
installed by the Signal Corps, which laid and maintained line* for impro-
vised horizontal base systems of range finding, and had charge of the
service of security and information beyond the limits of the military
reservation, involving the use of telegraph stations on patrol boats
and on shore, balloons, rockets, etc.

The tests of personnel and materiel were perhaps even more severe
than would result from actual war, and it is probable that the officers
and men on dutv in the two districts concerned saw more active serv-
ice "during the maneuvers than they would have done under actual
conditions of war, as attacks would probably be made at a few prede-
termined points along our coast, and the commands at the majority of
the posts would have, no opportunity to oppose a hostile fleet. While,
in time of war a particular fortification might come into action for a
brief period only, it must be remembered that the enemy's fleet has
the choice of objective, and in order that the artillery may be ready
at the critical moment to defend any part of the coast which may be
attacked, it is essential that it should be fully equipped at all points in
materiel, men, organization, training, and practical experience.

To bring about such a condition years of earnest and unremitting
effort will be required. It is a dangerous theory that the expenditure
of an unlimited amount of money, when an emergency arises, will be
effective in the prevention of war. It will require regular and ample
appropriations to keep the Coast Artillery prepared to subserve the
purpose for which it is intended, and time is absolutely essential to
perfect its organization and equipment.

The expense incident to the maneuvers has unquestionably been
justified by the benefits which have accrued to the country at large,
for as a result of the experience gained many improvements have been
and are still being made in the training of the personnel, and also in
much of the material which is furnished by the several staff departments.

Believing that the Navy and artillery will derive valuable strategical,
tactical, and technical lessons from the maneuvers, it is recommended
that they be of annual occurrence, a different locality being selected
each year.

Wallace F. Randolph,

Chief of Artillery.

APPENDIX £.

Headquarters Department of the East,

Gvvem/rrs hiand, New York City, October 7, 1902.

Sir: In conclusion of the maneuvers recently held in this depart-
ment, in which the Navy and Army participated, full reports are
respectfully inclosed herewith, in which will be found the views of
the various officers charged with responsible duties in the premises,
which are of the highest professional importance, and as such are
most earnestly commended to the very careful consideration of the
Department. As much of the material contained in these valuable
reports is essentially technical, and all of it more or less confidential,
it is submitted with only a few remarks in respect of such matters as
seem to be of general interest and properly admit of public discussion.

A memorandum is respectfully attached hereto, in which is embodied
a brief reference to the manner in which the maneuvers originated, the
necessary preliminary action at these headquarters in organizing the
same, and a record of events incidental to the execution thereof.

One of the most notable features of the maneuvers was the gravity,
professional zeal, and dignity which characterized the deportment of
all concerned, which was exceedingly gratifying, as in peace training
of this kind it frequently happens that it is not easy to warm the fancy
or hold the serious attention of the participating parties, because of
the difficulties attending any attempt to present by simulation a truth-
ful imitation of actual war. Although it was apparent that reciprocal
hostile action, which molds the events of a real campaign, was absent,
it was also very obvious that the fresh and novel situations which arose
from bringing ships against forts afforded a considerable scope for
decision and ingenuity, and for the manifestation of intelligence, vigor,
judgment, and composure in very much the same manner as would
have occurred in regular field operations. It is therefore a great
pleasure to report to the Department the complete professional suc-
cess of the maneuvers, together with a suggestive recommendation in
behalf of an annual repetition thereof until the entire system of our
coast defense has been subjected to a similar test.

As preliminary to the general discussion it may be said that the
United States in all warlike emergencies can rely with absolute cer-
tainty upon everything possible of accomplishment, by reason of the

143

144 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

voluntary efforts of a practically inexhaustible number of courageous,
self-respecting men, and may rely also upon everything that can be
quickly produced by the employment of an unlimited supply of
money. These indispensable elements of military power must always
be a matter of great comfort to the nation, but in the complacent con-
templation thereof it must not be forgotten that the enthusiasm of the
whole nation, supplemented by billions of wealth, can not create on
the instant anything in the production of which time is the essential
element.

The fortification work of the Engineer Corps and the Ordnance
Department embraced within the limits of the maneuver districts can
not be too highly commended. The gun emplacements, both in loca-
tion and construction, are admirable, and the guns, mortars, and car-
riages installed therein are splendidly adapted to the purposes of an
artillery defense. In the several particulars referred to — that is to
say, forts, guns, mortars, and carriages — such perfect types have been
evolved as to justify a declaration to the effect that construction in
these instances can go forward without any consideration of the pos-
sibility of either becoming obsolete within any reasonable time. Minor
defects have been known to exist for some time in the great plant
involved, more small defects have been brought to light by these
maneuvers, further experience will undoubtedly reveal others; but
speaking in broad terms of this great national question of coast defense,
it may be said that everything relating to emplacements and guns has
long since passed the experimental stage, in the light of which fact,
and having reference to the preceding formula in respect of time as
an incident of constructive work, the primary conclusion which is sug-
gested by the maneuvers is to the effect that all projected coast-defense
works be hurried to completion as quickly as possible.

The maneuver field embraced only the Narragausett and New Lon-
don artillery districts; that is to say, nine posts on the Atlantic coast
of the United States, the entire defense of which is composed of forty-
five posts. The difficulties attending the mobilizing of these posts in
consequence of necessary removal thereto from other districts of pretty
nearly all the portable appurtenances appertaining to our entire Atlan-
tic coast defense, carry an impressive, and, if properly accepted, one
of the most instructive, lessons of the maneuvers.

Although the subject is one of great concern, it is not regarded as
of confidential significance, as it simply means inadequate money appro-
priations and not any inherent weakness in the nation itself. As the
only possible way of obtaining amendment of the military policy,
under which such insufficient results are reached, lies in open and
intelligent discussion, it is desired in this report to set forth the vast
public interest jeopardized, in the hope of securing something like
adequate recognition thereof.

BEPOBT OF THE 8E0BETABY OF WAB. 145

Referring to what has previously been said in respect of the excel-
lence of emplacements and guns, a further declaration is made with
great emphasis to the effect that when all projected works are com-
pleted and armed the coast line of the United States will be practi-
cally impregnable against any hostile attack, provided the guns can
be properly manned and the fire action thereof can be developed to
the full limit of its useful effect.

Considering all the elements that enter into the transaction, even
the ordinary practice fire of a high-power gun is an event of national
importance. In war there is absolutely no margin for a high-power
coast-defense gun missing. To be effective to the end in view nearly
every shot must be a hit. Such a condition of utility does not at pres-
ent exist, but fortunately it is a scientific possibility which can readily
be made an actual fact by the simple process of affording necessary
facilities for proper artillery training and providing an adequate
instrumental equipment, together with a qualified personnel to manipu-
late the same.

An old time fort, with its numerous guns, was capable of almost
continuous fire, such as it was, and when employed against sailing
ships had a considerable chance of hitting, because of the numerous
shots fired and of the long exposure of the ships. Instead of the
broadside effects of the old forts, a modern work has only a few high-
power guns, in which are concentrated an enormous weight of metal,
from which can be delivered only a comparatively few projectiles at
ships moving at full speed under steam. Although the accuracy, as
well as the range, of guns has been immensely increased, the chance
of hitting, by reason of the relatively small number of shots that can
be fired, has greatly diminished, unless each shot can be delivered
from a gun laid with scientific precision, which will be possible only
under a perfect system of fire control. As such a system does not
exist, and its creation must be preceded by laborious experimental
investigation, it is apparent that time is the important consideration
in working out the problem. In other words, a useful system of artil-
lery fire control is one of the elements of military power that can not
be extemporized, and should accordingly be developed and perfected
regardless of expense in advance of any emergency; and in this con-
nection it is asserted with all confidence that the accomplished officers
who have these matters in charge will in a few years be able to
announce a satisfactory solution, if the facilities to carry on the prac-
tical work are furnished.

Secondary conclusions are therefore suggested by the maneuvers
to the following effect:

(1) That all necessary equipment to make each work an independent,
autonomous fighting unit be installed therein at once, having special
reference to the system of fire control, in which it is intended to include

wab 1903— vol 1 10

146 EEPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF WAS.

searchlights, together with all the steam and electrical power essential
thereto.

(2) The ordinary enlisted personnel of an artillery company is in
every way capable of performing all necessary services in the bat-
teries, but it can not furnish qualified men to maintain and operate the
scientific instruments and the complex electric appliances appertaining
to fire control. For this purpose a corps of artillery experts is neces-
sary, to embrace steam engineers, machinists, and electricians. Such
a corps could readily be organized by expanding the detachment of post
electrician sergeants to 400 men, changing the name, and classifying
the men in three grades, the highest of which to receive not less than
$75 per month, and the intermediate grade $50 per month. As this
corps is intended absolutely for coast-artillery work, it should be
made an integral part of the artillery arm, the men of which to be
assigned as directed by the Secretary of War. The instruction of
these men could be accomplished as set forth in the discussion under
the head of the School of Submarine Defense. The elaboration of this
suggestion is not attempted, as it would require too much space. The
subject, however, is regarded as of the very highest importance, and a
further memorandum in the premises will gladly be submitted if the
Department regards the matter of sufficient importance to continue
investigation further.

(3) For the purpose of experimental investigation, necessary to the
evolution of a satisfactory fire control system, the supply of full-
service charges of ammunition for practice firing at moving targets to
be quadrupled for five years.

The artillery arm of the regular establishment is numerically strong
enough to furnish hardly one-fifth of the force necessary to fully man
all the coast defenses on a war footing. An emergency call for
mobilization would undoubtedly be responded to by a large number
of zealous but absolutely untrained men, destitute of everything
excepting a patriotic desire to do something valuable in behalf of the
Republic.

The formation of an artillery reserve, therefore, composed of men
having some knowledge of the coast service, is a problem of national
concern. As time is one of the essential elements thereof, the expe-
diency is suggested of stimulating the self-interest of States in which
seacoast defenses are located, as the militia thereof would make the
very best artillery reserve possible. If the various coast States could
be induced to regard the problem somewhat in the nature of a local
issue, a scheme could easily be worked out whereby all of their militia
organizations could have annual training in the batteries at compara-
tively small expense to either the States or the nation. In several
instances State organizations have been designated for this duty, which
only emphasizes the fact that all State troops contiguous to sea forts

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 147

should receive training of this kind, as in case of emergency the entire
body of militia contiguous thereto would hardly be more than half
enough to raise the garrisons to a war footing.

The foregoing remarks and the admirable service rendered by the
Massachusetts regiment and the coast artillery companies of Connect-
icut in the recent maneuvers suggest a third important conclusion as
the result thereof, to the effect that the States of interest be invited
to confer with the War Department with a view to the formulation of
practical methods whereby this important training may be imparted
to the largest number of men possible.

A line of coast defense is very sensitive, as the isolated forts are
open to surprise and flank attacks by means of landing parties from a
hostile fleet. To overcome these dangers such a line must be strongly
supported by mobile land forces. This important work in the United
States must be performed almost exclusively by volunteers, an unfail-
ing reliance beyond all question, if the men can be properly armed and
equipped as rapidly as they can be enlisted. Under the impulse of
national necessity innumerable thousands of men can be brought
together in a few hours, but to make arms and necessary equipments
for them is the work of time.

Looking, then, to the tranquillity and self-respect of the nation, and
considering the matter in the light of our own experience, the true
maxim of safety and of wisdom would seem to suggest keeping in store
all necessary supplies which, when the nation must be transferred to
a war footing, can not be readily procured — that is to say, can not be
produced fast enough after the need for them makes itself felt.

A fourth and most important conclusion is therefore reached as the
result of the maneuvers, to the effect that a reserve supply of small
arms, ammunition, and essential equipments, sufficient to insure ade-
quate land support for the coast-defense line, by the voluntary organi-
zation of the contiguous populations, be placed in arsenals of supply,
dedicated exclusively to this purpose, and this purpose only, with a
view to a minimum organization of not less than 150,000 men.

The importance of submarine devices as an element of coast defense
was emphasized more by what was not done than what was actually
accomplished thereby during the maneuvers. The time factor, how-
ever, in producing an efficient service was manifested as strongly in
this instance perhaps as any other, and suggests some very important
generalizations in these premises. The absence of mines in several
places greatly weakened the artillery defense, and permitted very bril-
liant naval action which would have been impossible in mined and
obstructed waters. The reason mine fields were not employed more
extensively was simply because of want of facilities to do the work
quickly.

148 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

The recent transfer of submarine defense to artillery has unified and
simplified, and thereby immensely strengthened, our system of coast
defense; and, now that the proper principle has been established, all
that remains to be done is to carry the organization forward as rapidly
as possible to a fair degree of perfection through the building up and
evolution of the School of Submarine Defense at Fort Totten. This
institution is subserving a most important function, and can not be
treated with too much generosity. In addition to the general scope
of the school, as indicated by its name, most important instruction is
imparted to a class of candidates for appointment as post electrician
sergeants; and it is the expansion of this submarine school of elec-
tricity for enlisted men that was referred to in suggesting a means of
training the corps of experts, the organization of which was recom-
mended in No. 2 of "secondary conclusions" submitted herewith.

A fifth conclusion, therefore, arising from the maneuvres is to the
effect that the School of Submarine Defense at Fort Totten be magni-
fied in every way expedient, and the reconstruction of the post to
meet all the demands of such an institution be expedited as rapidly as
possible.

The organization of the service of information was exceedingly
satisfactory in every particular, and was an agreeable indication of
what may be expected and what will undoubtedly be accomplished
in actual war when the unlimited resources of the country are applied
by such a thoroughly efficient organization as the Signal Corps of the
Army. In this connection especial attention is invited to the reports
which describe the experimental employment of wireless telegraphy,
the success of which in this instance suggests the expediency of further
practical investigation, which, perhaps, would be more readily accom-
plished by the Navy than by the Army, as the most favorable field for
such work is afloat rather than on shore.

It is a matter of regret that this report is so largely devoted to
representations in behalf of increased military expenditures — a policy
especially distasteful to a self-governing people who impose their own
taxes. In support of the contention, however, that the necessity for
such a policy is not entirely the result of military vagaries, reference
is respectfully made to the views of an eminent philosophical writer
who investigated the subject of national defense more than a century
ago, and who, in effect, declared that in ancient times the opulent and
civilized found it difficult to defend themselves against the poor, and
barbarous nations; whereas in modern times, by reason of the great
expense attending military organization, the poor and barbarous find
it impossible to defend themselves against the opulent and civilized.

By free interpretation of ideas this may be accepted the same as a
declaration to the effect that a nation that has money and won't spend
it for proper purposes of national defense is in precisely the same

BEPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 149

position in this particular as though it did not have it. In other
words, if our seacoast defenses, by reason of inadequate appropria-
tions, are not organized, manned, and equipped so as to insure
abundant protection, it may happen as the result of possibilities well
within the scope of the near future that we shall, as a nation, have to
accept all the consequences that would naturally arise from national
poverty.

Very respectfully, Arthur MacArthur,

Mayor- General, Commanding.
The Adjutant-General, U. S. Army,

Wo8hi?igton, D. C.

APPENDIX P.

General Orders, ) Headquarters of the Army,

> Adjutant-General's Office,

No. 85. ) Washington, July 23, 1902.

The following has been received from the War Department and is
published for the information and guidance of all concerned:

War Department, Washington, July 22, 1902.
To the Officers of the Army:

With the reduction of the Philippine force and the withdrawal from Cuba the
Army is called upon to resume its most important work in time of peace — the work
of perfecting itself in military science and skill, and of promoting the preparation of
the United States against future wars. I wish to call your attention to the conditions
which now require especial effort and zeal on your part in the performance of this
duty.

Since the declaration of war with Spain in April, 1898, there have been appointed
in the line of the Army 1,542 lieutenants, in addition to 276 appointed from the
Military Academy. Of these 616 were appointed from officers of volunteers under
the act of February 2, 1901, 414 were appointed from the enlisted men of the Regu-
lar and Volunteer armies, and 512 were appointed from civil life.

The abandonment of the military schools for commissioned officers, which followed

the employment of the entire Army in active military operations, has left these 1,542

new lieutenants substantially without any means of acquiring a systematic military

education. While many of the former officers of volunteers have acquired the most

valuable experience by active service in the field, yet it is of great importance to

them as well as to the untrained appointees from civil life and from the ranks that

they shall have an opportunity for broad and thorough training, both practical and

theoretical, under the competent masters in the art of war whom our Army is able

to supply.
Congress has now with wise liberality made provision for the reopening of the

army schools, has given its sanction to the general system of military education
embodied in the General Orders of November 27 last, including the enlargement and
development of the Fort Leavenworth school into a General Service and Staff Col-
lege, the establishment of the War College at Washington, with suitable buildings,
and the rebuilding of the Engineer School, and has made ample appropriation for
these purposes.

Every effort will be made by the War College Board, which has general supervi-
sion and charge of the whole system, to bring its advantages to the new officers of
the Army as speedily as possible and to organize officers' schools at all the consider-
able posts without delay. I ask for hearty and effective cooperation with them on
the part of every officer of the Army. There are 1,452 graduates of the Military
Academy now holding commissions. They especially have an opportunity to demon-
strate their loyalty to the principles of that institution by helping to diffuse through-
out the service the benefits which have come to them from their four years of hard
study.

161

152 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

The newly-appointed officers should realize that there is much to be learned, ana
that the way to qualify themselves for the high and independent command for which
they should all hope is by constant intellectual exercise and by systematic study of
the reasons of military action and the materials and conditions and difficulties with
which military commanders have to deal.

Careful attention to the instruction of the newly appointed officers is enjoined
upon all regimental, troop, battery, and company commanders. They should be
impressed with the importance of the faithful performance of every duty, however
unimportant it may appear to them, and with their responsibility for such conduct
and bearing in all their relations as shall do honor to the service.

Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

By command of Lieutenant-General Miles:

H. C. Corbin,
Adjutant- General, Major- General, U. S. Army.

APPENDIX G.

regulations and programme of instruction of the general service

and staff college, fort leavenworth, kans.

General Orders, ) Headquarters of the Army,

> Adjutant-General's Office,

No- 89. ) Washington, August 1, 1902.

The accompanying regulations and programme of instruction for
the government of the General Service and Staff College at Fort
Leavenworth, Kans., are published for the information and guidance
of all concerned.

By command of Lieutenant-General Miles:

Wm. H. Carter,
Brigadier- General, U. S. Army,

Acting Adjutant- Genei%aL

REGULATIONS OF THE GENERAL .SERVICE AND STAFF COLLEGE.
OFFICIAL DESIGNATION, -ORGANIZATION, AND ADMINISTRATION.

1. The college is officially designated the General Service and Staff
College.

2. The commanding officer of the post of Fort Leavenworth, Kans.,
shall be the commandant of the college.

3. The senior officer on duty with the college, pursuant to orders
from the War Department, shall be the assistant commandant of the
college.

4. The staff of the college shall consist of the assistant commandant
and the instructors in charge of departments. A majority thereof
shall constitute a quorum for business. All deliberations, discussions,
and individual votes of the staff are to be regarded as confidential.

5. There shall be a secretary of the college, appointed by the com-
mandant.

6. The instructors shall be assisted by such number of assistant
instructors, designated by the commandant, as may be required.

7. When practicable, the instructors and assistant instructors shall
be senior in rank to the officers of the student class; but when officers
assigned as instructors or assistant instructors are junior in rank to

163

154 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

officers of the student class, they shall, in the execution of such duty,
be respected accordingly.

8. The instructors and assistant instructors shall, as far as practi-
cable in the judgment of the commandant, be exempt from all duties
which would interfere with the performance of duty as instructors or
assistant instructors.

9. The officers and the enlisted force and equipment of the several
organizations on duty at the post shall be available for the practical
instruction of officers of the student class in field operations and drill
regulations at such times as may be determined by the commandant.

10. The officers designated as members of the student class shall be
detailed in orders from the War Department. As soon as a list of the
officers so selected has been furnished to the commandant of the col-
lege he shall cause the programme of instruction and the list of author-
ized text-books to be sent to them.

DISCIPLINE.

11. The college shall be governed by the rules of discipline pre-
scribed for military posts and by the regulations of the college. In
matters pertaining to the college and the course of instruction it shall
be exclusively subject to the control of the War College Board.

COMMANDANT OF THE COLLEGE.

12. The commandant shall from time to time apply to the War
Department for the detail of officers for duty at the college, and from
them he shall assign the assistant commandant, the instructors, the
assistant instructors, and the secretary.

13. The commandant shall make application to the War Department
for such articles of engineer, ordnance, and signal property as may be
necessary.

14. The commandant shall make annual report to the Adjutant-
General of the Army of the progress and wants of the college after
each yearly examination.

15. The commandant is authorized to order the expenditure of such
quantity of ammunition for field guns, machine guns, and small arms
as he may deem necessary for proper instruction.

ASSISTANT COMMANDANT OF THE COLLEGE.

16. The assistant commandant shall preside at the meetings of the
staff in the absence of the commandant.

17. The assistant commandant shall inspect the methods of instruc-
tion in the several departments and shall frequently visit the section
rooms during recitations or lectures. He shall make report-in writing

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP WAR. 155

to the secretary of the college from time to time for the information
of the commandant. If occasion should arise, he will make immediate
report.

THE SECRETARY OF THE COLLEGE.

18. The secretary shall be the custodian of the records. He is
responsible for the college fund and for all property purchased
therefrom.

19. All official correspondence relating to the college from mem-
bers thereof shall be addressed to the secretary.

DEPARTMENTS.

20. The course of instruction shall be embraced in four departments,
as follows:

First. Department of tactics.

Second. Department of engineering.

Third. Department of law.

Fourth. Department of military sanitation and hygiene.

The instructors assigned by the commandant shall have charge of
these departments respectively. The chief medical officer at the post
shall have charge of the department of military sanitation and
hygiene.

21. The departments shall include the courses of study as follows:
Department of tactics: The courses of tactics and minor tactics,

organization of armies, field exercises with and without troops, hip-
pology, equitation, small-arms tiring regulations, lectures on the prin-
ciples of strategy, and drill regulations of the different arms.

Department of engineering: The courses of military topography
and sketching, field fortification , and field engineering.

Department of law: The courses of law and military administration.

Department of military sanitation and hygiene: The course of
military sanitation and hygiene.

INSTRUCTION.

22: The course of instruction shall be as provided for in the pro-
gramme of instruction, covering one year consisting of two terms.

23. The first term's course shall begin on the 1st of September,
unless that date fall on Saturday or Sunday, in which case the course
shall begin on the following Monday. It shall end on the 21st of
December, concluding with the semiannual examinations.

The second term's course shall embrace the period from the 4th day
of January to the 30th day of June following, concluding with the
final examinations.

156 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

24. The month of July following the final examinations shall be
devoted to such practical exercises in the field as may be ordered by
the commandant.

25. Recitations, including exercises in application, shall be held
daily excepting Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays. The period from
December 22 to January 4, both dates inclusive, shall also be excepted.

At stated intervals, to be determined by the commandant, during
the course of instruction in each department, theses shall be prepared
by the student officers in addition to their regular class-room work.
The subjects shall be assigned by the respective instructors with the
approval of the commandant. They shall be germane to the subject
under instruction and shall be such as will not involve unreasonable
labor in preparation. In determining the merit of such work, stress
shall be laid, not merely upon soundness of conclusions, but also upon
combined clearness and terseness of statement and of reasoning. The
aim shall be to make them models of military memoranda, as complete
and in as few words as will clearly express the ideas.

26. All student officers shall be embraced in one class, which shall
be divided into sections of convenient size and adaptation.

27. Record shall be kept of all recitations and exercises, and weekly
report of the same shall be made through the instructors to the
commandant.

28. Recitations shall be classified as " satisfactory " or u unsatis-
factory." Each unsatisfactory recitation shall be at once reported to
the commandant, who will require an explanation in writing from the
officer reported.

29. The study of text-books and recitations therefrom shall be
supplemented by lectures and exercises in applications. Recitations
shall not as a rule exceed one hour for each section, but this time
limitation shall not apply to practical exercises.

30. The allotment of time for instruction in each department shall
be fixed upon the recommendation of the staff, approved by the com-
mandant. Each instructor shall devote to practical instruction as
much as possible of the time allotted to his department.

31. Instructors and assistant instructors shall report in writing, on
the day of occurrence, all student officers late or absent from recita-
tion or exercise, or neglecting to make proper preparation for the same.

EXAMINATIONS.

32. Examinations shall be held in the months of December and June.

33. All examinations shall be written and shall be conducted under
the supervision of the staff.

34. When any subject upon which a student is to be graded is
weighted, its value shall be announced before the examination work is
begun.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 157

35. The instructor and his assistants in any one department shall
assign to the student a mark on his examination papers, the marking
varying between "0," for a complete failure, and "3," for a perfect
paper. The average of the marks given by the instructor and his
assistants shall constitute the examination mark in their department.
The instructor shall then submit to the Commandant lists of the
students under his instruction, arranged in order of merit by marks
received (a) in examination and (b) in practical exercises which have
been held during the previous .term.

36. In determining the order of merit in any subject, due credit
shall be given for problems, maps, and results of practical work per-
taining to such subject and required of student officers during the
course of instruction.

37. All members of the class shall be given identical questions and
required to draw the same maps and diagrams in examination. In the
case of an officer not examined with his class owing to sickness or
other cause, he shall be examined as soon as practicable after his return
to duty. For this examination the topics and questions shall be similar
to, but not identical with, those given in the general examination.

38. The examination papers, maps, problems, etc., with such excep-
tions as the staff may designate, shall, after action by the staff, be
tiled with the records of the college.

39. To assist in fixing the relative proficiency of officers, the
instructor in the department of tactics and his assistants, shall note
the manner in which students perform their duties in all military exer-
cises. The ability to impart instruction, to command, to see what is
required, and the soldierly bearing of an officer — all shall bo con-
sidered in marking, according to the rule prescribed for examination.

40. The maximum values assigned to the different departments in
ascertaining the figure of merit shall be as follows:

Department of tactics (350):

Practical work 175

Theoretical work 175

Department of engineering (300) :

Practical work 150

Theoretical work 150

Department of law 100

Department of military sanitation and hygiene 50

41. For record at the college and at the War Department, the class
upon graduation shall be arranged in order of merit, special proficiency
in any subject to be noted; but publication of the class standing shall
be limited to an alphabetical arrangement in two grades, viz:

(1) Distinguished.

(2) Proficient.

In determining the order of merit the marks received upon original
examination shall be considered.

158 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

42. Relative standing in the theory of the different subjects taught
in each department shall be based solely upon the examinations, but
all practical-work marks shall be considered in determining the order
of merit as contemplated in paragraph 41, as well as in deciding upon
the proficiency or deficiency of an officer at the close of each term.

43. An officer failing to pass a satisfactory examination in any sub-
ject (by which shall be understood the attainment of 70 per cent of the
maximum in the examination, as well as 70 per cent of the maximum
in the practical work of the previous half year) shall be reexamined
either in theory, in practice, or in both, at the discretion of the staff
of the college after such equitable time as may be fixed by it, and, if
then declared deficient, he shall be specially reported to the War
Department, with a statement by the commandant as to the cause of
failure as determined by the staff, and with a view to his being returned
to his regiment: Provided^ That if the deficiency occur at the semi-
annual examination the officer may be conditioned by the staff until
the final examination, at which he shall be examined on the whole
year's course of that subject in which the deficiency occurred.

44. The commandant shall forward to the War Department a report
of the final action of the staff at each examination.

GRADUATION.

45. The staff shall note the names of the students who may have
shown marked proficiency in any branch, and shall state the profes-
sional employments for which any of them appear to be specially qual-
ified. The staff shall also note the names of officers of the distinguished
grade, if any, not to exceed five, to be borne upon the Army Register
as '" honor graduates."

46. Officers who pass successfully through the entire course of
instruction shall receive a diploma setting forth their proficiency.
This diploma shall be signed by the commandant, the assistant com-
mandant, and the staff.

47. When an officer has graduated in the distinguished class, that
fact, with a transcript from the records of the college, setting forth
the branches in which he has been especially distinguished and the
recommendations given in his case by the staff of the college, shall be
communicated to the colonel of his regiment, who shall publish the
same in a regimental order.

MISCELLANEOUS.

48. Disbursements of the funds shall be made only upon the written
order of the commandant, and vouchers shall be taken for all expendi-
tures, one copy of which shall be filed with the college records.

49. The college library, consisting for the most part of professional
books, maps, and scientific periodicals, shall be maintained separate

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 159

and apart from the post library and for the convenience and improve-
ment of officers.

50. In case of loss or damage to any book, periodical, map, or other
property belonging to the college, the person responsible for such loss
or damage shall make the same good by the payment of the amount of
the damage or actual cost of the article lost or destroyed. The dam-
age shall be assessed by the secretary of the college, whose action,
when approved by the commandant, shall be final.

51. The authorized text-books and books of reference shall be selected
upon the recommendation of the staff of the college and with approval
of the commandant, but instructors and assistant instructors shall,
when required to do so, prepare essays on the subject-matter of their
courses of instruction, which, when recommended by the staff and
approved by the commandant, shall become authorized text-books and
be printed at the college.

52. Student officers shall be required to purchase their text-books.

53. Instructors and assistant instructors shall submit to the college
staff, immediately after the final examination, any suggestions or rec-
ommendations they may have with regard to the course of instruction
and the text-books used in their respective departments.

PROGRAMME OF INSTRUCTION.

DEPARTMENT OF TACTICS.

Programme of the Course in Tactics.

The course in tactics is divided into ten parts and embraces lessons,
lectures, and practical exercises with and without troops.

Part I. — Infantry drill regulations.

II. — Small arms firing regulations, supplemented by lectures on fire discipline.
III. — Cavalry drill regulations.
IV. — Equitation and hippology.
V. — Demonstrations of field artillery.
VI. — Manual of guard duty.
VII. — Troops in campaign.
VIII. — Security and information.
IX. — Organization and tactics.
X. — Practical work in the study and application of the principles of minor
tactics.

Detailed Programme of Studies.

Part I. — Infantry drill regulations.

(a) theoretical.

Definitions; signals; general principles; school of the soldier; school
of the company; school of the battalion; evolutions of the regiment;
the brigade; the division; the squad; fire discipline; instruction on

160 REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

varied ground; the platoon; the company; the battalion; the regi-
ment; the brigade in battle; the division in battle; marches; camping;
ceremonies.

(6) PRACTICAL.

Exercises in command of the squad, platoon, company, and battal-
ion at drills and battle formations.

Part II. — Small arms firing regulations.

(a) Preliminary drills and exercises; sighting drills; position and
aiming drills; gallery practice.

(b) Range practice; suggestions to riflemen; skirmish practice; field
practice.

(d) The effects of fire; dangerous space; defiladed space; employ-
ment of fire in action.

(e) Estimation of distances.

(f) Revolver practice.

Recitations in this subject are to be supplemented by lectures on
modern developments in small arms with reference to caliber, ammu-
nition, and systems of loading, and lectures on ammunition supply.

Part III. — Cavalry drill regulations,
(a) theoretical.

Definitions; signals; general principles; school of the soldier; school
of the trooper; the troop; the squadron; the regiment; the brigade;
employment of cavalry; marches; camping; stable duty; ceremonies;
cavalry horses (instruction, care of, and shoeing); packing.

(b) practical.

Exercises in command of the squad, platoon, troop, and squadron
at drills and battle formations; exercises in packing.

Part IV. — Equitation and hippology.

(a) THEORETICAL.

The cavalry horse; age of horses; endurance of horses; framework
of the horse mechanically considered; gaits of the horse; bits; bitting
and training; saddles; cavalry saddles and packs; seats; forage; sta-
ble management; diseases and injuries.

Lecture on the description of the horse.

Lectures on conformation.

Lectures by veterinary surgeon on the bony framework of the
horse, muscles, ligaments, and tendons; the foot; the teeth; diseases;
the digestive system; soundness.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 161

(b) PRACTICAL.

Exercises in determining the age of horses. Exercises in examina-
tion for soundness. Exercises in judging conformation. Stable man-
agement and horseshoeing. Riding lessons.

Part V. — Demonstrations of field artillery.

The course consists of demonstrations on the manual of field and
machine guns; mechanical maneuvers of field pieces; ammunition;
marches; pointing and ranges, and the employment of United States
field artillery in field service and battle.

Part VI. — Manual of guard duty.

(a) THEORETICAL.

Rosters; commanding officer; officer of the day; commander of the
guard; sergeant of the guard; corporal of the guard; musicians of
the guard; orderly for the commanding officer; privates of the guard;
orders for sentinels on post; orders for all sentinels except those at the
post of the guard; orders for sentinels at the post of the guard; com-
pliments for sentinels; compliments from guards; special orders; color
line and sentinels; supernumeraries; prisoners; special orders for sen-
tinels in charge of prisoners; guard patrols; countersigns and paroles;
miscellaneous; stable sergeant and stable orderly; troop stable guard;
battery stable and park guard; police and fatigue duty; property
under charge, of the guard; flags and colors; reveille and retreat gun.

(b) PRACTICAL.

Tours of duty as officer of the guard and officer of the day.

Part VII. — Troops in campaign.

Organization of an army in the field; tents, baggage, and baggage
trains; headquarters, depots, etc.; intrenched posts; reconnoissances;
military occupation, contributions, and requisitions; safeguards; pris-
oners of war; marches; journals of marches; military maps; convoys
and their escorts; movements of troops by rail and water; advance
guards and outposts; sieges; battles.

Part VIII. — Security and information.

Preliminary definitions; introduction; the advance guard; outposts;
reconnoissances; the cavalry screen ; rear guards; spies; newspapers;
orientation and map reading; Indian scouting; advance guard drill,
infantry and cavalry.

war 1902— vol 1 11

162 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Part IX. — Organization and tactics.

Definitions; organization and discipline; characteristics of the three
arms; infantry in attack and defense; cavalry in attack and defense;
artillery in attack and defense; the three arms combined; convoys;
the transportation of an army corps; space and time required in forma-
tions and marches.

Part X. — Practical work in tlie study and application of Vive principles of minor tactics.

(a) Written tactical exercises, with and without maps.

(b) Exercises without troops; reconnoissances; tactical rides; selec-
tion, occupation, preparation, attack, and defense of positions outlined.

(c) Exercises with troops; a course in patrolling; relay lines;
advance guards; rear guards; flank guards; cavalry screen; outposts
(by day and by night); attack and defense of convoys; reconnoissances
in force; attack and defense of positions; marches; camps and bivouacs.

(d) Practice in writing military orders and reports and military
correspondence in general, as taught in lectures on this subject.

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING.

Programme of the Course of Engineering.

The course of engineering is divided into three parts and consists
of lessons, lectures, and exercises in application, as follows:

Part I. — Military topography and sketching.
II. — Temporary 01* field fortifications.
III. — Military field engineering.

Detailed Programme of Studies.
Part I. — Topographical surveying (theoretical.)

Theoretical instruction in this subject will be by recitation, by lec-
tures, by questions, and by criticism of the work done, and will include
the following subjects:

General considerations; topographic surveying; military require-
ments; topographic sketching, principles involved and methods
employed; triangulation, how conducted; degrees of magnitude ahd
accuracy; advantages of first using accurate instruments, etc.; consid-
eration of a map; immediate object in topographic surveying.

Drawing papers, inks, and instruments, description of; how to use
them; the solution of problems involving their use.

Scales and verniers; construction, reading, and use of.

Selecting )>ase lines; measuring* them; use of odometer; ranging
lines over hills and across valleys; passing obstacles by direct meas-
urement; the expansion; selection of stations; erection of signals.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 163

Description and adjustments of transit; measuring angles with
transit; refraction; curvature; prolonging straight lines; measuring
angles of deflection; .traversing; plotting the traverse; determining
the true meridian.

Description and adjustment of the compass; errors of; declination
and variations; determining the true meridian; traversing; establish-
ing lines; converting bearings to azimuths, and vice versa.

Description of plane table; locations by intersection, and secondary
triangulation; traversing; locations by resection; resection from two
points, from three points, mechanically.

Object of leveling; description of Y level, and adjustments; leveling
rods; datum level; bench marks; differential leveling; profile leveling;
leveling for grade.

"Filling in" details; instruments and methods used; definition of
contours; what they show; method of explaining; definition of ground
forms, features, etc.; methods of surveying contour lines; scales of
horizontal equivalents, their construction and uses.

The sextant. — Description, adjustments, and uses of; theory of;
determining latitude; resection; setting off angles; determining dis-
tances; determining elevations.

The aneroid barometer. — Description, object, uses; determining dif-
ferences of elevation.

PRACTICAL STUDY OF SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS.

The study of instruments by recitation, manipulation, ancj adjust-
ment will precede, as to each, its use on the ground. As instruction
in the course progresses, students will be required to use the instru
ments in the field, to solve problems depending upon their use, to
make the necessary calculations, and to plat the field notes to a given
scale. The plats will be submitted and marked according to merit.

The instruments in the use of which practical instruction will be
had are as follows:

For measuring distances: Steel tape, chain, odometer, and telemeter.

For measuring angles: Transit, sextant (mariner's and box), com-
pass (surveyor's, prismatic, and box), plane table, and sketching case.

For determining differences of elevation: Engineer's Y -level, transit,
clinometer, and barometer.

TOPOGRAPHICAL SKETCHING (THEORETICAL).

Measurement of distances , by range finders, by odometers, by pac-
ing, by sound, by estimation.

Measurement of directions, bjr the box compass, by the prismatic
compass; the plotting diagram; the use of protractors; resection with
the compass.

164 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Measurement of slope*, with hand clinometer, with slope board.

Conventional signs and symbols.

Finishing map*) lettering, title, scales, meridian, and border.

Ma-p reading, aids in. Using maps on the ground; sections and
elevations; the visibility of one point from another; the horizon visi-
ble from a given point; calculating height of objects just visible from
a given point.

Copying maps, same size; enlarging and reducing maps.

Methods of field work. — General idea; base line; intersections;
traversing in general; traversing with compass and topographic field
notebook; traversing with compass and drawing board; traversing
with cavalry or field sketching case; traversing without instruments;
sketching hill features; sketching mountains. Combined surveys,
general method of procedure, finishing and combining (1) of a large
tract not previously mapped, when time and instruments are available;
(2) of large tract when map is at hand, to show tactical capabilities
and recent changes; (3) of a tract when triangulation is impracticable
and no map is available. Civil maps as a basis for military topo-
graphical maps.

Map platting f ram data.

Military reconnoissance. — The sketch; the report. Reconnoissance
of roads, of railroads, of rivers, of outposts, of positions.

Exercises in Application of Topographical Surveying and Topographical

Sketching.

The object of these exercises is to familiarize students with the
principal processes of topograph}' and to engender skill and rapidity
in the representation of topographic features. Each exercise at first
is intended to involve the use of some one or more of the instruments
as they would be used in topographic work, the taking of notes, reduc-
tions, and platting the notes, at the same time studying forms and
features in relation to their military capabilities.

They consist in measuring base lines with tape and chain, on level
and undulating ground; passing obstacles; ranging out straight lines
over hills, across valleys; measuring angles with transit, compass, or
sextant; traversing with transit, by azimuths, by deflection angles;
prolonging straight lines; traversing with compass; determining tine
meridian; locating points by intersection and resection with plane
table; traversing and filling in details; measuring distances and eleva-
tions; pacing on level ground and on slopes of different degree.

Contouring with box compass, clinometer, and drawing board.

Traversing and sketching on foot, from 5 to 10 miles of road, with
topographic field notebook, box compass, and clinometer. Traversing
and sketching on foot, from 5 to 10 miles of road, with box cpmpass,
clinometer, and drawing board. Traversing and sketching on foot

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 165

with field sketching case. Traversing and sketching on horseback,
from 5 to 20 miles of road, with field sketching case. Traversing and
sketching on horseback, from 5 to 10 miles of road, with compass,
notebook, and county road map. Outpost or terrain sketching with
box compass, clinometer, and drawing board or field sketching case.
Position sketching with box compass, clinometer, and drawing board
or field sketching case. Combined surveys with box compass, clinom-
eter, and drawing board. The conversion of a small-scale civil map
into a military topographical map. Road sketching without distance
or angle measuring instruments.
Sketches and reports from memory.

Pabts II and III. — Temporary or field fortifications and military field engineering

(theoretical).

Theoretical instruction in this subject will be by recitation, by
lectures, and by criticism of work done, and will include the following
subjects:

General principles and definitions; classification of fire as regards
direction and trajectory; projectiles and penetration; field geometry;
use of field level in determining slopes; hasty intrenchments, gun
pits, and epaulements; loopholes; obstacles; field works, definitions
relating to, and classification of, forts and redoubts; sector of fire;
defilade in plan and in section; use of traverses; profiling; calculation
of width of ditch for a given parapet; laying out tasks; gun banks
and embrasures; the organization of working parties and method of
extending same preparatory to beginning work; revetting materials
and revetments; field casemates and magazines, blockhouses, caponiers,
and tambours; fieldworks in combination; continuous lines and lines
with intervals; redan trace with curtains; tenaille trace; cr^maillere
trace; choosing a defensive position; siege wTorks, the common trench
and flying sap; defense of localities, preparation for defense of walls,
fences, hedges, embankments, cuts, woods, buildings, farms, and
villages.

Use of cordage and spars; spar, trestle, and floating bridges; road
construction; railroads; demolitions; camping expedients.

Exercises in Application.

Hasty intrenchments. — These will embrace the actual construction of
rifle pits, shelter trenches, loopholes, obstacles, etc. , as well as the loca-
tion of trenches with reference to the configuration of the ground.

Fieldworks. — These comprise the tracing on the ground of fieldworks
to fulfill certain stated conditions and the determination of the height
of parapet so as to satisfy the requirements of defilade, the making and

166 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

placing of profiles, establishing cutting lines, extending and superin-
tending working parties, and the making of revetments. (In these
exercises whatever relates to the laying out of the work will be done
by student officers, but the manual labor, except such as may be required
of students, will be done by working parties of enlisted men under
direction of students, the instructor to exercise supervision of all the
work.)

Bridge* and roads. — This work will comprise the construction of
spar, trestle, and floating bridges, and the laying out of military roads.

Dernol itiom — Experiments before the class in the actual use of high
explosives in destroying walls, cutting mils, felling trees, etc.

DEPARTMENT OF IjVW.
Programme of the Course of Law.

The course of law is divided into three parts, and consists of lessons
in the section room supplemented by lectures.

Part I. — Military law and Constitution of the United States.
IT. — International law.
III. — Administration.

Detailed Programme of Studies.
Part I. — Wxlxtary law.

Military law proper. — The subject defined and divided; the written
military law; the unwritten military law; the court-martial; the con-
stitution and composition of general courts-martial; the jurisdiction of
general courts-martial; the procedure of general courts-martial; the
arrest; the charge; assembling and opening of the court; the presi-
dent and members; the judge- advocate; challenges; organization,
arraignment, pleas, and motions; evidence; the finding, sentence, and
punishment; action on the proceedings; the reviewing authority;
inferior courts-martial; the court of inquiry; articles of war sepa-
rately considered.

The law of war. — The law of war as affecting the rights of our own
people; the law of war as affecting intercourse between enemies in
g^eral; the law of war as specially applicable to enemies in arms; the
status of military government and the laws of war pertaining thereto;
the status of martial law, and the law of war applicable thereto; trial
and punishment of offenses under the law of war; the military com-
mission.

Civil functions and* relations of the military. — Employment of the
military in a civil or quasi-civil capacity; liability of the military to

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 167

civil suit or prosecution; other civil relations of the military; the Con-
stitution of the United States and lectures thereupon.

Part II. — International law.

Definition and history; States and their essential attributes; perfect
and imperfect rights; national character; extradition; private inter-
national law; the right of legation; treaties and conventions; the con-
flict of international rights; war; neutrality; contraband of war; block-
ade; the right of search; the laws of war on land; additional subjects;
instructions for the government of the armies of the United States in
the field; the Geneva convention for the amelioration of the condition
of the sick and wounded of armies in the field; declaration of St.
Petersburg; the treaty of Paris; the convention between the United
States of America and certain powers with respect to the laws and
customs of war on land. (G. O. 52, A. G. O., June 11, 1902.)

Part III. — Administration.

Military discipline; command; post administration; regiments —
organization, instruction, and records; company administration; coun-
cils of administration; regimental, bakery, company, and mess funds;
post bakeries, libraries, etc.; rosters, detachment and daily service;
honors, courtesies, and ceremonies; purchase of supplies and engage-
ment of services; money accountability; accounts current; public
property, accountability and responsibility; boards of survey; mili-
tary correspondence; orders; returns of troops; records; Quarter-
master's Department — general duties, records, returns and reports
required; Subsistence Department — general duties, ration tables, sav-
ings, sales, accounts, and returns; Pay Department — reenlistment and
continuous-service pay, forfeitures and deductions, deposits.

DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SANITATION AND HYGIENE.
Programme op the Course of Military Sanitation and Hygiene.

The course of military sanitation and hygiene consists of theoretical
studies of the authorized text-book (Woodhull's), practically illus-
trated and explained by lectures, drawings, microphotographs,
models, etc.

detailed programme of studies.
[Military sanitation and hygiene.]

1. Definition; necessity for the study. Selection of soldiers.

2. Military clothing.

3. Food and alimentation.

168 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

4. Barracks and quarters, hospitals, site, soil, dampness of, precau-
tions against; material; ventilation; floor and air space; heating of.

5. Camps; bivouacs; marches; cleanliness; exercise; amusements.

6. Disposal of waste; drainage and sewerage; plumbing, tests for
leaks in.

7. Potable waters, quality, quantity required; chemical and other
examinations of; common impurities and methods of purification. Ice.

8. Preventable diseases common to armies in campaigns and perma-
nent barracks, and precautions against the same.

APPENDIX H.

[Corrected copy.]

General Orders,
No. 94.

Headquarters of the Army,

Adjutant-General's Office,

Washington, August 9, 1902.
I. By direction of the Acting Secretary of War the following laws,
regulations, and instructions governing the detail of officers of the
Army at educational institutions are published for the information
and government of all concerned:

[As amended by act approved September 26, 1888.]

Sec. 1225. The President may, upon the application of any established military
institute, seminary or academy, college or university, within the United States,
having capacity to educate at the same time not less than one hundred and fifty
male students, detail an officer of the Army or Navy to act as superintendent or
professor thereof; but the number of officers so detailed shall not exceed fifty from
the Army and ten from the Navy, being a maximum of sixty, at any time, and they
shall be apportioned throughout the United States, first, to those State institutions
applying for such detail that are required to provide instruction in military tactics
under the provisions of the act of Congress of July second, eighteen hundred and
sixty-two, donating lands for the establishment of colleges where the leading object
shall be the practical instruction of the industrial classes in agriculture and the
mechanic arts, including military tactics; and after that said details to be dis-
tributed, as nearly as may be practicable, according to population. The Secretary
of War is authorized to issue, at his discretion and under proper regulations to be
prescribed by him, out of ordnance and ordnance stores belonging to the Govern-
ment, and which can be spared for that purpose, such number of the same as may
appear to be required for military instruction and practice by the students of any
college or university under the provisions of this section, and the Secretary shall
require a bond in each case, in double the value of the property, for the care and
safe-keeping thereof and for the return of the same when required: Proiided, That
nothing in this act shall be so construed as to prevent the detail of officers of the
Engineer Corps of the Navy as professors in scientific schools or colleges as now
provided by act of Congress approved February twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and
seventy-nine, entitled "An act to promote a knowledge of steam engineering and
iron shipbuilding among the students of scientific schools or colleges in the United
States;' ' and the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to issue ordnance and ord-
nance stores belonging to the Government, on the terms and conditions hereinbefore
provided, to any college or university at which a retired officer of the Army may be
assigned, as provided by section twelve hundred and sixty of the Revised Statutes.

169

170 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OE WAR.

An Act To amend section twelve hundred and twenty-five of the Revised Statutes, concerning details

of officers of the Army and Navy to educational institutions.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That section twelve hundred and twenty-five of the Revised
Statutes, concerning details of officers of the Army and Navy to educational institu-
tions, be, and the same is hereby, amended so as to permit the President to detail,
under the provisions of said act, not to exceed seventy-five officers of the Army of
the United States; and the maximum number of officers of the Army and Navy to
be detailed at any one time under the provisions of the act passed September twemty-
sixth, eighteen hundred and eighty-eight, amending said section twelve hundred
and twenty-five of the Revised Statutes, is hereby increased to eighty-five: Provided,
That no officer shall be detailed to or maintained at any of the educational institu-
tions mentioned in said act where instruction and drill in military tactics is not
given: Provided further y That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to prevent
the detail of officers of the Engineer Corps of the Navy as professors in scientific
schools or colleges, as now provided by act of Congress approved February twenty-
sixth, eighteen hundred and seventy-nine, entitled "An act to promote a knowl-
edge of steam engineering and iron shipbuilding among the students of scientific
schools or colleges in the United States."

Approved January 13, 1891.

AN ACT to increase the number of officers of the Army to be detailed to colleges.

Be it enacted by tlie Senate and House of Representative* of tlie United States of America
in Congress assembled, That section twelve hundred and twenty-five of the Revised
Statutes, concerning details oi officers of the Army and Navy to educational institu-
tions, be, and the same is heieby, amended so as to permit the President to detail
under the provisions of said act not to exceed one hundred officers of the Army of the
United States; and no officer shall be thus detailed who has not had five years' serv-
ice in the Army, and no detail to such duty shall extend for more than four years,
and officers on the retired list of the Army may, upon their own application, be
detailed to such duty and when so detailed shall receive the full pay of their rank;
and the maximum number of officers of the Army and Navy to be detailed at any
one time under the provisions of the act approved January thirteenth, eighteen
hundred and ninety-one, amending section twelve hundred and twenty-five of the
Revised Statutes, as amended by an act approved September twenty-sixth, eighteen
hundred and eighty-eight, is hereby increased to one hundred and ten.

Approved, November 3, 1893.

II. The following regulations, in regard to the detail of officers of
the Army at established colleges, universities, etc., within the United
States are prescribed by the President, under the above laws:

1. All institutions, within the meaning of section 1225, Revised
Statutes of the United States, and of the acts of Congress amendatory
thereof, shall, for purposes of the detail of officers of the Army as
military instructors and of the course of military instruction to be
pursued thereat, be divided into three classes, as follows:

First class. — All schools to which officers of the Army, active or
retired, may be detailed under the provisions of existing law, except
schools of the second and third classes.

REPORT 0? THE SECRET ARY OF WAR. 171

Second class. — Agricultural schools established under the provisions
of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and which are required by said
act to include military tactics in their curriculum.

Third class. — Military schools or colleges, i. e., those whose organi-
zation is essentially military and one of whose primary objects is the
acquisition of a high degree of military drill and discipline.

2. No officer who has not had five years' service as such, nor any
officer not of the line of the Army, shall be eligible for detail as mili-
tary instructor, nor shall any officer above the grade of lieutenant be
so detailed so long as there are eligible lieutenants available; nor shall
any officer on the retired list of the Army be detailed in the limited
number authorized by the act of November 3, 1893, so long as any
eligible officer on the active list be available, except at institutions of
the first class, for detail to which competent officers on the retired list
shall have the preference. All details from the retired list will, under
the provisions of said act, be included in the limited number of details
authorized by that act.

3. Details shall be made, first, from lieutenants who have graduated
at one of the service schools; second, from those recommended by their
regimental commanders. After September 1, 1903, no lieutenant shall
be recommended by his regimental commander who has not success-
fully taken the course at an officers' post school.

4. Details shall be made to begin with the school term and shall be
for a period of two years, except that in case of retired officers the
detail may be for four years.

5. When an officer is detailed to relieve another as military instructor,
he shall report at the institution to which assigned not less than two
weeks prior to the departure of his predecessor.

6. Applications for the detail of officers must be addressed by the
president of the institution to the Adjutant-General of the Army and
be accompanied by the last printed catalogue and a certificate as to the
number of male students the institution has the capacity in buildings,
apparatus, and instructors to educate at one and the same time; the
number of such students in actual attendance at the time of applica-
tion, or, if the application be made during vacation, the number actu-
ally in attendance during the session immediately preceding it; and
the number over 15 }rears of age. The certificate must also show the
grade of the institution, the degrees it confers, and whether or not it
is a land-grant school, or a military school as defined in the preceding
Paragraph 11, section 1.

7. Where a State has more than one school endowed by the national
land grant, under the act approved July 2, 1862, the school which is
reported by the governor of the State as most nearly meeting the
requirements of existing law will be held to have the first claim to the
officer allotted to the State for detail at a land-grant college.

172 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

8. When application is made for the detail of an officer of the Army
at an institution to which an officer had not theretofore been assigned,
it shall be visited by an inspector or other suitable officer, who, after
explaining to the president and the faculty the requirements of these
regulations, shall satisfy himself as to the intention and ability of the
school authorities to comply with them, and whether the general sen-
timent of the faculty is cordially in favor of military instruction as
herein required. The inspector shall then report to the War Depart-
ment whether such a detail should be made.

9. Officers detailed as military instructors shall, at the end of each
quarter, report in writing to the Adjutant-General of the Army as to
the exact compliance by the school authorities with these requirements
of the regulations, for such action as the Secretary of War may direct.
A similar report shall be made annually by an officer of the Inspector-
General's Department, after a careful inspection of the military
department of each institution, and if in any case the report is adverse
the military instructor shall be withdrawn.

10. No detail of military instructor shall be made at any institution
which does not guarantee to maintain at least 100 pupils under military
instruction.

11. Pupils under military instruction shall be organized into com-
panies and battalions of infantry, the drill and administration of which
shall conform in all respects to that of the Army. The officers and the
noncommissioned officers shall be selected by the military instructor
according to the principles governing such selection at the United
States Military Academy, and shall receive their commissions and
warrants from the president of the institution.

12. Pupils organized for military instruction shall be known as

"The company (or battalion) of cadets of Institution." Upon

occasions of military ceremony, in the execution of drills, guard duty,
and when students are receiving any other practical military instruc-
tion, they shall appear in the uniform prescribed by the institution.
They shall be held strictly accountable for the arms and accouterments
issued to them.

13. At every institution of the first class (see Paragraph III) at
which a niilitar}' instructor is detailed there shall be allowed a mini-
mum of four hours each week during each school term to the depart-
ment of military science and tactics; at every institution of the second
class there shall be allowed a minimum of five hours, and at every
institution of the third class there shall be allowed a minimum of six
hours. This time shall be occupied as the military instructor, in view
of the hereinafter-prescribed curriculum and such instructions as he
may from time to time receive from the War Department, may deem
best.

REPORT OF THE • SECRETARY OF WAR. 173

14. The officer detailed as military instructor shall reside at or near
the institution to which assigned, and when in the performance of
his military duties shall appear in proper uniform. He shall, in his
relations to the institution, observe the general usages and regulations
therein established affecting the duties and obligations of other mem-
bers of the faculty. Except at institutions of the first class, as
defined in Paragraph II, section 1, he shall not perform any other
duties than those of instructor in military science and tactics.

III. All rules land orders relating to the organization and govern-
ment of the military students; the appointment, promotion, and change
of officers, and all other orders affecting the military department,
except those relating to routine duty, shall be made and promulgated
by the professor of military science and tactics after being approved
by the president or other administrative officer of the institution.

IV. It is the duty of the professor of military science and tactics to
enforce proper military discipline at all times when students are under
military instruction, and in case of serious breaches of discipline, or
misconduct, to report the same to the proper authorities of the insti-
tution, according to its established methods. In case no suitable action
is taken by the authorities of the school, the military instructor will
report the facts to the Adjutant-General of the Army With a view to his
being relieved from an institution where discipline can not be main-
tained.

V. The following is prescribed as the minimum course of military
instruction, practical and theoretical, at all institutions to which a
military instructor is assigned:

1. Institutions of the First Class.

(a) PRACTICAL.

Infantry Drill Regulations, through the school of the battalion in
close and extended order.

Advance and rear guards, and outposts.

Marches.

The ceremonies of battalion review, inspection, parades, guard
mounting, and escort of the colors.

Infantry target practice.

Instruction in first aid to the injured.

Weather permitting, there shall be not less than one parade and one
guard mount during each week of the school term, and one battalion
inspection and review each month.

In no case shall target practice, to the extent permitted by the
allowance of ammunition, be omitted during the school year, except
on authority given in each case by the Secretary of War.

174 BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Target practice on the range should be preceded by instruction in
gallery practice, and at those institutions where range practice can not
be had, every effort must be made to substitute gallery practice for it.

(J) THEORETICAL.

The Infantry Drill Regulations covered by the practical instruction.

The Manual of Guard Duty.

Small-Arms Firing Regulations, Parts I, II, and VII.

The Articles of War, with special reference to articles 4, 8, 15, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 32, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50, 55, 57, 61, and 65.

And the following records: Enlistment and discharge papers, includ-
ing descriptive lists; morning reports; field and monthly returns;
muster rolls; rosters; ration returns; requisitions; property returns.

The articles of war specifically mentioned are among the most impor-
tant for the young officer to know on first entering the service.

The records prescribed for study should be thoroughly understood
by all graduating cadets, because they show how the soldier enters
and leaves the service, how he is accounted for, paid, fed, clothed,
armed, and how his military duties are regulated.

2. Institutions of the Second Class.

(a) PRACTICAL.

Same as the practical course for institutions of the first class, and,
in addition —

A guard shall be mounted five times (weather permitting) in each
week of the school year, and the guard shall be practically instructed
for one hour in the posting and relief of sentinels and their duties.

(b) THEORETICAL.

Same as the theoretical course for institutions of the first class,
and, in addition —

Ten lectures each year upon the following subjects, notes to be
taken by the students and to be made the basis of subsequent recita-
tions: Two lectures on the organization of the United States Army,
including volunteers and militia; one lecture on patrols and outposts;
one lecture on marches; one lecture on camps and camp hygiene; three
lectures on lines and bases of operations; two lectures on the attack
and defense of advance and rear guards and outposts, and convoys.

All of the foregoing to be illustrated by historical examples.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

175

3. InSTITUTIONS OF THE THIRD CLASS.

(a) PRACTICAL.

Same as the practical course for institutions of the second class,
and, in addition —

Light artillery drill regulations in the school of the cannoneer.

Mechanical maneuvers.

Aiming drill and, where practicable, target practice.

There should be a guard mount and parade daily (weather permit-
ting), except Saturdays and Sundays.

One-fourth of the time devoted to practical work should be given to
advance guard and outpost drill, reconnoissances, and patrols, con-
ducted as prescribed in any work accepted by the War Department as
a standard on security and information.

Instruction in lirst aid to the injured.

(b) THEORETICAL.

Same as the theoretical course for institutions of the second class,
and, in addition —

The elements of field engineering, to include practical exercises in
the determination of the military crest and the profiling of hasty
intrenchments for infantry; the study of an elementary work on the
art of war.

VI. The following apportionment, in accordance with the foregoing
laws and the census of 1900, having received the approval of the Act-
ing Secretary of War, is adopted, and details will be made in accord-
ance therewith:

Apportionment of details at colleges, universities, etc., under section 1225, Revised Statutes,
and the amendments thereof, based upon the number of officers of the Army available for
such details.

States.

Maine

New Hampshire

Vermont

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Connecticut

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

District of Columbia.

Virginia

West Virginia

Population of

States arranged

in groups.

694,
411,
343,

466
ooo
641

428,

908,
7,268,
1,883,
6,302,

184,
1,118,

278,
1,864,

958,

556
420
894
669
116
735
044
718
184
800

Population of

groups and of

States not

arranged in

groups.

1,449,695

2,805,346
1,336,976

9,152,563

6,486,860

1,396,762

ii, oL£f vo4

Details
for land-
grant
schools.

Details
by popu-
lation.

Total de-
tails due.

7
5
1
2

3
3

176

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Apjxurtiontnent of detail* at colleges, atiirerstiiea, etc. — Continued.

static.

North Carolina..
South Carolina..

Georgia

Florida

Alabama

Mississippi

Louisiana

Arkansas

Texas

Oklahoma

Indian Territory

New Mexico

Tennessee

Kentucky

Ohio

Indiana

Michigan

Illinois

Wisconsin

Iowa

Missouri

Minnesota

North Dakota . . .
South Dakota . . .

Montana

Kansas

Nebraska

Colorado

Alaska

Washington

Oregon

Idaho

Wyoming

Nevada

Utah

Arizona

California

Hawaii

Population of
Population of groups and of
States arranged | States not
in groups. , arranged in
groups.

Details
for land-
grant
schools.

2.216,331 ')
528,542 J

3,048,710 )

308,331

392,060

195,310

2,020,616

2, 147, 174

4,821,550

2,069,042

2,231,853

3,106,665

1,751,394

319, 146

401,570

243,329

1,066,300

539,700

63,592

518, 103

413,536

161,772

92,531

42,335

276, 749

122, 931

1.485,053

154,001

1,893,810
1,340,316

2,744,873

1,828,697
1,551,270
1,381,625
1,311,551

4.034,411

4.167,790

4,157,545
2,516,462
2,420,982

6,890,592
5,338,518

2,716,439

1,470,495
1,606,000

1,691,549

1,639,054

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Details

"LET"

1
1

1
1
1
1

3
2
2

6
4

Total de-
tails due.

2
2

2
2
2
2

4
3
8

7
6

2
3

VII. The following are the regulations prescribed by the Secretary
of War for the issue of arms, etc., required for military instruction
and practice at colleges, universities, etc., under section 1225, Revised
Statutes, and the amendments thereof:

1. As the appropriations for the supply of ordnance and ordnance
stores to the Army are very limited, and as the language of the law
restricts the issues that can be made to colleges to such as "can be
spared for that purpose," issues of ordnance and ordnance stores to
colleges will be limited to arms and the equipments and implements
necessary to enable them to be used by the students for purposes of

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 177

drill, parade, and similar exercises, but not for field and encampment
purposes.

2. Only such ordnance and ordnance stores as are enumerated in
the following paragraphs will be issued for the purpose of military
instruction to each selected college and university having an officer of
the Army stationed thereat.

3. The field pieces of artillery, with their carriages and implements,
will be limited to the following, viz:

Two muzzle-loading wrought iron rifled guns, caliber 3 inches; 2
carriages and limbers for 3-inch guns; 2 gunner's haversacks; 2 trail
handspikes; 4 lanyards; 2 priming wires; 4 sponges and rammers,
3-inch; 4 sponge covers, 3-inch; 2 tube pouches; 4 thumb stalls; 2
tompions, 3-inch; 2 vent covers; 1 pendulum hausse, 3-inch; 1 pendu-
lum-hausse seat; 1 pendulum-hausse pouch; 2 paulins, 12 by 15 feet.

4. When in the opinion of the Chief of Ordnance the supply on
hand will permit, there may be issued in lieu of the foregoing two of
the 3.2-inch breech-loading steel field guns, with their carriages and
implements, as above.

5. The small arms issued to any college will be the Springfield
." Cadet" rifles, similar to those which were supplied the United States
Military Academy at West Point, but in no case will the number of
rifles issued be in excess of the number of male students in regular
attendance and actually receiving military instruction.

6. The accouterments to be issued with the Cadet rifles will consist
of a bayonet scabbard, cartridge box, gun sling, waist belt, and waist-
belt plate.

7. The service noncommissioned officer's sword can be issued for
the use of the officers and noncommissioned officers of the Corps of
Cadets. The sliding frog will enable these swords to be worn on the
ordinary waist belt.

8. A limited number of cavalry sabers and belts (for purposes of
instruction only) will be issued when satisfactory evidence of their
necessity is presented.

9. Issue of the above stores will be made b'v the Chief of Ordnance
to any selected institution upon its filing a bond in the penal sum of
double the value of the property, conditioned that it will fully insure,
take good care of, and safely keep and account for the same, and
will, when required by the Secretary of War, duly return the same,
within thirty days, in good order, to the Chief of Ordnance, U. S.
Army, or such other officer or person as the Secretary of War may
designate to receive them.

10. For practice firing, the following allowances of ammunition
will be made annually to each of the various institutions, viz: One
hundred blank cartridges and 300 friction primers for 3-inch, or for
3.2-inch breech-loading gun, as the case may be. Projectiles will not
be issued for the field guns.

war 1902— vol 1 12

178 REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

11. Ammunition for rifle target practice will be issued annually at
the rate of 50 carbine ball cartridges (or their equivalent value in
reloading material, reloading tools, or target supplies) for each cadet
actually engaged in target practice, but there shall not be issued to
any college more than 7,500 ball cartridges in any one year. Where
it is not deemed practicable to have target practice, a limited quantity
of rifle blank cartridges will be furnished for instruction in firing.
This ammunition will be issued upon requisition, to be forwarded to
the Chief of Ordnance by the presidents or superintendents of the
institutions; and as annual allowances date in all cases from July 1 of
each year, requisitions should be forwarded before or as soon after
that date as practicable for the current year's supply. Undrawn
allowances of one year can not be drawn in the succeeding year.

12. The reloading material, reloading tools, and target supplies
which can be drawn as part of the ammunition allowance for target
practice are:

(a) Reloading materials, consisting of small-arms powder, carbine
bullets, round balls, cartridge primers.

(5) Reloading tools, consisting of one set of hand reloading tools.
(Bench reloading tools are not issued to colleges.)

(d) Target supplies, consisting of paper targets A and B, and
centers for these targets, paper targets for gallery practice, pasters,
white and black.

13. When tools for reloading rifle cartridges or implements for
casting lead balls for gallery practice have been issued to colleges, the
parts required to keep them in good order may be issued when
requested, and charged against the money value of the annual ammu-
nition allowance.

14. All ordnance and ordnance stores issued to colleges must be
kept insured by the college authorities for their full invoice value, as
shown in the bond, and the Chief of Ordnance promptly informed
when and where the insurance is placed.

15. The transportation of ordnance and ordnance stores from the
Government arsenals to institutions of learning, and from institutions
of learning back to the Government arsenals, is always without expense
to the United States.

16. The colleges to which issues of ordnance and ordnance stores
are made, under bonds given as required by law, will be required to
keep said property in like good and serviceable condition as when
issued by the Government, and for this purpose the spare parts, imple-
ments, and appendages necessary for this purpose will be sold to them
at cost price on application to the Chief of Ordnance.

17. When ordnance and ordnance stores are returned to the Ord-
nance Department by any institution of learning, they will be carefully

BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 179

examined when received at the arsenal, and if they are found imper-
fect or unserviceable by reason of carelessness or other causes than
legitimate use in service the damage will have to be made good to the
United States.

18. The cost of all missing property must be made good to the
United States.

19. When any of the ordnance or ordnance stores become unfit for
further use the president of the college will report the fact to the
Chief of Ordnance, and be will authorize the college to send them to
an arsenal without expense to the United States. On reaching the
arsenal the property will be inspected by an officer of the Ordnance
Department, and if its condition is found to be due to the ordinary
incidents of service it may be replaced with serviceable stores of
like character; but if its condition is found to be due to carelessness or
other than legitimate causes the extent of damage or value of missing
stores will be determined by the Chief of Ordnance and must be paid
by the college before any new issue of stores is made.

20. The guns and carriages must not be allowed to remain outdoors
with only the paulins as a protection from the weather, but they must
be housed in a suitable shed and habitually kept there except when
used for drills or saluting purposes.

21. Regular property returns will be rendered quarterly to the Chief
of Ordnance by each president or superintendent of an institution
supplied with arms, etc., accounting for all ordnance and ordnance
stores issued to the institution under his charge. These returns will
be made on the blank forms to be supplied by the Chief of Ordnance.

22. Failure on the part of any institution of learning to comply
with the foregoing regulations, or any others that may be prescribed
by the Chief of Ordnance, for the care, preservation, or accountability
of any ordnance or ordnance stores issued to it by the United States,
will be considered sufficient cause for the prompt withdrawal by the
Secretary of War of the Government property in its possession.

23. Whenever any institution shall fail to return the public prop-
erty in its charge within thirty days after demand made by the
Secretary of War, the delinquency will be peremptorily referred to
the Attorney-General, that the bond of the institution may forthwith
be put in suit.

24. The following is the form of bond to be executed previous to
the issue of ordnance and ordnance stores, viz:

FORM OF BOND.

Know all men by these presents that we, the Knox College, located at Galesburg,
Illinois, a corporation duly organized under the laws of the State of Illinois, as prin-
cipal, and Clark E. Carr, of Galeslmrg, Illinois, and Edgar A . Bancroft, of Galesburg,
Illinois, as sureties, are held and bound to the United States of America in the penal

180 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

sum of a eight thousand four hundred and seventy-two dollars and ninety cents ($8,472.90),
for the payment of which well and truly to be made to the Secretary of War, or to
such officer or person whom he may designate, we do bind ourselves and each of us,
our successors, heirs, executors, and administrators, for and in the whole, jointly
and severally, firmly by these presents. Given under our hands and seals at Gales-
burg, Illinois, this 10th day of May, A. D. 1888.

The condition of the above obligation is such that, whereas the Knox College is an
established college b within the United States having capacity to educate at the same
time not less than one hundred and fifty male students, and whereas the said col-
lege h has heretofore applied to the President of the United States to detail an officer
of the Army to act as professor of military science and tactics thereof, and the Presi-
dent by virtue of the authority vested in him by section 1225, Revised Statutes, as
amended by the act of September 26, 1888, has detailed such officer to act accord-
ingly; and whereas the Secretary of War by the authority vested in him by said
section is about to issue to the said college b for the military instruction and practice
of the students thereof the following ordnance and ordnance stores, to wit:

2 muzzle-loading wrought-iron rifted guns, caliber 3 inches, at $450 $900. 00

2 carriages and limbers, for 3-inch gun, at $325 650. 00

2 gunner's haversacks, at $2.20 4. 40

2 trail handspikes, at $1. 10 2. 20

4 lanyards, at 10 cents .40

2 priming wires, at 10 cents .20

4 sponges and rammers, 3-inch, at $1 4. 00

4 sponge covers, 3-inch, at 30 cents 1. 20

2 tube pouches, at $1.50 3. 00

4 thumbstalls, at 20 cents .80

2 tompions, 3-inch, at 30 cents .60

2 vent covers, at 40 cents .85

1 pendulum hausse, 3-inch 2. 50

1 pendulum-hausse seat .60

1 pendulum-hausse pouch .70

2paulins, 12 by 15 feet, at $10.25 20.50

150 Springfield "Cadet" rifles, caliber .45, with appendages, etc., at $15.. 2,250.00

1 50 bayonet-scabbards, steel, Cadet, at 81 cents 121. 50

150 waist-belts and plates, at 60 (rents 90. 00

150 cartridge boxes, caliber .45, at $1.22 183. 00

being together of the value of four thousand two hundred and thirty-six dollars and forty-
fire cents ($4,236.45) ; all of which property, when issued, the said college0 hereby agrees
to take good care of and safely keep, insure, and keep insured against loss to the United
States, and account for quarterly on blank forms to l>e prescribed by the Chief of Ord-
nance, United States Army, and to return all of said property to said Chief of Ord-
nance, or such officer or person as may be designated to receive the same within thirty
davs after demand bv the Seeretarv of War.

Now, therefore, if the said college" shall take good care of and safely keep and insure
and keep insured against loss to the United States and account for the said ordnance
and ordnance stores, and shall when required by the Secretary of War duly return
the same within thirty days in good order to the Chief of Ordnance, United States
Army, or to such other officer or person as the Secretary of War may designate to
receive them, then this obligation shall lx?come inoperative and void, otherwise to
remain in full force and virtue.

In witness whereof, and in pursuance of a resolution of the board of directors*
passed on the first day of May, A. D. 1888, a- copy of which is hereto annexed, the

fl Double the value of the property.

''College or university.

c Board of directors or other governing body of the institution.

BEPOBT OF THE SECRET ABY OF WAR. 181

corporate seal of said corporation is hereto affixed and these presents dnly signed by

the president of the college. a

Knox College,

By Newton Bateman. [seal.]

President.
In presence of —

Geo. A. Lawrence,

Thomas A. Brown.

Clark K (-ark. [seal.]
In presence of —

Robert G. Sutton,

Chas. E. Bailey.

Edgar A. Bancroft, [seal.]
In presence of —
E. A. Skillman,
S. C. Hull.

State of Illinois, County of Knox, ss:

On this 10th day of May, 1888, personally appeared before me, a notary public for
the county aforesaid, Clark E. Carry one of the sureties named in the within bond,
who made oath that he is worth eight tliousand five hundred dollars over and above
all his debts and liabilities.

Clark E. Carr.

Sworn and subscribed before me on the day and date aforesaid.

George A. Lawrence,

Notary Public.

State op Illinois, County of Knox, ss:

On this 10th day of May, 1888, personally appeared before me, a notary public for

the county aforesaid, Edgar A. Bancroft, one of the sureties named in the within

bond, who made oath that he is worth eight thousand fire hundred dollars over and

above all his debts and liabilities.

Edgar A. Bancroft.

Sworn and subscribed before me on the day and date aforesaid.

George A. Lawrence,

Notary Public.

I, Elmer S. Dundy, hereby certify that the sureties who have signed the foregoing
bond are personally known to me, and that each is responsible and sufficient to insure
the payment of the entire penalty named therein.

Elmer S. Dundy,
Judge of the District Court of the United States in and for the State of Illinois.

The following instructions must be strictly observed in preparing
the bond required to be furnished the Chief of Ordnance, U. S. Army,
before any arms, etc., can be obtained by any college:

25. A copy of the record of the adoption of the resolution of the
board of directors or governing body of the institution, including also
the record of the resolution itself, authorizing the president to execute
the bond on behalf of the corporation, authenticated by the signature
of the secretary and the corporate seal, must accompany the bond.

26. A copy of the charter or articles of incorporation, authenticated
by the secretary of state, is also required.

<* The president or officer authorized to sign for the institution.

182 BEPOBT OF THE SECRET ABY OF WAR.

27. The sureties must sign and seal the bond. The seal must be
attached opposite the signature of each person and must be a seal of
wax, wafer, or other adhesive substance, not a mere scroll with a pen.
Their names must be written in the body of the bond, together with
their residence, including town, county, State or Territory.

28. Two witnesses are required to each signature.

29. There must be two sureties when individuals are the sureties.
Each surety must make oath that he is worth some specific sum, equal
to the full amount of the penalty, over and above all his debts and
liabilities. Two persons must not join in one affidavit. Each one
must subscribe and acknowledge his own oath separately. The suf-
ficiency of the sureties must be certified to by some United States
judge or district attorney, whose official character must be certified
to by the clerk of his court, such certificate to be on or attached to
the bond.

30. Incorporated surety companies which have complied with the
requirements of the War Department will also be accepted as surety
on the bond, and in this case only one surety is required.

31. A college corporation desiring ordnance or ordnance stores for
the use of the college must furnish evidence that some one is author-
ized to execute in its behalf the bond which the law requires.

32. This authority can only be given by the governing body of the
corporation, i. e., the body invested with authority to employ the
faculty and make all other contracts in its behalf, and designated in
the charter of the corporation as board of regents, board of trustees,
etc., and this body must give the authority in the formal way in which
it does other business, the action taken being recorded as a part of
the proceedings of the meeting at which it was taken. The evidence
of this authority required to be furnished to this office will be an
extract from the record of the proceedings of the board of regents, or
board of trustees, showing that the board met in its official capacity,
that a resolution was offered authorizing some person by name to
execute the required bond for the corporation, and that this resolution
was adopted; and this extract must be certified, under the corporate
seal, to be a true extract from the record of the proceedings of the
board, by the secretory or other custodian of the records. His cer-
tificate that the authority has been conferred, or that such a resolution
was passed, is not sufficient. The record speaks for itself, and a copy
of so much of it should be furnished as will show that it purports to
be a record of the board, that the resolution was offered, and that it
was passed.

33. Great pains should be taken to use the name given the corpora-
tion by its charter, and to mention in the resolution the particular
bond to be given.

REPOBT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 183

34. It is desired that a copy of the charter be sent to the Chief of
Ordnance, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C; also, a copy (accompanied
by certificate under corporate seal) of so much of the record of the
election of the officers of the corporation as will show the election of
the particular officer who is to execute the bond.

In calling for form of bond it should be stated —

First. If the principals and sureties are individuals.

Second. If the principal is a corporation and surety an individual.

Third. If principal is an individual and surety a corporation.

Fourth. If both principal and surety are corporations.

As indicated above, there are four forms of bond, as follows:

Form K. — When both principal and sureties are individuals.

Form Z. — When principal is a corporation and sureties are indi-
viduals.

Form M. — When principal is an individual and surety is a corpora-
tion.

Form N. — When both principal and surety are corporations.

In calling for the blank forms of bond, they may be called for as
" Form K," "Form L," etc.

VIII. In the administration of each cadet battalion the adjutant,
assisted by the sergeant-major, shall keep a letter book, an order book,
a roster, and a consolidated morning- report book. The quartermaster,
assisted by the quartermaster-sergeant, shall keep a book containing a
record of all issues of Government property, with the receipts of those
to whom issued. Each captain shall keep a morning-report book and,
where necessary for the regulation of duty, a roster. At institutions
of the third class the morning report shall be made out by the captains
daily; at the other institutions on drill days or when the cadets are
ordered to parade.

IX. The professor of military science and tactics shall render a
quarterly report to the Adjutant-General of the Army of the whole
number of undergraduate students in the institution capable of per-
forming military duty, the number required by the institution to be
enrolled as military students, the average attendance at drills, the
number absent, and number and kind of drills, recitations, and lectures,
or other instruction had during the quarter, and the number reported
for discipline. He will retain copies of all reports and correspondence
and transfer them to the officer who may succeed him, or forward them
to the Adjutant-General's Office should the detail expire. On the
graduation of every class he shall obtain from the president of the
college and report to the Adjutant-General of the Army the names of
such students belonging to the class as have shown special aptitute for
military service, and furnish a copy thereof to the adjutant-general of
the State for his information. At those institutions which grade the

184 REPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

department of military science and tactics equally with the other
important branches of instruction, and which make proficiency in that
department a requisite for securing a diploma, the names of the three
most distinguished students in said department shall, when graduated,
be inserted in the U. S. Army Register.

X. The military department shall be subject to inspection under the
authority of the President of the United States; such inspections to
be made, when practicable, near the close of the college year. The
inspecting officer shall, upon his arrival at the institution, report to
the president or other administrative officer, in order to obtain from
him the necessary facilities for the performance of his duty. A copy
of the report of inspection will be furnished the president of the insti-
tution by the War Department.

XI. — The following are the laws providing for the detail of retired
officers at colleges, universities, etc. :

[Section 1260, Revised Statutes.]

Any retired officer may, on his own application, be detailed to serve as professor
in any college. (But while so serving, such officer shall be allowed no additional
compensation. )

[Extract from the act of Congress approved May 4, 1880.]

That upon the application of any college, university, or institution of learning
incorporated under the laws of any State within the United States, having capacity
at the same time to educate not less than one hundred and fifty male students, the
President may detail an officer of the Army on the retired list to act as president,
superintendent, or professor thereof; and such officer may receive from the institu-
tion to which he may be detailed the difference between his retired and full pay, and
shall not receive any additional pay or allowance from the United States.

[Extract from the act of Congress approved August 6, 1894.]

Provided, That nothing in the act entitled "An act to increase the number of
officers of the Army to be detailed to colleges,' ' approved November third, eighteen
hundred and ninety- three, shall be so construed as to prevent, limit, or restrict the
detail of retired officers of the Army at institutions of learning under the provisions
of section twelve hundred and sixty, Revised Statutes, and the act making appropri-
ations for the support of the Army, and so forth, approved May fourth, eighteen
hundred and eighty, nor to forbid the issue of ordnance and ordnance stores, as pro-
vided in the act approved September twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and eighty-
eight, amending section twelve hundred and twenty-five, Revised Statutes, to the
institutions at which retired officers may be so detailed; and said act of November
third, eighteen hundred and ninety- three, and said act of May fourth, eighteen
hundred and eighty, shall not be construed to allow the full pay of their rank to
retired officers detailed under said section twelve hundred and sixty, Revised Statutes,
and said act of May fourth, eighteen hundred and eighty.

[Extract from the act of Congress approved February 26, 1901.]

Section 1. * * * That section twelve hundred and twenty-five of the Revised
Statutes, concerning the detail of officers of the Army and Navy to educational
institutions be, and the same is hereby, amended so as to permit the President to
detail under the provisions of that act, and in addition to the detail of the officers

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 185

of the Army and Navy now authorized to be detailed under the existing provisions
of said act, such retired officers of the Army and Navy of the United States as in his
judgment may be required for that purpose, to act as instructors in military drill and
tactics in schools in the United States, where such instruction shall have been
authorized by the educational authorities thereof, and where the services of such
instructors shall have been applied for by said authorities.

Sec/2. That no detail shall be made under this act to any school unless it shall
pay the cost of commutation of quarters of the retired officers detailed thereto and
the extra-duty pay to which thelatter may be entitled liy law to receive for the per-
formance of special duty: Provided, That no detail shall be made under the pro-
visions of this act unless the officers to be detailed are willing to accept such position
without compensation from the Government other than their retired pay.

The details authorized by section 1260, Revised Statutes, as amended
by the act approved May 4, 1880, and by the act approved February
26, 1901, will be in addition to the number allowed by section 1225,
Revised Statutes, and the amendments thereof, and may be made to
incorporated institutions of learning of the requisite grade in any
State, without reference to population or to the number of officers
already serving therein.

By command of Lieutenant-General Miles:

H. C. Corbin,
Adjutant- General , Major- General, U. S. Army.

APPENDIX I.

General Orders, ) Headquarters of the Army,

V Adjutant-General's Office,

No. 102. ) Washington, September «?, 1902.

To carry out the provisions of General Orders, No. 155, Adjutant-
General's Office, of November 27, 1901, which relate to officers' schools
at posts, the following instructions are published for the information
and guidance of all concerned:

1. Post commanders, subject to the supervision of department com-
manders, shall have immediate charge of the instruction and shall
cause detailed records to be kept of the operations of the schools in
order to facilitate the work of inspection.

2. All field officers and captains of over ten years' service as com-
missioned officers will be utilized as instructors, but failing a sufficient
number of these, post commanders will detail such other officers as in
their judgment possess fitness for such duties. Instructors of the last-
named class will be excused from recitations during the school term,
but at the end thereof will be required to take examinations in all sub-
jects completed during the course, except the ones in which they have
acted as instructors, and in lieu thereof a certificate of proficiency
from the commanding officer will be given them if the latter is satis-
fied that it is merited; otherwise they will be examined in these sub-
jects as well.

Whenever, in carrying out the provisions of this paragraph, it
becomes necessary to utilize the services of an instructor junior in
rank to the officers under instruction he shall, in the execution of his
duties, be given the respect due his position.

3. The officers from whom systematic recitations are required, and
who shall take the complete course, will include captains of the line of
less than ten years' service as commissioned officers, and all first and
second lieutenants, with the exceptions hereinafter noted.

Exceptions. — Graduates of the United States Military Academy at

West Point; the Infantry and Cavalry School at Fort Leavenworth,

Kans. ; the Artillery School at Fort Monroe, Va., or the Engineer

School of Application, now at Washington Barracks, D. C, may be

excused from recitations in military law, international law, and field

187

188 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

engineering; but they will be required at the close of the term to
qualify in those subjects as well as in those in which they have made
systematic recitations.

Nothwithstanding the exceptions herein noted, department com-
manders shall require either systematic recitations or qualification by
examinations at the end of the school term of anv officer of their com-
mands, regardless of rank, when in their judgment such officer may be
in need of instruction in the course herein prescribed.

In the formation of classes for recitations lieutenants will constitute
one section and officers of higher grade another.

4. The annual period of theoretical instruction shall aggregate
ninety school days between November 1 and the 30th day of the fol-
lowing April. Two hours per diem shall be devoted to recitations,
exclusive of the time necessary for proper preparation.

5. COURSE OF INSTRUCTION.

(ft) A DMINISTRATION.

Tluoreticdl. — Recitations in the U. S. Array Regulations and in
general orders and circulars amendatory thereof, including: Military
discipline; command; post administration; regiments — organization,
instruction, and records; company administration; councils of admin-
istration; regimental, bakery, company, and mess funds; post baker-
ies, libraries, etc.; rosters, detachment, and daily service; honors,
courtesies, and ceremonies; purchase of supplies and engagement of
services; money accountability and responsibility; accounts current;
public property, accountability and responsibility; boards of survey;
military correspondence; orders; returns of troops; records; enlist-
ments; Quartermaster's Department — general duties, records, returns,
and reports required; Subsistence Department — general duties, ration
tables, savings, sales, accounts, and returns; Pay Department — reen-
listment and continuous-service pay, forfeitures and deductions, and
deposits.

Particular attention will be given to the information contained in
the manuals of the three departments last named; a thorough famil-
iarity therewith will be insisted upon.

Practical. — Assignment to duty in turn as assistants to post staff
and recruiting officers and to orderly room work with their respective
company organizations for such periods as the commanding officer
may deem necessary to thoroughly acquaint them with the various
duties.

(b) DRILL REGULATIONS.

Theoretical. — Recitations in the prescribed manuals of the respective
arms.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 189

Practical. — Drill of troops — not necessarily during the term pre-
scribed for theoretical instruction. Lieutenants shall be given occa-
sional opportunity to act as captains, and captains as field officers at
drills.

Theoretical. — Recitations in the prescribed manual.
Practical. — Duty as officer of the day and as officer of the guard,
when practicable.

(d) SMALL- ARMS FIRING REGULATIONS.

Theoretical. — Recitations in the prescribed manual.
Practical. — Practice upon the range and in supervision of troops
during the regular practice season.

(e) TROOI*H IN CAMPAIGN.

T/teoretical. — Recitations in the prescribed manual.

(J) MINOR TACTICS.

Theoretical. — Recitations in Wagner's Security and Information.

Practical. — Exercises in patrolling, reconnoissance, formation and
use of advance and rear guards, outposts, attack and defense of con-
voys, etc., as frequently as possible for purposes of illustration during
school term and during the season of drill and field maneuvers.

(<j) MILITARY LAW.

T/ieoretical. — Recitations in Winthrop's Abridgment of Military
Law.

(//) FIELD ENGINEERING.

Theoretical. — Recitations in Beach's Manual of Field Engineering.

Practical. — Designing and superintending the actual construction of
rifle pits, shelter trenches, loopholes, obstacles, etc. , as well as locating
trenches with reference to configuration of the ground; making of
various kinds of revetments; establishing trace and profile of field
work, with reference to requirements of defilade; extending and super-
intending working parties as f requently as possible for purposes of
illustration during school term and during the season of field maneu-
vers; construction of models of various kinds of works to scale in clay
or sand.

(i) MILITARY TOPOGRAPHY AND SKETCHING.

Theoretical. — Recitations in Root's Military Topography and Sketch-
ing, as follows: Chapters I, II, III, V, XI to middle of page 170; from
"pacing, on page 257 to bottom of page 286; Chapter XXII to bot-
tom of page 312; Chapter XXIV."

190 BEPOBT OF THE SECBETARY OF WAR.

Practical. — Exercises in measuring lines with chains and tapes;
ranging out lines; measuring angles with box and prismatic compasses;
use of cavalry sketching case on foot and mounted in road sketching;
keeping of notes and map drawing.

(j) INTERNATIONAL LAW.

Theoretical. —Recitations in Davis's International Law.

(k) HIPPOLOGY (FOR ALL OFFICERS).

Theoretical. — Recitations in Carter's Horses, Saddles, and Bridles
(second edition).

Practical. — At posts where cavalry or field artillery is stationed —
stable management and horseshoeing; examination of horses for age;
conformation and soundness.

(/) METHODS, MATERIALS, AND IMPLEMENTS NECESSARY TO COAST DEFENSE (FOR

OFFICERS OF COAST ARTILLERY COMPANIES).

Theoretical. — General knowledge of guns, carriages, sights, quad-
rants, powders, fuses, and projectiles.

Text-books: Ordnance and Gunnery, Bruff; Artillery Circular L
series 1893; Drill Regulations for Coast Artillery; Handbook of Sights
for Cannon, Ordnance Department.

Thorough knowledge of exterior ballistics so far as relates to veloc-
ities and pressures; construction and use of range tables.

Text-books: Ingalls's Handbook on Ballistics; Artillery Circulars M
and N.

Construction and use of gun commanders' range scales, difference
charts, and platting boards.

Text-book: Drill Regulations for Coast Artillery.

Principles of construction, use, and adjustment of* position finders
and other instruments connected with fire control and direction.

Text- books: Artillery Note, No. 3; The Lewis Range Finder, Capt.
E. W. Hubbard, Artillery Corps.

General principles of construction, test, and operation of telephones,
telegraphs, and lines of communications.

Text-books: Artillery Circular C; Handbook for use of Electricians;
Telephones, Capt. S. Reber, Signal Corps, and publication about to
be issued by the Signal Corps.

General knowledge of the construction, use, and care of such elec-
trical apparatus as is usually found at artillery posts.

Text-books: Handbook for use of Electricians; Artillery Note, No.
4; Torpedo Manual.

Elementary cordage, setting up and rigging gins and shears; the
care and use of hydraulic jacks.

Text- books: Tidball's Manual; Best's Gunner's Manual.

BEPOBT OF THE SECBETABY OF WAR.

191

Instruction in submarine mining as outlined in General Orders, No.
51, Adjutant-General's Office, 1902.

Practical. — As above by drills and practical work so far as the
armament and equipment of the post will permit.

Lieutenants to be occasionally assigned to duty as battery com-
manders and captains as fire commanders. At posts equipped with
electrical or other power plants officers will from time to time be
assigned to duty as assistants to the officer in charge thereof.

It is to be understood that nothing in this order relieves artillery
district commanders or other officers charged, under existing orders
or regulations, with the duty of securing efficiency in theoretical and
practical instruction in their commands from their present full
responsibility therefor.

6. Allotment of time in hours ftrr recitation in the several subjects.

FIRST YEAR.

Administration (complete)

Drill regulations (complete)

Manual of guard duty ( complete)

Small-arms* firing regulations (complete)

Minor tactics (partial)

Military law (partial)

Field engineering (partial) ,

Military topography and sketching (partial)

International law (partial)

Hlppology (partial)
Methods, i

ods, materials, and implements necessary to coast de-
fense ( partial )

Officers of—

Cavalry.

Total.

35
35
6
18
15
15
15
615
15
11

180

Field
artillery.

35
35
6
18
15
15
15
15
15
11

180

Coast
artillery.

35
a20
6
18
15
15

15
15
11

180

Infantry

35
35
6
18
15
15
15
15
15
11

180

SECOND YEAR.

General review of administration

General review of drill regulations

General review of manualof guard duty

General review of small-arms' firing regulations

Troops in campaign (complete)

Completion of minor tactics

Completion of military law

Completion of field engineering

Completion of military topography and sketching i>

Completion of international law

Completion of hippology

Completion of methods, materials, and implements neces-
sary to coast defense

Total.

25
25

14
35

180

a To include school of battery.

b Including practical work.

Should it be found necessary in certain instances to impart instruc-
tion of a more elementary character than here outlined, post command-
ers are directed to form classes therefor. The hours necessary for
recitations of these classes shall be in addition' to the hours herein
directed for the regular prescribed course, but shall be within the
school term.

192 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS.

7. Officers who are temporarily detached from their proper posts
or stations will be expected to so prepare themselves in the subjects
herein prescribed for the post school instruction of officers that, upon
rejoining at any time during the school term, they will be able to take
up the course and proceed with the regular classes. If for any reason
an officer joining a post during the school term lacks such necessary
preparation, he will be excused from participation in the prescribed
course until the beginning of the following term.

8. At the close of each school term every commanding officer will
appoint a board of competent officers, senior in rank to those under-
going examination, to examine each officer as to his proficiency in the
subjects completed during the course. Whenever this board certifies
to the proficiency of an officer in any subject and the proceedings are
approved by the commanding officer a statement to that effect shall
be entered in the post records, a copy of which shall be furnished to
the Adjutant-General of the Army and to the officer concerned, and
which shall entitle him thereafter to be excused from further recita-
tion in that particular subject. Whenever the number of officers at
any garrison is so small that a sufficient number can not be secured to
conduct the examination of officers who have pursued any portion of
the courses prescribed for their instruction, department commanders
are authorized to order officers to adjacent posts for examination, or
to order properly qualified officers from adjacent posts to complete
the number required for an examining board, which shall in all cases
consist of three members.

In case of officers who fail to acquire a proper degree of efficiency
in any subject, report will be made to the Adjutant-General of the
Army for note upon their efficiency records and they will be required
to repeat the course at the next annual term of theoretical instruction.
In event of a second failure, special report will be made by the com-
manding officer with a view to its consideration by the board which
may be thereafter designated to examine them as to their fitness for
promotion.

9. Those officers who exhibit the most aptitude and intelligence in
the course of instruction pursued will be reported to their respective
regimental or corps commanders (in case of artillery officers through
artillery district commanders to the Chief of Artillery) with a view to
their detail at the general service and staff college at Fort Leaven-
worth, Kans., for further instruction.

10. When an officer is transferred to a new station his record as to
the portion of the prescribed course completed and of proficiency or
deficiency therein shall be furnished through his regimental or artillery
district commander to his new post commander.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OV WAR. 193

11. This order is issued with a view to systematizing the instruction
of officers of the line of the Army during a limited period of the year
in accordance with the general scheme of progressive instruction, and
is in nowise intended to limit the authority of department commanders
to require additional work during the portion of the year herein only
partially occupied. The remaining portion of the year will be further
utilized by such commanders to the fullest advantage in the practical
instruction of their commands.
By command of Lieutenant-General Miles:

Wm. H. Carter,
Brigadier- General, U. S. Army,

Acting Adjutant- General.

war 1902— vol 1 13

APPENDIX K.

Headquarters Department of the Missouri,

Omaha, 2/ebr., October 31, 1902.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the concen-
tration of troops at Fort Riley, Kans., and of the encampment and
maneuvers held there during the latter part of September and the first
part of the current month.

When definite orders were received in the latter part of August
prescribing that maneuvers be held, I convened a board of officers to
meet in Omaha, Nebr., to prepare plans for utilizing the period of the
encampment to the best practicable advantage, and especially to pre-
pare the tactical problems which it was desired to have executed.
This board worked zealously, and its labors .met with my entire
approval. I have previously transmitted to you a report rendered
by the board, dated September 4.

The solution of both strategical problems and tactical exercises natu-
rally presented itself to the board for consideration. It was wisely
decided to be impracticable, at least at this time, to enter into the
question of strategy, which would require an extended theater of
operations as well as the expenditure of a greater amount of money
than was available, and, to be satisfactory, would also require a larger
number of troops than were ordered to participate. Moreover, that
part of the National Guard which had decided to take part was not
expected to arrive until a week or later after the regular forces had
reached camp. The board therefore decided to eliminate the subject of
strategy, and to confine its recommendations to tactical problems and
such instruction as time would permit in camping, camp sanitation,
methods of the supply departments, field engineering, including field
intrenchments, pontoon and spar bridge building, the duties of the
Signal Corps, etc. As the past demands of our service have generally
required that companies of the same regiment be widely scattered,
thus making it usually impracticable to give instruction in regimental
drill, it was decided to hold such drills in the early part of the
encampment and follow them by maneuvers of the brigades and the
division. This was done with decided profit, especially to the senior
officers.

Where the distances were not too great the troops in the Depart-
ment of the Missouri were ordered to proceed to Fort Riley by march-
es

196 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR

ing. Those thus included were the headquarters, band, and two bat-
talions, Twenty-second Infantry, from Fort Crook, Nebr., 197 miles;
the headquarters and two battalions, Sixth Infantry, with the First
Battalion of Engineers, the Second Squadron, Fourth Cavalry, and the
Twenty-eighth Battery (Mountain), Field Artillery, from Fort Leaven-
worth, Kans., a distance of about 140 miles. The lack of sufficient
wagon transportation caused the headquarters, band, and one battalion,
Sixth Infantry, to proceed by rail. On account of the great distance
of the following-named posts from Fort Riley, as well as of the limited
time, the troops brought from Forts Logan H. Roots, Ark., and Reno,
and Sill, Okla., were ordered to move by rail. The First Squadron of
the Eighth Cavalry, however, from the latter post, returned after the
encampment to its station by marching, as did the troops from Fort
Crook, and also from Fort Leavenworth, except the headquarters and
band, Sixth Infantry, and the dismounted portion of the First Bat-
talion of Engineers.

As it was early decided to divide the command from time to time
into two forces to represent opposing detachments in contact problems,
the troops were directed to take with them to Fort Riley both blue
(undress) and khaki uniforms, to enable them to represent either the
"blues" or "browns" as circumstances might require. The march
to Riley offered an excellent opportunity for certain training, and the
organizations which were directed to proceed overland were instructed
that marches would be conducted as if in the enemy's country, and
instruction and exercises given in all the ordinary measures for the
safety of the command, such as advance and rear guard, patrols, flank-
ers, and at night, outposts, etc. An itinerary and a map of the route
traveled was also prescribed. Commanding officers of troops moving
by rail were directed to give careful attention to entraining and
detraining their commands. Reports received indicate that material
instruction was given on the march in the several commands. The
map submitted by Second Lieut. N. E. Bower, Corps of Engineers,
U. S. Army, of the route taken by the First Battalion of Engineers,
deserves particular mention for the care and detail with which it was
prepared.

The 20th of September found the several organizations detailed from
the regular establishment to participate in the maneuvers at Fort
Riley, and an order was issued announcing the following organiza-
tions:

jfiirst Brigade. — Sixth United States Infantry, Eighteenth United
States Infantry, Twenty-second United States Infantry, Brig. Gen.
William A. Kobb6, U. S. Army, commanding.

Second Brigade. — The organizations composing this brigade and
the name of the general commanding were not announced until the
arrival of the troops from the State of Kansas, when the First and

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 197

Second regiments of infantry of the National Guard from that State
were assigned and the command given to Brig. Gen. J. W. F. Hughes
of the same guard.

Divisional Cavalry. — First and Second squadrons, Fourth United
States Cavalry, and First Squadron, Eighth United States Cavalry,
Col. C. C. C. Carr, Fourth United States Cavalry, commanding.

Divisional artillery. — The Sixth, Seventh, Nineteenth, Twentieth,
and Twenty-eighth Field Batteries, United States Army, and two skele-
ton batteries, Kansas National Guard, Col. George B. Rodney, Artil-
lery Corps, U. S. Army, commanding.

Engineers. — First Battalion of Engineers, United States Army, Maj.
Smith S. Leach, Corps of Engineers, commanding.

The Hospital Corps had one field hospital and one ambulance com-
pany in addition to the medical attendance assigned to the several
organizations, and the Signal Corps one maneuver field company.

Proper flags and pennants were prescribed to designate division and
brigade headquarters, the designs for which had been approved by the
War Department.

It was first intended to divide the regular regiments of infantry
between the First and Second Brigades, and brigade the volunteer regi-
ments with them. As the Kansas officers, however, expressed a strong
desire to retain their brigade organization, their wish was complied
with. The "Provisional Battalion" from Colorado requested to be
assigned to the First Brigade, which was done.

The camp was pitched on "Pawnee Flat," near the post, and had
good railroad terminal facilities. The ground chosen is gently rolling
and has fine natural drainage. This proved to be a very important
consideration, for 6n several days during the encampment the rain fell
continuously, but the water ran off rapidly and the ground dried
quickly. The necessary pipes were laid to bring water from the post
reservoir for camp purposes, and a sufficient and wholesome supply
was thus secured.

The chief quartermaster, Capt. C. B. Baker, the chief commissary,
Capt. Hugh J. Gallagher, the chief surgeon, Lieut. Col. John Van R.
Hoff, and the chief signal officer, Maj. George P. Scriven, were on the
ground for some days before the beginning of the encampment, and
made all necessary preliminary arrangements pertaining to their
respective departments in a most satisfactory manner. Major Scriven
was unfortunately painfully injured by the premature bursting of a
bomb, sent up to indicate the time of day, and was worthily succeeded
by Capt. Edward B. Ives, Signal Corps, U. S. Army.

Carefully drawn orders prescribing camp sanitation were prepared
before the date set for the encampment, and no effort was omitted to
impress upon all the importance of this subject. In order to avoid
detailing men away from their companies to act as police parties

198 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

throughout the day, the entire command was turned out morning and
afternoon to police the camp grounds. In this way the camps were
made clean in a few minutes and the companies were kept nearly at
their full strength for field exercises.

The question of the care of sinks was given much thought, and as it
was not desired by the War Department to give this camp the perma-
nence of form assigned to camps occupied in the latter part of 1898
and in 1899, I decided to adopt the pit sink, in which morning and
evening a sufficient quantity of lime was thrown, then a layer of straw
about 3 inches thick, on which crude petroleum was poured and ignited;
after this, such earth as was found necessary was spread over the bot-
tom of the sink. This method, if rigidly enforced, produces excellent
results, and can be applied in almost any camp in the field, and thus
officers and men had experience in handling this matter in a practica-
ble way. Carefully prescribed instructions for disposing of kitchen
refuse and the contents of slop barrels were also given. A good result
of care in above matters is shown in the excellent health enjoyed by
the command.

In addition to the two daily inspections prescribed in orders from
these headquarters to be made by company and battalion commanders,
brigade commanders were instructed to cause further inspections to
be made by their respective inspectors-general and chief surgeons,
and reports were submitted directly to division headquarters by
Lieut. Col. S. C. Mills, inspector-general, who made frequent tours
of the camp and who was authorized to give orders on the spot for
such work as seemed necessary to enforce my orders for camp sanita-
tion. As a result of these inspections, Lieutenant-Colonel Mills states
that —

Under all conditions of weather, I regard the general sanitation, police, and dis-
cipline of the camp as excellent; there was an earnest desire on the part of all organ-
izations to make the camp a success and to carry out to the letter the orders relative
to the care of the camp. The troops of the National Guard from Kansas and Colorado
seemed bent upon showing that the regulars could not best them in camp police and
sanitation.

He is of the opinion that the advantages of locating sinks and com-
pany kitchens at opposite ends of the company streets were observed
and appreciated by all before the camp was over. He also believes that
in semipermanent camps the best method to be observed in company
lavations is to place the necessary water in galvanized-iron cans kept
midway between the sink and the end of the company street, and to
require all men to wash in that vicinity, the dirty water being thrown
on the ground near by.

In connection with the burning of hay and crude petroleum in the
pit sinks, he states the system worked well and that he has never
before noticed so little odor in a tour of camp sinks, and that there

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 199

was also a noticeable absence of flies. The Inspector-General rurther
calls attention to the necessity for careful drill in the estimation of
distances, and states there was a great variety of opinion among
officers of the same organizations in judging distance.

In the matter of dress it was prescribed that when outside of their
tents officers and enlisted men appear at all times in proper uniform,
and that when the blouse was worn it be invariably buttoned through-
out. Except while representing a "blue" or "brown" force, regi-
mental commanders and commanding officers of separate battalions
were authorized to prescribe the dress for their respective com-
mands, which, however, would be uniform throughout the particular
command.

A list of calls were prepared and observed by the entire command.

In his interesting report the chief surgeon, Lieut. Col. John Van R.
Hoff, says:

The regulations governing the organization and equipment of the several medical
field units having been, promulgated just previous to the time the autumn maneuvers
were ordered, the Surgeon-General determined to take advantage of the opportunity
to submit the new organizations to as complete a trial as the conditions would per-
mit. * * * I was directed to at once make requisition upon the Quartermaster,
Ordnance, and Medical departments for the various materials needed for one field
hospital and one ambulance company for duty with the maneuver division.

•

He says it should be understood that a field hospital for a division
is intended to meet the requirements of 6,000 men for three months,
including the replenishment of the regimental field hospitals, and the
chesting of this material so that it would be easy of transportation
and access was no small undertaking.

Assuming that the strength of the maneuver division would be about
5,500 men, Lieutenant-Colonel Hoff thought a bed capacity of some-
thing over 200, or 4 per cent, should be provided for the sick.
With this end in view, and at the same time to complete the picture
of medical organization, the post hospital, Fort Riley, was designated
the base hospital, and tent wards capable of accommodating 100 patients
were pitched. The field hospital was organized to bed 108 patients,
and in emergency double this number could have been provided for by
extending tent flies and putting half the patients on bed sacks. The
regiments and battalions had field hospitals with a combined bed capac-
ity of 54. Thus the medical department was prepared with a grand
total of 256 beds, exclusive of two 12-bed regimental hospitals loaned
to the Kansas National Guard, and 4 beds brought in by the Colorado
battalion. Thus it will be seen that the Department was fully pre-
pared to meet any probable demands that would be made upon it.

The chief surgeon says:

To keep the field hospitals mobile, and enable them to take part in the hypotheti-
cal functions of the maneuvers those pertaining to the regiments were used simply
for observation of patients who, if pick twenty-four hours, were sent to the division

200 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

field hospital, and after twenty-four hours there to the base hospital. Upon reach-
ing the base hospital, if the ailment was of such a character as to indicate a disability
which would last beyond the period of the encampment the man was returned to
his permanent station. By this arrangement the sick were never permitted to
remain with the troops, and I doubt if many knew that the medical department was
caring for upward of 100 patients daily— small as the number was comparatively.

It was ordered that during field exercises when an umpire decided
that any men of a command were wounded he would, when practicable,
hand to the company commander a diagnosis tag for each with direc-
tions that tho3e who were thus tagged would fall out and be taken
back to the regimental aid station in the manner described on the tag.
At the aid station they were to be dressed and thence taken by men
of the Hospital Corps to the ambulance station, from which, whenever
the case required, the wounded man was to be transported in the
ambulance to the dressing station, and thence to the field hospital.
Medical officers were required to keep a record of the wounded pass-
ing through the several stations and report the same to division head-
quarters through the division surgeon. Company commanders were
required to forward a list of casualties. Thus a most valuable object
lesson in the care, removal, and report of the wounded was given both
to the medical department and to the line.

While Lieutenant-Colonel Hoff thinks the camp sinks were usually
kept in good condition, he is of the opinion that the use of the pit sink
is a mistake. He presents his views in the following words:

The sanitary arrangements of the camp were primitive, but the conservancy was
so excellently carried out that the requirements of the present occasion were well
met. I do not, however, believe that in view of our experience during the Spanish-
American war we can afford to continue the use of pit sinks in model fixed camp, no
matter how successfully they were used at Camp Root, where all the conditions were
most favorable to a perfect conservancy.

The chief surgeon expresses the opinion that no command was ever
provided with a more thoroughly organized and supplied medical
department than was the maneuver division at Camp Root. Officers
and men vied to promote its efficiency, and he particularly invite®
attention to the excellent work of two assistant surgeons — Capt. F. P.
Reynolds, commanding the division field hospital, and Capt. J. S.
Wilson, commanding the ambulance company. M ajs. George E. Bush-
nell and H. P. Birmingham, brigade surgeons, First and Second bri-
gades, rendered valuable service.

I am glad of this opportunity to express my appreciation of the
good work done by the medical department.

Capt. C. B. Baker, in his report as chief quartermaster, expresses
the belief that if the maneuvers are to be continued from year to
3rear the water system should be put in in a permanent manner and
the pipe sunk to a sufficient depth to prevent damage from frost or
other causes. This year it was laid hurriedly and only a sufficient

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 201

depth to prevent injury from passing wagons or animals, which
required it all to be taken up upon the completion of the encampment,
at considerable expense. The chief quartermaster is also of the opin-
ion that if the "Pawnee Flats" are to be used annually for a camping
ground a permanent sewer system should be established. Proper
sewerage and sinks of a semipermanent nature undoubtedly have their
advantage, but they also have the disadvantage of materially dimin-
ishing instruction to officers and men in camp sanitation as it will
usually have to be applied in case of war. Captain Baker states the
camp garbage was carried to a point about a mile and a half distant
from camp, emptied into deep trenches, and immediately covered. He
also says that owing to the almost continuous rains and the lack of
necessary facilities it was found impracticable to burn it. He rec-
ommends a crematory plant be provided for future use. In this
connection it may be stated that such a plant has already been recom-
mended for Fort Riley, and if it be authorized its capacity should be
such as to dispose of the garbage of future maneuver camps as well
as of the post.

He further recommends that "in case of future encampments a tem-
porary depot under canvas be established, entirely separate from the
post of Fort Riley, for furnishing and handling supplies and stores
intended for the use of the troops participating in the maneuvers,"
and "that all business of the camp and the post be kept entirely dis-
tinct," in which recommendations I concur.

With my sanction Captain Baker issued about 95,000 pounds of nay
in lieu of straw for bedding for the men. This was necessary to the
health of the command, in view of the exceedingly wet and inclement
weather. If future encampments are to be held late in the fall, it is
believed organizations might bring with them to advantage bed sacks.

In the earlier part of the encampment the supply of riding animals
being inadequate the necessities of the medical department were met
in part by mounting hospital stewards and orderlies on mules taken
from the pack train. The aggregate number of animals in the camp
was 1,166.

Arrangements were made with the railroad officials of the Union
Pacific Railroad whereby new sidings were put in at Pawnee Flats, to
the great convenience of the camp.

The hospital tents for the field and base hospital were floored as
well as the tents of the field depot commissary; other tents were
without floors.

Under the direction of the chief quartermaster a bureau of infor-
mation was organized for the convenience of visitors. This bureau
also had charge of receiving and shipping the baggage belonging to
visiting officers from the National Guard, and one member of the detail

202 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

met all trains arriving in order to look after the comfort of incoming
visitors.

Incoming organizations were met by a representative of the chief
quartermaster and conducted to the camp site assigned, and the com-
manding officer was furnished with a memorandum informing him as
to all preparations made, and as to the point from which and the man-
ner whereby all supplies required could be obtained, both from the
quartermaster and commissary departments. As I have stated above,
the manner in which these departments were conducted under Captain
Baker and Captain Gallagher were very satisfactory.

For the return movement arrangements were made by the quarter-
master's department for necessary freight and passenger equipment to
be in position on the siding at " Pawnee Flats" on October 9, and a
diagram was prepared showing the various locations on the side tracks
of each train, and indicating the troops to embark thereon, and the
hour scheduled for departure.

Upon the completion of the maneuvers, Captain Baker states it was
found practicable to turn in all property for storage at the post, pay
all accounts in form for settlement, and conclude all business con-
nected with the camp, including the policing of the ground, by the
afternoon of October 13.

1 am of the opinion that a storehouse of suitable dimensions should
be built at Fort Riley for storing from year to year property sent
there for the exclusive use of the maneuver encampment.

The work in the subsistence department was well thought out, the
necessary supplies reaching the troops promptly, and they were gen-
erally satisfactory.

In order to accommodate the National Guard officers who attended
without troops a wall tent was assigned to each, and the chief com-
missary procured and had erected a large mess tent, capable of seating
about 200 persons. With my staff I procured my meals at the same
mess and am pleased to say it was satisfactory. This mess, although
under the general control of a commissary officer, was in the immedi-
ate charge of a hired caterer who did very well, but I concur in the
opinion expressed in a report submitted upon the termination of the
camp by the chief commissary that hereafter the subsistence depart-
ment conduct the mess for officers and visitors at headquarters without
the intervention of a caterer, the quartermaster department supplying
the necessary ranges, cooking utensils, and tableware, leaving to the
former department to hire the steward, cooks, waiters, and supply the
food. In view of the fact that even a larger number of National
Guard officers will probably hereafter attend these maneuvers, if the
War Department decides to hold them, the chief commissary is fur-
ther of the opinion that to get the best results when an appropriation
is made by Congress providing for these encampments, one item should

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 203

cover the employment of cooks, stewards, and waiters. In this way
officers and visitors living at headquarters can be supplied with whole-
some food at reasonable rates; in fact, at the actual cost of the food
itself, increased by the cost of perhaps a few other minor necessaries
and paying for breakages and loss of tableware.

The Regular Army ration was supplied to the National Guard from
Kansas and Colorado, for which they paid cost price. It seems to have
proved satisfactory.

One evening was devoted to instruction of officers of the National
Guard regarding the workings of the subsistence department, and it
was intended to give on another night practical instruction in render-
ing accounts and returns, but bad weather interfered to prevent it. It
is thought such instruction should be made an important feature in
all future encampments.

The work of the Signal Corps is to be commended. The different
headquarters were connected by telephone. Practical illustrations of
the use of the searchlight were given, and information and orders were
transmitted on the field by means of the flag and hastily constructed
telegraph lines, the material for which was conveyed in wagons that
followed the different columns in the several exercises and kept in
close touch with all, except rapidly moving cavalry and field batteries.
The plant for the field searchlight was also used to furnish power for
a number of incandescent lights around division headquarters, and
especially in the large mess tent, in which several hundred officers
were assembled upon a number of evenings to listen to the reports of
the umpires and discussions upon the exercises which had taken place,
and on one occasion to hear an excellent lecture on strategy by Col.
A. L. Wagner, assistant adjutant-general. If in future one or more
carefully prepared lectures upon military topics be deemed advisable
it may be found useful to employ an electric stereopticon, such as is
used in the several departments of instruction at the United States
Military Academy. The improved methods for facilitating communi-
cation between different parts of an army were well illustrated by the
Signal Corps, and in future maneuvers it will be well to afford all rea-
sonable opportunities to show what can be done in this line and to
enable desired experiments to be tested.

The command was fortunate in having a battalion of engineers, and
the latter was equally fortunate in being given an opportunity to prac-
tically apply much that they had learned only in books. The practical
examples given in intrenching and in building spar and pontoon
bridges were most useful. Greater experience in the construction
and use of a pontoon bridge was undoubtedly had at Fort Riley than
has been seen in this country since the close of the civil war. The
Kansas River, swollen by recent heavy rains, had a swift current, and
could be crossed only by bridging. A pontoon bridge was constructed,

204 BEPORT OF THE 8E0BETABY OP WAR.

and three regiments and one battalion of infantry, three squadrons of
cavalry, and two batteries field artillery were passed over in forty-five
minutes. Engineers, infantry, cavalry, and artillery all alike profited
by this experience. On another occasion it is suggested a tactical
problem be prescribed to illustrate the forcing of a passage of a river
in the face of the enemy by means of pontoon bridges. As the Foil
Riley Reservation is of limited extent, and no very satisfactory point
can be found along the river where the reservation covers both sides
for the execution of such a problem, it will be well to select some site
a few miles from the fort and purchase the privilege from the sur-
rounding farmers to enter on their fields for the exercise. This
doubtless can be done very cheaply.

In connection with the size of the Fort Riley Reservation, about
20,000 acres, I desire to say it is doubtful if more than 10,000 men
can be concentrated there for maneuvers to advantage. As experi-
ence is gained in these maneuvers and public interest increases,
either money must be appropriated by Congress to hire the privilege
of entering upon farms for conducting field exercises, or the Govern-
ment must arrange to hold army maneuvers on some of its public
lands on the plains or near the slopes of the Rocky Mountains. We
should look to the time when two bodies of men, each representing an
army corps of 25,000 or 30,000 men, should approach each other from
a starting distance of about 150 miles or more. This would give an
opportunity for a study and illustration of strategy in the earlier part
of the movement, to be followed later on by a like experience in
battle tactics.

The reports of the umpires dwelt on several occasions upon evident
defects in our organization and equipment, and I deem the following
of sufficient importance for mention:

The necessities for mounted orderlies in regiments of infantry is
evident, even for administration in camp and garrison, and this need
is made greater in action, because under modern battle conditions a
regiment at full war strength covers, when deployed, such an extent
of territory that the commanding officer can not in the crisis of battle
impress his will upon the battalion and company commanders without
the liberal use of mounted men. Moreover, the colonel and his staff,
the lieutenant-colonel, battalion commanders, and their staff officers
must on occasions dismount on the battlefield and should have mounted
orderlies to take their horses to a place of safety and return with them
when wanted. If this statement of the case be correct, as I think must
be acknowledged, it becomes only a question as to whether the neces-
sary mounted orderlies be detached from troops of cavalry organized
and maintained at large expense for an entirely different purpose, or
if a certain number of mounted men be made a part of the organisa-
tion of an infantry regiment. In addition to the duties enumerated

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 205

above, they would be available in extreme cases as mounted scouts and
patrols. Eighteen to each regiment will probably be required.

The importance of clothing troops in the field with the most non-
conspicuous uniform was made very apparent, and it was observed
that under strong sunlight the scabbards of swords and sabers fre-
quently indicated the position of a command that might otherwise have
been unobserved. It is recommended that the scabbards of cavalry
sabers be given a dull or bronze finish and that when in the field
officers and noncommissioned staff officers of infantry discard the
swords and carry only the revolver. Staff officers, company com-
manders, and all senior officers should carry field glasses.

Capt. Lawson M. Fuller, ordnance officer, accompanied the troops
on marches, whenever opportunity offered, with a view of determining
defects in the equipments issued by the Ordnance Department, and he
submitted a report on this subject, under date of the 6th instant,
which has already been forwarded to the Chief of Ordnance, through
your office. Among other matters covered, he is of the opinion that
improvements can be made in the following, viz: The new wind-gauge
sight for the carbine, the cavalry link, curb strap, manner of marking
packing boxes containing ordnance stores, and snap for officer's saber
belt; and he suggests that the Ordnance Department have issued each
year a price list of stores for sale or, when not for sale, the prices at
which articles lost or destroyed are to be charged on muster and pay
roll, and • that when equipments are sent out from any of the several
arsenals differing in the slightest degree from the regular output a
printed or typewritten circular be sent with each explaining the differ-
ence and reason for the change. I concur in these suggestions.

The opinion seemed to be general among those who attended the
maneuvers that, notwithstanding the inclement weather during part of
the time, the camp and the field exercises were a success. The value
of such concentrations and maneuverings can not be overestimated,
either to the regular forces or to the National Guard, as it gives to
both an opportunity for observing the appearance and formation of a
division under various conditions, and affords to officers of the several
arms of the service a chance for seeing the evolutions and capabilities
of the other arms, and enables them to enlarge their circle of military
acquaintanceship, which can rarely be done without absorbing new ideas
upon military subjects. During the exercises under discussion young
officers had constantly impressed upon them the value of studying the
terrain with a view to protecting their commands by the accidents of
the ground and of seizing advantageous positions. The lessons learned
in this connection at Fort Riley may be the means of saving many lives
in future hostilities. The power of modern weapons was well illus-
trated and accentuated by each opponent maneuvering for position.

CoL A. L. Wagner, chief umpire, performed his duties in a highly

206 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

satisfactory manner. His comments on the problems executed and
his recommendations for future field exercises, written in his usual
clear and forcible style, will be submitted in print. As a number of
officers of the National Guard who attended the encampment expressed
a desire to be furnished with a copy of Colonel Wagner's report, and
as it will undoubtedly be interesting and instructive to officers in the
regular service, I have, with the verbal approval of the Assistant Sec-
retary of War, directed that 300 copies be printed, a number of which
will be forwarded as soon as practicable.

If the National Guard attends hereafter its organizations should, if
practicable, be in camp not less than ten days. As only two States
sent troops, a number of officers attended who were cared for, as above
stated, at division headquarters. Such officers can probably be taken
care of conveniently in the future, except in the matter of providing
mounts. To dismount troops of cavalry for this purpose is objectionable.
If there are to be several camps for maneuver purposes it is thought two
official representatives from the National Guard from any State will
suffice for each camp, with perhaps an additional representative for
each 3,000 men in the National Guard of a State, thus giving to those
with a considerable force a greater number of official representatives.
In selecting these representatives the best results can probably be
obtained if regimental officers are principally chosen.

It is recommended a number of specially selected field officers for
duty as umpires be made by the War Department, and that they be
ordered to report to the commanding general of the maneuver divi-
sion several days before the commencement of the field exercises, with
a view to studying the terrain, the necessary regulations, and to per-
mit an exchange of ideas.

The spirit shown throughout the command was most commendable;
officers and men alike united in their efforts to make the maneuvers a
success. 1 desire to make special mention of the valuable work done
by Brig. Gen. William A. Kobb6, upon whom devolved in a large
measure the practical application and solution of the tactical problems
prescribed. Maj. John G. D. Knight, Corps of Engineers, engineer
officer, served principally as an umpire, in which capacity he rendered
excellent service. My thanks are due and cordially given to Maj. E.
J. McClernand, adjutant-general, Capt. William M. Wright, Horace
M. Reeve, and First Lieut. Van Leer Willis, aids-de-camp, who labored
zealously and intelligently in their several duties.
Very respectfully,

J. C. Bates,
Major- General, U. S. Army, Commanding.

The Adjutant-General United States Army,

Washington, D. C

APPENDIX L.

RESOLUTIONS ADOITED BY 0FFICEB8 OF THE NATIONAL GUARD OF VARIOUS

STATES AND TERRITORIES.

Camp Root, Fort Riley, Kans., October 7, 190°2.

Whereas we, the undersigned officers of the National Guard of the
various States and Territories of the Union, detailed by the governors
of the respective States and Territories (twenty-one of which are here
represented), in compliance with the request of the honorable Secretary
of War, to witness the maneuvers of the Regular Army and National -
Guard forces, assembled in camp of instruction at Camp Root, Fort
Riley, Kans., having observed the different military problems daily:
Therefore, be it

Resolved^ First. That we desire to thank the honorable Secretary of
War for permitting us to witness the maneuvers, from which we have
derived so much benefit.

Second. That we desire to express our thanks to Maj. Gen. John C.
Bates, U. S. Army, commander of the maneuver division, and his
staff for their unfailing courtesies to us at all times, thus enabling us
to perform our tours of duty most satisfactorily.

Third. That we desire to thank Col. Arthur L. Wagner, Assistant
Adjutant-General, U. S. Army, chief umpire, for the instruction he
has given us, and for his able discussion of the various problems, and
for his most practical and brilliant lecture on military strategy.

Fourth. We desire further to commend the policy of the National
Government, as indicated by this camp of instruction, and for its effort
to bring in closer contact the Regular Army and National Guard
forces; and we trust that these joint maneuvers may be continued
annually.

Fifth. That these resolutions be engrossed, one copy to be for-
warded to the honorable Secretary of War, one to Maj. Gen. John C.
Bates, U. S. Army, and one to Col. Arthur L. Wagner, Assistant
Adjutant-General, U. S. Army.

John J. Saunders, major-general, Maryland; William H. Stacy,
major-general, Texas; P. H. Barry, brigadier-general,
Nebraska; John A. Wiley, brigadier-general, Pennsylva-
nia; Q. O'M. Gillmore, brigadier-general, New Jersey;

207

208 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

E. S. Miller, brigadier-general, North Dakota; George H.
Brown, brigadier-general, Michigan; Herbert S. Tanner,
brigadier-general, Rhode Island; J. H. Whitney, brigadier-
general, Massachusetts; William F. McGurnin, colonel Sec-
ond Michigan; H. E. Mead, colonel Third Infantry, Ohio;
George W. McCoy, colonel, Indiana; James F. Fee, lieu-
tenant-colonel, Indiana; S. A. Bowman, lieutenant-colonel,
Indiana; Usher Thomason, colonel, Georgia; E. D. Hu-
guenin, colonel Second Infantry, Georgia; I. E. Webster,
colonel Second Infantry, Florida; Charles K. Darling,
colonel Sixth Massachusetts; H. L. Archer, colonel First
Infantry, Nebraska; Henry Hutchings, colonel First
Infantry, Texas; C. B. Young, colonel, Illinois; B. C.
Tilghman, lieutenant-colonel Third Infantry, Pennsyl-
vania; Bryce D. Armour, major and assistant inspector-
general, Rhode Island; J. H. Dockweiler, major and
engineer officer, First Brigade, California; O. C. Drew,
major and assistant adjutant-general, Texas; Joseph R.
Harrison; major, Third Infantry, Indiana; A. L. Kuhlman,
major, Third Infantry, Indiana; F. E. Stevenson, major,
artillery battalion, Indiana; P. J. H. Farrell, major and
surgeon, Illinois; De Witt Clinton Falls, captain and adju-
tant, Seventh Regiment, New York; S. E. Yoder, captain,
Battery A, Nebraska; W. L. Holland, captain, South Omaha
Cavalry Troop, Nebraska; W. R. Brooks, captain, engineer
signal corps, Nebraska; E. H. Jayne, major, First Infantry,
Oklahoma Territory; Frederick Gilkyson, major and assist-
ant adjutant-general, New Jersey; William J. Coleman,
major, First Infantry, Indiana; John Landstreet, captain,
Virginia.

iPPEHDIX M.

XEKORAVDUK FOB THE QUABTERXASTER-GENEBAL.

War Department,
Washington, October 18, 1902.
I am considering the expediency of asking Congress to authorize the
Department to furnish officers' quarters with the heavy furniture, such
as tables, bedsteads, bureaus, etc., and to charge the officers with a
small rental for the use of the articles furnished. It is clear that the
officer would save by this arrangement in three ways:

1. The interest on the money which he now expends for furniture.

2. The great cost of transportation of these heavy articles when he
is ordered from one station to another.

8. The rapid depreciation of the articles, caused l>oth by use and by
transportation.

On the other hand, it is clear that the Government, buying the fur-
niture in large quantities, could get it at a very much smaller first cost
than the officers can, and that the furniture remaining permanently in
the same quarters would depreciate much less rapidly than when it is
moved about from one post to another.

I have an impression that, considering the great saving to the offi-
cers and the smaller expense to the United States, the officers could
well afford to pay a rental which would constitute a sufficient renewal
fund in the hands of the Government aad would ultimatelv reimburse
the Government for the principal, so that the great expense and fre-
quent hardship to our officers would be prevented without ultimate
loss to the Treasury.

In order to test these views, I should be glad to have all the infor-
mation practicable bearing upon the subject, and particularly upon the
following points:

(1) A statement of the different articles of furniture which you think
could be advantageously supplied in this way for married officers'
quarters and for bachelor quarters, respectively.

(2) The difference between the average cost of such furniture when
purchased by an officer individually and what the same furniture
would cost if purchased by the Quartermaster's Department.

(3) An estimate of the annual average depreciation of officers'
furniture under the present conditions of frequent removals from
post to post, and an estimate of the probable annual depreciation of
the same furniture if furnished by the Government and permitted to
remain in the same quarters.

(4) Such facts as you can obtain tending to show the cost of trans-

209
WAB 1903— VOL 1 14

210

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

portation of furniture to officers when ordered from post to post under

the present system.

(5) An expression of your views as to the total first outlay which

would be required to inaugurate the new system, the rentals which

officers could reasonably be expected to pay, and the adequacy of such

rentals to create a renewal fund and ultimately retire the principal of

the original outlay.

Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

War Department,
Quartermaster- Genera l's Office,

Washington, November 5, 1902.
The following memorandum is submitted in reply to inquiries con-
tained in accompanying memorandum of the Secretary of War:

First. Articles of furniture thought to be necessary for married
officers' and bachelor officers' quarters.

The following is a list of furniture which it is thought covers all the
articles which should be supplied by the Government. These articles
comprise the bulky and heavy furniture which every married officer
must have and covers the essential articles required for kitchen, din-
ing room, parlor, sitting room and hall, two bedrooms, and one serv-
ants' bedroom, for which two beds are provided:

Articles.

Kitchen furniture:

1 table

4 kitchen chairs, at 50 cents each

1 refrigerator

Dining-room furniture:

Sideboard, 48 by 24 inches, with shelf and bevel glass

Dining table, pillar extension, 10 feet long, 48 inches diameter

Side serving table, with shelf and drawer, 87 by 17 inches

8 dining chairs, quartered oak, with cane seats, at 92.50 each

Hall furniture:

Ha track, with box seat and hinged lid, with mirror 18 by 40 inches

Parlor furniture:

1 divan, larm chair, and 2 side chairs

1 center table

Bedroom furniture:

2 iron beds with brass trimmings, including wire-woven mattress, or
national spring, at $15

2 servants' beds, iron, white enamel, 42 or 36 inches wide, at $4.75

Bureau, 48 by 23 inches, circular mirror, 82 inches

Washstand, 36 by 18 inches

4 bedroom chairs, at $1.50

Chiffonier

1 Morris chair, with cushions

Cost if pur-
chased by
Quarter-
master's
Depart-
ment

$3.50

2.00

17.00

31.00

18.00

9.00

20.00

18.50

69.00
25.00

30.00
9.50

36.00

12.00
6.00

31.00
9.75

347.25

Cost if pur-
chased by
officer.

$4.00

2.80

25.00

42.00
24.00
13.00
28.00

25.00

100.00
35.00

U42.00
ft 14. 50
48.00
17.00
C8.00
42.00
13.50

483.80

a At $21.

ft At $7.25.

cAt$2.

BEPOBT OF THE 8ECBETARY OF WAR.

211

These are of good serviceable quality, and it is deemed in the inter-
est of economy that such only should be purchased.

The following articles are believed to be necessary for a bachelor
officer's quarters:

Articles.

Hall furniture:

1 hall rack

Parlor furniture:

1 table

1 lounge or sofa.

1 armchair

• 4 chairs, at 18...
Bedroom furniture:

lbed

1 bureau

1 washstand

2 chain, at $L50.

1 chiffonier

1 Morris chair...

Total

Difference.

CoHt if
purchased
by Quarter-
master's
Depart-
ment.

Cost if pur-
chased by
officer.

85.00

$6.97

15.00

20.89

20.00

27.86

20.00

27.80

12.00

16.71

15.00

20.89

15.00

20.89

10.00

13.93

3.00

4.18

25.00

34.82

9.75

13.58

148. 75

208.58

59.83

Second. Assuming for the purpose of determining the cost of fur-
niture that only captains and first lieutenants of the line would be
supplied, this would give:

Captains of cavalry $225

Captains of artillery 195

Captains of infantry 450

First lieutenants of cavalry 225

First lieutenants of artillery 195

First lieutenants of infantry 450

Total 1,740

Deduct those in Philippines, 25 per cent 435

Leaves..... 1,305

Deduct those absent from posts, 20 per cent 261

Leaves a balance of 1, 044

Assuming that 75 per cent of this number are married officers and
25 per cent are bachelors, the cost of supplying the furniture for the
number of officers specified would be:

For married officers:

If purchased by officer $415,100.40

If purchased by Quartermaster's Detriment 297, 940. 50

Difference

117, 159. 90

212 BEPOBT OF THE SEOBETABY OF WAB.

For bachelor officers:

If purchased by officer 59,653.88

If purchased by Quartermaster's Department 42, 542. 50

Difference 17,111.38

This furniture could no doubt be obtained, if purchased by the
Quartermaster's Department in large quantities, at somewhat less cost
than stated above.

Third. Depreciation of furniture:

The allowance specified in the digest of insurance adjusters for the
annual depreciation of furniture where there is a large family of chil-
dren and the care of the properly is left to servants is 20 per cent,
and where carefully cared for by the owners, 10 per cent. Allowing
two removals in five years — a very low average — and 20 per cent
depreciation for wear and tear and breakage for each removal or
change of station, would make 40 per cent depreciation on account of
removals in five years, or 8 per cent per year; adding to this the
annual depreciation of 20 per cent on account of wear and tear in use,
makes the annual average depreciation to the officer under present
conditions 28 per cent, or a renewal in about four years, equal to
$120.98 per year for articles in above list for married officers at retail
prices, and $52.15 per year for bachelor officers. This would be about
$51 per year more in the case of married officers and $22.50 more in
case of bachelor officers than the amount of rental to be paid to the
Government for the use of the furniture at an allowance of 20 per
cent per annum depreciation.

It is remarked in this connection that under the present system of
transportation of officers' effects the expense of packing and crating
officers authorized allowance of furniture practically always falls upon
the Quartermaster's Department; under the proposed system the
department would be relieved of this expense, the percentage of which
it is difficult to estimate.

An allowance of 20 per cent depreciation per annum would retire
the original outlay of the Government every five years. With ordinary
use and small expenditures for repairs as needed, this Government fur-
niture would still have some value at the end of five years, although just
what this would be it is also difficult to estimate without some experience
upon which to base the calculations. It is therefore believed that, all
things considered, the Government would be adequately compensated
by a rental of 15 per cent per annum on first cost of furniture furnished
to officers, which is the mean between the highest and lowest estimate
for annual depreciation by insurance adjusters and equal to renewal in
about seven years.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 213

Fourth. The following is the cost to the United States of a change
of station allowance for a captain, 2,0<K) pounds:

Cost. Distance.

From Chicago to Washington $20.60

From 8an Francisco tc Chicago 70. 60

From San Francisco to Washington 77. 20

From FortThrmas, Ky., to Fort Assinniboine, Mont ' 76.60

From Fort Logan H. Roots, Ark., to Fort Bnolling, Minn 29. 60

Miles.

905
2,328
3.233
1,674

925

Making an average of $30.20 per 1,000 miles. It is believed that
the average amount of baggage transported by an officer atmve his
regulation allowance is 3,000 pounds, at an estimated average cost
ot $55.

It is believed that there will be no saving in transportation charges
to the Government for some years to come by the adoption of the
proposed method, as the authorized amount of baggage allowed to an
officer will still be shipped, at least in the case of married officers.
The furniture mentioned in the foregoing list would cover only that
part of an officer's personal baggage in excess of the amount now
allowed to him by the Government and for which he is required
under present conditions to pay transportation charges.

Fifth. Total first outlay, etc. :

Assuming the average amount of deterioration by wear and tear in
use and removal of the furniture in the foregoing list for a married
officer, amounting to $183.80, under present conditions, at 28 per cent
per annum, would be $135.46; adding to this the cost of excess bag-
gage, at the rate of $55 for each removal, two removals in live years,
costing $110 or $22 per annum, would make the total $157.40 as the
estimated saving to the officer by using Government furniture, from
which should be deducted the rental at the rate of 15 per cent per
annum on first cost of the furniture to the Government at $347.25,
equal to $52.08, thus showing a saving of $105.38 per annum to the
married officer after having paid a rental at the rate of 15 per cent
per annum under the proposed system. This saving would be only
about $36 to the bachelor officer because, as a rule, officers of this class
have no excess baggage over the authorized allowance transported
by the Government.

On the basis of the above estimate, the total first outlay, assuming
that only captains and first lieutenants of the line are supplied, on the
basis of 75 per cent married and 25 per cent bachelor, would be
approximately $340,483. As stated under paragraph 3, allowing a
rental of such furniture as may be used by an officer at 15 per cent on
its first cost, constituting a renewal in about seven years, it is believed

214 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

would be ample to compensate the Government for the first outlay
necessary to inaugurate this system.

Assuming that these articles of furniture are supplied to all officers
of the Army upon the basis as noted above, viz, 3,820 officers, less 25
per cent in the Philippines and 30 per cent of the remainder not
serving at posts, a total of 1,813, leaving 2,007 officers to be provided
for, will cost, upon the basis of 75 per cent married and 25 per cent
bachelor, a total of $595,260, to which must be added the cost of
transportation to the respective posts.

This system, if introduced at all, should be brought in gradually, so
as to enable the officers to become accustomed to and make their
arrangements to meet it, without being obliged to dispense, under dis-
advantageous conditions, with the furniture which they now have. As
above stated, the total estimated cost of supplying the articles of fur-
niture herein referred to, for all officers in the service likely to require
it, would be $595,260. It is believed, however, that not more than
one-half of this sum could be advantageously expended during the first
year of the inauguration of this system.

While the articles selected are by no means a complete list of furni-
ture that an officer would require in his household, it is believed that
they constitute all that is necessary, and still leave the officer a large
limit of choice for the exercise of his personal taste in completing the
furnishings of his quarters.

It is remarked that the necessity may arise for construction or
enlargement of storehouses at some posts in order to meet cases
where quarters provided with Government furniture are vacated by
an officer and another officer assigned to the same quarters brings his
own furniture with him, in which event either must be stored at the
post. This may, however, adjust itself in the course of time.

M. I. Ludington,
Quartermaster- General, U. S. Army.

186701.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

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APPENDIX 0.

PAFEB8 RELATING TO FRIARS' LAND NEGOTIATIONS.

INSTRUCTIONS OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR TO GOVERNOR WIL-
LIAM H. TAFT IN THE MATTER OF THE PURCHASE OF FRIAR
LANDS IN THE PHILIPPINES.

War Department,
Wa*ki nytipii * May .9, 1002.

Sir: It is now apparent that Congress will not have acted upon the
Philippine Commission's recommendations regarding the purchase of
friars' lands before the time of your departure for ?*Ianila, which
can not be longer delayed. You can not, therefore, as we had hoped,
now receive definite instructions, and proceed to take such steps, in
the execution of specific authority from Congress, as should properly
be taken before you return to Manila. The committees of both Houses
have, however, reported favorably upon the Commission's recommen-
dations, and it appears probable that Congress will confirm their action.
In view, therefore, of the critical situation of this subject in the Philip-
pines, and of the apparent impossibility of disposing of the matter
there by negotiation with the friars themselves, the President does not
feel at liberty to lose the opportunity for effective action afforded by
your presence in the West. He wishes you to take the subject up
tentatively with the ecclesiastical superiors who must ultimately deter-
mine the friars' course of conduct, and endeavor to reach at least a
basis of negotiation along lines which will be satisfactory to them and
to the Philippine government, accompanied by a full understanding
on both sides of the facts and of the views and purposes of the pirties
to the negotiation, so that when Congress shall have acted the business
may proceed to a conclusion without delay.

You are accordingly authorized, in the course of your return jour-
ney to Manila, to visit Rome, and there ascertain what church author-
ities have the power to negotiate for and determine upon a sale of
the lands of the religious orders in the Philippines Islands, and if
you find, as we are informed, that the officers of the church at Rome
have such power and authority, you will endeavor to attain the results
above indicated. Any negotiations which you may enter upon are
always subject to granting of power by Congress to follow the nego-

233

234 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

tiations by binding action. In any conferences and negotiations you
will bear in mind the following propositions, which are deemed to be
fundamental, and which should be fully and frankly stated to the other
side in the negotiations:

(1) One of the controlling principles of our Government is the com-
plete separation of church and state, with the entire freedom of each
from any control or interference by the other. This principle is
imperative wherever American jurisdiction extends, and no modifica-
tion or shading thereof can be a subject of discussion.

(2) It is necessary now to deal with the results of establishing a
government controlled by this principle in the Philippine Islands,
which have for centuries been governed under an entirely different
system, with church and state closely united, and having functions of
the one exercised by agents of the other; where the church has long
controlled and acted virtually as the agent of the state in the field of
public instruction and public charities, and has from time to time
acquired large properties held by it or by its subordinate corpora-
tions or officers for these public uses. A novel situation has been
created under which the adjustment of means to ends appropriate to
the former system entirely fails to produce the intended result under
the new system, and the separation of church and state requires to be
followed by a readjustment and rearrangement in the interests both of
church and of state, and for the attainment of the great ends of civil
government, of education, of charity, and of religion.

(3) By reason of the separation the religious orders can no longer
perform in behalf of the state the duties in relation to public instruc-
tion and public charities formerly resting upon them, and the power
which they formerly exercised, through their relations to the civil
government, being now withdrawn, they find themselves the object of
such hostility on the part of their tenantry against them as landlords,
and on the part of the people of the parishes against them as repre-
sentatives of the former government, that they are no longer capable
of serving any useful purpose for the church. No rents can be col-
lected from the populous communities occupying their lands unless it
be by the intervention of the civil government with armed force.
Speaking generally, for several years past the friars, formerly installed
over the parishes, have been unable to remain at their posts, and are
collected in Manila with the vain hope of returning. They will not be
voluntarily accepted again by the people, and can not be restored to
their positions except by forcible intervention on the part of the civil
government, which the principles of our Government forbid.

It is manifest that under these conditions it is for the interest of the
church, as well as of the state, that the landed proprietorship of the reli-
gious orders in the Philippine Islands should cease, and that if the
church wishes, as of course it does wish, to continue its ministration

BEPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 235

among the people of the islands, and to conduct in its own behalf a
system of instruction, with which we have no desire to interfere, it
should seek other agents therefor.

(4) It is the wish of our Government, in case (Congress shall grant
authority, that the titles of the religious orders to the large tracts of
agricultural lands which they now hold shall be extinguished, but
that full and fair compensation shall be made therefor.

(5) It is not, however, deemed to be for the interests of the people
of the Philippine Islands that, in thus transforming wholly unpro-
ductive tracts of land into money capable of productive investment,
a fund should thereby be created to be used for the attempted res-
toration of the friars to the parishes from which they are now sepa-
rated, with the consequent disturbance of law and order,

(6) The titles to the great amount of church lands and buildings
in the islands, other than those of the religious orders and now
apparently owned by the state, should be settled fairly.

(7) Provision should be made for ascertaining what rentals, if any,
ought to be paid for conventos and other church buildings which have
been occupied by United States troops during the insurrection, this
being of course subject to further specific action by Congress.

(8) The rights and obligations remaining under the various specific
trusts for education and charity which are nowr in doubt and contro-
versy ought to be settled by agreement if possible, rather than by the
slow and frequently disastrous processes of litigation, so that the
beneficent purposes of these foundations may not fail.

(9) Your errand will not be in any sense or degree diplomatic in its
nature, but will be purely a business matter of negotiation by you as
Governor of the Philippines for the purchase of property from the
owners thereof, and the settlement of land titles, in such a manner as
to contribute to the best interests of the people of the islands.

Any assistance which you may desire, whether on the part of offi-
cers of the civil government, or of military officers, to enable you to
perform the duties above described in a manner satisfactory to your-
self, will be afforded; but the business is left entirely in your hands,
subject to such action as may be taken pursuant to law upon }Tour
report.

Very respectfully, Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

Hon. William H. Taft,

Civil Govern wr of the Philippines,

Washington* />. (\

236 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

[Copy of cablegram Rent.]

Washington, June 5, 1902.

Taft, Rome, Italy:

Referring to your dispatch of June third. The statements regarding

the religious orders on page 3 of the instructions are to be understood

as referring to the four orders named in your telegram. The system of

instruction mentioned in line twenty-three is to be understood as

referring to instruction in the parishes.

Root, Secretary of War.

Department of State,

Washington, May 10, 1902.
Most Eminent Sir: 1 take pleasure in presenting to your em i nance
the Honorable William H. Taft, one of our most distinguished citizens,
who is at present, and has been for several years, the civil governor of
the Philippine Islands, which important office he has filled with great
intelligence and success. He is now returning to the islands after a
brief stay in this country. On his way he will visit Rome for the pur-
pose of reaching, if possible, a basis for the just settlement of the
many pending questions relating to property held in the Philippine
Islands for religious and charitable uses. I beg to commend him to
your confidence and kind consideration with sincere hope for the attain-
ment of results which shall promote both the civil and religious welfare
of the people of the islands.

I profit by this occasion, Most Eminent Sir, to tender you the assur-
ance of my profound esteem and highest consideration.
Your obedient servant,

John Hay.
To His Eminence, Cardinal M. Rampolla del Tindaro,

Secretary of State to IL's Holiness, etc. , etc.

[Translation.]

Excellency: I have the gratification to signify to your Excellency
that you will be received by His Holiness in private audience, together
with the members of the honorable mission in your part}T, to-morrow,
Thursday, the fifth instant, at the hour of half past twelve.

I avail myself of the opportunity to assure your Excellency of the

distinct sense of consideration with which I have the honor to be of

your Excellency the most devoted servant.

M. Card. Rampolla.
Rome, June 4, 1902.

To Mr. William Taft,

Governor of the Philippines.

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 237

Text of address made hy Governor Taft to ITU Holiness the Pope.

Your Holiness: On my departure from Washington, President
Roosevelt committed to my hands an autograph note of personal greet-
ing and eight bound volumes of his literary works to be delivered to
Your Holiness. I now have the honor of complying with his direction.

I desire next to express my sense of the personal honor of this audi-
ence. I am not a member of the Roman Catholic Church; but one
who has marked the enlightened statesmanship, the limpid purity of
character, and the earnest seeking for the uplifting of all humanity
that have been the personal characteristics of the head of the Roman
Church during the quarter century of the present pontificate can not
fail, whatever his church or creed, to entertain the most profound
respect for Your Holiness.

The transfer of sovereignty and all governmental property rights and
interests from the Crown of Spain to the United States in the Philip-
pine Islands contained in the Treaty of Paris was a transfer- from a
government between which and the Church of Rome there had been in
those islands the closest association in property, religion, and politics,
to a government which by the law of its being is absolutely prevented
from having such sissociations with any church. To make the transfer
effectual, and at the same time just, it is obvious that the proper line
of division must be drawn between what were really civil property
interests of the Crown of Spain and what were religious trusts of the
Catholic Church, and that all union of civil and clerical agencies for
performance of political functions must end.

It is said that many churches and conventos are on United States
land. It is said that rental is due from the United States for occupa-
tion of churches and conventos. Of the very nice questions thus aris-
ing, some might be settled, perhaps after years of litigation in the
ordinary courts of Justice, though others could not be disposed of in
this way. Especially is this true of certain questions which I shall
now briefly state: The transfer of sovereignty from Spain to the
United" States had been preceded by two revolutions among the Philip-
pine people against Spain. The popular hostility was chiefly mani-
fested against the members of four religious orders who had, in
addition to their clerical duties as parish priests, been charged by the
Spanish Government with the performance of a burden of local polit-
ical and police duties, and in the performance had been held responsible
by the people for the oppression of which it was said that Spain was
guilty.

Three of these orders were owners of large tracts of valuable agri-
cultural lands, and in each revolution the hostility toward the mem-
bers of the religious orders was, in provinces where this land lay,
agrarian as well as political. The justice or injustice of this hostility

238 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

is, as I conceive, aside from the issue. It exists and is the result of
years of peace and war. It can not be ignored. The members of these
orders have not yet returned to their parishes, which are being
administered by the native clergy, and they have not yet resumed
possession of their lands. An attempt by them to assume the rights
of landlords or to become parish priests again will, it is confidently
believed, seriously disturb the peace and order of the islands.

On behalf of the Philippine government, it is proposed to buy the
lands of the religious orders with the hope that the funds thus fur-
nished may lead to their withdrawal from the islands, and, if necessary,
a substitution therefor, as parish priests, of other priests whose pres-
ence would not be dangerous to public order. It is further hoped that
church titles, rentals, and prices might all be fixed either by arbitration
or in a general compromise. Authority to purchase the agricultural
lands of religious orders must ultimately come from the Congress of
the United States, but a bill granting such authority has been favor-
ably reported to both Houses of Congress, and there is every pros-
pect of its passage before the close of the session, which will probably
end in July. The bill leaves the method of purchase to the Philippine
government, so that the negotiations concerning such a purchase are
not now premature.

We now have in the Philippine Islands a Christian people of
6,000,000 souls, substantially all Roman Catholics, just awaiting the
dawn of a new political and business life. What a burden upon them,
what a burden upon their church, to which they are devoted, that deep-
seated political and agrarian hostilities growing out of the troubles of
a previous regime should be permitted now to cast their shadow upon
their religious and political welfare. Should such questions be left
open to a continued discussion with all the unfortunate heat likely to
be engendered? Is it not wise that in a straightforward business
method a basis for a general settlement and compromise should be
reached in an amicable conference between the representatives of the
head of the Roman Catholic Church and agents or officials of the Phil-
ippine and United States Governments? In such a conference conces-
sions and compromises may be expected if they do not involve a
violation of principle, and the supreme benefit, both to the state and
the church, of an amicable settlement will make each side bend to
reach it.

I do not need to assure Your Holiness that the attitude of the United
States and of the Philippine government is not one of unfriendliness
toward the Roman Catholic Church. The policy of separating church
from state, as required in the Constitution of the United States, does
not indicate hostility to religion or to the maintenance of any church.
On the contrary, the founders of our government were profoundly
convinced that religion must be upheld for the benefit of the state, and

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OV WAR. 239

that it was the true basis for the morality of the citizen; and in prac-
tice it will be found that in the United States the rights of all churches,
both as to property, administration, and practice of religion, are ob-
served and protected with even more scrupulous care than in some coun-
tries where church and state arc said to be united. 1 venture to point
to the prosperity of the Roman Catholic Church in America as indicat-
ing that it has nothing to fear from the extension of the same rule
over the Philippine Islands. The Government of the United States
treats all churches and creeds alike. It protects them all, but favors
no one against another. It is not engaged in proselyting for one
church or creed, and an}' officer using his office for such a purpose,
directly or indirectly, ought to forfeit his office.

I do not intend further to weary Your Holiness with a detailed
statement of the questions likely to arise in the conference now at
hand. When Your Holiness shall refer us to dignitaries of the
church authorized to enter upon the negotiation, the questions will
then be stated at length, as set forth in instructions given to me by
my immediate superior, the Secretary of War.

Under my instructions I am authorized to call others to my assist-
ance as my advisers and counselors in the negotiations. I have asked
the Right Rev. Thomas O'Gorman, bishop of Sioux Falls, the Hon.
James F. Smith, associate justice of the supreme court of the Philip-
pines, and Maj. John Kiddle Porter, judge-advocate department,
United States Army, to assist me in this way, and, with Your Holi-
ness's permission, I now present them.

Letter referred to in the foregoing «/Mre*#.

White House,
Washington, May «9, 1902.
Your Holiness: In felicitating you upon your entry into the
twenty-fifth year of your Pontificate, I beg to ask your acceptance of
the volumes which Governor Taf t will present to you from me.

I most cordially thank %you for your repeated expressions of good
will to this country; and, trusting that you may have many happy and
prosperous years of life, I am,

With regard, faithfully yours,

Theodore Roosevelt.
His Holiness Pope Leo XHL

240 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

The instructions of May 9 with the construction included in dis-
patch of June 5 were thereafter presented to Cardinal Rampolla, who
replied to the views therein expressed by the following memorandum:

[Translation.]

June 22.

Excellency: After a mature examination of the instructions which
Your Excellency received from Mr. the American Secretary of War
concerning the religious questions in the Philippine Islands, the Holy
Father has commanded me to address to Your Excellenc}T the accompa-
nying document, in which are expressed the appreciations of the Holy
See on that subject.

With feelings of particular regard, I have the pleasure to subscribe

myself^ with the most distinguished consideration,

Your Exccllcncv's most devoted servant,

M. Card. Rampolla.
H. E. Mr. W. H. Taft,

Civil Governor of tlw Philippine Islands.

The decision of the Government of the United States of America to
send to Rome a commission for the purpose of treating with the supreme
authority of the Catholic Church concerning various questions of com-
mon interest about the Philippine Islands and of settling them by
means of amicable accord has been welcomed by the Holy See with a
special pleasure. For if the Government of the United States has by
a wise and approved principle judged this manner of direct under-
standing to be preferable in order to regulate the situation created for
a population of several millions, exclusively Catholic, that has entered
the sphere of its political dominion, likewise the Holy See on its
part deems that this method of direct understanding answers best of
all others the reciprocal interest of both parties, and that as at present
so also in the future it will be of aid to the good government of those
people.

The Holy See, animated by a friendly disposition toward the Ameri-
can Government, has hastened to examine with benevolent deference
the views and wishes of said Government set forth in the instructions
of the Secretary of War to the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands,
and does not hesitate to declare that, saving the religious interests of
those people, to the protection of which she can never be wanting, it is
disposed to second them in the just measure; and it confides in the feel-
ings of justice and equity of the American Government and believes
that it likewise will hold in due consideration the views and wishes of
the Holy See to secure the rights of the church and the spiritual wel-
fare of the Catholics in the Philippine Islands.

The Holy See is not ignorant of the fundamental principle of the
American Government in regard to peoples subject to its dominion,

REPOBT OF THE 8ECRETABY OF WAR. 241

which require the separation of the church from the state. However,
the Holy See can not suppose that in the application of these princi-
ples the Government does not take into account the situation de facto
of the peoples governed by it. Now, the fact is that in the Philippine
Archipelago its sovereignty is exercised over a population of 7,000,000
entirely Catholic, deeply attached to their faith, and for many centu-
ries educated and formed in their traditions, habits, aspirations, in their
very life, according to this faith. It is to be hoped, therefore, that the
American Government, not only for reasons of equity, but also for
reasons of social and political order, will know how to find a way of
reconciling the requirements of its fundamental system with the
requirements of the situation de facto and to live in good harmony
with the Catholic Church and the authorities that represent and pro-
tect its interests.

Regarding the religious orders, of which mention is made in the
instructions of the Secretary of War, the Holy Sec can not give its
adhesion to all the views contained therein; nor does it consider oppor-
tune to enter into a discussion on that point. Placing itself entirely
on the practical ground of the provisions required by the new situa-
tion, the Holy See admits first of all that the system obtaining under
the Spanish domination and the mixing up of the religious in the civil
administration might have created for them in a portion of the people
a certain ill will. How to eliminate this antipathy the Holy See has
already devised means, gradual^ by opportune measures to recall the
regulars to the life proper to their institute, to devote themselves
exclusively to spiritual ministry, to abstain from any kind of interfer-
ence in things appertaining to the civil authority, to consolidate mutual
peace of life between the people and clergy of the islands, to uphold
the principle of authority, to imbue the masses with morality, and to
make themselves the instruments of civilization and social order.

It is also the intention of the Holy See to introduce in the Philip-
pine Islands religious of other nationalities; and, so far as possible,
from the United States, and to intrust to them, when sufficiently
instructed in the local dialects, the spiritual care of the faithful. As
to the Spanish religious in particular belonging to the orders men-
tioned in the instructions, not even they should be denied to return to
those parishes where the people is disposed to receive them without
disturbance of public order; and, if in some parishes where it is evi-
dent that they are desired, or are favorably regarded by the whole or
the great majority of the people, obstacles and difficulties should be
interposed on the part of some disturber of peace, the Holy See trusts
that the American authorities by the ordinary means of civil justice
will know how to protect the rights of the religious themselves and
the wish of the people. Finally, the Holy See will not neglect to pro-
mote at the same time the better ecclesiastical education and training
wab 1902— vol 1 16

242 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

of the native clergy in order to put them in the way, according to
their fitness, of taking gradually the place of the religious orders in
the discharge of the pastoral functions.

The Holy See likewise recognizes that in order to reconcile more
fully the feelings of the Filipinos to the religious possessing landed
estates the sale of the same is conducive thereto. Therefore it adheres
in principle to the request made by the American Government saving
the right of property of the legitimate possessor and an estimate of
the value of the lands conformable with the principles of justice and
equity. Considering, however, that this is a complicated question,
requiring special study of the facts of the case, and can not be solved
with precipitation, the Holy See declares it is disposed to furnish the
new apostolic delegate who is to be sent to the Philippine Islands with
necessary and opportune instructions in order to treat amicably this
affair in understanding with the American Government and the parties
interested, and so to arrive at fixing a satisfactory accord, whether on
the value of the lands or the conditions of the sale.

In the same way wherever there exists a doubt as to the legitimate
ownership of lands or buildings actually standing in the name whether
of the state or of the church, the Holy See admits that by common
accord the civil and ecclesiastical authorities take under examination the
respective titles of property, naturally not omitting the title arising
from legitimate possession; and the lands or buildings will be adjudged
according to these titles to whom by right. On this point also the
Holy See will not fail to give due instructions to the apostolic delegate.

The damages sustained by the Catholic Church in the Philippine
Islands on account of the war constitute an object worthy of special
attention in an amicable arrangement with the American authorities.
Besides the acts of vandalism perpetrated by the insurgents in the
destruction of churches and the appropriation of sacred vestments,
there were occupied by the American Government episcopal palaces,
seminaries, convents, rectories, and other buildings intended for wor-
ship, and these were also partly damaged. The Holy See learns with
satisfaction that the American Government is not disinclined to indem-
nify according to justice the Catholic Church for such losses and dam-
ages; and this may be effected either by the restitution of buildings so
occupied or by just compensation. On these matters the apostolic
delegate will be instructed to come to an understanding with the
American authorities and secure a just settlement.

As for what concerns Pious Trusts, the Holy See understands
very well that the American system of government demands the sep-
aration of those belonging by right to the civil authorities from those
belonging to the church authorities. To this end, however, it is
proper first of all to observe that if the American Government suc-
ceeded to the Spanish Government in the sovereignty of the State and

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 243

in the political rights inherent thereto, it did not in the same way suc-
ceed in the attributions of a special and ecclesiastical character which
that Government exercised in its capacity as patrons.

The new state of affairs has caused to cease radically everything
connected with that patronage; nay, the American laws would not
allow the governors of the Philippine Islands to exercise the powers
of the civil governors of Spain as vice-regal patrons, whence it follows
that the church can not renounce the right and the liberty of adminis-
tering the pious'trusts of ecclesiastical origin or of Catholic foundation
which do not owe their existence to the civil power exclusively.
Therefore there will be needed an accurate and impartial examination
as to the origin of such foundations in order to ascribe to the state
those that shall be recognized being within its competence, leaving the
church to administer all others freelv. And in order that such an
examination be thorough, there should be determined the obligations
and imposts which perchance burden the properties, whether private
or public, in favor of the pious trust, educational or charitable, in order
that by removal of every doubt and contest these obligations and
imposts may be restored to their destination.

Finally the Holy See can not abstain from asking the American
authorities suitable provisions for religious teaching in the public
schools, especially the primary, and that the choice of teachers be
made according to equitable principles, and principles such as do not
wound the rights and feelings of a people entirely Catholic.

Response of Governor Toft to Cardinal Ram polio** communication.

July 3.

Your Eminence: I beg to acknowledge receipt of your favor of
the 21st of June, No. 70,963, inclosing a communication of the views of
the Holy Sec upon the questions arising between the Roman Catholic
Church and the Philippine government, and discussed by the Secre-
tary of War of the United States in his instructions to me, submitted
through your eminence to His Holiness. It is a source of much grati-
fication to note that the Hoty See welcomes with especial pleasure and
approves the coming of a representative of the President of the United
States to Rome for the purpose of securing a direct understanding
upon the questions mooted; and that in general the views of the Holy
See are in accord with those expressed by the Secretary of War,
though in one important particular, to wTit, that of the religious orders,
there seems to be a difference as to the method to be adopted to meet
a recognized difficulty.

It is further observed in the communication of the Holv See that
many questions are proposed to be referred to a new apostolic dele-
gate to be sent to Manila. It is respectfully suggested that in this
manner much of the benefit of the direct understanding between the

244 BEPOBT OF THE 8E0BETARY OF WAB.

church and the Philippine government, which is properly valued by
both parties, will be lost. The only efficient method of securing such
a direct understanding would seem to be the making and signing of a
definite contract between the parties or their representatives, which
should leave as little as possible to uncertainty and future negotiation,
and which should determine the main lines along which harmony and
cooperation between the state and the church may be secured. The
main purpose of the present communication is to formulate such a
contract.

An analysis of the instructions of the Secretary of War will show
that the purpose of the President of the United States and the Philip-
pine government is to make an agreement with the supreme head of
the church, under which the former shall perform four separate stipu-
lations in consideration of the compliance with certain conditions by
certain religious orders and their members, over whom the Holy See,
it is expected, can exercise control and for whose conduct in respect
to such conditions it can contract.

First. The most important stipulation of the United States is to buy
the agricultural landed estates of the three religious orders, the Domin-
icans, the Augustinians, and the Recoletos. The United States Gov-
ernment and the Philippine government desire to submit the question
of the fair value of the lands to be bought to a tribunal of arbitration
to be composed of five members, two to be appointed by His Holiness,
two to be appointed by the Philippine government, and one, the fifth,
to be selected by an indifferent person, like the governor-general of
India. The expenses of this tribunal, including the compensation to
each one of its members, the Philippine government is willing to pay.
The time within which the tribunal should meet in the city of Manila
should be fixed not later than January 1 next, for the situation pre-
sents an emergency .

The tribunal should be given power to hear evidence; to view the
lands, as may be convenient, and to render an award in accordance
with a majority vote of the members. The valuation of the lands
should be fixed in Mexican dollars, because that is the usual standard
of value which now prevails in the islands and is the one in which esti-
mates of experts will naturally be given. The terms of payment, it
is suggested, should be one-third cash within thirty days from the
report of the award and the delivery of the deeds of the land pur-
chased, one-third in nine months after the first payment, and the
remaining one-third in eighteen months after the first payment. The
Philippine government would have no objection to paying the whole
price in cash at the delivery^ of the deeds, except that, because under
the proposals about to be made the performance of certain conditions
by the religious orders is to be postponed, it is fair that payment of
delayed installments should correspond to the performance of such

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 245

conditions. It would seem that interest at the rate of 4 J per cent on
the delayed payments would be fair. The payments ought to made to
the person designated by the Holy See to receive the same.

Second. It is understood that a large number of the parish churches
and conventos or rectories, as well a.* some diocesan churches and
buildings, stand upon land the title to which was in the Crown of
Spain, and passed by the Treaty of Paris to the Government of the
United States. The Philippine government is willing to convey such
lands to any officer of the church to be designated by His Holiness for
the use and benefit of the Catholic people of the respective parishes
in which such churches and conventos stand, or for the use of the
proper diocese, as the case may be. In some few cases the titles to the
parish churches and conventos are claimed by the respective munici-
palities in which they are situate. Under the treaty of Paris the
United States Government is bound to respect equally the titles of the
ecclesiastical corporations and of municipal corporations. The convey-
ance by legislative act herein proposed must therefore be subject to
the claims of title, if any, made by the respective municipalities, which
claims can be tried in the ordinary courts of justice.

Third. It is hoped that when the apostolic delegate competent to act
for the Holy See visits the islands he may take up with the Philippine
government the educational and charitable trusts now in dispute, and
that they may agree by compromise on those which should be con-
ducted under the direction of the civil government and those which
should be conducted under the direction of the church; but should it
be impossible to agree upon such a compromise, then it is proposed to
submit all the disputed questions of this character to the tribunal of
arbitration constituted under the first head, which shall hear the causes
as in a court and make the award as above provided, and that among
the questions to be submitted to such tribunal shall be the one arising
upon the San Jose foundation now pending in the supreme court of
the islands.

Fourth. The United States Government has occupied many churches,
conventos, and other buildings of the Roman Catholic Church and its
orders in the islands for a year and sometimes for a longer period, and
has as yet, it is understood, paid no rental therefor. It is proposed to
ascertain the reasonable rentals and a certain class of damages, if any
are proven, for the buildings thus occupied by means of a finding of
the persons constituting the tribunal of arbitration already described.
The United States, it is understood, has never included and paid in
compensation for such occupancy as this any damages, except for
injury or alteration to the property authorized by the commanding
officer of the occupying troops, either expressly or tacitly, nor is com-
pensation ever allowed for injury done to buildings in the train of war.

It will perhaps turn out in some cases that the churches and con-

246 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

ventos were in villages in which the whole population was engaged in
insurrection against the United States, including the priest in charge,
and in such a case it is proposed to leave open to the United States the
defense that it was occupying only enemy's property during the time
of war and was not liable therefore to pay compensation. Of course
the validity of such defense must be submitted to the members of
the tribunal. The Secretary of War, under whose general authority
the buildings were occupied has authorized me to agree to this method
of ascertaining the amount due, but as there is no present authority
in the laws of the United States to submit the question for final arbi-
tration, the Secretary can only agree to submit the ascertained result
to Congress for its action. The money to be paid in these instances
is not the money of the Philippine government, but the money of
the United States, and it can only be drawn from the Treasury on the
appropriation of Congress. There is no probability that Congress
would refuse to provide the money to satisfy the conclusion thus fairly
reached.

The Philippine government proposes to comply with the preceding
stipulations on certain conditions. An obviously just condition is that
no money shall be paid for the lands to be purchased until proper
conveyances for the land shall have been made to the Philippine gov-
ernment. The fact is well known to the Holy See, as to the Philippine
government, that the three orders — the Dominicans, the Augustinians,
and the Recoletos — have transferred their landed estates to promoters
or promoting companies with a view to the carrying on of agriculture
or to the rental or sale of the lands; but it is also well known that the
three orders have retained a very large interest in the lands by becom-
ing holders of the stock in the promoting company or by contract with
the original promoter, and that the Holy See may therefore control
the sale of these lands and the making of the proper conveyances by
its power to control religious orders.

By the next condition it is to be agreed on behalf of the Pope that
all the members of the four religious orders of Dominicans, Augus-
tinians, Recoletos, and Franciscans now in the islands shall withdraw
therefrom after two years from the date of the first payment upon
the purchase price of the lands under this agreement. A sufficient
number of them, it is provided, may remain to continue the schools,
university, and conventual churches now conducted by them until the
close of such two years, when they shall withdraw. It is further pro-
vided that the remainder shall withdraw from the islands, one- half
within nine months after the first payment of purchase money and
one-half after eighteen months. An exception is made in favor of
any member of these orders who has been able to avoid the hostility of
the people and to cany on his duties as parish priest in his parish out-
side of Manila from August, 1898, to the date of this agreement. It

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 247

is certain that such a priest is popular with the people, and it is not
desired to separate him from them.

This exception is not extended to friars who have acted as parish
priests in the city of Manila, because no such inference of popularity
can be drawn as to them from their immunity from molestation in
a city always occupied by American forces. It is further in effect
agreed that no Spanish members of these orders shall bo substituted
for those withdrawn. The only purpose that the American Govern-
ment has in proposing this condition is to secure political peace and
an absence of disturbance. The Filipino people as a whole are deeply
incensed against the members of these four orders in the islands, because
responsible, as they suppose, for the alleged oppressions of Spain.
The members of the hierarchy of the church were all selected from
these orders, and the people understood that in the heads of the orders,
resident in Manila, where were their churches, conventos, and colleges,
was deposited almost the whole of the political power exercised by
Spain.

Nor was this understanding without foundation, for bjr the laws in
force under the Spanish regime the heads of the religious orders and
the head of the hierarchy, the archbishop of Manila, were of the
council of the governor-general of the islands. These orders have a
newspaper which is still published by them, and which is in spirit
anti- American, anti- Filipino, and pro-Spanish; and they thus confirm
in the minds of the people the reason for their continued hostility. It
may be added that the assessed valuation of the real estate and build-
ings of the religious orders in Manila is $5,901,978 Mexican, while
the estimated value of the property owned by the Roman Catholic
Church is only $3,678,927 Mexican, a fact full of significance in a dis-
cussion of the power of the religious orders in Manila, especially
when it is considered that in addition to their Manila property they
own a large amount of invested personal property as well as the agri-
cultural lands now proposed to be bought.

It may be added that the Manila lands and buildings of the religious
orders have largely increased in value in the last two years, and can be
sold quickly if desired. Should the agreement now proposed be carried
out, and the large sum which will undoubtedhr be awarded as the purchase
price of the agricultural lands in question be paid, the people will
expect that with such a nucleus and such great financial power the
four orders will continue the powerful influence always exercised by
them from Manila over the clergy in the parishes. The retention of any
considerable number of the Spanish members of such orders in Manila
will, therefore, very much neutralize the good effect of the assurance
that the Spanish members of such orders will not return to the
parishes.

It is, of course, well understood that His Holiness desires to retain
the churches of these orders in Manila, and also to retain the schools

248 , REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

and university established and conducted by them; but it is suggested
that these churches, schools, and university may under this agreement
be conducted by the Spanish friars of other and less unpopular orders,
or, if need be, by non-Spanish members of the same orders. The
changes proposed, however, it seems to the Philippine government,
to be necessary to convince the Filipino people that the old regime of
the Spanish friars of these four orders is ended.

Under (c) it is provided that in all parishes except the missionary
parishes of the Jesuits and those in which popular members of the four
orders have remained unmolested, only secular priests or members of
religious orders that are not Spanish and whose presence in the parish
will not disturb the peace or order thereof shall be appointed as parish
priests and that secularized Spanish members of religious orders shall
not be appointed as secular priests under this paragraph.

It would be simpler, and more certainly secure the purposes of the
Philippine government, if the members of the four religious orders —
of any nationality — for the immediate future should not come into
the islands; but in deference to the understood reluctance of the Holy
See to acquiesce in what might be construed as a criticism of the four
religious orders as such, the clause has been drawn with a narrower
restriction.

It is hoped that the restrictions in (b) and (c) will meet the views of
His Holiness, and that he will understand that they are inserted solely
for the purpose of securing what is absolutely essential to the progress
both of the church and government, peace and contented feeling
among the people. The Philippine government has not the slightest
desire to interfere with the progress of the Catholic religion or its
teaching in the Philippine Islands.

The most careful consideration has been given to what is said in the
communication of the Holy See in respect to the religious orders in
the Philippines and the means proposed to be adopted by the Holy See
for avoiding the antipathy which the regulars now encounter in the
islands, but with the utmost deference, it seems to the Philippine gov-
ernment that the means are not adequate to meet the emergency which
alone justifies it in taking any interest in the matter. Nothing will
calm the fears of the people and nothing produce contentment with
church and government except the definite knowledge from such a
contract as that here proposed that the Spanish friars of the four
orders are to leave the islands at a definite time, and are not to return
to the parishes or exercise from Manila a controlling influence there
over the parish priests. It is hoped that in view of these facts, which
are recited not to reflect on the friars, but only to show the de facto
condition, the Holy See will deem it proper to assent to the proposed
provision on this subject.

I accompany this letter with a form of agreement proposed for sig-
nature. The Philippine government bill, which authorizes the pur-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 249

chase of the lands of the religious orders, has passed both Houses of
Congress and has received the approval of the President and is now
the law.

In closing this communication I desire to refer to the last clause of
the communication of the Holy See with respect to the religious
instruction in the public schools. My instructions do not permit me
to discuss the subject, but I majr property refer Your Eminence to sec-
tion 16 of the general school law of the Philippine Islands, a copy of
which I inclose.

It is not improper for me to say that I have submitted by cable the
full text of the views of the Holy See, as communicated by Your Emi-
nence to me, and also the form of contract which accompanies this
letter, and that I have been directed to submit the proposed contract
as that which the President of the United States and the Philippine
government desire in the premises.

I avail myself of this opportunity to assure Your Eminence of my
most distinguished consideration, and to subscribe myself,
Your Eminence's most obedient servant,

Wm. H. Taft.

[Extract from Philippine scliool law (act 74) mibmittc<l with foregoing document.]
Section 16 of the General School Law of the Philippine Islands.

No teacher or other person shall teach or criticise the doctrines
of any church, religious sect, or denomination, or shall attempt to
influence the pupils for or against any church or religious sect in any
public school established under this act. If any teacher shall inten-
tionally violate this section, he or she shall, after due hearing, be dis-
missed from the public service.

Provided, h/>wev^ That it shall be lawful for the priest or minister
of any church established in the pueblo where a public school is sit-
uated, either in person or by a designated teacher of religion, to teach
religion for one-naif an hour three times a week in the school building
to those public-school pupils whose parents or guardians desire it ana
express their desire therefor in writing tiled with the principal teacher
of the school, to l)e forwarded to the division superintendent, who
shall fix the hours and rooms for such teaching. But no public-school
teacher shall either conduct religious exercises or teach religion or act
as a designated religious teacher in the school building under the fore-
going authority, and no pupil shall be required by any public-school
teacher to attend and receive the religious instruction herein per-
mitted. Should the opportunity thus given to teach religion be used
by the priest, minister, or religious teacher for the purpose of arous-
ing disloyalty to the United States, or of discouraging the attendance
of pupils at such public school, of creating a disturbance of public
order? or of interfering with the discipline of the school, the division
superintendent, subject to the approval of the general superintendent
of public instruction, may , after aue investigation and hearing, forbid
sucn offending priest, minister, or religious teacher from entering the
public-school building thereafter.

250 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

FORM OF AGREEMENT.

This agreement between Cardinal Rampolla, cardinal secretary of
state to His Holiness Leo XIII, representing His Holiness, and Wil-
liam Howard Taft, civil governor of the Philippine Islands, repre-
senting the President of the United States and the Philippine
government, witnesseth that:

First. The Philippine government agrees to buy all the agricultural
lands, buildings, irrigation plants, and other improvements thereon,
situate in the Philippine Archipelago, of the Dominican, Augustinian,
and Recoleto orders, and to pay therefor a reasonable and fair price,
to be fixed in Mexican dollars by a tribunal of arbitration to be com-
posed of five members, two to be appointed by His Holiness the Pope,
two by the Philippine government, and the fifth to be appointed by
the governor-general of India. The tribunal of arbitration shall begin
its session in Manila on the first day of January, 1903, shall receive
evidence on the question of value to be adduced by the two parties to
the controversv, shall view such of the lands as the tribunal shall deem
necessary and convenient, and shall make and certify an award of the
value of such lands to the civil governor of the Philippine Islands,
and to the Archbishop of Manila or the apostolic delegate of His
Holiness. A majority of the tribunal may make the award. The
lands to be appraised and purchased shall include all the agricultural
lands owned by the three orders named on the first day of May, 1898,
in which said orders or other associations, subject to the control of
the head of the Catholic Church, still retain a majority interest by
virtue of ownership of stock in the company or companies now hold-
ing title to the same, or by contract with the individuals in whom is
now the legal title. The expenses of the tribunal of arbitration,
including reasonable compensation to each of the members, shall be
paid by the Philippine government. The price shall be paid in three
installments — one-third cash within thirty days after the certifying of
the award to the civil governor of the Philippines and a tender of the
necessary deeds of the land to him; one-third in nine months after
the date of the first payment, and the remaining one-third in eighteen
months after the date of the first payment, the deferred payments to
bear four and one-half per cent interest from the date of the first pay-
ment. The purchase money shall be paid to the representative of the
Roman Catholic Church to be designated by the Pope, and the receipt
of such representative shall be a full acquittance to the extent of the
amount paid of the Philippine government.

Second. The Philippine government agrees to release by legislative
act to the representatives of the Roman Catholic Church, designated
by His Holiness the Pope, all lands or enclosures upon which Roman
Catholic churches and conventos now stand, which were never by deed

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 251

or formal grant conveyed by Spain to the Roman Catholic Church,
the name to be held bj' such representatives for the use of the Roman
Catholics of the parishes in which such churches and conventos, respec-
tively, stand; without prejudice, however, to the title, if any, of the
municipality in which any such church or convento may stand, to such
land to be asserted in ordinary courts of law.

Third. The Philippine government and the Holy See will by com-
promise, if possible, reach an agreement in respect to the charitable,
educational, and other trusts, concerning which there is now dispute
as to the proper trustee, by determining which of the trusts, if any,
shall be administered by the civil government and which of the trusts,
if any, shall be administered by the Roman Catholic Church or its
agents, and on failure to reach an agreement said principals will abide
by the finding of the tribunal of arbitration mentioned in the first
paragraph, to whom all such questions shall be submitted as a court
of final jurisdiction, and shall include the issue arising in respect to
the San Jose foundation now pending in the Supreme Court of the
islands.

Fourth. The reasonable rentals, if any, which ought to be paid for
conventos and other church buildings which have been occupied by
United States troops during the insurrection, shall be ascertained, for
the information of both parties, by the persons who constitute the
above-mentioned tribunal of arbitration. In each case they shall take
into consideration the question whether or not the church or convento
was enemy's property and was properly occupied in time of war with-
out incurring obligation to pay rent. Jt is understood that the rental
to be ascertained may include allowance for injury done, or alterations
made in course of occupation, to the buildings occupied when expressly
or impliedly authorized by commanding officers of the occupying
troops, but should not include injury arising from the torts or unau-
thorized acts of individual soldiers, and should not include damages,
the result of the train of actual war. The Secretarv of War undertakes
to present to the Congress of the United States the results of the
inquiry herein provided for, with request for authority and means to
pay the rentals so ascertained to be due.

The foregoing stipulations are made on the following conditions:

(a) That titles of the three religious orders to the agricultural lands
mentioned in paragraph one, and of any subsequent grantees thereof,
shall be duly conveyed by deeds of usual and proper form to the
Philippine government, and no part of the purchase price shall be
paid until this provision is complied with.

(b) That all members of the four religious orders of Dominicans,
Augustinians, Recoletos, and Franciscans now in the Philippines shall
withdraw, one-half within nine months after the date of the first pay-
ment and one-half within eighteen months thereafter, and meantime

252 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

they shall not teach, preach, do parish work, or work of inspection in
the parishes of the archipelago; except that for a period of two years
after the first payment a sufficient number of such members may
remain to conduct the schools, university, and conventual churches
now conducted by them, withdrawing, however, from the islands at
the close, of such period; and except, further, that any such member
who shall have continuous^ discharged his duty as parish priest in
any parish outside of Manila, from August, 1898, to the date hereof,
may continue as such and not withdraw from the islands; and that no
Spanish members of said four orders shall hereafter be sent to the
islands.

(c) Except as provided in (b) and in missionary parishes now con-
ducted by Jesuits, only secular priests or non-Spanish members of
religious orders whose presence in the parishes will not disturb the
peace or order thereof shall be appointed as parish priests. The term
"secular priests" as used in this paragraph shall not include secular-
ized Spanish members of religious orders.

His Holiness on his part hereby agrees to the stipulations and con-
ditions hereinbefore set forth, and contracts that the four religious
orders herein named, and their members, shall comply with the stipu-
lations and conditions on their part to be performed.

[Translation.]

Answer to communication from, Governor Taft of July 3.

Mr. the Governor-General: I have the honor to acknowledge
the receipt of the letter which you were kind enough to address to me
on the 3d of this month with a scheme of agreement which the Ameri-
can Government would desire to arrange with the Holy See, to regu-
late, in the Philippine Archipelago, the situation on certain points
which touch the Catholic Church. I hasten to thank you for the two
documents, and in my turn I permit myself to transmit to you inclosed
a counter project, which expresses the intentions and the point of view
of the Holy See on these same points, and in adding to it in this letter
certain explanations.

By the simple reading of the counter project you may, Mr. the
Governor-General, observe that on the economical points the views of
the Holy See accord almost entirely with those of the American and
Philippine governments. The modifications which have been intro-
duced, and which }rou will observe, only complete and make more pre-
cise, it seems to me, the text of the convention. If, in your opinion,
any point may be made still more clear, I should be happy to consider
your views. The principal difference between the two projects is in
relation to the religious of Spanish nationality in the archipelago.
The Holy See finds it impossible to admit that which is proposed under

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 253

the letters B and C at the end of the project. To begin with, the Holy
See can not admit that there is a connection between the stipulation
of the first articles of the convention and the measures which it (the
Holy See) proposes to take in order to cooperate in the pacification of
the archipelago. In reality, these measures are part of the mission of
the church in the world and arc independent of the solution of eco-
nomic questions. This solution must be inspired solely by the princi-
ples of natural justice.

If we now pass to an examination of the difficult}' itself, it is very
easy to prove that the Holy See can not accept the proposition of the
Philippine government to recall from the archipelago in a fixed time
all the religious of Spanish nationality — Dominicans, Franciscans,
Augustinians, Recoletos, and to prevent their return in the future.
In effect such a measure, not justified by a reason of force majeure,
would be contrary to the positive rights guaranteed by the Treaty of
Paris, and would put, consequently, the Holy See in conflict with
Spain, who would have every reason to protest. Much more, such a
measure would be, in the eyeti of the Filipinos and of the entire Cath-
olic world, the explicit confirmation of all the accusations brought
against the said religious by their enemies, accusations of which the
falsity, or at least the evident exaggeration, can not be disputed.

Finally, if the American Government, respecting as it does individ-
ual rights, does not dare interdict the Philippine soil to the Spanish
religious of the four orders above named, how could the Pope do it,
he, the common father of all, the support and born defender of the
religious? On the other hand, without having recourse to this violent
and extremely odious measure, the means which the Holy See counts
upon taking are sufficient to set aside any fear or any preoccupation.
The number of the Spanish religious remaining in the archipelago has
much diminished, and as I had the honor to say to you, Mr. Governor-
General, in my memorial of the 21st of June, the Holy See will try to
introduce therein religious of other nationalities, and particularly, as
much as possible, of the United States of America, and to confide to
them the parochial ministry, hardly will they be sufficiently instructed
in the language of the country. Besides, the representative of the
Holy See will carefully see that all the religious of no matter what
nationality, order, or congregation consecrate themselves exclusively
to their spiritual work, without inserting themselves in any way in
political questions, and in abstaining from any opposition to the estab-
lished power.

This result will be all the more easy to attain since the resources of
the religious will remain under the control of the supreme authority,
to be devoted also to the spiritual needs of the church in the archi-
pelago, besides which the representative of the Holy See, in accord
with the diocesan authorities, will not permit the return of the Spanish

254 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

religious of the above-named orders in the parishes where their pres-
ence would provoke troubles or disorders; that if in such and such
parishes, the totality or the great majority of the population desiring
the return of the religious, certain disturbers should seek to create
obstacles and difficulties, the Holy See again expresses its confidence
that the American authorities will know how, by the ordinary means
of justice, to protect the rights of the religious and the will of the
population. Finally, not to retard the execution of this convention,
the Holy Father consents that the school question in the Philippines
be not insisted upon for the moment, but His Holiness hopes that his
representative in the archipelago may have an understanding with you,
Mr. the Governor-General, on this point of an importance so capital
in a country almost exclusively Catholic.

Please accept, Mr. the Governor-General, the assurance of my high
consideration, with which I am of your excellency the very devoted
servant.

M. Card. Rampolla.

Rome, July 9, 1902.

Counter Project of Convention.

Article I. The Philippine government buys, and the religious
orders Dominican, Augustinian, and Recoleto, owners, sell, by the
intermediary and authority of the Holy See, the lands to them belong-
ing in the Philippine Archipelago.

Art. II. This contract comprehends all agricultural lands in Spanish
haciendas, with houses, irrigation works, machinery for various
industries thereon owned by the three above-mentioned orders, but
does not comprehend houses and churches, parochial or conventual,
with or without garden, nor country houses, with or without annexed
property, which these orders may own outside of towns for their per-
sonal use.

Art. III. If the ownership of those haciendas has been transferred
by shares to industrial corporations constituted for the exploitation
thereof, then the object of this contract shall be all the shares retained
by the three orders; and therefore such shares shall be passed over
to the Philippine government.

Art. IV. The equitable price for these lands shall be fixed by a tri-
bunal of arbitration composed of five members, of which two shall be
named by the Holy See, two by the Philippine government, and the
fifth bv the common accord of the other four; and if such accord can
not be reached, His Holiness the Pope and the President of the United
States shall come to an understanding as to the choice of said fifth
arbiter.

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR. 255

Art. V. The .tribunal of arbitration shall begin its sessions the first
day of January, 1903; shall gather more information as to the value
of the lands; shall even, if it judges proper, inspect personally the
lands, and afterwards shall remit to the civil governor of the Philip-
pines and to the apostolic delegate a documented catalogue of the
lands with their respective prices. The price shall be fixed by a
majority of the tribunal, and such decision shall be without appeal.

Art. VI. The shares, or the title deeds of the lands which are the
object of this contract, shall be duly transferred according to the
forms used in American jurisprudence to the Philippine government
before any payment therefor is made.

Art. VII. The price shall be paid by the Philippine government in
Mexican dollars and in three payments, one-third thirty days after
notification of the price and the delivery of shares and title deeds,
one-third nine months after the first payment, one-third eighteen
months after the first payment. The two last payments shall bear
interest at 4 per cent, dating from the first payment. The payments
shall be made to the representative of the church designated by His
Holiness, and the receipt of the same shall )>e to said the Philippine
government a receipt for the sum paid.

Art. V11I. The Philippine government by legislative act shall
transfer to the person designated by His Holiness as representing the
church full ownership of lands or enclosures on which are churches,
cemeteries, or conventos, which were never so transferred by Spain
formally and by written deed. Remain, however, safeguarded the
rights of municipalities in the premises, which shall be duly proven in
the ordinary courts of law.

Art. IX. The Philippine government and the Holy See shall come
to an amicable accord as to existing trusts of charity or education
which are in dispute, and shall determine which hereafter are to be
administered by the civil power and which by the church or its
agents. If such accord should not be reached in any given case, the
tribunal of arbitration mentioned in Article IV shall decide the ques-
tion. Said tribunal shall be competent, especially in the question rela-
tive to the San Jose trust now pending in the supreme court of the
islands.

Art. X. The same tribunal of arbitration shall fix the equitable rent
for conventos and other religious buildings that were occupied by the
American troops during the insurrection. It is understood that such
rent shall comprehend a just compensation for the deteriorations
caused to said buildings by the American troops. In doubtful cases the
tribunal shall decide whether the rent and the compensation are due.
The Secretary of War will present to the Congress the conclusions of
this investigation and ask the authorization and the funds to pay the
jsums fixed by the tribunal.

256 REPORT OF THE 8E0RETARY OF WAR.

Art. XL An equitable salary to the members of _ the tribunal of
arbitration, as well as all expenses of the same in the execution of the
above articles, shall be paid by the Philippine government.

Art. XII. The Holy See, in that sphere of action which is of its
competence, shall use all its influence in the pacification of the archi-
pelago and in favor of adhesion to the established government, and
shall prevent all political opposition on the part of the clergy, regular
and secular.

Governor Taft\s response to Cardinal Rampolltfs communication of

July 9.

Rome, Italy, July 15r 1902.
Your Eminence: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of
Your Eminence's communication of July 9th and to say that I have sub-
mitted the same in full by cable to the Secretary of War. His reply
is so full upon the points touched upon in Your Eminence's letters of
June 22d and Julv 9th that I venture to transmit the same to Your
Eminence in the language of the Secretary's dispatch to me, which
is as follows:

[Telegram.]

War Department,
Washington, July lh 1902.
Taft, Hotel Quirinal, Rome:

I am much gratified by the expression of intention on the part of
the Holy See to take the measures which are indicated by Cardinal
RampollVs memoranda of the 22d of June and of the 10th of July to
recall the religious in the Philippine Islands to the life proper to their
institutes, and to an exclusive devotion to spiritual ministry, abstaining
from any kind of interference with things appertaining to the civil
authority, and to introduce as much as possible the religious of nation-
alities other than Spanish, and particularly the religious of American
nationality, and to concede to them the parochial ministry as soon as
they shall be sufficiently instructed in the languages of tne country.
These measures, so plainly indicated as wise by tne recognized facts
in the Philippine Archipelago, are quite independent of any business
or monetary consideration, and I feel that such contribution as you
have been able to make to a full understanding of the facts, and the
development of the purposes described, is sufficient compensation for
your visit to Rome. It is believed that there will result a sure basis of
mutual consideration and just treatment in the future relations between
the church and state in the Philippines in regard to all specific ques-
tions which will have to be settlea there.

Regarding the withdrawal of the members of the religious orders
from the Philippines, it should not be understood that the Philippine
government is asking to modify or in any manner affect the conduct of
religious matters on tne part of the Holy See, or on the part of the heads
of the orders, or for any compulsory exclusion or proceeding whatever.
It is rather that the Philippine Government, desires social results which
it deems of great importance to the welfare of the Philippine people,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 257

and which can be accomplished only by the withdrawal of this class of
persons who have fortuitously been thrown into special and antago-
nistic political relations with the people. That government has pro-
posed an arrangement which it supposed to be very advantageous to
the church, and worth its own while to carrv out, if the ecclesiastical
authorities having the direction of the religious orders should see lit
voluntarily to withdraw them from the islands. Such a voluntary
withdrawal can* not be considered a violation of any rights under the
treaty of Paris or otherwise, or any reflection either upon the nation
or upon the orderts to which the persons withdrawing happen to belong.

The reasons making the withdrawal desirable are not religious or
racial, but arise from the political and social relations which existed
under the former government, and which have created personal antip-
athies menacing to the peace and order of the community. Such a
voluntary withdrawal would not involve any confirmation of anv accu-
sations against the persons withdrawing or the orders to which they
belong; and it is to be observed that we have made no such accusations.
It would simply recognize the existence of the conditions which for sev-
eral years past have been and now are preventing these particular
agents from serving the church in the stations to which they were
assigned and which would make their reemployment injurious to the
community. In this matter the United States representatives in the
Philippines are merely endeavoring to meet the wishes, as well as
the needs, of the Philippine people.

It is not the United States Government which objects to the presence
of the friars; it is the Catholic population of the Philippine Islands.
The lay Catholic population ana the parish priests of native and non-
Spanish blood, are practically a unit in desiring both to expel the f rial's
and to confiscate their lands out of hand. This proposed confiscation
without compensation of the church lands was one of the fundamental
policies of the Insurgent Government under Aguinaldo. Recogniz-
ing the intensity and practical unanimity of this feeling among the
Filipinos, and at the same time desiring to avoid causing loss to the
church, the United States Government representatives proposed to pay
for the lands out of the public funds if the friars would retire from the
islands and give place to other religions of their own faith who might
be able to accomplish for their religion what they themselves had so
signally failed to accomplish. In making this proposal the United
States representatives were well aware that financially it was only of
benefit to the church, for the lands are unproductive and held in adverse
possession by the natives, who refuse to pay rent, while the former
congregations of the objectionable friars now refuse to receive them,
and they could only be henceforth restored to their parishes by such
affirmative governmental action as under our Constitution can not be
taken.

It is the desire to accomplish the removal of this cause of disturb-
ance and discord that has led me to approve that clause of your pro-
posal which would involve the government of the Philippines in a
targe and undefined obligation, for the purchase of lands in advance
of a specific ascertainment of their values, and of the estimated prices
which we can reasonably expect to receive* from them when we in turn
offer them for sale; and to the clauses which would anticipate the
authority of Congress in regard to the ascertainment of rentals and
damages in the course of occupation, and the conveyance of church

war 1002— vol 1 17

258 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

lands provided for in your proposal. If this object is not to be
assured, then the arrangement sought should be quite different in form,
and should more closely follow the suggestions of Cardinal Rampolla
in his memorandum of June 22d, wherein he says that an estimate of
the value of the lands, conformable with the principles of justice and
equity, is a complicated question, requiring special study of the facts
ot the case, and can not be solved with precipitation, and declares the
disposition of the Holy See to furnish the new Apostolic Delegate, who
is to be sent to the Philippines, with necessary and opportune instruc-
tions, in order to treat amicably this affair in understanding with the
American Government and the parties interested, and so to arrive
at fixing a satisfactory accord whether on the value of the lands or the
conditions of the sale; and wherein he further says that the Apostolic
Delegate will be instructed upon all the matters touched upon in the
memorandum to come to an understanding with the American authori-
ties and secure a just settlement.

Following the course thus proposed by His Eminence and having
secured a full and definite enumeration of the various parcels of prop-
erty in which the religious orders are interested, and which they are
willing to sell, it will be the duty of the Philippine government to
determine for itself what price it is willing to pay. That price will of
course be largely affected by the practical benefits to be derived from
the purchase in view of all the facts then existing. This course also
makes it possible to take into due consideration the fact which now
appears, that contrary to our former supposition the real and substan-
tial title to the lands in a great measure has passed out of the religious
orders and is vested in corporations which they can not entirely control,
and which hold the lands for the purpose of lawful gain and are alone
competent to sell them. It may well be that the prices which you will
feel justified in offering for the lands will be acceptable.

The whole matter may thus be disposed of by friendly agreement,
in conformity with the ordinary methods pursued in business affairs.
I believe that the good understanding which has been reached between
you and the ecclesiastical authorities in Rome can not fail to do away
with the probability of friction or difficulty. In the same manner I
will direct the General Commanding in the Philippines to ascertain, by
the customary methods, what buildings belonging to the church have
been occupied by American troops, and for what periods; what dam-
age has been done, and in each case what reasons, if any, exist for
denying an obligation to pay rentals and damages; and I shall hope
that the conclusions thus reached will be satisfactory to the church.

A similar treatment of all the subjects mentioned in your propo-
sition may with equal readiness be followed.

While it is to be regretted that the authorities having control of the
religious orders do not now see their way to make a definite agree-
ment for the withdrawal from Manila of the friars formerly in the
parishes, yet it is hoped that pending the settlement of these various
matters they will reach the conclusion that it is wise to do the same
thing of their own motion and irrespective of any agreement to that
effect. However that may be, you should assure the authorities of
the church that we shall at all times do all in our power to continue
the good understanding already reached and to agree upon such action
as shall be for the benefit of all; and further assure them of our high
appreciation of the courtesy and consideration with which the expres-
sion of your views and wisncs has been received.

REPORT OK THE SECRETARY OF WAR. 259

As preliminary to the treatment now proposed it is desirable that
the authorities of the church should arrange to forward to vou as soon
as practicable full and definite lists (a) of the property which they are
willing to sell, and of the precise relations which they hold to the title
of those properties. If tneir relation to the title is by ownership of
the stock, then the total stock of corporation, amount of stock which
they hold, and the officers of the corporations, (b) Of the churches,
convents, etc., which they claim to have been occupied by American
troops, and for which rentals or damages are claimed, and with the
details of the claim, (c) Of the chur<*h properties, formal title to
which remained in the Spanish Crown at the time of cession, and formal
conveyance of which from the Government is desired. It should be
observed as to these that no authoritv has been granted bv Congress
to make such conveyance unless it be as a part or a general settlement,
including purchase of the lands, (d) A statement of the various char-
itable and educational trusts which the authorities of the church con-
sider should be regarded as devolved upon the church rather than
upon the state.

Root, S,<ntar;f *»f War.

I have much pleasure, Your Eminence, in accordance with the
instructions of the Secretarv of War. to assure vou. and through vou
the Holy See, that the officers of the Philippine government and of the
United States Government in the Philippines will at all times do all in
their power to continue the good understanding already reached, and
to agree upon such action as shall be for the benefit of all. I desire
sincerely to express my high appreciation of the courtesy and consid-
eration with which the IIolv See has received mv communications, and
the promptness with which, in order to accommodate my early official
engagements in Manila, they have been considered and answered on
subjects that might reasonably have occupied a longer time.

In compliance with the suggestion of the Secretary of War, 1 have
the honor to request, if it is in accord with the wish of the Holy See,
that negotiations concerning the various subjects touched upon in the
proposals and counter proposals be continued in Manila between the
Apostolic Delegate and myself on the broad lines indicated in this cor
respondence, after the information under the four heads referred to
by the Secretary shall be secured and presented. I much regret that
we can not now reach a more precise agreement under which less
should be left to future adjustment ; but I venture to concur in the
expression of satisfaction by the Secretary that we have reached a
general basis for solution of so many of the questions awaiting settle-
ment in the Philippines between the Church and the State.

I have the honor to assure Your Eminence of mv most distinguished
consideration, and to subscribe myself,

Your Eminence's obedient servant,

W. II. Taft.

His Eminence Cardinal M. Kampolla del Tindaro,

Secretary of State to //is- //rV/we&v.

260 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Cardinal RampollcPs reply to Governor Taffs communication of

July 15.

Mr. the Governor-General: I hasten to acknowledge the receipt
of the letter by which you have kindly communicated to me the cable-
gram which the Secretary of War of the United States, Mr. Root,
has sent in answer to my last note of the 9th instant, which accom-
panied and explained a counter project of the Holy See for the regu-
lation of the religious affairs of the Philippine Islands. While thank-
ing you, Mr. Governor-General, for this important communication, I
am happy to be able to assure you that the Holy See has learned with
the most lively satisfaction the high consideration by which Mr. Root,
in the name of the Government of the United States, recognizes the
fitness of the measures which the Holy See, independently of the solu-
tion of an}T economic question, designs taking to ameliorate the religious
situation of the archipelago and to cooperate in the pacification of the
people under the American sovereignty — measures indicated in my
memoir of the 21st of June and in my letter of the 9th of July.

These declarations of the Secretary of War do honor to the deep
political wisdom of the Government of the United States, which knows
how to appreciate the happy influence of the Holy See for the religious
and civil elevation of peoples, especially of Catholic peoples. With
equal satisfaction, the Holy Father has taken into account the assur-
ance given by Mr. Root that the American authorities in the Philip-
pine Islands and the Government of the United States will put forth
all possible efforts to maintain the good understanding so happily
established with the authorities of the Catholic Church. On his part
the sovereign Pontiff will not fail to give to the Apostolic Delegate who
will be soon sent to the Philippine Islands the most precise instruc-
tions conformable to my memoir of the 21st of June and my letter of
the 9th of July.

The main lines for future negotiations indicated in the views of
these two documents having been accepted by the Secretary of War,
the representative of the Holy See in the archipelago will enter into
relations with the American authorities in the Philippines on the four
points indicated by the Secretary of War at the close of his cablegram.
The Holy See does not doubt that the mutual confidence and the com-
bined action of the representatives of the Holy See and the American
Government will easily produce a happy solution of the pending ques-
tions and inaugurate for that noble country a new era of peace and
true progress.

It is to me, Mr. the Governor-General, an agreeable duty to be able
in ending this letter to render homage to the very great courtesy and
high capacity with which you have filled the delicate mission that the
Government of the President of the United States had confided to

REPORT OF TlfE SECRETARY OF WAR. 201

you and willingly do 1 add that the favorable result of the negotiations
must be attributed in very large part to your high personal qualities.
While flattering myself with the hope that this first success will bo a
guaranty for the happy issue of the ulterior negotiations in Manila, I
have the honor to renew the homage of the high consideration with
which I am of Your Excellencv the most devoted servant.

M. Card. Rampolla.
Rome, July 18th, 1902.

APPENDIX P.

PHILIPPINE IMPORTS DURING THREE CALENDAR TEARS OF

AMERICAN OCCUPATION.

The following is a comparative statement of the commerce of the
Philippine Islands during three calendar years of American occupation
ended December 31, 1901, showing the imports from the United States
and leading countries arranged under twelve distinct groups and a
miscellaneous group; similar comparison of the principal articles of
exportation is shown.

Gboui* 1. — Animals and animal products.

Imported from —

1899.

United States

Hongkong"

United Kingdom . .

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indie*
All other countries

Total

$5,408

16,906
22,586

7,263

158,264

21, 706

1,156
60,697
33,622

327.548

1900.

1901.

!Total3years,!

Jan. 1, 1899-

Dec.31,1901,

inclusive.

Ratio
per cent.

$19,041

$74,451

$98,900

31,091

42,490

73,581

20, 525

31,406

68.837

74,254

57,192

153,982

27,721

33,127

68,101

106,953

187,305

452, 522

8,270

55,080

85,056

5,671

8,142

14,969

97,164

166,510

324,371

19, 107

36, 606

89,335

409,797

692,309

1,429,654

100

« Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it is shown
separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
lair to presume, however, that a large i>ortion of this trade should bo credited to the United States.

( t ro i'p 2. — Foodxt uffx.

Imported from—

1S99.

1900.

United States $232,080 $267,762

Hongkong a 2,136,079

United Kingdom 99,490

Germany 14, 176

France 20,737

Spain 320,190

China ! 4,458,819

Japan 7, 564

British East Indies 375, 43 1

All other countries 53, 490

124,731
71,738
42,259

179,629

2, 648, 692

11,371

355,221

876,278

1901.

$638,367

484.801

200, 148

76,586

32,592

236, 451

2,228,205

29,589

955.986

ft 3, 114, 164

Total 3 years,

Jan. 1, 1899-

Dec. 31, 1901,

inclusive.

$1,138,209

2,620,880

424,369

162,500

95,588

736,270

9,735,716

48,524

1,686,641

ft 1,043.932

Ratio
per cent.

8
20

Total ' 5,581,980 1 6,713,760 I 7,996,889

i I

20,692,629

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it is shown
separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

ft Including 1685,801 worth of rice from Si am and $3,025,202 worth from French East Indies.

263

264

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Group 3. — Liquors and beverages.

Imported from—

I 1899.

United States $394, 97C

Hongkong"

United Kingdom 54,827

Germany 21 , 915

France 28, 495

Spain 354, 111

China 130, 415

Japan 15, 675

British East Indies 12,607

AH other countries 14, 455

Total 1, 027, 476

1900.

$1,067,102

202,474

69,046

47,690

84,365

161,344

2,886

5,468

44,391

26,477

1901.

$899,655

36,793

108,538

33,501

124,577

193,680

28,975

11,379

49,225

73,098

1,711,243

1,559,421

Total 3 years,

Jan. 1, 1899-

Dec. 31, 1901,

inclusive.

Ratio
per cent.

$2,361,733
239,267
232,411
103,106
237,437
709,185
162,276
32,522
106,223
114,030

5
•>

5
17
4
1
2
3

4,298,140

100-

<« Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900: subsequent to that date it is shown
separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
fair to presume, however, that a" large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

Group 4.— rColton, silk, and vegetable fibers.

Imported from-

$27, 492

United States

Hongkong «

United Kingdom 2, 226, 215

Germany 317, 905

France 00. 995

Spain 1 , 304, 194

China 742, 672

13, 678
141,751
355,323

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

Total

5, 190, 225

1900.

$109,
997,

4,250,
739,
218,

1,281,
235,
136,
757,

1,006,

074
823
653
141
907
842
459
449
732
060

9, 733, 140

Total 3 years,

1901.

Jan. 1, 1899-

Ratio

Dec.31,1901,

per cent.

inclusive.

$152,816

$289,382

20,841

1,018,664

3,637,345

10,114,213

883,146

1,9-10,192

430, 327

710,229

900,640

3,486,676

696, 646

1,674,777

291,160

441,287

765, 683

1,665,166

1,074,878

>> 2, 436, 261

8,a")3,482

23,776,847

100

"Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1. 1900; subsequent to that date it is shown
separately, although the countrv < f origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

*> Including $1,487,225 from Switzerland.

Group 5. — Metals and manufactures.

Imported from —

1899.

United States | $57,646

Hongkonga

United Kingdom 303, 402

Geimany 118, 102

France 65, 755

Spain 49, 864

China 108, 672

Japan 6, 468

British East Indies 15,247

All other countries ] 28, 686

Total 783, 842

1900.

$266,
159,
756,
327,
388,
31,
17,

58,

96,

080
248
183
941
360
259
184
113
632
571

2, 108, 571

Total 3 years,
1Qn1 1 Jan. 1, 1899-
,W1, Dec. 31, 1901.

1 inclusive.

Ratio
percent.

$741,920

29.086

868, 385

549.1M2

951,415

32,038

81,643

22,190

$1,065,646

188,334

1,927,970

1,025,985

1,405,590

113, 161

207,499

85,771

367,643

245,451

£9

293,764
120, 194

6
4

3,690,577 | 6,582,990

100

"Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900: subfequcrt to that date it is shown
separately, although the countrv of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

RKPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

265

Group 6. — Chemicals, drug*, dye*, paints, etc.

Imported from—

1900.

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom

Germany

France
In.

1901.

Total 3 years.

Jan. 1, 1899-

Dec. 31,1901,

inclusive.

Ratio
per cent.

Spain.
China

Japan ,

British East Indies 4
All other countries . .

388,353

140,394

33.299

65,384

534,550

5.286 i

33.860

8,088 '

$46,546

454,482

137,553

84,030

31,360

24,238

111,558

12,141

133,886

14,407

Total i 1,234,440 1,053,201

$57, 222

$128,994

46,323

500,805

1*7,823

7 J 3, 729

99,845

324,269

38,961

106,620

18,397

108,019

351,043

997,151

9,411

26,868

690,964

858,710

16,000

38,495

1,516,019

3,803,660

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan, I. 1900; subsequent to that date it in shown
separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the united States.

Gboup 7. — Clays, earths, and manufactures.

Imported from—

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom . .

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

1899.

1900.

$85

Total

12,239

8,711

1,380

2,638

121,819

1,789

116

36,779

$1,215

86,017

12, 375

9,864

2,354

4.930

18,468

18,942

9,113

13,057

1&S556 ! 126,335

1901.

$11,989

20,020

63,808

29,057

7.280

3,399

66,432

5, 608

16, 542

21,599

2 15, 734

Total 3 years,

Jan. 1,1899-

I)ec.31, 1901,

inclusive.

Ratio,
per cent.

$13,289
r*>,037
W.422
•47,632
11,014
10.967

206,719
26,339
25, 771

ft 71, 435

557, 625

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1. 1900: subsequent to that date it is shown
separately. Although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known, it is
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United states.

& Including $31,402 from Belgium and $27,339 from Netherlands.

Group 8. — Afarble arid stone.

Imported from—

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom . .

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies ,
All other countries ,

1899.

Total

$611

5, 185

829

714

9,537

2,855
11,459

31,190

1900.

$332

2,342

1,619

1,014

169

230

2,318

277

332

9,946

18,579

1901.

17,441

Total 3 years,
. Jan. 1,1899-
j Dee. 31, 1901,
inclusive.

Ratio,
per cent.

$3,058

320

1,341

2-, 100

964

2,602

4,682

2,244

$3,390

2,662

3,571

8,299

1,962

3,546

16,537

318

3,276

&23,649

67,210

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it is shown
separately. Although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known, it is
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

t> Including $7,680 from Switzerland and $11,000 from Netherlands.

266

REPORT OF THE 8E0RETARY OP WAR.

Group 9. — Glass and glassware.

Imported from—

1899.

1900.

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom ..

Germany

France .*

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies
All other countries

9294,264

Total

10,385
58,580

7,022

31,439

122,856

22,942

1,582
30,150

679,220

$201,349

48,592

24,197

54,190

8,371

18,977

2,172

4,020

10,486

27,419

399,773

1901.

$303,413
5,708
52,997
124,088
22,113
40,702
13,899
14,374
11,222
36,185

624,701

Total 3 years,

Jan. 1, 1899-

Dec.31,1901,

inclusive.

9799,026
54,300
87,579

236,858
37,506
91,118

138,927
41,336
23,290
93,754

Ratio,
per cent.

50
3
f»

15
2
6
9
3
1
6

1,603,694

100

Group 10. — Paper and manufactures.

Imported from —

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom . .

Germany :..

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies
All other countries

1899.

$215,631

Total

37,955

105,155

33,542

273,603

87,623

3,752

804

64,691

822,756

1900.

$62,764
24,407
16,049
84,168
73,421

103,855

19,408

4,773

3,156

71,104

1901.

$299,541

1,951

23,385

103,911

75,614

143,212

42,138

9,788

5,985

73,068

Total 8 years,

Jan, 1, 1899-

Dec.31,1901,

inclusive.

$577,936

26,358

77,389

293,234

182,577

520,670

149, 169

18,313

9,945

b 208, 863

463,105 778,593

2,064,454

Ratio,
per cent.

28
1
4

14
9

26
7
1

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it is shown
separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It is
fair to presume, however: that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

b Including $160,887 from Austria-Hungary and $37,131 from Belgium.

Group 11. — Wood and manufactures.

Imported from —

United States

Hongkong a ,

United Kingdom . . .

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

Total

1899.

$4,617

4,182
11,629

3,601
20, 522
65,663

1,841
48,014
34,532

194,601

1900.

$10, 692

36,030

8,557

56,171

11,042

16,198

8,604

4,180

43,563

28,462

223,504

1901.

$81,716
14,932
14,905
86,237
23,556
14,614
41,643
26,973
123,917
104,079

532,572

Total 3 years,
Jan. 1, 1899-

Dec.31,1901,
inclusive, i

997,025
50,962
27,644

154,037
38,199
51*334

115,910
32,994

215,499
M67,073

950,677

Ratio,
per cent

10
5
3

16
4
5

12
4

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1. 1900; subsequent to that date it is shown
separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known. It 'a
fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United Suites.

^Including $34,104 from Australasia, $36,131 from Dutch East Indies, and 922,721 from Canada.

BEPOET OK THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

267

(iw)ri' 12.— Oi7*.«

Imported from —

United States

Hongkong &

United Kingdom...

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

Total

1899.

$37,710

16, 150

654

144

7,811

36,914

310 .
14,671
116,573

16,066
258,573

1900.

$12,003 !

71,609

58,528

4,337

260

2,005

5,830

1901.

$124,342

10,589

10,587

10,459

1,860

40,662

61,237

14,423

285,146

Total 3 years,.
Jan. 1,1899- ! Ratio,
Dec. 31, 1901, percent,
inclusive. .

230,937

429,211

559, 315

$174,055

82, 198

85,265

15,450

2.261

50, 478

103.981

320

45,160

<* 660, 292

1,219.4m

14
7
7
1

4
9

4
54

100

a Exclusive of olive oil and linseed oil, which are grouped with foodstuffs and with chemicals,
drugs and dyes, respectively. .

& Hongkong trade included under China prior to January 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it i*.
shown separately although the couutrv of origin in the cose of importations is not definitely known.
It is fair to presume, however, that a 'large portion of this trade should be credited to the United

States.
c Including $653,947 from Russia.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Imported from —

1899.

1900.

1901.

$57,951

United States

Hongkong"

United Kingdom

Germany

France

Spain

China j 1,892,197

Japan 103,937

British East Indies 76,?25

All other countries 588, 314

73,394

67,902

29,371

113,424

Total 3,003,215

$89,238

5145,765

$292,954

410,719

451,884

862, 003

96,915

191.911

062, 220

77,278

1 49, 631

291,. si 1

86,506

104. 6«8

280, 565

57. 775

120,549

291,748

46,720

213,343 •

2,152,260

230,914

632, 436

967, 287

215. 377

289.755 |

581,857

162, 1 18

435,456 !

f> 1,185,888

1,473.560

3,095,418

7, 572, 193

Total 3 years.'
I Jan. 1. 1899. to. Ratio per
Dec. 31.1901.! cent,
inclusive. '

11
9
4
4
4

13
8

100

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to January 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it is
shown separately, although the country of origin in the case of imputations is not definitely known.
It is fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United
States.

t> Including $911,531 worth of coal and coke from Australasia.

RECAPITULATION.

Articles imported.

Animals and animal products. . .

Food stuffs

Liquors and beverages

Cotton, silk, and vegetable fibers

Metals and manufactures

Chemicals, drugs, dyes, etc ,

Clays, earths, and manufactures. .

Marble and stone [

Class and glassware

Paper and manufactures

Wood and manufactures i

Oils

Miscellaneous

Total

Jan. 1, 1899, to Dec. 31, 1901.

United
States.

Hongkong.''
$73,581

United
Kingdom.

$68, 837

Germany.
$153,982

France.

$98,900

$68,101

1,138,209

2,620,880

424,309

162,500

95. 588

2,361,733

239,267

232,411

103. 106

237, 437

289,382

1,018,664

10,114.213

1.940,192

710.229

1,065,646

188,334

1,927,970

1.025,985

1,405,530

128,994

500,805

713, 729

324.269

106, 620

13,289

56, 037

88, 422

47, 632

11,014

3,390

2, 602

3, 571

8.299

1,962

799,026

5-1,300

87, 579

236,858

37, 500

577,936

26, 358

77, 389

293,234

182, 577

97,025

50,962

27.614

154,037

38,119

174,055

82, 198

85, 265

15.450

2. 264

292,954

862, 003

602, 220 •

291,811

280, 565

7,040,539

5,776,651 ! 14,513,619

4,760,355 i 3,177,512

a Hongkong trade included under China prior to January 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it is
shown separately, although the country of origin in the case of importations is not definitely known.
It is fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United
States.

REPORT Ob' THE SECRETARY OV WAR.
Group 12.— OUt— Continued.

Jli

. 1. 1599. k

Dec 31. IB

Article* lmp..ri.-.I.

—■

<»,„,

Japan.
(11, WW

::■<', ,W2
::■:,. 771
■jti! pi
11. Ski
112! ww
967.2*7

dies.

.-. .m,i rL1.— .

tmssw

l,0i:l,932

UK, 4 SIT.
71.43.1
2S, 649
93.754
■J*, -17,1
h;7,ii7:i
MO, i»U
1,185.8*8

„.,.,

Ani nulls Hi?-' animal ;— Kin ■■" . .

so. 270

.09.13.".
ik,;,67U
IIS, 161
08.019

io.w;

9l!'llK

h'.xa

■*. -17*1

791, 74S

i.i-i.;;;

.117. IJfl

■ji^71'.'
16,637

HiV'ii'ii
103, 9K1

SfeJ.;|7i

;■>.;. t;.w

'i\ 771
3. -2711

iB. 2-jtl

215. 499
111.160

UUj

Uitiun,itlk.iii»lvFK>>bibli- >U«.

M.'Ih1*U11(I lunQahrt'.irva

Cimmtenls. .!nur»,dye*.et«

:;!v_:,i;,Vji

I'nper ana mBnulartUTH

j.'i-i.i.i

Total

■ ■.'.-.. r; 11

i...;i.-..'.v>

1.686,848

V.'l-i.'"J

'.'. :17V l.'i.-

71, 619, IM

mportatlon nf gold and silver amounted lo ni.174.200 and Is not i)

Exported to—

urn.

1900. ' 1901.

Jan. 1, IBM-'
Inclusive.

Ratio per

13,015,726

$2,796,668

i, osa, :m

$4,167,313

217^722
126,864
213,392

(9. 969,707
2, 715, 170

2, 574, ;«1

£
IS*

'Si

48!

121
500
754

749

3,600

58,460

1, 972, 175

22. 095

224| 44S

lie! 254

215^ 932
82ft[l38

China

Total

7,993,574

13,290,400

15,976,640

37,260,614

loo

SUGAR.

(S3.525

1.U07.97I

(1,276,334

2,319,280

742,232

III

167

1,163,096

2, 7S£>, 501

127,857

102

.... 978.958

oi, m

137, sn

1 .

Total

3,460,743

A 397, 213

"*"l

8,414,506

100

TOBACUO.

1 ».»

(5,669
3(3.674

187,72s
5.1.324
52,748

646.649
36,177
14.993

1W, 672

(984

607] 169
2ft!043
99! 335

57l! 144

(10,058
792.599
1.152,018
98,239
102,230

335,729
4*. 124

636,747

PC-:::::::::::::::::

602,039

,.| 700,217

12
1

**"

... j 1.931.2M

2.261,232

2, 631, 941

9,834,4311

100

k HimfFkonjt trade imluded under China
BrliaraMv. AILiiijIlKii tin- I'lumtty (if llltliu
ills luir id presume, however, that a large [

1. 1. 1900. Subsequent to that date It la shown

1 .rit,.|t,a exported li not definitely known.

shun Id beeredttcd lo the United State*.

BKPOBT OK THE SECRETARY OK WAR.

260

Philijtpim exjunis during three tttlendnr yearn of American fjccupation — Continued.

COPRA.

Exported to—

"UOQ

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom..

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British East Indies ,
All other countries ,

930,976

1900.

1901.

Total 3 years,

Jan. 1, 1899-

I>ec. 81, 1901,

inclusive.

Ratio per
cent.

494,111

156,115

2,818

1,514

Total

41,119

14,450

5,574

$537

103,950

36,888

480

4,8X2

2,364,736

1,1 IK, 576

471,494

340, 452

13,263

184

45,000

92,023

54,344

127,461

10,975

726, 653 3. 182, 4*1 1 , 61 1 , 838

94,450

6,111

171.814

5,362

3. 977, 423

965,061

16,265

46,564

145,357

179,555

5,520,972

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom.

Germany

France

HIDES AND SKINS.

9990

914,625
595

307

976, 945
1, 139

9990 .
121,570 ,
1,734 '
307 .

72
1H

1
3
3

100

23
1

Spaii
Chin

lina

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

Total

22,542

690
30
26.20S ' 265.243

78. 623

23, 232

370,074

50.047

311,183

159,707

520,937

METALS AND MANUFACTURES.

United States

Hongkong"

United Kingdom . .

Germany

France

8pain

China

Japan

British East Indies
All other countries

920,935 j
""7,"506"!

9620

17, 128

5.940

9670

56, 359

5, 560

922, 225
73,487
19,000

Total

5,750 I
47,367 I.
37,328 '
10,224

3,000
650

250
219*

1,797
510

1,511 i
3,713 |

6,000

47,367

37,554

10,224

6,308

4,903

132, 754 26. 032

68, 282

227,068 |

SHELLS.*

United States

Hongkong a

United Kingdom.

Germany

France

Spaii
Chin

92,715 .

10,307 I
4,872
2,239
1,500 |

92,599 I

13,264

9,053

5,090

4, 625

372

95,314

23,571 ■

13,925 i

7,329

6,125

372 ..

lina

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

100

3
21
16
4
3
2

100

2
11
6
3
3

46,909 ;
1,320 ,

Total

69,862

117.959

537

153,519

20 ..
164,868 !
1,857

223,331

(SUMS AND RESINS.&

United States

Hongkong" 95,090

United Kingdom ! 18,071

Germany
France . .

Spa
Chii

in.

1,968
1,900

91,170

10,625

31,227

2,585

1.758

91, 170

15, 715

49,298

4,553

3,658

71
1

100

lina

Japan

British East Indies .
All other countries.

16,879

Total

43,908

« Hongkong trade included under China prior to Jan. 1, 1900. Subsequent to that date it is shown
separately. Although the country of ultimate destination of articles exported is not definitely known.
It isfair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the United States.

*In 1809 these articles were included under " Miscellaneous" in the schedule of classification.

270

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Philippine exjxjrtat \luring three calendar years of American occupation — Continued.

STRAW MANUFACTURES, HATS, ETC.*

Exported to

1899.

United States. . . .

Hongkong ft

United Kingdom

Germany

France

China

1900.

$1, 100
2,605
1,925

1901.

Total 3 years,
Jan. 1,1899-
! Dec. 31, 1901,
i inclusive.

27, 107

British East Indies .
All other countries .

7,870
10

Total

40, 617

OILS.

United States....

Hongkong ft

United Kingdom

Germany

France

&>, 982

250
15,930

)am.

pa
China

Japan

British East Indies

Total

$1,923

$62,353 ;

9,482 !

8,763

414

62,383

770

2,752

146,917

$3,638

6,810

225

2,943

61,323
1,213

$63,453

12,087

10,688

414

89,490

770

10,622

Ratio per
cent.

6
6

187,534

100

114

800
1,150

4,923

25,276

78,102

$3,638

13,792

225

3, 193

77,253

1,213

4,923

800

1,264

106,301

100

MISCELLANEOUS.

United States

Hongkong ft

United Kingdom . . .

Germany

France

Spain

China

Japan

British Ea«t Indies.
All other countries.

Total

$4,744

$56,104

191,207

106, 518

392, 306

20,247

66,468

50,033

55, 186

117,823

332,575

186,607

5,686

1,039

12, 072

36, 268

169, 253

23,356

63,312

546,635

1,344,169

$24,211

$85,059

511,379

702,586

(3,229

562,053

1,228

87,943

28,143

133,362

223,422

673,820

9,080

201,373

39,618

52,729

58,978

264,499

5,769

92,437

965,057

2,855,861

100

RECAPITULATION.

Articles exported.

Hemp

Sugar

Tobacco and manufactures

Copra

All other articles

Total

January 1, 1899, to December 31, 1901.

United
States.

Hongkong, ft

United King-
dom.

Germany.
$25,121

France.

$9, 969, 707

1,276,334

10,058

4,450

181,849

$2,715,170

2,319,280

792,599

6,111

962,808

$20,037,454

742,232

1,152,018

171,814

659,923

$36,500
12

98,299

5,362

103,739

102,226

3,977,423

315,888

11,442,398

6, 795, 968

22,763,441

232,621

4,432,049

Articles exj>ortcd.

January 1, 1899, to December 31, 1901.

Hemp

Sugar

Tobacco and manufactures.

Copra

All other articles

Total.

Spain.

China.

$186,754

353

1,929,288

968,061

722,772

3,807,228

$2,087,394

1,163,096

835,729

16,265

267,852

4,370,336

Japan.

British
East In-
dies.

$455,749

2,785,301

49, 124

46,564

63,953

$483,787

536,747

145,367

939,955

All other | T_f_|
countries louu-

$1,262,978 $37,260,614

127,857 8,414,506

1,318,338 6,824,426

179,565 6,520,972

101,052 04,319,791

3,400.691 . 2,105,896 2,989,780 i 62,840,308

aln 1899 these articles were included under "Miscellaneous" in the schedule of classification.

ft Hongkong trade included under China prior to January 1, 1900; subsequent to that date it i»
shown separately, although the country of ultimate destination of articles exported fa not definitely
known. It is fair to presume, however, that a large portion of this trade should be credited to the
United States.

<?The exportation of gold and silver amounted to $9,663,302 and is not included in these figures.

APPEHDIX G.

Revenues and exjtenditure* in the Philippine Archijteleujo from dale, of American omifnition,

AuguM 20, 1898, to June SO, 1902.

Fiscal year cimIcmI Juno 30—

1W*9. 1900. 1901. 1««.

— ■ Total.

CuHtomH !•», tw7, hm. in j$r>, 7:?.», 297. 40 f j, io5, 7.M. 67 $*, 550, 7:*. 19 $26, 493. 674. 71

Portal I 42, 954. 87 101, 2*2. 51 122, K16. S3 1 37, *\ 1 . 99 | 407. mi. 23

Internal ' '240.7M.00 561.993.1* 966,400.47 225, 505. 09 ' 1,994,652.74

Provincial 1,993,270.97 1.993.270.97

City of Manila 1.199,590.01 1,199.590.01

Miscellaneous 127, 109. xl 357.9M.A1 491, 217. (JO 521.4K2.97 1 . 500, 7fi4. 39

Total 3,508.682.83 6, 76:*, 527. 73 10,6X6,188.97 12. 631, 119.52 3X.5Kg.Kl9.05

EXPENDITURE*.

Customs 28,817.90 100,194.09 267, 446. W 490,126.40 8X6,58.*). 27

Postal 30,410.75 H9.149.51 155,347.77 175,156.57 450.064.60

Provincial ' < 716,5X6.80 | 746,5K6.K0

Refund* to provinces ' 321,479.35 324.479.35

City of Manila ; 1. 744, 341. 56 1. 714, 344. 56

Other expenditure* | 2, 316, 779. 97 ' 4, 569, 334. 15 5. 650, 971 . 79 (J, 564, 426. 64 19. 101 , 512. 55

Total I 2, 376, 008. 62 4, 758, 677. 75 6, 073, 766. 4 1 10. 045, 120. 32 23. 253. 573. 13

I I

These figures represent the revenues and expenditures expressed in
United States currency values, transactions in Mexican currency being
reduced to American currency values at the uniform rate of exchange
of $2 Mexican for $1 United States currency up to and including
December 81, 1901; and at the current rate of exchange which pre-
vailed from Januar}7 1 to June 30, 1902, which was for the first three
months $2.10 Mexican to $1 American currency, and $2.27 Mexican
to $1 American currency in the last three months.

In addition to the expenditures shown in the foregoing statement
there has been expended by the insular purchasing agent for supplies the
sum of $1,058,037.30 under reimbursable appropriations, and there has
actually been reimbursed to this fund from sales the sum of $835,81)8.40,
the difference representing the stock now in the hands of the purchas-
ing agent. Also under reimbursable appropriations there has been
spent for commissary supplies for the insular constabulary the sum of
$105,726.97, to which fund there has been reimbursed from sales the

sum of $75,072.72, the difference in this case also representing stock

271

272 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

on hand. There was a net shrinkage in gold values on funds in the
hands of the treasurer of the sum of $592,691.38 by the changes in the
ratio between insular and United States currency.

The city of Manila was incorporated by an act of the Philippine
Commission approved on July 31, 1901. The provincial revenues to
June 30, 1901, are included in internal revenues.

The accounts are audited for the period from the date of American
occupation to June 30, 1901, and estimated by the auditor for the last
fiscal year. In submitting the report the auditor states that the fig-
ures are " subject to change by audit nearing completion." As far as
possible, these figures have been verified by other reports received in
the Bureau of InsularAffairs, with the result that it is believed no
material changes will be made. The total revenues for the current
year have increased over those for any previous year, but there is
shown a decrease in receipts from customs. On March 17, 1902, quar-
antine was declared against vessels coming from Hongkong, and the
importation of green fruits and vegetables therefrom. The prevalence
of cholera in China, and subsequently in the Philippine Archipelago,
affected the commerce generally.

APPEHDIX E.

CUBAN IMPORTS DURING AMERICAN OCCUPATION.

The following is a comparative statement of the comnie, ui-4&uh&
during the period of American occupation, showing, by groups, the
imports from the United States, as against all other countries, and a
similar comparison of the principal articles of exportation:

Group 1. — Animals and animal products.

Imiiorted from—

Live stock.

R/ivItw. Horses.

vltrli mules, and Hokh. All other.

tame. donkeys.

Hides and
skins.

United States $6,324,916 $1,363,7x9 S6.tO.9M' $353,759, 8170,2X3

All Other countries 22, 578. 015 803. 502 23. 79:3 I 1M, 783 \ IMS, 1H1

Total 28,902,931 2.167.291

674. 747

372,512

358,461

Imported from—

United States

All other countries

Total

■ — Tor* ! y HEr. : A»»r

i anots- , saddlerv. ♦ """ products.

$81,087 $1,742,823 £19,283 $211,739 $197,893

162.761 5,069.194 ' 13,517 265.118 95,320

243,851 6.812.017

62, 830

476.857

293,213

Group 2. — FoodMuff*.

Cereals and products.

Imported from —

Wheat ,.„__ M_. ij.,pi..i- Bran and

flour. (orT1- °ats- Bor,,,>- mill feed.

United States 87, 612, 955 ' $2,467,205 ' $446,317 i 812,932 $119,563

All other countries 19,075 15,016 16,680 75,977

Total - 7,632,030 2.182.221 463.027

88. 909

119,563

Imported from —

Cereals and products.

Macaroni «r<Mu1 nml Table food
andvermi- >!<"', ,?, prepara- Rice,

eelli. , t,lS(Ult- , tions.

United State*

All other countries.

$1 8, 567 '. $59. 179 $1 1 3, 489 . $111, 790
13,792 , 51.273 122,681 11,623,030

Total.

32.359 110.752 236.173 11.734.820

All other.

$71,890
63. 572

135,462

WAR 1902— VOL 1

273

274

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

Group 2. — Foodstuffs — Continued.

Imported from—

United States

All other countries.

Total.

Meat and meat products.

Fresh
meat.

9552,460
218

552,678

Bacon,
hams, and
shoulders.

91,220,812
85,901

1,306,713

Canned
meats.

912,426
956

13,382

Jerked
meat.

97,515
5,014,581

5,022,096

Salted and
pickled.

93, 975, 332
392, 40J

4,367,732

Imported from —

Uni
All

Total.

Imported from —

United States

All other countries.

Total

Meat and meat products.

Mutton.

934,349

v4, «$4"

Poultry and
game.

9232,983
3,416

236,399

Lard, tallow,
etc.

99,350,756
55,277

9,406,033

All other.

92,493,950
2,288,674

4,782,624

Fish.

% Butter
and oleo-
marga-
rine.

Imported f rom—

Dried cod,
hake, etc.

Allother
dried.

Canned.

Shell-
fish.

All other
products.

United States

9435,767
1,285,735

954,527
26,317

99,453
304,784

918,357
3>826

9412,231
386,091

9428,479

All other countries

359,889

Total

1,721,492

80,844

314,237

22,183

798,322

788,368

Cheese.

Con-
densed
milk.

Fruits.

Imported from—

Apples.

Raisins.

Canned
and pre-
served.

All other,

green or

dried.

United States

9304,297
1,321,489

9791,486
145,956

952,625
8,001

95,596
108,195

984,731
209,635

9249,041

All other countries

527,777

Total

1,625,786

937,442

60,626

113,791

294,366

776,818

Vegetables.

Beans
and
peas.

9833,962
663,299

1,497,261

Onions.

941,690
489,297

Potatoes.

91,507,769
873,464

530,987 ; 2,381,233

Dried
pulse.

Canned.

931,971
582,149

935,242
277,400

614,120

312,642

All other,

including

pickles and

sauce.

9807,575
1,343,312

2,150,887

Imported from—

United States

All other countries.

Total

Sugar.

977,971
2,878

80,849

Molasses
and sirup.

'9632
9

641

Candy and
confec-
tionery.

9123,547
295,801

419,348

Cocoa.

995,646
31,673

127,918

Coffee.

93,269,481
a 2, 191.804

5,461,285

Imported from—

United States

All other countries.

Total.

Eggs.

91,979,936
24,201

2,004,137

Nuts.

94,196
60,447

64,643

Olive oil.

934,362
2,851,038

2,885,400

8pices.

Tea.

949,775
846,341

91,306
18,580

396,116

14,886

All
other.

95
9C

101

a Of this 91,984,112 worth is from Porto Rico.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

275

Group 3. — Liquors and beverage*.

Imported from—

United States

All other countries .

Total

Malt | WranHv ! Whi«- , Wines and' A,J1,{i|lcr
liquors. ! Brandy> ky. cordials. tid £

tilled.

Miner-
al
waters,
etc.

$1,160 $1,668,242 $104,419 $12,661 $63,K43 $4,145 I $47,636
138,128 1 847,559 j 285,808 ; 6,424 6,719.498 j 2X6, 794 I 217,690

139,278 I 2,515,801 | 390.227 19,085 6,783,341 i 290,939 j 295,326

Group 4. — Cotton, silk, ve-gftahle filters, wool, etr.

Imported from —

All other countries.
Total

Cotton.

Raw.

Cloths.

Closely Loosely
woven. woven.

Ill '

Velvet- I w

cSdHu-l^n!r| ^it ''in"
(n^U , laces. fabri^ »PR"-
etc. I

el.

United States $10,073' $185,277! $442,281 : $6,045 $3,164, $28,385 $6X,273

41,2-17 , 1,737,475 4,815,573 108,057 611,709 I 1,172,878 213,685

51,320 1,922,752 | 5,257,854 114,102 614,873 ' 1,201,263 281,958

ill i

Imported from—

Cotton.

Silk.

Yarn i

and j All other. ,
thread. '

Raw

Yam

and

thread.

Tulles and
laces.

All other
manufac-
tures.

United States I $93,559 $1,583,913

All other countries I 860,293! 8.415,919

$1,663 $10,028
2,543 I 6.907

$236
49,533

Total.

953,852 ; 9,999.832

4,206 i 16.935

49, 769

$105,232
1,483,615

1.588,817

Imported from—

Vegetable fibers.

Esparto, rlothH ' Yarn,
Raw i cane, ' £££ twine,

Sugar

Wear-
ing

flax and' oziers,. (f"" cordate. V""1 '"*

hemp. , straw i 255 ftn(* I ?l

Ipalm.etc. a8K" ei*

United Stales

All other countries.

Total

rope, i

$214,922 $49,122, $4,192 $120,674 I $182,081 $5,381
381,461 ,' 41,960 964,425 ' 301,597 I 1,594.168 27,779

596,383

91, 082 ! 968, 617 422, 271 I 1 , 776, 249 33. 160

_ _■ ' •_ l _ !

Wool.

All other.

$131,564
4,606,664

4,738,228

Imported from—

Uiited States ,

All other countries ,

Total

Raw.

$1,488
2,177

3,665

Cloths
spun or
twilled, blank-
i ets.

Flan-
nels
and

$11,420
299,097

$5,735
45.875

310,517 51.610

ap^rcT ^nuta Al1 oth^

$25,785 $5,826 ' $81,910
103,868 ; 31,256 . 1,768,272

129,653 ' 37,082 ■ 1,850,182

Hats and
caps.

$79, 983
590. 5:53

670.516

Group 5. — Metal* and metal manufactures.

Imported from—

United States

All other countries.

Total

Copper.

Gold and silver and manu-
factures.

nuS?ndlB^rdi
iminufac-^" Inputs,
tures. lurcs' bars, and
I sheets.

Mann-

' ^haTI AH other
factures. Jewelr>- deliers, '"J™'™"
I etc. umHl

$8,381 $44,826 ; $66,110 $575,630 $6,792 $694

1.788 69,698 138,574

10,169 114,524 , 204,684

229, 158 : 200, 804

289

$40, 133
292,972

804,788 I 207,596

983 I 833,105

276

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

Group 5. — Metals and metal manufactures — Continued.

Imported from —

Iron and steel.

Pig
iron.

United States

All other countries

Total

$14,259
5,416

19,675

Bars, rods,
sheets,
plates.

$1,668,257
630,321

2,298,578

Hoops,

bands,

and

scroll.

$75,385
112,340

187,725

Rails.

$1,223,804
695,158

1,918,962

Cutlery.

Fire-
arms.

$108,595
184, 116

292,711

$34,012
50,188

Nails,

spikes,

and

tacks.

$280,272
140, 212

84,200 ! 420,484

Imported from—

Iron and steel.

Wire and
cables.

Pipes

and

fittings.

Safes.

Scales
and
bal-
ances.

Needles,

pins,
pens, sur-
gical in-
stru-
ments,
etc.

Machinery

Elec-
trical.

United States

All other countries

Total

$395,568 $198,476
33,654 48,019

429, 222 246, 495

$21,828
1,693

$96,638 I $100,421 $221,064
8,034 286,888 | 19,588

Metal
working.

$164,042
22,300

23,521 . 104,672 j 387,309 240,647 186,342

Imported from-

Iron and steel.

Machinery.

Pumps |
ana •

pump Sewing,
machin-
ery.

United States $117,629 $288,716

All other countries ; 26,630 16,561

Total 144,259 1305,277 936,273 2,278,206

Locomo-
tives, en-
gines,
and
boilers.

$918, 569
17,704

Sugar and
brandy.

$1,924,063
354,143

Type-
writers.

$73,721
813

74,534

All other

and parts

of.

Cars,

car-
riages,
and ve-
hicles.

For
steam

rail-
ways.

$2,020,580
369,039

2,389,619

$220,262

220,262

Iron and steel.

Imported from —

(Tars, carriages, and
vehicles.

Tools and implements.

For oth-
er rail- [ Cycles,
ways.

All
other.

United States $107, 157 $28, 353

All other countries 415 | 1, 601

Total

107,572 29,954

$254, 110
32,742

286,852

Agricul-
tural.

$738,112
299,602

Builders'
hard-
ware.

1,037,714

$85,996
70,673

156,669

All
other.

$358,014
179,214

537,228

All other

and
manufac-
tures of.

$1,367,227
472,555

1,839,782

Imported from —

Lead

and

manu-

Tin and
man ii-

Zinc
and
manu-

factures. faetures- factum*.

United States.

$56,292 $219,596
All other countries i 47,298 213,878

Total 103,590 433,474

$22,109
54,393

76,502

Clocks I Watches

and
parts.

and
parte.

$54,517 i $40,975
21,290 I 190,142

75,807 I 231,117

Plated
ware.

$107,067
89,191

196,248

All other

metal
composi-
tions and
manu-
factures.

$429,260
359,099

788,359

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OK WAR.

277

(tROl'l* fi. — Chemical*, t/rna*, dye*, jutintx, tic.

Imported from —

Aeids. I HlMckliiK. ■ ''X1

Inks.

All other conntriew 40, 657

11,940

Total 12). 26U

4h. 156

Linseed
oil.

United Btatea $84,612 ' 836.216 ' $137,454 $ 10. 129 812,352

3.637 20,733 97,21*

Medicines,
patent and
proprie-
tary.

8230,028
298,222

141. (KM 37.162 109.570

528,250

Imported from—

1 PaintH and Hoot*. Quinine
opium. ,a","JJ l herbs, and and ein- Varnish. All other.
°°,,,|K (writ*, chona.

United state* 826,747 $335.0*0 $13,2*3 819,501 $lo»,689 $1,260,906

All other countries 144, :ifio 461 , 6*5 *o. o5i ,V), 562 is, 600 1 . 190, 3*3

Total 171,112

796. 7tiT)

93.331 75,063 127,2»9 2,751,289

(iwui' 7. — ^ */«#/, earth, and manufacture*.

ImjMirted from —

Cement.

I Earthen,
itriek. ' stone, and Crockery
i ehina ware.

All other.

rnited States

All other countries ,

Total

$292, 592
84.512

:r77, KM

$256,6*2 '
35. 315

881,111
547, 192

291,997 .

628, :wt>

870.617

101,086

174, 703

818.313
9*. 457

116, *00

(iiion* H. — Marble, and shtne.

Imi>orted from-

Marblc.

All other
stone.

Lime.

rnited State*

All other eonn tries ,

Total

83, :;o5

30, 072

816*. 6X]
242. US

• K>. .W t

410.799

86, *56
2.708

9. ."Hi I

(iKori* *'. — tila** and glaxxtran:

Imported from-

Onited State*

All other countries

Total.

Window
glass.

Incandes-
cent elec-
tric lami>.M.

<tlaxs eover- |
ings paying i

duty Mpa- I All other.

rate from

eon t elite.

83, (lis 81 iit :*35

46.960 1.**!

50. 57s

21.219

81 Oli. 115 8550,241

1SM.579 922,725

294,694 1, ATI, 9m

(iRorr 10. — Paper and manufacture*.

Imfiorled from —

l»ulp

For Writing {""">
print- ' paper ™»f

]>osc.h. velopes. /

Wrap-
ping

paper,
bags,
and

Ijoxc.h.

Straw
pa[»er
and
straw
lM»ird.

Hooks.

maps, sci-

entilie .n ♦». _

iiihtrn- ]A" «»lher

ments,
I etc.

Cnlted State* : 8276, 084 $16, 893 841,140 $32. 101 $4*. 5*1 $24,170

All other conn tries 915,13M I 29, 946 75,397 40.616 3s.il 19 175,025

Total 1,191,222 j 46,839 116.537 72.747 87.230 199. 495

$239, 9*9 8397, 133
563.088 ' 799,247

*O3,077 . 1.195,380

278

REPORT OF THE 8ECRETARY OF WAR.

Group 11. — Wood and manufactures.

Imported from —

Logs and
hewn tim-
ber.

Pine wood,
unplaned.

Boards,

deals, and

planks.

Shoots.

All other
unmanu-
factured.

United States

$16,257
423

$2,372,086
101,447

$71,173
55

$158,316
4,338

$718,839

All other countries

39,037

Total

16,680

2,473,533

71,228

162,654

757,876

Imported from —

Furniture
and cabi-
net ware.

Empty bar-
rels and
hogsheads.

Wood cases

containing

imported

goods.

Wooden-
ware.

All other
manufac-
tured.

United States

$588,495
158,802

$414,600
508,802

$148,976
201,919

$135, 176
34,867

$740,535

All other countries

118,633

Total

747,297

923,402

350,895

170,043

859,168

Group 12. — Oils.

Animal.

Mineral.

Vegeta-
ble oils.a

Imported from —

Crude pe-
troleum.

Illumi-
nating.

Lubricat-
ing.

All other.

United States

$176, 953

$1,112,901

$277,514

$144,961
1,800

$282,930
10,311

$122,875
163,621

All other countries

29,629

251 | 2

Total

206,582 1.113.152

277,516

146,761

293,241

286,496

« Except olive and linseed.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Imported from —

United States

All other countries .

Total

Brooms

and
brushes.

Candles.

Celluloid
and man-
ufactures.

Coal.

Anthra-
cite.

Bitumi-
nous.

Coke.

$37,763
55,382

$15, 937
500,463

$8,843
54,275

$246, 179
a 435

$2,063,025
16,392

$110,419
23,787

93, 145

516,400

63,118 > 249,614

2,079,417

134,206

Imported from —

Cork and

manu-
! factures.

Natural
fertil-
izers.

United States i $24, 706

All other countries 108, 057

Total 132,763 506,703

$19,415

487,288

Fans.

$11,417
78,293

Gun-
powder
and ex-
plosives.

89,710

$209,233
19,988

Games
and
toys.

$33,387
150,466

229,221

183,863

Hay and
fodder.

$298,140
28,965

327,105

Imported from —

United States

All other countries

Total

Scientific
and electri-
cal instru-
ments and
apparatus.

$87,691
13,559

Matches.

$15,630
39,437

Musical instru-
ments.

Pianos

and
organs.

All
other

$32,286
73,892

101,250

55,067

106, 178

$13,001
70,406

K3,407

Oilcloths.

$62,985
10, $69

73,854

Perfum-
ery and
cosmetics.

$29,182
321,440

350,622

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OB
Group 12.— Oibr-Contimtod.
HISCELLAKEO U8— Continued.

1 Rubber ! *»P-

TobaCCO.

Imported I rom—

' ™- 1 HWd"' 1 Com-

All

Cigem
and cig

«H7 m I

$32,457 1 $46, 879
109,931 777, 152

822,394

. 1 -

(116,803

| 121,045 |

39,220 210,6TB 26,633

142, » 822,831

58,614 333,44* 22,330

116,304

Imported from—

'Tobacco.
'All other

Vessels.
Sti-nm. Sailing.

Walking

umrllETl Broom 1 All other

United Btates

1S1

(91,249 (178,243

816,180 (51,419 SB, (181,106
108,565 2,109 1 6,090,324

All other countries

; u.928

650, MI j 189,163

119,7+5 j 63,628 I 15,171.432

1 ' "

RECAPITULATION.

-mm,

Articles Imported.

United

""''■"•

All.rtluT

Percent.

Total.

Animals and animal products.

(11,146,526
40,656.444
1,902,696

14!777|W2
2,281,297

i.offiiavi

iJ.Ji>t.4W

a. m 134

13,434.766

28
64

71
46
40
29

S-JJ.aiK.ai;

t, S3U 901

' ft! 9S\ l*

'U69!662
1,163, 148

v>,ia-i',2i:s

54
63

(40,364.743

10,433,1197

■

Cotton. HU. vegetable Alien'.

jHakatd metal man ula.turr-
Chemli»la, drug", dp*, pulnw.

20, 765, 690

Ctav. earth, and :-■«■ - ■■ r.--

'' 453' 740

Paper and m>nahuture> .

Wood and maDulartur.*. . . .
Oill

3,71;, V-'7
t.i, -W2. 77r,
2,323.748

Total

97,790.1110

127,646,825

225,437,135

of gold and silver amounted to (13,920.844, and is ni

d En these figures.

CTJBAK EXPORTS CUBING AMERICAN OCCUPATION.

Exported to—

AnimalH,

Including

products.

Asphal-

Caran.

<».«.

8110 768

(82.701
8,437

4,741 | 31,903

18,171, 142,671

91,138

W*,H„

Tlntarron.

drags, and

Fibers, vegetable.

All other.

Hemp.

Alcoflber.

Yarey.

(2.039
82,576

24^770

136,219
8,(09

122,200
184,548

84,615

30,4«1

44,828

206,748

280

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

('ulxin exports during American occupation — Continued.

Exported to

Fibers, vegetable.

Fruits.

Sisal grass.

United States

All other countries.

Total

$27,578
20,016

47,594

Manufac-
tures of.

All other.

Bananas.

Oranges

$564
161

$11,958 « $1,165,987
76,694 I 20

725

88,652 1,166,007

an
lemons.

$3,730

3,730

Exported to—

Fruits.

[Pineapples.

United States

All other countries.

Total

$471,835
270

472, 105

All other.

$389,391
895

390,286

Exported to

Glass and
glassware.

Hides and
skins.

Nuts.

Cocoanuts.

Copra, j All other.

$494,325
2,643

$22,079 45

496,968

22,079 , 45

Iron and steel.

United States

All other countries.

Total

$12, 242
250

$310,089
536,941

12,492 j 847,030

Honey

$177, 726
416,838

594,564

Iron ore.

$1,993,631
70,608

Manganese
ore.

$594,084

2,064,239

594,084

Export ed to

United States

All other countries.

Total

Iron and steel.

Leather
and manu-
factures of.

Metal and metal com-
positions.

Scrap iron.

Manufac-
tures of.

$95,000
39,498

Copper and
manufac-
tures of.

All other.

$32,501
1,299

$9,921
943

$83,164
10,028

$4,706
3,978

33,800

134,498

10,864

93,192

8,684

Exported to —

Oils.

Paraffin,
stearine,
and wax.

Seeds.

Shells.

Tortoise.

All other.

United States

$114,683

$172, 359
642,269

$752
645

$4,323
92,456

$5
90

All other countries.

Total

114,683

814,628

1,397

96,779

Distilled spirits.

Exported to-

United States

All other countries.

Total

Sponges.

$346,290
565,111

911,401

Rum.

$86,102
527,843

All other.

Sugar and molasses.

Sugar, raw.

$6,466
200,584

613,945

207,050

$75,077,645
12,299

75,089,944

Sugar, re-

iigar, i
fined.

$11,006

11,006

Sugar and molasses.

Tobacco.

Exported to —

Molasses Candy and

and K I confec- Leaf'

ana sirup. tionery_ ,

Other un-
manufac-
tured.

United States $2, 540, 474

All other countries 8, 978

$30,700 $31,547,426
18,539 | 8,883,521

$30,380
286,731

Cigars.

$13,636,649
27,263,789

Total 2, 549, 452

49, 239 40, 430, 947

316, 111

40,900,438

BEPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR.

281

Cuban exports during American occupation — Continued.

Exported to

Tobacco.

Cigarettes. All other.

Vegetables.

United States 9109,572

All other countries 914,272

976,644
249,131 ;

9190,400
87,194

Total i 1,023,844 ■

325,775

277,594

Exported to-

United States

All other countries.

Total

Woods.

Mahogany.

Sapan.

9488,401
362,063

931,195
43,002

850,464

74,197

Woods.

Reexportation.

Other un-
manufac-
tured.

Manufac-
tures of.

1 Miscellanc-
\ ous.

Provisions. All other.

91,232,855
861.451

916,858
2,917

2,094,306

19,775

91,577,420
2,021,649 I

3,599,069

966,286
12,886

79, 172

9703,770
258,986

962, 762

RECAPITULATION.

Articles exported.

Tobacco and manufactures.

Sugar and molasses

Wood, unmanufactured

Iron and manganese ore . ..

Fruits and nuts

All other articles

Total

United States. Percent, ^untile* Percent.

945,400,671
77,648,819
1,752,451
2,587,715
2,547,392
5,479,092

135,416,140

Total.

55 937, 596, 444 45 982, 997, 1 1 f>

100 50,822 | 77.699.W1

58 ' 1,206,516 42 . 3.018,967

97 i 70,608 3 I 2.658,323

100
47

3,828
6,204,709

....I 2,551,220
53 « 11, 683, S01

75 , 45,192,927

180,609,067

a The exportation of gold and silver amounted to 910,379,772 and is not included in these figures.

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

283

ANNUAL REPORT

OF TIIE

ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

War Department,
Adjutant-General's Office,

Waxhingtoni Norvrnlxr /, 1902.

Sir: The following returns of the Army for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1902, are respectfully submitted:

A. — Strength of the Regular Army of the United States, June 30,

1901, and June 30, 1902, with losses from all causes between those
dates.

B. — Strength of the Army bv divisions, departments, etc., between
July, 1901, and June, 1902.

C. — Statement showing the monthly strength and losses from all
causes in the armies of the United States between Julv 1. 1901, and
June 30, 1902.

D. — Deaths in the armies of the United States between Julv, 1901,
and June 30, 1902.

E. — Dates of sailing, and troops sent to the Philippine Islands.

F. — Retirements, resignations, deaths, etc., among officers between
October 1, 1901, and October 1, 1902.

THE ARMY.

Under the act of February 2, 1901, to increase the efficiency of the
permanent militanr establishment of the United States, the enlisted
maximum strength of the Army (including the corps of Philippine
scouts, which was limited to 12,000 in number) was not to exceed
100,000 men, and in Mav of that vear the President authorized the
organization of the Army on a basis of 77,287 enlisted men. July 1,

1902, the maximum strength was reduced to 66,711, and October 24,
1902, it was further reduced to 59,866; and to carry out the orders to
reduce the army to the strength prescribed bv General Orders, No.
108, A. G. O., October 25, 1902 (59,866), the 'following instructions
have been given by cable to the commanding general, Division of the
Philippines:

To reduce the enlisted strength of the cavalrv and infantry of his
command by December 1 next by transferring tneref rom to coast and
field artillery and engineers men who are tit and willing, so as to bring
the artillery and engineer company organizations to the strength

285

286 BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

authorized. Of the enlisted force of cavalry and infantry remaining,
2,000 to be discharged, in the following order of precedence:

First. Those discharged for the goc^d of the service, particularly such
as are serving long sentences of general court-martial. Of this latter
class, discretionary authority has been given to discharge without
honor all whose service, as determined under A. R. 162, has not been
honest and faithful, without requiring proceedings of boards to be
sent to the Secretary of War.

Second. Those wno by illness or climatic influence are run down
and out of condition. Discharge to be given on account of services
being no longer required or on surgeon's certificate, as justice to men
and interests of the Government demand; and if necessary, then

Third. Those serving in last year of enlistment who do not intend
to reenlist. Discharges to be on account of services being no longer
required.

Fourth. Deserving men not in last year of service who desire dis-
charge for cogent reasons. Discharge to be on account of services
being no longer required.

He has been further informed that the reduction of the enlisted
strength of cavalry and infantry of his command should continue by
ordinary expirations, etc., until strength of 65 enlisted men per com-
pany organization is reached.

Instructions have also been given to the several department com-
manders in the United States that all organizations of infantry and
cavalry in their respective commands shall be reduced to 65 per com-
pany, in a very short time, by transfers, and through discharges in
the order of precedence indicated in cablegram to tne commanding
general, Division of the Philippines.

In this reduction exception nas been made in favor of the organiza-
tions stationed at Forts Leavenworth and Riley, Pekin, and in Alaska.

The effect of these instructions will be to make the enlisted strength
of the Army at an early date, exclusive of the Hospital Corps, Philip-
pine scouts, and Porto Rico regiment, as follows:

In Philippines 13,480

Coast artillery in United States, Cuba, and Hawaii 13, 298

Field artillery in United States 3,320

Nine bands and sergeants-major 300 t

Cavalry in United States (including bands, regimental, and squadron

noncommissioned staff) 8, 460

Infantry in United States (including bands, regimental and battalion

noncommissioned staff) 16, 646

Infantry in Pekin 150

Infantry in Alaska 624

Engineers in United States ( including band ) 866

57, 143

STAFF DEPARTMENTS.

U. S. Military Academy 342

Signal Corps 810

Oranance Department ( including ordnance-sergeants) 700

Post commissary-sergeants 200

Post quartermaster-sergeants 150

Electrician-sergeants 100

Indian scouts 75

Recruiting parties and recruits 500

2,877

Total 60,020

REPORT OK THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

287

The excess of 154 over the total of 59,866 authorized in G. O. No.
108 is explained as follows:

6 companies in Alaska allowed to retain temporarily 39 extra men, each 234

Deduct 4 troops of cavalry at Fort Riley, not yet at station, at 20 extra, each . 80

154

Under restrictions imposed upon the recruiting1 service by General
Orders, 108, and the additional contraction thereof resulting from the
policy of reduction as directed by telegrams and circular letters to
recruiting officers, the enlistments during the month of November will
be no more than necessary to keep the artillery and engineers at the
proposed strength. As soon as the excess in the Philippines is
absorbed and all company organizations of cavalry and infantry there
stationed are brought down to 65, it will be necessary to continue the
recruiting service as organized just prior to this reduction, since
experience shows that the results thereof, owing to the system of care-
ful selection of recruits, will only be to produce the number necessary
to keep up the Army to the enlisted strength authorized (5J>,X66).

The actual strength of the Army on October 15, 11)02, was 3,586
officers and 66,003 enlisted men, as shown by the following table, which,
in detail, gives the strength of the several corps, departments, regi-
ments, etc. :

Department, corps, or regiment.

General officer*

Adjutant-General's Department

Inspector-General's Department

Judge- Advocate Oeneral's Depa rt men t

Quartermaster's Department

Subsistence Department

Medical Department

Fay Department

Corps of Engineers

Ordnance Department

Signal Corps

Record and Pension Office

Chaplains

Electrician sergeants

First Cavalry

Second Cavalry

Third Cavalry

Fourth Cavalry

Fifth Cavalry

Sixth Cavalry

Seventh Cavalry

Eighth Cavalry

Ninth Cavalry

Tenth Cavalry

Eleventh Cavalry

Twelfth Cavalry

Thirteenth Cavalry. . .
Fourteenth Cavalry . .
fifteenth Cavalry....

Total cavalry.

Artillery Corps:

30 field batteries

126 companies coast artillery.

Sergeant-majors

10 bands

Total artillery.

First Infantry....
8econd Infantry..
Third Infantry...
Fourth Infantry. .
Fifth Infantry....

112 '
527 i

47
47
46
46
47

Officers.

' Enlisted '
mon. '

Total.

149

213

200

2(1

271

», 098

3,869

149

1,167 ■

1,316

662

720

697 .

732

•■>

•

899

948

911

960

808

850

775

823

881

931

856

9(H)

876

921

782

829

1,074

1,121

935

982

1,019

1,068

860

909

850

906

890

940

1,0«5

1,135

733

13, 502

14,235

3. 599

13,011

253

3,711

13,538

253

639 I 16,911

17,650

1,449

1,496

1.348

1,395

751

797

809

856

1,167

1,214

288

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Department, corps, or regiment.

Sixth Infantry

Seventh Infantry

Eighth Infantry

Ninth Infantry

Tenth Infantry

Eleventh Infantry

Twelfth Infantry

Thirteenth Infantry

Fourteenth Infantry

Fifteenth Infantry

Sixteenth Infantry

Seventeenth Infantry

Eighteenth Infantry

Nineteenth Infantry

Twentieth Infantry

Twenty-first Infantry

Twenty-second Infantry .
Twenty-third Infantry . . .
Twenty-fourth Infantry. .

Twenty-fifth Infantry

Twenty-sixth Infantry . . .
Twenty-seventh Infantry
Twenty-eighth Infantry..
Twenty-ninth Infantry. . .
Thirtieth Infantry

Total infantrv

West Point detachment —

Recruits, etc

Discharge camp, California
Indian scouts

Officers.

44
46
44
45
50
47
44
44
44
46
47
45
44
48
49
44
46
43
44
43
45
48
47
49
48

Enlisted
men.

Total.

780

824

909

955

879

923

834

879

1,284

1,334

1,444

1,491

814

858

756

800

908

952

967

1,013

863

910

823

868

912

430

478

765

814

707

751

872

918

714

757

1,126

1,170

1,187

1,230

1,157

1,202

1,412

1,460

1,278

1,325

1,499

1,548

1,257

1,305

1,377 | 30,057 i ol,434

409 |

409

,899 •

1,899

225

Total

2,594

066,003

2,594

Grand total

3. 586

69,589

« Enlisted men of the Hospital Corps not included in the grand total.

In addition, there are in the service the following:

Enlisted men of the Hospital Corps, not included as part of the enlisted force of the Army under

the provisions of the act of March 1, 1887 (3,598 men) 3,598

Porto Rico regiment (29 officers, 840 men) 869

Philippine scouts QOO officers, 4.978 men ) 5, 078

Medical officers, volunteers (182 officers) 182

Total (311 officers, 9,416 men) 9, 727

Distribution of the Army, October IS, 1902.

Country.

United States

Philippine Islands

Cuba

Porto Rico

Hawaiian Islands.

China

Alaska

Total

Officers.

Enlisted
men.

Hospital
Corps.

Total.

2,476

44,163

1.868

48,507

1,039

19,800

1,694

22,433

819

884

228

276

198

222

131

138

664

727

3,586

66,003

3,596

73,187

In addition to the above there are serving —

In United States, 24 medical officers, volunteers. All volunteer
medical officers are under orders for honorable discharge on account
of service being no longer required. This will be accomplished as
fast as they reach the United States.

In Porto Rico, 29 officers and 840 enlisted men, Porto Rico regi-
ment.

In Philippine Islands, 158 medical officers, volunteers; 100 officers
and 4,978 enlisted men, Philippine scouts.

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

289

The total numl>er of the losses in the Army during the year ended
June 30, 190:2, was 47,727, as follows:

Officers:

Killed in action, died of wounds or disease, etc

Resigned, etc

Retired

:iri

Enlisted men:

Killed in action, died of wounds or disease, etc 1, 227

Discharged upon expiration of term of service 35, S0f>

Discharged for disability, bv sentence of court-martial, and bv order 5, (>9H

ed ." .* 4,W>7

124

Deserted
Missing.
Retired.

Total

Seventeen officers and 172 men were wounded.

47, 603
47, 727

The partial increase of the Annv in 1N1*8 by reason of the breaking
out of hostilities with Spain and its reorganization with increased
numbers on the disbandment of the large Volunteer Army called into
service during the Spanish- American war necessitated the appointment
of a large number of officers. Of the 1,740 appointments made since
January 1, 1898, as shown by the following table, 276 were of gradu-
ates of the Military Academy, 376 were of enlisted men of the Army,
477 from civil life, and 615 from ex-officers and enlisted men of volun-
teers. All appointments were made to the grade of second lieutenants,
except 216 of those made from ex-officers and enlisted men of volun-
teers, which were to the grade of first lieutenant — 65 in the cavalry,
82 in the artillerv, and 69 in the infantrv.

Whence made.

Year ending December 31, 1898:

Military Academy

Enlisted men, 17. S. Army .
Civil life

Total

Year ending December 31, 1X99:

Military Academy

Enlisted men, U. S. Arm v. . .
Civil life

Total

Year ending December 81. 1900:

Military Academy

Enlisted men, U. H. Army .
Civil life

Total.

Year ending December 31. 1901:

Military Academy

Enlisted men. U. S. Army

Volunteer officers and enlisted men
Civil life

Total.

Six months ending June 30, 1902:

Military Academy

Enlisted men, IT. 8. Army

Volunteer officers and enlisted men
Civil life

Total

(trand total

WAB 1902— VOL 1

Cavalry. "Artillery. Infantry. Total.

12
10

22 I

2 i.

102
7

209

12
12
50

IT
1

135

2X ,
135

202 .

24
4

17
3

13
•>

397

410

148

203

39
44

152

330

204

2*3

1X0

235

300

10
59
17

49
ft>
19

13-1

121

199

215
490

X01

119

222

933 1,740

290 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

The probable number of enlisted men in the Army during the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1904, who will be entitled to increased pay under
the acts of August 4, 1854, and May 15, 1872, is as follows:

Under act of August 4, 1854. ,'

5 years* continuous service ($2 per month) 5, 618

10 years' continuous service ( $3 per month ) 2, 068

15 years' continuous service ($4 per month) 1, 387

20 years' continuous service ($5 per month) 851

25 years' continuous service ($6 per month) 333

30 years* continuous service ($7 per month ) 43

Under act of May 15, 1872.

$1 per month for third year of service 15, 570

$2 per month for fourth year of service 7, 320

$3 per month for fifth year of service 6, 260

Showing the presence in the ranks of 19,181 men who have served
more than three years and 4,682 men who have a continuous service
of five years and upward.

The probable number of men who will be entitled to discharge by
reason of expiration of term of service is 14.119.

CHINA.

Companv B, Ninth Infantry, has been retained in China as guard to
the Unitecf States legation, to be governed in all except strictly pro-
fessional and administrative matters by the wishes and desires of the
United States minister. The instructions to the commanding officer
of the guard state that his force will be used to repel attacks made
on the American legation or its own position, and, it necessary to do
so, may fire upon the assailants, but must not be used aggressively
unless in defense of the American legation or of persons or property
of American citizens in its immediate vicinity. The guard may coop-
erate with other foreign troops for defense of the legations in event
of attack being made on same.

CUBA.

On the withdrawal of the army from Cuba, May 20, 1902, a small
force, consisting of eight companies of the coast artillery, remained
on the island for temporary purposes. Four companies are stationed
at Habana, two at Cienf uegos, and two at Santiago. The total strength
there now is 26 officers and 858 enlisted" men.

PORTO RICO.

In addition to the Porto Rico native regiment which, October 15,
1902, numbered 29 officers and 840 enlisted men, there were on duty
in that island two companies of coast artillery, 11 officers and 265
enlisted men.

THE PHILIPPINES.

Under the provisions of the act of July 1, 1902, " temporarily to

Provide for the administration of affairs of civil government in the
hilippine Islands," the commanding general of the Division of the

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 291

Philippines was relieved from the further performance of the duties
of military governor of the archipelago and that office discontinued.

July 1, 1902, 201 stations in the islands were occupied by the troops,
and 50 companies of Philippine scouts were in service.

The following troops are now serving in the Philippines:

Officers iEl,li»twl

Second battalion, United State* Engineers 27

248
12

412
4,740

358

First, Fifth, Sixth, Eleventh, and Fifteenth regiment*, cavalry .

Fourteenth. Fifteenth, and Twenty-fifth batteries, field artillery

Twenty-fifth, Twenty-seventh, Thirty-first, and Thirty-sixth companies, coast

artillery 15 ! 423

First, Second, Fifth. Tenth, Eleventh. Twenty-sixth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty- ■ j

eighth. Twenty-ninth, and Thirtieth regiments, infantry 175 13, 295

General and staff officers, en 1 feted men, Signal Coqw, Hospital Corps, noncom- i

missioned staff, band, etc 262 ' 2,166

1 i

Total 1.039 j 21,394

The total number of troops that served in the Philippine Islands

between June 30, 1898 (date of first arrival of troops), and July 4,
1902, the ending of the insurrection, was:

Regulars...
Volunteers.

Total.

Officers. ' K"J!rned
men.

1,882 ! 74,634
2, 1X5 j 47, 867

4.067 | 122,401

Of this number about 1,135 officers and 28,000 men served there more
than once.

The maximum strength there at an v one time was in December,
1000, 69,420 officers and men.

The average monthly strength was approximately 40,ooo.

The casualties during this period were as follows:

l Regulars. Volunteers. Total.

1 <\m,..,~ Enlisted r\<n™~, Enlisted f%mnt%WHl Enlisted
i Officers. men> , Officers. men> Officers. mc|1>

Killed 32 353 ' 22 ■ 388

Died of— I

Wounds 10 96 7 129

54 741

1 7 225

Disease 26 1.673 21 , 1,028 47 2,701

Accident.

Drowning.

Buicide.

2 96 4 3X 6 134

2 202 4 , 61 6 263

3 58 6 15 9 73
Murder or homicide 1 69 28 l 97

Total deaths
Wounded

76 2.547 64 1 6X7 140 ' 4.234

71 . 1.165 133 1,653 20-1 2.818

In this are included 18 enlisted men killed; 1 officer and 14 enlisted
men died of wounds; 2 officers and 174 enlisted men died of disease,
etc., and 11 officers and 100 enlisted men wounded during the war with
Spain, or up to February 4, 1899.

The total contacts with the enemv between Februarv 4, 1899, and
July 4, 1902, were 2,811. The larger proportion of these tights were
attacks from ambush on the American troops. In almost no case in

292 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

these engagements did American troops surrender or retreat or leave
their dead and wounded in the possession of the enemy, notwithstand-
ing that in many cases the percentage of loss was high.

The number of killed of the enemy was in many cases estimated.
As a rule no estimate was made in reports of the enemy's wounded.
His wounded, and often his dead, were carried off before the Ameri-
cans occupied the hostile positions. The killed of the enemy being, as
a rule, overestimated, and the wounded not reported, by the Americans,
gave rise to an erroneous impression that the wounded were dis-
patched, which never happened.

List of Principal Combats during the Philippine Insurrection, Febriary 4,

1899, to July 4, 1902.

Engagements around Manila, 1899.

Feb. 4, 5, 1899 Battle of Manila. Thirteen regiments engaged, Maj. Gen. E. S.

Otis, commanding. United States loss, 238 — 44 killed, 194
wounded; insurgent loss, 700 killed, many wounded. Occa-
sion, insurgent attack on our lines. Includes combats at
Chinese Hospital, La Loma Church, Pasay, San Juan Hill,
Santa Mesa, Singalon, Pumping Station, Santa Ana, and San
Pedro Macati.

Feb. 10, 1899 Battleof Caloocan. Seven regiments engaged, Maj. Gen. Arthur

MacArthur, commanding. United States loss, 50 — 5 killed, 45
wounded; insurgent loss, 200 killed, 800 wounded. Occasion,
rectification of United States lines around Manila.

Feb. 23, 1899 Battle of Tondo. Seven regiments engaged, Maj. Gen. Arthur

MacArthur, commanding. United States loss, 39 — 5 killed, 34
wounded; insurgent loss, 500 killed and wounded. Occasion,
uprising in barrio of Tondo, Manila, in rear of our lines, parti-
cipated in by insurgent army. Fighting extended to Caloo-
can. This includes actions at Tondo and Caloocan.

Mar. 13, 1899 Battle of Guadaloupe Church. Five regiments engaged, Brig.

Gen. L. Wheaton, commanding. United States loss, 28 — 3
killed, 25 wounded; insurgent loss, 200 killed and wounded.
Occasion, rectification of United States lines around Manila.

Mar. 15, 1899 Battle of Pasig. Three regiments engaged, Brig. Gen. L. Whea-
ton, commanding. United States loss, 4—1 killed, 3 wounded;
insurgent loss, 1,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners. Occa-
sion, capture of city of Pasig.

Mar. 18, 1899 Battle of Taguig. One battalion Twenty-second infantry,

engaged, Brig. Gen. L. Wheaton, commanding. United States
loss, 20 — 3 killed, 17 wounded; insurgent loss not reported.

Mar. 31, 1899 Combat of Nanca River (near Mariquina). Two regiments

engaged, Brig. Gen. R. H. Hall, commanding. United States
loss, 18 — 1 killed, 17 wounded; insurgent loss not reported.
Occasion, abortive advance toward San Mateo.

Apr. 9, 1899 Combat of Santa Cruz. Twenty companies engaged, Maj. Gen.

H. W. Lawton, commanding. United States loss, 7 wounded;
insurgent loss, 93 killed, many wounded. Occasion, expedi-
tion to Santa Cruz, on Laguna de Bay.

June 13, 1899 Zapote River. Four regiments engaged, Maj. Gen. H. W. Law-
ton, commanding. United States loss, 45—8 killed, 37
wounded; insurgent loss, 150 killed, 375 wounded.

Aug. 12, 1 899 ( 'ombat of San Mateo. Seven companies engaged, Capt. James

Parker, Fourth Cavalry, commanding. United States loss,
20 — 4 killed, 16 wounded; insurgent loss, 24 killed, wounded
not reported. Occasion, capture of town of San Mateo.
Town evacuated by United States forces next day.

Dec. 19,1899 Combat of San Mateo. Two regiments engaged. Mai. Gen.

II. W. I^awton, commanding. United States loss, 14 — I killed,
13 wounded. General Lawton killed. Insurgent loss, 40
killed , 1 25 wounded . Occasion, capture of town of San Mateo.

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 2t>3

Advance u> Malolos, Maj, Gen, Arthur Mac Arthur, commanding.

General MacArthur estimates 1,000 insurgents kilted and many
wounded in thin advance.

Mar. 25, 26, 1899 Battle of Tuliahan River. Ten regiments engaged. United

States lose, 29 killed, 200 wounded, including Col. II. C.
Egbert, Twentv-second Infantry, U. S. A. Insurgent loss not
reported. Includes attack of entrenchments at Caloocan and
San Francisco del Monte, March 25, and assault of entrenched
defenses of town of Melinto and action at Meycauayan,
March 26.

Mar. 27, 1899 Battle of Marilao River. Seven regiments engaged. United

States loss, 79 — 14 killed, 65 wounded; insurgent loss not
reported. Main action, crossing Marilao River under fire ami
assault of intrenchments on other side of river.

Mar. 29-30, 1899 Battle of Malolos. Eight regiments engaged. United States

loss, il3 — 8 killed, 105 wounded; insurgent loss not reported.
Main actions, the crossing under fire of the Bocaue River and
of the Guiguinto River, and engagements in front of Malolos
and at Melinto.

Advance to San Fernando, Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur, commanding.

Apr. 23-27, 1895) Battle of Calumpit. Eight regiments engaged. United States

loss, 149—22 killed, 127 wounded. Col. J. M. Stotsenburg,
• First Nebraska, killed; insurgent loss, 200 killed, many
wounded. Main actions, crossing under fire of Bagbag River,
April 23 and 24; crossing under fire of Rio Grande, April 27;
includes actions at Buingua, Norzagary, Pulilan, Angat, and
Apalit. Notable exploits, Col. F. Funston's passage by
swimming of Bagbag River under fire April 25; forcing pass-
age of Rio Grande under fire April 27.

May 4,1899 Combat of Santo Tomas. Five regiments engaged. United

States loss, 32 — 5 killed, 27 wounded; insurgent loss not
reported.

Advance to Tarlac, October and Xoremfjer, 1899, Maj. (leu. Arthur MacArthur, com-
manding.

Oct. 16, 1899 Combat of Angeles. Three regiments engaged. United States

loss, 10* — 1 killed, 9 wounded; insurgent loss not reported.

Nov. 11, 1899 Combat of Bamban. Four regiments engaged. United States

loss, 2 — 2 wounded ; insurgent loss not reported.

General Wheaton'* expedition to Dagvpan, 1899.

Nov. 11,1899 Combat of San Jacinto. Thirty-third Infantry engaged.

United States loss, 22 — 7 killed, 15 wounded. Insurgent loss,
134 killed; wounded not reported. Maj. J. A. Logan killed.

General Young's raid to the north, November and December, 1899.

Nov. 14, 1899 Combat of Manoag. Three troops Third Cavalry engaged.

Brig. Gen. S. B. M. Young, commanding. United States
loss, none; insurgent loss not known. Occasion, charge of
cavalry, totally dispersing 1,300 men of Aguinaldo's army.

Nov. 19, 1899 Combat of Santa Tomas. Two troops Third Cavalry engaged.

Maj. S. M. Swigert, commanding. United States loss, 8 — 1
killed, 7 wounded; insurgent loss, 9 killed.

Dec. 2,1899 Combat of Tila Pass. One battalion, Thirty-third Infantry,

engaged, Maj. P. C. March, commanding. United States
loss, 11 — 2 killed, 9 wounded; insurgent loss, 52 killed and
wounded.

Dec. 4, 1899 Combat of Tangadan Mountain. Two lmttalions, Thirty-third

and Thirty-fourth Infantry, engaged, Brig. Gen. S. B. M.
Young, commanding. United States loss, 13; insurgent loss,
115—35 killed, 80 wounded.

294 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Dec. 4, 1899 Combat of Vigan. One company and detachment, Thirty-third

Infantry, engaged, Lieut. Col. J. Parker, commanding.
United States loss, 11 — 8 killed, 3 wounded; insurgent loss,
100 killed. Attacked in barracks at night by superior force.

Occupation of southern provinces of Luzon, January and February, 1900.

PRINCIPAL COMBATS.

Jan. 6,1900 Binang. Brig. Gen. Theodore Schwan's expedition. United

States loss, 2 — 1 killed, 1 wounded; insurgent loss, 46 killed,
wounded, and missing.

Jan. 7, 1900 Imus. Thirty-eighth Volunteers, Col. W. E. Birkhimer, com-
manding. United States loss, 8 — 8 wounded; insurgent loss,
245 killed and wounded.

Jan. 19, 1900 Taal. Battalion Thirty-eighth Infantry, Maj. E. M. Johnston,

jr., commanding. United States loss, 6 wounded; insurgent
loss, 15 killed and wounded.

Jan. 21, 1900 San Pablo. Brig. Gen. Theodore Schwan's expedition. United

States loss, 14 — 1 killed, 13 wounded; insurgent loss, 37 killed;
wounded unknown.

Jan. 23,1900 Legaspi, Province of Albay. Forty-seventh Infantry, Brig.

Gen. W. A. Kobbe\ commanding. United States loss, 7
wounded; insurgent loss, 50 killed and wounded.

Feb. 20, 1900 Libmanan, Province of Camarines. Fortieth Infantry, Col.

E. A. Godwin, commanding. United States loss, 9 killed
and wounded; insurgent loss, 85 killed, wounded, and
prisoners.

Isolated engagements, 1900.

Mar. 26, 1900 Near Antimonan, Tayabas. Battalion Thirtieth Infantry, Mai.

J. F. Hartigan, commanding. Loss of insurgents, 133*killed,
wounded, and prisoners.

Apr. 7, 1900 Cagayan. Garrisoned by battalion Fortieth Infantry, Col. E. A.

Goclwin, commanding. Attacked by large body of insur-
gents. United States loss, 4 killed, 9 wounded; insurgent
loss, 38 killed; wounded not known.

Apr. 15,1900 Catubig, Samar. Detachment Forty-third Infantry, besieged

by large force of insurgents. United States loss, 23—-19 killed,
4 wounded; insurgent loss, 200 killed.

Apr. 15, 1900 Jaro, Leyte. Detachment company, Forty-third Infantry,

Lieut. C. C. Estes, commanding. Attacked in barracks by
insurgents. United States loss, none; insurgent loss, 125
killed.

Apr. 15,1900 Cullambang, Ilocos. Troop F, Third Cavalry, Capt. G. A.

Dodd, commanding, attacks insurgents' stronghold. United
States loss, none; insurgent loss, 97 — 53 killed, 44 captured.

Apr. 16, 1900 Batac, near Laoag, Ilocos. Company G, Thirty-fourth Infan-
try, Capt. C. J. Rollis, commanding, attacked in barracks.
United States loss, 5 — 2 killed, 3 wounded; insurgent loss,
265 killed, wounded, and prisoners.

Apr. 17, 1900 Laoag, Ilocos. Companies F, G, and H, Thirty-fourth Infantry,

Lieut. Col. R. L. Howze, commanding. United States loss,
none; insurgent loss, 152 killed, wounded, and prisoners.

Apr. 30, 1900 Catarman, Samar. Company F, Forty-third Infantry, attacked

in station by insurgents. United States loss, 2 wounded;
insurgent loss, 154 killed, many wounded.

May 1 4, 1900 Misamis, Mindanao. Detachment 25 men, Company C, Fortieth

Infantry, Capt. W. McK. Lambdin, commanding. Attacked
by 200 insurgents. United States loss, 12 killed and wounded;
insurgent loss, 77 killed and wounded.

May 28, 1900 Labo, province of Camarines. Detachment Forty-fifth Infantry

ambushed. Capt. A. Stein hauser, commanding. United States
loss, 9 — 3 killed, 6 wounded; insurgent loss, not reported.

July 4,1900 Ponoranda, Gapan, and Maniclin, Luzon. Garrisoned by

detachments of Twenty-fourth and Thirty-fourth Infantry.
Attacked by insurgents. United States loss, 4 — 1 killed, 3
wounded; insurgent loss, over 100 killed and wounded.

BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 295

July 12, 1900 Oroquieta, Mindanao. Company I, Fortieth Infantry, Lieut.

K. C. Masteller, commanding. Garrison attacked oy insur-
gents. United States lose, 3—2 killed, 1 wounded; insurgent
loss, 101 killed and wounded.

Sept 14, 1900 Torrijos, Mindoro. Company F, Twenty-ninth Infantry,

engaged. Capt. Devereux Shields, commanding. United
States loss, 6Cf— 4 killed, 6 wounded, and 50 captured; insur-
gent loss, not known.

Sept 16, 1900 Navitac, Laguna Province. Company L, Fifteenth Infantry,

Company L, Thirty-seventh Infantrv, Company K, Fifteenth
Infantry. Cant. D. D. Mitchell, fifteenth Infantry, com-
manding. United States loss, killed and wounded in ambush,
57; insurgent loss, 10 killed, 20 wounded.

Oct 14,1900 Ormoc, Leyte. Troops engaged, Company- 1), Forty-fourth

Infantry, Lieut. R.W . Buchanan commanding. United States
loss, none; insurgent loss, 116 killed, wounded not reported.

Oct 21, 1900 Looc, Batangas. Itetachment 20 men, Twenty-eighth Infantry,

Capt. George W. Biegler commanding, defeated 400 insurgents.
United States loss, 6 killed and wounded; insurgent loss, 75
killed and wounded.

Oct 24, 1900 Barrio Casucos, I locos. Detachments Thirty-third Infantry and

Third Cavalry, First Lieut. George L. Febiger commanding,
ambushed by 400 riflemen. United States loss, Lieutenant
Febiger and 4 men killed, 9 wounded, 5 missing; insurgent
loss, 150 killed and wounded.

Oct 30,1900 Bugasan, Panay. Garrisoned by Company E, Nineteenth

Infantry, Capt. F. H. French, Nineteenth Infantry, command-
ing, attacked by insurgents. United States loss, 4 killed and
irounded; insurgent loss, 54 killed, 21 wounded, 21 captured.

Isolated engagement*, 1901.

June 10, 1901 Near Lipa. Company D, Forty-fifth Infantry, ambushed by

500 insurgents. Capt. \V. II. wilhelm, commanding. Lieut.
A. M. Springer, Twenty-first Infantry, and L»eut. W. II. Lee,
Corps of Engineers, killed. United States loss, 6 killed and
wounded; insurgent loss, unknown.

Sept. 28, 1901 Balangiga, Samar. Company C, Ninth Infantry, Capt. Thomas

W. Connell, commanding. Attacked by 400 natives. United
States loss, 3 officers, 32 men killed, 24 wounded, 8 missing;
officers killed, Captain Connell, Lieut. E. A. Bumpus, and
Maj .R. S. Griswold, surgeon. Insurgent loss, 140 killed and
wounded.

Oct 16,1901 Gandara River. Detachment Company B, Ninth Infantry,

ambushed. United States loss, 10 killed, <> wounded. Insur-
gent loss, 83 killed.

Isolated engagements, 11*02.

May 2, 1902 Bayan, Mindanao. Twenty-seventh Infantry, Col. F. D. Bald-
win, commanding. United States loss, 51 ; 8 killed, 48
wounded. Moro loss, several hundred killed.

List op Officers Killed and Died of Wounds or Disease, etc, in the Philip-
pine Islands, to October 1, 1902.

killed (54).

Adams, Frank rL, first lieutenant, First South Dakota Volunteer Infantrv, in
action at Marilao, March 27, 1899.

Alford, Alfred C, second lieutenant, Twentieth Kansas Volunteer Infantry, in
action near Caloocan, February 7, 1899.

Bean, Robert R., second lieutenant, Philippine Scouts, in action at Mount Malary,
October 8, 1901.

Boutelle, Henry M., second lieutenant, Third Artillery, in action near Aliaga,
November 2, 1899.

Brown, William, captain, Forty-fifth Infantry, United States Volunteers, in action
at Guidiang, August 17, 1900.

296 REPOKT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Bumpus, Edward A., first lieutenant, Ninth Jnfantrv, in action at Balangiga, Sep-
tember 28, 1901.

Cheney, Ward, first lieutenant, Fourth Infantry, in action at Puente Julien,
January 7, 1900.

Connell, Thomas W., captain, Ninth Infantrv, in action at Balangiga, September
28, 1901.

Cooper, George A., second lieutenant, Fifteenth Infantry, in action at Mavitac,
September 17, 1900.

Crockett, Allen T., second lieutenant, Twenty-first Infantry, in action at Candela-
ria, September 24, 1901.

Davis, Julian L., second lieutenant, Thirty -sixth Infantry, United State* Volun-
teers, in action at Bamban, November 11, 1899.

Downes, Edward E., first lieutenant, First Infantry, in action near Salcedo, June
23, 1901.

Drew, Alfred W., first lieutenant, Twelfth Infantrv, inaction near Angeles, August
19, 1899.

Egbert, Harrv C, colonel, Twentv-second Infantrv, in action at Melinto, March
26, 1899.

Eldridge, Bogardus, captain, Fourteenth Infantry, in action near Bacoor, October
2, 1899.

Elliot, David S., captain, Twentieth Kansas Volunteer Infantrv, in action at C'aloo-
can, February 28, 1899.

Evens, John II., first lieutenant, Forty-third Infantry, United States Volunteers,
in action near Matignac, May 11, 1900.

Febiger, George L., first lieutenant, Thirty-third Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, in action near Narbacan, October 24, 1900.

Fortson, George H., captain, First Washington Volunteer Infantrv, in action at
Pasig, March 26, 1899.

French, Eugene, second lieutenant, First Montana Volunteer Infantrv, in action
at Caloocan, February 23, 1899.

Godfrey, George J., captain, Twentv-second Infantrv, in action at Bulacan Moun-
tain, June 3, 1900.

Gregg, John C, captain, Fourth Infantrv, in action in Mariguina Valley, March
31, 1899.

Griswold, Richard, major., surgeon, United States Volunteers, in action at Balan-
giga, September 28, 1901.

Grubbs, Hayden Y., first lieutenant, Sixth Infantry, in action near Tabuan, Octo-
ber 1, 1899.

Hartshorne, Benjamin M. J., captain, Seventh Infantry, in action near Lanang,
January 2, 1902.

Hincken, Elias J., second lieutenant, Forty -fourth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, in action near Santa Lucia, January 29, 1901.

Howard, Guv, major, quartermaster, United States Volunteers (captain, quarter-
master, U. S. Army), in action at Rio Grande, October 22, 1899.

Keyes, Maxwell, second lieutenant, Third Infantry, in action at San Ildefonso,
November 24, 1899.

Koehler, Edgar F., first lieutenant, Ninth Infantrv, in action at Barrio Tinuba,
March 4, 1900.

Koontz, Howard M., first lieutenant, Forty-fourth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, in action at Bugason, October 30, 1900.

Krayenbuhl, Maurice G., captain, commissary of subsistence, United States Volun-
teers (first lieutenant, Third Artillery), in action at Maycanayan, March 26, 1899.

Lawton, Henry W., major-general, United States Volunteers (colonel, Inspector-
General's Department), in action at San Mateo, December 19, 1899.

Ledvard, Augustus C., first lieutenant, Sixth Infantrv, in action at La Granja,
Decembers, 1899.

Lee, Walter II., second lieutenant, Engineer Corps, inaction near Li pa, June 10, 1901.

Lien, Jonas S., first lieutenant, First South Dakota Volunteer Infantry, in action
at Marilao, March 27, 1899.

Logan, John A., major, Thirty-third Infantry, United States Volunteers, in action
at San Jacinto, November 11, 1899.

McConville, Edward, major, First Idaho Volunteer Infantry, in action at San Pedro
Macati, February 5, 1899.

McTaggart, William A., second lieutenant, Twentieth Kansas Volunteer Infantry,
in action at Santo Tomas, May 4, 1899. •

Mitchell, David D., captain, Fifteenth Infantrv, in action at Mavitac, September
17, 1900.

Morrison, John, jr., first lieutenant, Fourth Cavalrv, in action Rio Corona, Janu-
ary 18, 1901.

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 297

Morrison, Sidney E., second lieutenant, Second South Dakota Volunteer Infantry,
in action at Marilao, March 27, 1899.

Murphy, William L., captain, Thirty-ninth Infantry, United States Volunteer
(first lieutenant, Twenty-fourth Infantry), in action at Barrio Natatas, August 14,
1900.

Pasco, William D., second lieutenant, Eighteenth Infantry, in action near Cuar-
tero, October 29, 1900.

Saffold, Marion B., captain, Thirteenth Infantrv, in action at Novaleta, Octobers,
1899.

Schenck, William T., first lieutenant, Twenty-iifth Infantry, in action near Cae-
tellejos, January 29, 1900.

Sisson, Lester E., second lieutenant, First Nebraska Volunteer Infantry, in action
at Quingua, April 23, 1899.

Springer, Anton, captain, First Infantry, in action near Lipa, June 10, 1901.

Stewart, John S., captain, First Colorado Volunteer Infantry, in action at Mari-
quina road, March 24, 1899.

Stotsenburg, John M., colonel First Nebraska Volunteer Infantry (captain, Sixth
Cavalry), in action at Quingua, April 23, 1899.

Tilly, George H., captain, signal officer, United States Volunteers, in action at
Escalante, May 27, 1899.

Vicars, Thomas A., first lieutenant, Twenty-seventh Infantrv, in action at Kay an,
Mav 2, 1902.

Wagner, Max, second lieutenant, Twenty-sixth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, in action near Pavia, October 1, 1900. *

Warrick, Oliver B., captain, Eighteenth Infantrv, in action at Passi, November 26,
1899.

Way, Henry N., second lieutenant, Fourth Infantrv, in action at Villavieia,
August 28, 1900.

DIED OK WOUNDS (17).

Bentley, George H., captain, Forty-seventh Infantry, United States Volunteers,
August 28, 1900, wounded at Cotinan," August 21, 1900.

Crenshaw, Frank F.,« captain, Twenty-eighth Infantry, United States Volunteers,
August 28, 1900; wounded at Papaya June 5, 1900.

Higgles, Arthur M., captain, Thirteenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, May 26,
1899; wounded at Maasin May 8, 1899.

Forby, Lee, captain, First Nebraska Volunteer Infantry, March 28, 1899; wounded
at San Francisco del Monte March 25, 1899.

French, Charles, captain, Thirty-sixth Infantrv, United States Volunteers, October
31, 1899; wounded at Lubac October 29, 1899.

Galleher, John B., first lieutenant, Fortieth Infantry, United States Volunteers,
February 23, 1900; wounded at Libmanan February 20", 1900.

Geary, Woodbridge, captain, Thirteenth Infantry, October 11, 1899; wounded at
San Francisco de Malabon October 10, 1899.

Jossman, Albert L., second lieutenant, Twenty-seventh Infantry, July 28, 1902;
wounded at Bayan May 2, 1902.

McGrath, Hugh J., captain, Fourth Cavalry, November 7, 1899; wounded at
Noveleta October 8, 1899.

Mitchell, James, first lieutenant, Fourteenth Infantry, February 6, 1899; wounded
at Pasay February 5, 1899.

Ramsay, Charles R., first lieutenant, Twenty-first Infantry, July 13, 1901; wounded
near Lipa June 10, 1901.

Richter, Reinhold, * captain, First California Volunteer Infantry, August 4, 1898;
wounded near Manila August 1, 1898.

Smith, Charles M., second lieutenant, Eighteenth Infantry, Novemt)er 22, 1899;
wounded near I lava November 21, 1899.

Smith, Edmund D., captain, Nineteenth Infantrv, February 5, 1900; wounded at
Fort Amia February 4, 1900.

Wallace, Robert B.,« colonel Thirty-seventh Infantry, United States Volunteers
(lieutenant-colonel First Montana Volunteer Infantry; first lieutenant, Second Cav-
alry), March 13. 1900; wounded at Caloocan February 10, 1899.

Wilhelm, William H., captain, Twenty-first Infantry, June 12, 1901; wounded
near Lipa June 10, 1901.

Williams, W'illiam H.,« first lieutenant, Twelfth Infantry, November 25, 1899;
wounded at Angeles August 16, 1899.

o Died in the United States.

&Died of wounds during the war with Spain.

298 BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

DIED OP DISEASE, ETC. (74). •

Anderson, Robert H., captain, Ninth Infantry, November 7, 1901.

Armstrong, Frank C, major, nurgeon, Thirty-second Infantry, United States Vol-
unteers, December 4, 1899.

Belknap, Hugh R., major, Pay Department, November 12, 1901.

Blakeman, Robert, first lieutenant, Forty-ninth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, October 3, 1900.

Bowman, Daniel T., first lieutenant, Thirty-seventh Infantry, United States Vol-
unteers, January 9, 1900.

Brereton, John J., lieutenant-colonel Thirty-third Infantry, United States Volun-
teers (captain, Twenty-fourth Infantry), December 2, 1899.

Carpenter, Charles E., second lieutenant, Eighth Infantry, February 9, 1902.

Cilley, Jonathan, first lieutenant, Forty-third Infantry, United States Volunteers,
June 13, 1900.

Collins, Charles L., captain, Twenty-third Infantry, September 7, 1899.

Crawford, Robert T., first lieutenant, First Infantry, October 30, 1901.

Danner, James D., second lieutenant, Twenty -eighth Infantry, United States Vol-
unteers, September 27, 1900.

Davis, John G., major, surgeon, United States Volunteers, November 1, 1900.

Draper, Paul, second lieutenant, Twenty-second Infantry, June 28, 1900.

Drennan, James W., major, First 'Montana Volunteer Infantry, June 23, 1899.

Edmonston, Raphael A., first lieutenant, assistant surgeon Thirty-fourth Infantrv,
United States Volunteers, June 2, 1900.

Fernald, Roy L., second lieutenant, Twenty -sixth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, September 1, 1900.

Fiscus, William \V., jr., first lieutenant, Nineteenth Infantry, January 12, 1902.

Foster, Pierce C, second lieutenant, Third Infantry, May 22, 1899.

Geiger, William C., captain, Philippine Cavalrv (first lieutenant, Fourteenth Infan-
try), July 2, 1900.

Grandy, Luther B., major, surgeon, United States Volunteers, April 12, 1902.

Gurowits, Odon, captain, Eleventh Infantry, January 14, 1902.

Hall, William R., major, surgeon, U. S. Army, April 2, 1901.

Harting, Edwin A., first lieutenant, First South Dakota Volunteer Infantry, Feb-
ruary 14, 1899.

Hassaurek, Frank, second lieutenant, Seventeenth Infantry, May 19, 1899.

Higley, Brainard S., jr., first lieutenant, assistant surgeon, U. S. Armv, February
3, 1900.

Hollis, Magnus O., captain, Fourth Infantry, November 15, 1899.

Huston, Robert B., captain, Forty-seventh Infantry, United States Volunteers,
July 6, 1900.

Jackson, Frederick C, captain, assistant surgeon, United States Volunteers, Sep-
tember 30, 1902.

Jackson, George L., second lieutenant, Fortv-seventh Infantrv, United States
Volunteers, May 21, 1900.

Kennedy, John, second lieutenant, signal officer, United States Volunteers, Novem-
ber 24, 1900.

Langworthy, Samuel R., captain, Thirty-fifth Infantrv, United States Volunteers,
February 21, 1900.

Lee, Orison P., captain, Forty-fifth Infantry, United States Volunteers, June 10,
1900.

Leland, Lewis J., chaplain, First Tennessee Volunteer Infantry, February 26, 1899.

Luna, Maximiliano, first lieutenant, Thirty-fourth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, November 15, 1899.

McClure, Charles, jr., first lieutenant, Thirtieth Infantry, July 1, 1901.

McKinnon, William D., chaplain, U. S. Army, September 25, 1902.

McQuiston, Charles, captain, Fourth Infantry, September 15, 1900.

McVay, Harlan E., captain, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, January 4, 1899.

Meade, Francis K., first lieutenant, Twenty-first Infantry, September 22, 1900.

Merchant, Bert H., captain, Fifteenth Infantry, April 2, 1902.

Milev, John D., lieutenant-colonel, inspector-general, United States Volunteers
(first lieutenant, Second Artillery), September 19, 1899.

Monaghan, William, major, quartermaster, United States Volunteers, April 13, 1901.

Monday, Oscar C, second lieutenant, Philippine Scouts, July 14, 1902.

Moore, John L., first lieutenant, Fifty-first Iowa Volunteer Infantry, July 19, 1899.

Morley, Frank A.," first lieutenant, Thirteenth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry,
August 30, 1898.

" Died during the war with Spain.

RKPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 299

Morse, Joseph B., second lieutenant, Ninth Infantry, August 15, 1899.

Mullay, William H., captain, infantry, unassigned, March 23, 1901.

Orr, John C, captain, assistant surgeon, United States Volunteers, September 1 2, 1901.

Parker, Montgomery D., captain, Eighth Infantry, I)eceml>er 17, 1900.

Pearce, Fred A., second lieutenant, Sixth Artillery, June 6, 1899.

Pope, Benjamin F., colonel, Assistant Surgeon-General, U. S. Aniiv, February 14,
1902.

Rafferty, William A., colonel Fifth Cavalry, September 13, 1902.

Reader^ Odus J., second lieutenant, Philippine Scouts, Decern ber 23, 1901.

Russell, Charles E., captain, Eighth Infantry, May 26, 1902.

Ryan, Thomas, second lieutenant, Philippine Scouts, June 16, 1902.

Shollenberger, John H., captain, Tenth Infantry, July 4, 1902.

Slack, Walter T., first lieutenant, Forty-seventh Infantrv, United States Volun-
teers, December 25, 1900.

Smith, Louis P., first lieutenant, assistant surgeon, IT. S. Army, January 8, 1901.

Smith, William C, colonel, First Tennessee Volunteer Infantry, February f>, 1899.

Spurgin, David G., first lieutenant, Twenty-first Infantry, July 29, 1900.

Stuart, Stanley MacC., first lieutenant, assistant surgeon, Eleventh Cavalrv, United
States Volunteers. November 6, 1900.

Taylor, Edward, first lieutenant, Twelfth Infantry, December 26, 1899.

Thompson, John P., chaplain, First Washington Volunteer Infantry, February

Toncray, James P., first lieutenant, Thirtieth Infantrv, United States Volunteers,
February 7, 1900.

Waugn, John R., second lieutenant, Thirtv-nintb Infantrv, United States Volun-
teers, February 27, 1900.

Weber, Louis P., second lieutenant, Fortv-second Infantrv, United States Volun-
teers, March 9, 1900.

Webster, Horace, first lieutenant, Fortv-seroiKl Infantrv, United States Volun-
teers, July 7, 1900.

Westnedge, Richard B., first lieutenant, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, June 10,
1899.

White, Grant A., first lieutenant, Thirtv-third Infantrv, United States Volunteers,
April 10, 1900.

Whiteley, Rowland, first lieutenant, Philippine Scouts, June 21, 1902.

Whitney, Folliot A., major, Sixth Infantry, August 11, 1900.

Williams, James C, second lieutenant, Twelfth Infantry, October 13, 1901.

Wing, Eugene G., second lieutenant, Thirty-sixth Infantry, United States Volun-
teers, January 24, 1900.

Wood, Palmer G., second lieutenant, Twelfth Infantry, November 16, 1900.

MOVEMENT OF TROOPS.

The following is a summary of the movements of troops from and to extra-
territorial stations since September 18, 1901 :

Cuba.
1902.

January 18. — Headquarters and Second Squadron, Second Cavalry, sailed from
Havana for New York.

February 25. — Headquarters and Thin! Squadron, Eighth Cavalry, sailed from
Nuevitas, en route to Fort Riley, Kans.

March 6. — Third Squadron, Eighth Cavalry, arrived at Fort Riley from Cuba.

April IS. — Troop C, Seventh Cavalry, sailed from Cuba for the United States.

AprU 17. — Troop D, Seventh Cavalry, sailed from Cuba for the United States.

April 19. — Troops A and B, Seventh Cavalry, and Third Field Battery, sailed
from Cuba for the United States.

April 28. — Troops A, C, L, and M, Tenth Cavalry, sailed from Culm for the United
States.

April 24' — Headquarters and First Squadron, Second Cavalry, sailed from Cuba
for the United States.

April 26. — Troops F and G, Eighth Cavalrv, sailed from Cuba for the United
States.

April SO. — Third Squadron, Second Cavalrv, sailed from Cul>a for the United
States.

300 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

May f>. — Troops B, D, I, and K, Tenth Cavalry, sailed from Cuba for the United
States.

May 20. — General Wood and staff, headquarters, and Second and Third Squad-
rons, Seventh Cavalry, and Troops E and H, Eighth Cavalry, sailed from Cuba for
the United States.

Porto Rico.

1902.

April 4- — Steamer Maricibo sailed from San Juan, P. R., with Second Battalion,
Eleventh Infantry, and arrived at Newport News, Va., April 8.

Philippine Islands.
1901.

September 26. — Transport Sheridan arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 14
officers.

September 29. — Transport Buford sailed from Zamboanga, P. I., for New York with
headquarters and 8 companies Twenty-third Infantry.

October 1. — Transport Hmicock sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 18 officers
and 142 enlisted men. Maj. R. H. Loughborough, Sixth Infantry, commanding.

October 1. — Transport Meade sailed from Manila for San Francisco with the Six-
tieth, Sixty-first, Sixty-second, Sixty-third, Sixty-fourth, Sixty-fifth, Sixty-eighth,
Seventieth, and Seventy-first Companies, Coast Artillery.

October 10. — Transport Ingalls arrived at Manila from New York with 4 officers
and 26 enlisted men.

October 12. — Transport Kilpatrick arrived at San Francisco from Iloilo with head-
quarters and 8 companies Eighteenth Infantry.

October 14. — Transport Sumner arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 5 officers
and 2 Hospital Corps men.

October 16. — Transport Thomas sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 17 officers
and 19 enlisted men. Capt. W. M. Coulling, quartermaster, U. S. Army, com-
manding.

October 16. — Transport Warren arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 9
officers.

October 16. — Transport Sheridan sailed from Manila for San Francisco with short-
term enlisted men. Vessel disabled and docked for repairs at Nagasaki, Jajwui,
October 22.

October 18. — Transport McClellan sailed from Manila for New York with Companies
B, C, and D, Engineers.

October 25. — Transport Hancock arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 18
officers and 142 enlisted men.

October 26. — Transport Warren sailed from Manila to take the sick from the trans-
port Sheridan at Nagasaki, Japan; disabled and returned to Manila.

October 28. — Transport Meade arrived at San Francisco from Manila with S) com-
panies coast artillery.

November 1. — Transport Kilpatrick sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 15
officers and 139 enlisted men. First Lieut. M. R. llilgard, Sixteenth Infantry, com-
manding.

November 12. — Transport Thomas arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 17
officers and 19 enlisted men.

November 15. — Transport Grant sailed from San Francisco for Manila with head-
quarters, First and Third Battalions, Twenty -eighth Infantry, recruits, etc., 25 offi-
cers and 946 enlisted men. Col. Mott Hooton, Twenty-eighth Infantry, commanding.

November 16. — Transport Rosecrans sailed from Portland, Oreg., lor Manila with
Second Battalion, Twenty-eighth Infantry, and casuals; 10 officers and 460 enlisted
men. Capt. F. E. Bamford, Twenty-eighth Infantry, commanding.

November 16. — Transport Meade sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 8 offi-
cers and 21 enlisted men. Capt. R. McA. Schofield, quartermaster, U. S. Army,
commanding.

November 20. — Transport Thomas sailed from Manila for San Francisco with dis-
charged, sick, and short-term service men.

December 1. — Transport Buford arrived at New York from Manila with head-
quarters and 8 companies, Twenty-third Infantry.

December 2. — Transport Kilpatrick arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 15
officers and 139 enlisted men.

BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 301

Decembers. — Transport Crook sailed from New York for Manila with Second
Squadron, Eleventh Cavalry; Third Battalion, Twenty-seventh Infantry, and casuals;
29 officers and 784 enlisted men. Lieut. Col. A. G. Hennisee, Eleventh Cavalry,
commanding.

December 7. — Transport Sheridan arrived at San Francisco from Manila with short-
term enlisted men.

December 12. — Transport Grant arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 25 offi-
cers and 946 enlisted men.

December 12. — Transport KUpatriek sailed from Manila for San Francisco with dis-
charged and short-term enlisted men.

December 16. — Transport Hancock Failed from San Francisco for Manila with head-
quarters, Second and Third Squadrons, Fifteenth Cavalry, and recruits; 31 officers
and 982 enlisted men. Col. W. M. Wallace, Fifteenth Cavalry, commanding.

December 19. — Transport Meade arrived at Manila from San trancisco with 8 officers
and 21 enlisted men.

December 19. — Transport Thoma* arrived at San Francisco from Manila with dis-
charged, sick, and short-term enlisted men.

J/ecember 22. — Transport Rosecrans arrived at Manila from Portland, Oreg., with
10 officers and 400 enlisted men.

December 23. — Transport McCUUmi arrived at New York from Manila with Com-
panies B, C, and I), Engineers.

December 24- — Transport Grant nailed from Manila for San Francisco with the
Fourth Infantry.

1902.

January 1. — Transport Siieridan sailed from San Francisco for Manila with head-
quarters ami First Squadron, Eleventh Cavalry; headquarters and First Battalion,
Twenty-seventh Infantry, recruits, etc.; 45 officers and 1,502 enlisted men. Col.
F. D. Baldwin, Twenty-seventh Infantry, commanding.

January 9. — Transport Kilfmtrick arrived at San Francisco from Manila with dis-
charged and short-term enlisted men.

January 11. — Transport Hancock arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 31
officers and 982 enlisted men.

January 16. — Transport KUpatriek sailed from San Francisco for Manila with
recruits, etc. Capt. J. A. Penn, Seventh Infantry, commanding.

Jann try 21. — Transport Bn/ord sailed from New York for Manila with headquar-
ters and Third Squadron, Eleventh Cavalry; Second Battalion, Twenty-seventh
Infantry; casuals, 44 officers and 798 men. Col. F. Moore, Eleventh Cavalry, com-
manding.

January 21. — Transport Grant arrived at San Francisco from Manila with the
Fourth Infantry.

January 24' — Transport Rosecranz sailed from Manila for San Francisco with the
Third Battalion, Twenty-second Infantry.

January 26. — Transport Sheridan arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 45
officers and 1,502 enlisted men.

Februttry 1. — Transport Thomas sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 22
officers and 1,513 recruits, etc. Maj. W. Paulding, Third Infantry, commanding.

February 1. — Transport Hancock sailed from Manila for San Francisco with head-
quarters, First and Second Battalions, Twenty-second Infantry.

February S. — Transport Crook arrived at Manila from New York with 29 officers
and 784 enlisted men.

Februarys. — Transport Grant sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 10 officers
and 320 recruits, etc. Lieut. Col. C. II. Noble, Sixteenth Infantry, commanding.

February 16. — Transport Warren sailed from San Francisco for Manila with Second
Battalion, Fifteenth Infantry, and recruits — 13 officers and 783 enlisted men. Capt.
S. W. Dunning, Fifteenth Infantry, commanding.

February 16. — Transport Sheridan sailed from Manila foi San Francisco with head-
quarters, First and Third Battalions, Twentieth Infantry.

February 17. — Transport KUpatriek arrived at Manila from San Francisco with
recruits, etc.

February IS. — Transport Egbert sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Second
Battalion, Twentieth Infantry.

Fefrrtiary 25. — Trans]K>rt Roxeeraiix arrive* 1 at San Francisco from Manila with the
Third Battalion, Twenty -second Infantry.

February 25. — Transport Hancock arrived at San Francisco from Manila with head-
quarters, First and Second Battalions, Twenty-second Infantry.

302 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

March 1. — Transport Meade sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 13 officers
and 794 recruits, etc., but returned to port March 3 on account of sickness aboard.

March 1. — Transport Kilpatrick sailed from Manila for San Francisco with head-
quarters and Second Battalion, Seventeenth Infantry.

March 8. — Transport Thomas arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 22 officers
and l,51o recruits, etc.

March 6. — Transport Crook sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Companies
B, I, K, and M, Seventeenth Infantrv.

March 10. — Transport Grant arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 10 officers
and 320 recruits.

March 18. — Transport Sheridan arrived at San Francisco from Manila with head-
quarters, First and Third Battalions, Twentieth Infantry.

March 15. — Transport Hancock sailed from San Francisco for Manila with head-
quarters and Second Battalion, Tenth Infantry; recruits, etc.; 23 officers and 812
enlisted men. Col. S. H. Lincoln, Tenth Infantry, commanding.

March IS. — Transport Thomas sailed from Manila for San Francisco with the
Twenty-third Infantry.

March 19. — Transport Meade sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 15 officers
and 752 recruits, etc. Lieut. Col. P. H. Ray, Seventh Infantry, commanding.

March 21. — Transport Buford arrived at Manila from New York with headquarters,
Third Squadron, Eleventh Cavalry, and the Second Battalion, Twenty-seventh
Infantrv.

March 27. — Transport Egbert arrived at San Francisco from Manila with Second
Battalion, Twentieth Infantry.

March 31. — Transport Kilpatrick arrived at San Francisco from Manila with head-
quarters and Second Battalion, Seventeenth Infantry.

March 81. — Transport Grant sailed from Manila for San Francisco with the Twelfth
Infantry.

April 1. — Transport Slieridan sailed from San Francisco for Manila with the Twenty-
ninth Infantry, recruits, etc.; 48 officers and 1,652 enlisted men; also 7 officers and
149 men, Marine Corps. Lieut. Col. T. F. Forbes, Twenty-ninth Infantry, com-
manding.

April 2. — Transport Crook arrived at San Francisco from Manila with Companies
B, I, K, and M, Seventeenth Infantrv.

April 2. — Transport Warren arrived at Manila from San Francisco with Second
Battalion, Fifteenth Infantry, recruits, etc.

April 12. — Transport Kilpatrick sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 15 offi-
cers and 1 27 enlisted men. Maj. Z. W . Torrey, Twenty-fourth Infantry, commanding.

April 18. — Transport Hancock arrived at Manila from San Francisco with head-
quarters and Second Battalion, Tenth Infantry.

April 15. — Transport Thomas arrived at San Francisco from Manila with the Third
Infantry.

April 16. — Transport Sherman sailed from San Francisco for Manilawith First Bat-
talion, Second Infantry, recruits, etc. — 51 officers and 514 enlisted men — also 6 offi-
cers and 100 men, Marine Corps; Capt. T. H. Wilson, Second Infantry, commanding.

April 21. — Transport Meade arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 15 officers
and 752 recruits.

April 21. — Transport Crook sailed from San Francisco for Manila with Second Bat-
talion, Eleventh Infantry, recruits, etc. — 22 officers and 454 enlisted men — Maj. J.
B. Jackson, Eleventh Infantry, commanding.

April 22. — Transport Buford sailed from Manila for San Francisco with head-
quarters and Troops E and F, Third Cavalry.

April 26. — Transport Grant arrived at San Francisco from Manila with the Twelfth
Infantry.

May 1. — Transport Sheridan arrived at Manila from San Francisco with the Twenty-
ninth Infantry.

May 1. — Transport Logan sailed from San Francisco for Manilawith 41 officers and
83 enlisted men, First Lieut. H. Olin, Thirtieth Infantry, commanding.

May 6. — Transport Meade sailed from Batangas for San Francisco with the Twenty-
first Infantry.

May 11. — Transport Kilpatrick arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 15 offi-
cers and 127 recruits.

May 12. — Transport Sherman arrived at Manila from San Francisco with the First
Battalion, Second Infantry, recruits, etc.

May 14. — Transport Warren sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Company
I, Ninth Infantry.

May 16. — Transport Tliomas sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 13 officers
and 92 enlisted men, Capt. J. Howard, Nineteenth Infantry, commanding.

BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 303

May 20. — Transport Crook arrived at Manila from San Francisco with the Second
Battalion, Eleventh Infantry, recruits, etc.

May 21. — Transport KUpatrick sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Troojw
G ana H, Third Cavalry, casuals, and marines.

May 23. — Transport Buford arrived at San Francisco from Manila with headquar-
ters and Troops E and F, Third Cavalry.

May 26. — Transport Logan arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 41 officers
and 83 recruits.

May 27. — Transport Hancor k sailed from Manila for San Francis**) with headquarters
and 10 companies, Ninth Infantry.

May 28. — Transport Sherman sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Generals
Wheaton, Snyder, and the Sixth and Nineteenth Infantry.

June 1. — Transport Meade arrived at San Francisco from Manila with the Twenty-
first Infantry.

June 2. — transport Buford sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 13 officers
and 70 recruits, casuals, etc. Capt. E. (\ Carey, Thirtieth Infantry, commanding.

June 9. — Transport Thomas arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 13 officers
and 92 recruits, etc.

June 12. — Transport Warren arrived at San Francisco from Manila with Company
I, Ninth Infantry.

June IS. — Transport Ijogan sailed from Aparri for San Francisco with Companies
C, D, H, and M, Seventh Infantry, and A,C, I), E, F, I, K,and L, Sixteenth Infantry.

June 16. — Transport Meade sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 5 officers and
84 enlisted men. Second Lieut. W. J. O'Loughlin, Second Infantry, commanding.

June 19. — Transport Kiljxttrirk arrived at San Francisco from Manila with Troops
G and H, Third Cavalry, casuals, and marines.

June HO. — Transport Hancock arrived at San Francisco from Manila with 10 com-
panies Ninth Infantry.

June SI. — Transport Sherman arrived at San Francisco from Manila with the Sixth
and Nineteenth Infantry.

June £2. — Transport Sheridan sailed from Manila for San Francisco with the Thir-
teenth Infantry and the First Squadron, Third Cavalry.

June 25. — Transport Sumner sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Companies
A, C, D, and L, Seventeenth Infantry, and Companies C, D, K, and M, Twenty-
fourth. Infantry.

July 1. — Transport KUpatrick sailed from San Francisco for Manila with the Second
8quadron, fifth Cavalry, and men of the Hospital Corps; 17 officers and 350 enlisted
men. Col. C. G. Penney, Twenty-ninth Infantry, commanding.

July 4' — Transport Buford arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 13 officers
and 70 enlisted men.

July 6. — Transport Tliomas sailed from Manila for San Francisco with the Second
Squadron, Tenth Cavalry; headquarters and Companies A, B, E, F, G, H, and I,
Twenty-fourth Infantry, and the First Battalion, Twenty-fifth Infantrv.

July 8. — Transport Logan arrived at San Francisco from Manila with 4 companies
Seventh Infantry and 8 companies Tenth Infantry.

July 11. — Transport Lauion sailed from Aparri for San Francisco with Third Squad-
on, Third Cavalry, and Companies B, G, H, and M, Sixteenth Infantry.

July 16. — Transport Meade arrived at Manila from San Francisco with 5 officers
and 84 enlisted men.

July 16. — Transport Sherman sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 16 officers
and 84 recruits and casuals. Lieut. Col. S. R. Whitall, Twenty-seventh Infantry,
commanding.

July 17.— ^Transport Crook sailed from Manila for San Francisco with headquarters
and Companies E, F, H, I, K, L, and M, Twenty-fifth Infantrv.

July 19. — ^Transport Sheridan arrived at San Francisco from "Manila with the First
Squadron, Third Cavalry, and the Thirteenth Infantry.

July 22. — Transport Sumner arrived at San Francisco from Manila with 4 compa-
nies Seventeenth Infantrv and 4 companies Twenty -fourth Infantry.

July 29. — Transport Ktlpatrirk arrived at Manila from San Francisco with the Sec-
ond Squadron, Firth Cavalry, and Hospital Corps men.

July 29. — Transport Buford sailed from Manila for San Francisco with headquarters
Second and Thira Battalions, Eighth Infantry; Companies E and F, Fifteeuth
Infantry, and Company G, Twenty-fifth Infantry. Col. W. E. Dougherty, Eighth
Infantry, commanding.

August 1. — Transport Thomas arrived at San Francisco from Manila with headquar-
ters and 7 companies Twentv-fourth Infantry, First Battalion, Twenty-fifth Infantry,
and the Second Squadron, f enth Cavalry.

804 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Ainjunt «s\ — Trans|>ort Meade Hailed from Manila for San Francisco with headquar-
ter* and Oon»|>aniea A, B, C, D, G, H, I, K, L, and M, Fifteenth Infantry, 85 officers
and 870 men. Col. H. C. Ward, Fifteenth Infantry, commanding.

Auyutt 12. — Transport lAiuion arrived at San- Francisco from Manila with 4 com-
panies Sixteenth Infantry and Third Squadron, Third Cavalry.

Augurt IS. — Transport trook arrived at San Francisco from Manila with headquar-
ters and 7 companies Twenty-fifth Infantry.

August 17. — Transport Kdpatrick sailed from Manila for San Francisco with 34
officers and 318 enlisted men.

Set*temf*er 1.— Transport Sheridan sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 18 offi-
cers and 61 enlisted men — Hospital Corps, recruits, and casuals.

SefUember ^.—Transport Sherman sailed from Manila for San Francisco with 45
officers and 273 sick, casuals, and discharged, enlisted men; detained at Nagasaki,
Japan, until September 20 on account of sickness aboard.

September 6. — Transport Buford arrived at San Francisco from Manila, with head-
quarters, Second and Thin! Battalions, Eighth Infantry; Companies E and F, Fif-
teenth Infantry, and Company G, Twenty-nfth Infantry.

Sefttember 11. — Transport Meade arrived at San Francisco with headquarters and 10
companies, Fifteenth Infantry.

Se^ember 14. — Transport KUvatrick arrived at San Francisco from Manila with 34
officers and 318 sick, discharged, and short-term, enlisted men.

September 16. — Transport Crook sailed from San Francisco for Manila with 15 offi-
cers and 20 enlisted men.

September 16. — Transport Lopm sailed from Manila for San Francisco with head-
quarters and Troops F, G. H, K, L, and M, Ninth Cavalry — 19 officers and 569 enlisted
men — Brigadier-General Grant and 21 officers, 3 contract surgeons, and 360 Hospital
Corps, sick, etc., enlisted men.

Sefttember JO. — Transport Sherman sailed from Nagasaki. Japan, for San Francisco
^For troops on board, see entry of September 4. )

* ki^urr L — Transpoit Tbmto* sailed from San Francisco for Manila, via Honolulu
and Guam, with lieutenant-General Miles and 24 officers. 1 dental surgeon. 27 Hos-
pital Corps men, 4 Signal Corps men. and 29 casuals.

(\ioher 6. — Transport Sheridan sailed from Manila for San Francisco with Troops
A, B, C, IX E, and 1, Ninth Cavalry— 503 enlisted men — 132 casuaK sick, etc.,
enlisted men.

tktohrr IS. — Transport Logan arrived at San Francisco from Manila with head-
quarters and 6 troops. Ninth Cavalry: Brigadier-General Grant and 21 officers, 3 con-
tract surgeons, and 360 Hospital Corps, sick. etc.. enlisted men.

The insular service of all the organizations of the Army in Cuba,
Porto Rieo, and the Philippines, from June, l*i*S, to October 1, 15**i
with dates of departure from, and return to, the United States, is
shown in the following table:

Onc*ttU*:;o*

7tW«TV

Ottb*. FVrt*» Rk*»». PttilzpfiUtoKk Total

Ivp*rturv. K«r«;irr. IVptirturv. K^turtr. tVp*rtur*.

Inx. JT.

ii»ttti*ia> V J'uurJfc.** Aug. fcS.4t $ 2

vVmp*uv fc. Jtiiy i^» £*«. :&« 2 s

Oiu^avv *-:rrv*.i.^ Aug >.'>■ V'Ht !.<» *> 1 T

vVmp*Xiv L> » Feb. 3k<K «i» It

Si •>•/*»/ tktCbti'

-5>;/»>t».'-

■»

K.\*mp*&y E '-.n* :*..•* A-uc >..«»• Junv .£><#t I «

Cwrtp*av F. . >h» i 3

^\huj.«a3y *.; . *&/ I t

l\Hti{Mav H <*> I S

t>\'%»f)> A h* ... .{«' . . -b*

nc * .. «*

v »>r :.\

K»

.....b».

fc>

. . . •!*• .

;♦'

!«♦

. .*»• .

Viwp B -*»> •**• - -to

r?v*.»f> v" j«' -I** 'i*p —

r*x>t>l» h* h> 'A>

l>A»t*K . .-h*. «i»» .l«. Hit

« «>r«*a^w»i in Ptulippm*? !sum%h^ March. 1*J»L

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

305

Organization.

Fir ft CYimlru — Ton.

Cuba.

Porto Rico.

Philippines.

i Total

— ; . ; t ■- insular

Departure. Return. Departure. Return, i Departure. Return, j service.

Troop F.
TroopG.
Troop II
Troop I .
Troop K
Troop L.
Troop M

I Aug. 16.02

June 14, 98 j Aug. 16, 98 , do

I do....

June 14,98
do

Aug. 15,98, Aug. 7,00

do ' do

....do....

Second (Jarulry.

Headquarters Feb. 16, 99 ! Apr. 28, 02

TroopA June 14,98 Aug. 28,98-

Feb. 3,99, Apr. 28,02
Troop B , Feb. 16, 99 '. . . . .do

.do

Vrs. M.

2
•>

Troop C June 14,98

Feb. 3,99

Troop D June 14,98

Feb. 3,99

Troop E
Troop F

TroopG
Troop H
Troop I

Feb. 16,99
June 14,98
Feb. 3,99

Feb. 16,99
do

Troop K ! do....

Troop L ' do

Troop M Feb. 3, 99

Third Cavalru.

Headquarters !une 14,98

Troop A

Troop B j .1 line 14, 98

Troop C do

Troop D

Troop E | June 14,98

Troop F do

Troop G do

TnwpH do

Troop I do

Troop K do

Troop L

Troop M

Aug. 28,98
Apr. 28,02
Aug. 28,98'
Apr. 28,02
Jan. 22,02
Aug. 28, 98
Jan. 22,02

do....

May 9,02

do....

July 21,98 Dee. 1,98

Aug. 14,98 Aug. 25,99

Aug. 13,98 Aug. 1,00

Aug. 14,98 Aug. 25,99

. ..^.do

do....

Aug. 1,00

do....

Aug. 25, 99

do....

Aug. 14,98 1

Aug. 13, 98 i

do .

Aug. 14,98 i.

Fourth CartUnj.

Headquarters

Troop A

Troop B

Troop C

rroop D

Troop E

Troop F

Troop G

Troop H

Troop I

Troop K

Troop L

Troop M

Fifth Onralry

Headquarters

Troop A

Troop B

TroopC

Troop D

Troop E

Troop F

Troop G

Troop H

Troop I

TroopK

Troop 1/

Troop M

SiMh (tamlry.

Headquarters

Troop A

TroopB

May 23,02
July 19,02

May 23,02

June 19,02

Aug. 12,02

Nov. 9,98
July 25,98
Nov. 9,98
Feb. 1,99
Nov. 9,98

Feb. 1,99
Nov. 9,98
Feb. 1,99

Nov. 9,98

do....

Feb. 1,99

Aug. 11,00
Mar. 29,00

do....

Dec. 4,00
Dec. 21,00
Dec. 4,00
Dec. 21,00
Aug. 11,00

do....

June 28, 99
June 24, 99
June 28, 99
July 15,98
July 13,99
July 15,98
June 24, 99
July 15,98
July 13,99
July 15,98

do....

June 28, 99

Mar. 18,01

do....

July 1,02

do....

Mar. 18,01

do....

June 14,98

do....

Aug. 13,98

do....

July 3,00

do....

Aug. 28,

do .

Sept. 18.
Aug. 28,

do.

2
2
2
2

3
3

2
2
3
3
3

•j

3
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
3

2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3

2
5

7
5

3 5

2 11

3 2

3 0

2 11

3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3

2 11

2 11
•> •>

3 1
2 11
2 11
2 11
2 1

2
o

2
2
3

•>

1
2
1
2
1
1
1

3 4

3 2

2 11

2 8

11
4
2
4
2
1
4
4
1

2 5
2 5
2 6

WAR 1902— VOL 1

REPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

<*»,»,»

...do'...

In.

Porto Rim.
Departure. Ri'lurn

Phiiir

plow 1 ToUl
Rclurri, ' «ervlrp.

in. M

Sixth fibm/. j,-f.io

TroopF. .

. .do...

*■

. ..do...

j £

Troop M ... .

Headquaru-n- ....
Troop D

Jon. 13.99
....do...

....do....
.do...

""do!"!

"'do!!!'

Alia! 18.1*

May 32.09
a;.: .-j.ih

Apr IJ.fH

*!■' "■'>.««

July at.SM

".!!!d«!!!

1 K

2 i

... 9 i

2 t>

1 i

::::::::::::::::::::::::

s a

8 1

:::::::::::: 1 !

■ -■■ ;■---

8 t

....do....

8 I

troop K

Trot.;. V

Troop r'
Headiii

Troop I*

'-- - JJ2

v ,...d..

» do

::::::::::::!::::::::::::

Nov.l3.9S d....

16 OU

do. ..

do....

....do....

...do ..

3 4

' 2 4

9 4

«9 4

2 a

June 14. Ml Aug -ai.w

....do.. . . . .do. .

....do ...

.. ..do....
Apr If.. 01

2 1

June 14 —

May . —
■lunt- 1 1 ■..»
Mat i: ■-■
June ii -
Miiy . -f

May ■ :r
• uoo : -

j'irip 1 1 ■■

51 -y

AUR. 20. 8S

a;t til r«
Aie .■" «.
n.f Ml ...■

A -.,< .-: i-
M»> 1.' If.'

\-.t .■< —

Apr .«! "-■

At:j t. -~

M». U ".■

V „■ i ■.»

\ ■< X -I-

i'i|t X ■."
'n:. 10.1KI

do....

8 2

wiuft

AU*. i.iH

Apr. 14, Ot
Apr. is! 01
Apr. lfc.01

•» a

i o

srl.r-~r.ilK.cMI. K. I., and M. Ninth <*„

flic remaining *ix irtioiwtit IricreKlnien

xpecled to arrive there about November 1

or Haii KnrjclacoOcIo-

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

307

Organization.

Tenth Cavalry—
Continued.

Troop I

Cuba.

Departure. I Return.

June 14, 98
May 17,99

May 1,99

Troop K

Troop L

Troop M i do

Eleventh (Cavalry. !

Aug. 20,98
May 12,02

Apr. 30,02
do....

Headquarters

Troop A

Troop B

Troop C

Troop D

Troop E

Troop F

Troop G

Troop H

Troop I

Troop K

Troop L

Troop M

Fifteenth Cavalry .

Headquarters

Troop A

Troop B

Troop C

Troop D

Troop E

TroopP

TroopO

Troop H

TroopI

Troop K

Troop L

Troop M

Artillery (fcrpii.
Field Batteries.

1st Battery i June 14, 98

2d Battery do....

8d Battery

4th Batter>-

do....

Jan. 21,99
June 14, 98
Jan. 21,99

5th Battery

6th Battery

7th Battery

8th Battery i July 3,98

9th Batter>-

10th Battery | July 3,98

12th Battery

18th Batten* i

14th Batter>*

15th Battery

25th Battery n....

AriUtery Corp*,
Coast.

13th Company Dec. 29,98

14th Company do

15th Company
16th Company

17th Company

18th Company

19th Company

20th Company

21st Company

22d Company

23d Company

24th Company

25th Company

27th Company *

29th Company

30th Company

81st Company

Jan. 21,99
Deo. 29,98
Jan. 21,99
Jan. 11,99

do....

Dec. 29,98

do....

Oct 22,99
do

Porto Rico.
Departure. Return.

Philippines.
Departure. ■ Return.

Jan. 21,02
Jan. 1,02
....do....

i do....

1 ....do....
Dec. 5,01
....do....
....do....
....do....
Jan. 21,02
....do....
....do....
....do....

Aug. 25, 98
Aug. 30,98

Apr. 22,02
Aug. 23, 98
Aug. 12,00

Aug. 30,98
Aug." 30, 98

Dec. 10,01
Mar. 18,01

do....

Apr. 1.01

, do

i Dec. Hi, 01

do....

j Apr. 5, 01
! Dec. 16, 01

I do....

i do....

I do....

Apr. 18,99! July 16.01

July 3,98 1 Dec. 1,98

do do

July 3,98, Dec. 1,98

July 23,98 June 27, 99
do do

Apr. 20,99

Apr. 20,99
July 14,98
July 20,98
Sept. 3,00

Sept. 26, 01

June 29, 01
Sept. 18, 01
do

Oct. 18,99

do....

Total
insular
service.

Yr*. M:
3 2

July 29,00
do

June 27, 98
June 29, 98
July 29,00

July 16,01
do ...

3 0
3 0
3 0

• 8

10
1 6
1 6

July 28,01 . 2

2
3
3
3
3
1

3
3
3
3
3
3
2

2
3
3
2

6
6
10
10
6
'0
10
10
10
10

2 ■>
3

3 6

5
5
5
5
5
1
2
2
0
0
0

10
9

10
8
9
9
9
9
9

2 11
2 2

1
•>

a Organized in Philippine Islands.

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

(irganintion.

nil*. Potto Rim. Philippines. | Tola!

I'l-pMrliin-.

Rewm.

Di'iwrllirc.

Return .

Departure. Return, nervier.

Artillery Curpf,
Qw*— tkwit'rl.

29.98 -Jut) i- :■:

Jr. M

,,:, 29.00

Aug. 1.V9*

AUR. 9.98

901 29.99

IX-i 2c 01
do ..

....do....

do...

V f

S,- 29.99
Apt 'J0.W9

... : to

1 ,- , i ID
lh-t. *.U1

fitrit InjiHtry
JIi-ni-i--.il--- .. June 14.98

Ana -X98
A mi IV •»
-ml- .-.■*■

-1 1 1 ! M

Auk v- ■>-
isrpi :■'-.')
auk v> ■*■
s.-l i : ■ ■/>
\.gt - ■'-
>. |.i I '. n
«n !■■ ■--

toa M M

A:i/ 1.' ill
Aitr J- ■«-

A-.l,- IV. HI
Mi,; 1.. ■■■
An* ■/•.■.-
v.. K IV l>l
V*. > ■-'■
A>j(t. IV mi
-. n .. .«■

AIIH- '.HI

AUB. IS.*
.Inly VIM.
v..- Ifi .-

-■ill* .1 HI

*-.» r- -jf

.1,1 1. vi. Of,

\ „■ 1 . -
w 1- -

l-.Sl i ..
Ann I..1*

-.1.1 .-. -.
S.-pl .-. •■

Alls IS "H
S.'p: .'■ ■■■
A'Jit 1 ■ ^
Kept V —
July .'i im

tlept 1,00

Company". June 14.90

• ■ 1 TO

Company C June 14.08

Jan 8.99

Cuniixiiy 1) . June 14. 98
Ilee. 10.98

Coropm.y r. May 10,9b

June 14.93
Jan 8.99

Company! June 14.98

Dec. S0.9K

li.n i. . >• . 10.98

!'.."•: ■ ■ .1 . .',.■;■'..
t'ei- 29.08

Company 1 do

Company K Jan. 8,09

CnmpanyL Der. 80.08

CompanyM I>ec 29,98

JIi'ii :..■■■ ■■ June 14.98

Company A June 14.98

A>*. 13.99

Company B ... . 'infli c-
A;.r. 1199

-., 1.00
Hept. 1.00

Sept 1.00

-1 l.ttJ

HcpV 1.00

S 10

Hept 1.00

Apr 18.01
Apr M!

\yi 16.01'
Sept 1.00

> 2

t I

Apr 16.02

Apr. 16.02

1 11

Apr 16.02

J-l-14 -
\-< 1..—
J -IT II.—

Vr l/.M

,'-., a ■■'

»fV i; "

An: .i.ft
Mm K*

Apr 16.02
AUM. 21,00

....._..

Company F

Aii« 91,00

i , 21. au

1 9

Company 11

Aug m.ou

cslft 1.00

3 9

do....
Ffh 8.09

Apr 1MB

Third ly-inn*

....do...

t I

Company B

■--do 2°

... do....

do....

S 8
t S

1 8

s s

""do

.....lo....

....do....

a sine* April 12, 1899.

BKPOKT OK THK A1MUTANT-0ENKRAL.

UUU*.

Orf»nf«».Uon. 1- ■ —

DepWttm. Return.

l'..rto Kli-o.

fliillupliiui.

Tow]

Departure.

Jtcmrr^

Dvpartiirc.

Renin

Tktrd AtAwtry- |
Continued- (

1V-. M.

.!■•
. .do

dn
. ■!■■

limrtk I1J10I;,

June u >

; ' !

AOK. 19.*. Jan. 19.99 Jan. a

i 3

Of..... do.... do

rt> do do

£ ; £•-■. *J

Fifth Ittfttalr*

An*. II. «

July svoo1 sepi. lf.au

Aug *.«»

. . i svoo
juS ».tw

.. , an'.iw

!..« 9.00

. . . .do . . .
.. .do...
do...

At*. l.U

Compau f F

....do...

1 6

A«K £1.00

Sixth Jn/..«rru

May H.W

Company <" ■■>

■- ' *>-■■■

S 3

.:::::::::::::::::::::::

Seventh l-/..i'':

JaMM.M

Aog.27.w-

■. |

Mar 36.01

Mar. 2S.0I

July x.02

July K.Ot 11
Sept. *,0* 8 1

Eighth Infantry.

June 14, 98
Doc. 18, n
JuttH,!
Dor. 18,98
June 14,98
Doc. 18,98

Aog.a).**

auk". "-' ■■
July .. ■■
Ana, 20,98
July * ■■

Swpl 1R.0D

> »

) 10

REPORT OK THK ADJUTANT-GENERA!..

Organ Isn linn.

Cuba.

Porto Rieo.

Philip

plnsL
Return.

Tutsi
ini'tllxr
M>rvii-e.

Deiwrturi'.

June 14, w

J line 11,11
lh:i: is, ft

Remru,

Ik-nurture. . kelum.

Departure.

EigUli Infantry—

AllR. ^l.l.V-
Vis; J.'!-'-

.i.,l: l'i.i"i

Kr» .V.

Company D

*;pl. 111,00

Sept. 6,02

;v;,i'jiit-

July 2-v.*

D.-c. 1.1W

Sept. 18, 00

iit-i't. (i.ii'a

Ilec. IS'.K- " "' .1-

Sept.lMH)

Sept. 6, OS

rjept. 18,00

Sept. fi.W

Company!,-

A.w 1 ■■.

Hep't. t>,(H

Ninth Infantry.

HendqtlSrterB

rompany A„

June U.S.-

Aug. 11,98

Mar. 24,99

June 20, 02

Mar. 28,99

JmiettUH

....do....

M»r!'«;99

do ... .

JlLTLf IK.O'J

June 20, 02
do....

Tenth Infantry.

June ii, «> Aug.ifl.M
Dee. 11, 90 Fi-t.. 2H.01

dop. »!*« m rr.a

June 14, 81 !■ M ?-
Der. 1?.»- M i:.»i

lie. 17,' 1" i.l. ' '.'

IH-C. Jl!l'- 1 ■'" .'-'.

Deo. Ilia K-l.. &a

Ilec. ll|w Feb, 10,01

Use. 18, 02

CompanyA

Apr. 6,01

Company B

Mar. IB, 01

Company''

Mar. 1«, 01

S 11

Company I>

Mar. I;"., 01

J 11

Mar. ir,,02

Company*-

-Mar. 10,01

2 11

Company**

Mar. l\ffi>

Ma.. IIi.M

S 11

-,.:..■.■.■■■,

Mar. 18,01

ik'C. IV,',

Dec. 28,98

Eleventh Infantry.

.Inly iV*

Jillv ■.'-.■.'•
-Illlv 'ii,'.i.t

i.iiv ■.'.'. JS
lii'y a,™

D,- :'.,["■

Apr! is! 01

:;";'do:;;

Apv.^i.CJ

::;;:do!!!

no...

li.T. ;;, im
li,..,.. :,,r..i
do...

Apr. 6,01
Hay '25,01

Feb. 19.99

-Pliiv :TJ.l*

nceyth Infantrg.

June 14, UK ' Aiik.2S.9S

Apr. 20,02

do...

KBPOBT OK THE AIMUTANT-UKNKRAL.

«11

Organization.

TweUth Infantry—
Con tinned.

Cuba.

Porto Rico.

Philippine.

Total

innular

Departure. Return. Departure. Return. Departure. Return. Herviee.

Company E June 14, 98 Aug. 23,98

Company F do do

Company O do do

Company H do do

Company I '

Company K |

Company L ' I

Company M '

Thirteenth Infantry}

Headquarter* June 14, 96

Company A | do

Company B do

Company C j do

Company D < do

Company E ' do

Company F | do

Company G ! do

Feb. 19,99

do....

Apr. 26,

do .

Company H
Company I.
Company K
Company L
Company M

.do

Aug. 14,98 i Apr. 28,99

.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do

.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do

July 19

do .

do.

do .

do.

do .

do.

do .

,02

Fourteenth Infantry,

I i !
Headquarters j May 25,98 An*, is, 01

Company A : \ do Apr. 26,00

Company B June24.99 do.

Company C ' May 2ft, 98 do.

do do .

do Vug. 18,

do do.

Aug. 4,98 do.

June24,99 do.

Aug. 4,98 do.

do do.

do do .

do do.

Company D.
Company E.
Company F.
Company G.
Company H
Company I .
Company K
Company L.
Company M

Fifteenth Infantry.

Headquarters
Company A . .
Company B . .
Company C.

Nor. 28,98

do do

do....: do

Company D do..... do

Company E : do.... | Oct. 20,99

Jan. 9,00 ■ July 17,00

Company F do

Company G do

Company H do

Company I do

Company K | do

Company L. . .
Company M . .

Sixteenth Infantry.

do....
do ... .

do....

Jan. 9.00

do....

Headquarter* June 14, 98

Company A do

Company B do

Company C do

Company D ' do

Company E do

Company F ! do

Company G
Company H
Company I.
Company K
Company L
Company M

.do
.do

Seventeenth In-
fantry.

Headquarter*
Company A . .
Company B ..
Company C...
Company D . .

June 14, 96

do....

Aug. 18, 98

do....

.do

do....

Feb. 16,02

do....

Aug. 1,00

do....

Sept. 11

Sept. 6

Sept. 11

.02
".02

May 30, 99 July 8.02

.do

, do

.do....
.do....
.do....

.do

.do....

.do

.do....
.do....
.do....

do
Aug. 12,
July 8,

do.

do .

Aug. 12,

do .

July 8.

do .

do.

Aug. 12.

02
02

* • •

02
02

Aug. 21, 98

do....

Feb. 19,99
, do

Jan. 19,99
i Feb. 19,99
•Feb. 3,99

Mar. 31,02
July 22,02
Apr. 2, 02
July 22,02
do

Yr*.
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

.V.

2
•>

5
5
5
5
ft
5
ft
5
ft
3
3
3
3

3 3

1 11
10

1 11

3 3
3
3
•>

3
3
3
3

3
0
2
0
0
0
0

3
3
3
3
3
ft
5
6
6
3
3
3
3

3 3

3 5

3 3

3
3
3
5
ft
1
1
1
2

3 4

3 7

3 5

3 7

3 8

RKl'OKT OK THE AD.IITTANT-OKHKRAL.

Cuba. Porto IUoii. Philippine

Company R
Company K

Company k!.

FiflMtmlA '»

Ri-adnuanir- .
Company *
iMnptri) B .

Company ]> . .

company >'

(Vimpany II .

liimpauy I

Company K

Company M

C.mpiOi <

I'.impanj I>. . .
1'iimpaiiv i: .
i'..ojpaii) f
IYiinpHI:\ t.

e \K July 34. W J

do Jnlf 26.9*

....... Joly M.U9 .

do ... July 36.99 .

■lo... July W.M .

rt" .... July jfl.M

do,,.. July 2t.9T

.jj.i-.v X.v

.'July 3».«

Rpadnunri. r. . Juii. II.* Ati(t. a.B

i-mtpanyA. do ...oo..

■ '<>m paliy H .ilo do..

CompHm (• . . ...I Jo .

llini|*1iy l> .do do..

I'uriiiwii) P. do do .

i-tnnpany >'. . do do.,

C.Hn|«i.) i; do do..

('■mi pain II ...do. .1" .

Jatiry.

June 1

Ap/,

Company V .

• <.-•.. H . .

Jui.»H

FFb

- .«

Jin-

..-. ■.,: ■■■■■, i, i .'»n-- -all.-

d served W*n- w

BEPOBT OK THE ADJUTANT-GKNKRAL.

313

Organization.

Cuba.
Departure.! Return.

Twatfy+econd In-
fantry—Cont'd, i

Company B • June 14, 98

Company C do

Company 1> ' do

Com pony E do

Company F do

Company O do

Company H ' do

Company I

Company K '

Company L

Aug. 23, 98

do....

Porto Rico.

i'hilippincs.

Departure. Return. Dcimrture.

Return.

Apr. 18,99

do....

Company M ' do

Twcnty-thM In-
fantry.

June 1,

do.,

do..

do.,

do .,

do .

do.

do .,

Total
insular
fiervice.

Yrs. M.
3 3

Headquarter*
Company A...
CompanyB...
Company C . . .
Company D...
Company E.

June 27, 98 Dec. 1

Oct. 17,98 do

June 27, 98 j do

do do

June 15, 98 i do

,01

.do do

Company F ! do do

Company O ' .June 27, 98 do

Company H I Junel5,98j do

Company I ■ '.Oct. 17,98 i July 27,00

Company K do ' do

Company L ' \ June27,98 do

Company M Oct. 17.98 do....

Twenty-fourth In-
fantry.

Headquarters June 14, 98

Company A ' do

CompanyB I do

Company C ] do

Comj>anyD do

Company £ ' do

CompanyF i do

Company G ' do

Company H do

Sept. 3, 98 July 14,99

do do

do Oct. 1,00

do June 22, 99

do Oct. 1,00

do....: I June 22, 99

do....' July 14,99

do....1 June 22,99

do July 14,99

Company I i * June 22, 99

Company K July 14,99

Company L

Company M Oct. 1.00 July22,02: 1 10

Aug. 1,02

July 22,99

Aug. 1,02

Julv 22.02

Tirenty-Mh Infan-
try.

neadqnarters June 14,98 Aug. 22.uk July

Company A ' do do Oct.

Company B do

Company C ! do

Company D do

Company £ | do do June 28, 99 | Aug. 13,02

.do
.do
.do

1.90

1,00

July 1.99

Oct. 1.00

do....

Aug. 13,
Aug. 1,

do .

.do .

02
02

CompanyF do

Company O do

Company H do

.do July 1,99

.do Oct. 1,00

.do : June 28, 99

Company I I July 1,99

Company K ' : I do

'Company L ■ do —

Company M \ do

.do
Sept. C,
Aug. 13,

do .

do.

02
02

Txcenty-rixth Infan-
try.

Headquarters «

Company A

Company B

Company C

Company D

Company £

CompanyF ,

Company Q ,

Company H

Company I

Company K ,

Company L ,

Company M

July 10,01
Feb. 16,01

do....

July 1,01

do....

Feb. 16,01

do....

3
•>

3
3
3

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
1

3
•»

3
3
3
3
3
3

3
2
3
2
2
3
3
"2
3
3
3
3
3

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1

5
1
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
1
9

4
0
3
0
t
4
4
1
4
1
1
1
1

3
8
8
8
8
3
3
3
3
8
8
8
8

aThe Second Battalion, Twenty-Rixth Infantry, and Third Battalion, Thirtieth Infantry, were
organized in the Philippines.

314

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Organization.

Cuba.

Twenty-seventh
Infantry.

Headquarters
Company A...
Company B...
Company C...
Company D...
Company E...
Company P. . .
Company G...
CompanyH...
Company I . . .
Company K . .
Company L. . .
Company M . .

Departure, j Return.

Twenty-eighth
Infantry.

Headquarters
Company A . .
Company B ..
Company C...
Company D . .
Company E ..
Company F ..
Company G ..
Company H . .
Company I . . .
Company K . .
Company L...
Company M . .

Porto Rieo.
Departure. Return.

Twenty-ninth In-
fantry. '

Headquarters
Company A . .
Company B . .
Company C...
Company D . .
Company E...
Company F. . .
Company G...
Company H . .
Company I . . .
Company K . .
Company L. . .
Company M . .

Philippines.

Total
- 1 insular
Departure. Return. ; service.

Jan. 1, 02

do....

Jan. 21,02

do....

Dec. 5, 01

do....

Nov. 15,01

do....

Nov. 16,01

do....

Nov. 15, 01

do....

Thirtieth Infantry.

Apr. 1,02

do....

Vrs.

Headquarters a

Company A

Company B

Company C

Company D

Company E

Company F

Company G

Company H

Company I

Company K

Company L

Company M

June 3, 01
Apr. 16, 01

do....

Mar. 15, 01

do....

July 28, 01
Aug. 19, 01

July 28, 01

8
10
10
10
10

11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11

6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

6
6
6
6

a The Second Battalion Twenty-sixth Infantry, and Third Battalion, Thirtieth Infantry, were
organized in the Philippines.

Notb.— The services of the Sixth Cavalry, Tenth Field Battery, Twenty-flfth, Twenty-seventh,
Thirty-first, and Thirty-sixth Companies Coast Artillery, and the Ninth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
Infantry in China are included in the service in the Philippines.

The following troops are now serving in the Philippines: Second Battalion, United 8tatea Engi-
neers; First, Firth, Sixth. Eleventh, and Fifteenth Cavalry; Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and Twenty-
flfth Batteries Field Artillery; Twenty-fifth, 1 wenty-seventn, Thirty-first, and Thirty-sixth Compa-
nies Coast Artillery; First. Second, Firth, Tenth, Eleventh, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty-
eighth, Twenty-ninth, and Thirtieth United States Infantry.

HKPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENKRAL. 815

MILITARY GEOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENTS.

The following changes have been made since the date of last report:

The Department of Cuba was discontinued May 20, 1902, on which
day the island was formally delivered over to its newly organized civil
government.

At the date of the last report, the Division of the Philippines em-
braced the departments of Northern Luzon, Southern Luzon, the
Visayas, and Mindanao and Jolo. These four departments were dis-
continued November 30, 1901, and the departments of North Philip-
§ines and South Philippines created. These last were discontinued
eptember 30, 1902, the Division of the Philippines consisting of the
three departments indicated below.

The present territorial limits of the military geographical division
and departments are as follows:

Division of the Philippines, consisting of the departments of Luzon,
the Visayas, and Mindanao.

Department of Luzon, to include all that portion of the Philippine
Archipelago lying north of a line passing southeasterly through the
West Pass of Apo or Mindoro Strait, to the twelfth parallel of north
latitude; thence east along said parallel to the one hunared and twenty-
fourth degree, ten minutes east of Greenwich, but including the entire
island of Masbate; thence northerly to and through San Bernardino
Strait.

Department of the Visayax* to include all islands south of the south-
ern line of the Department of Luzon and east of longitude 121° 45'
east of Greenwich and north of the ninth parallel of latitude, except-
ing the islands of Mindanao. Paragua. and all islands east of the Straits
of Surigao.

Department of Mindanao^ to include all the remaining islands of the
Philippine Archipelago.

Department of California. — States of California and Nevada, the
Hawaiian Islands, and their dependencies.

Department of the Colorado. — States of Wyoming (except so much
thereof as is embraced in the Yellowstone National Park), Colorado,
and Utah and the Territories of Arizona and New Mexico.

Department of the Columbia. — States of Washington, Oregon, and
Idaho (except so much thereof as is embraced in the Yellowstone
National Park) and the Territory of Alaska.

Department of Dakota. — States of Minnesota, North Dakota, South
Dakota, Montana, and so much of Wyoming and Idaho as is embraced
in the Yellowstone National Park.

Department of 'the East. — New England States, New York, New Jer-
sey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, West
Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, the island of Porto Rico, and the
islands and keys adjacent thereto.

Department of the Lakes. — States of Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois,
Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee.

Department of the Missouri. — States of Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri,
Kansas, and Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and the Territory of
Oklahoma.

Department of Texan, — State of Texas.

316 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

THE MILITARY ACADEMY.

THE CORPS OF CADETS.

The maximum number of cadets is 492. The academic year opens
with 471 cadets on the rolls of the Academy, the largest number ever
belonging to it at one time. They are divided between the four classes
as follows: First class, 94; second class, 129; third class, 130; fourth
class, 118. Of this number 2 are foreigners, receiving instruction at
their own expense under special authority of Congress, 1 being from
Costa Rica and 1 from Venezuela. September 1, 1901, there were 404
cadets, including 1 foreigner.

The following changes occurred during the year: Discharged for
deficiency in studies, 39; dismissed, 1; resigned, 12; graduated, 54.

According to the new regulations on the subject, the regular exami-
nation of candidates for admission was held for the first time this year
on May 1 at sixteen Army posts, selected with a view of reducing to
a minimum the expenses of candidates in attending. A special exami-
nation was also held at West Point on July 25, in order to fill as many
vacancies as practicable and make the new class as strong as possible;
otherwise, on account of this years small graduating class, it would
have been considerablv less in numbers than has been the case in the
past three years.

For the examinations in May and July there were appointed 261
candidates, including principals and alternates; 59 failed to report;
3 were rejected, both mentally and physically, and 54 were disquali-
fied mentallv. Of those qualified mentally, 88 were accepted upon
certificates iroin high schools, colleges, or universities, ana competi-
tive examinations; 54 passed the regular examination, and 3 former
cadets were examined physically only. Of the 145 candidates quali-
fied mentally, 13 were rejected by medical boards* No vacancies existed
for 26 alternates who qualified mentally and physically. As a result
of the two examinations, 106 candidates were admitted, including 10
alternates, and these, with 5 former cadets, reappointed with the
approval of the academic board, and 7 turned back at the June exam-
ination, gave the incoming class a strength of 118.

In connection with entrance examinations the continued enforcement
of Jthe rule that candidates are to be examined at the Army posts near-
est their homes is recommended in order to reduce to a minimum the
ills following attendance at preparatory schools adjacent to the
Academy.

HEALTH.

The health of cadets and the command generally has been good
throughout the year.

PAY AND SUPPLIES OF CADETS.

Two important changes in the pay and allowances of cadets are to
be noted. In accordance with recommendations, Congress has placed
the militarv cadet upon an eaual pay status with his fellows of the
Naval Academy, thus giving tne former a welcome annual increase in
his pay of $69.50. This change will go far toward relieving what had
become a difficult and embarrassing situation. Of the increase, $48
has been set aside for the cadet's graduation-equipment fund, which is
thus doubled, and the remainder will be made to cover the necessary

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 317

expenses attending his nodal amusement*;, athletic games, and literary
societies. The other change is the Congressional provision that the
actual necessary traveling expenses of candidates from their homes to
the Military Academy shall be credited to them after admission as
cadets. The effect of this is to place cadets from all parts of the coun-
try upon an equal footing as regards the expense of entering the Acad-
emy, a wise and just policy and one that is followed in similar matters
in the military service.

The food furnished cadets is abundant in quantity, of good quality
and variety.

DISCIPLINE.

The discipline of the corps of cadets has been highly satisfactory
throughout the year.

ACADEMIC MATTERS.

In the department of modern languages the importance of giving
graduates as great a knowledge of the Spanish language as possible is
recognized by a provision giving the cadets of the first class additional
instruction in the language until the new curriculum, which com-
mences with the present fourth class, becomes fully effective.

Consequent upon the action of Congress in freeing the Academy
from the long-existing restraint of an entrance examination rigidly
fixed by statute, a much-desired revision of the curriculum has been
made.

ADMI8HION OF CANDIDATES OX CERTIFICATE.

The acceptance of certificates of mental preparedness marks a new
policy at the Military Academy in connection with the admission of
candidates to cadetships. The following is the regulation under which
the academic board may accept such certificates in lieu of the regular
mental entrance examination:

First. The properly attested examination papers of a candidate who
receives his appointment through a public competitive written exami-
nation covering the range of subjects prescribed for admission.

Second. The properly attested certificate of graduation from a pub-
lic high school or a State normal school, in which the course of study,
together with the requirements for entrance, shall cover the range of
prescribed subjects.

Third. A properly attested certificate that the candidate is a regular
student of any incorporated college or university, without condition
as to any prescribed subject.

The principal object of this regulation is to permit those candidates
who at the time of appointment (generally a year prior to date of
admission) have satisfactorily covered the subjects required for
admission to cdntinue their regular course of study and tne proper
gradual development of their minds, instead of putting them in posi-
tion where they feel compelled to go back and review elementary
work, with consequent expense, loss of time, and, as usually occurs,
attendance at some coaching school, with resulting deadening of the
reasoning faculties.

Under this provision of regulations there were received from can-
didates (principals and alternates) for entrance to the present fourth
class 114 certificates, of which 51 were from high schools or normal

318 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

schools, 42 were from colleges, 9 were from both high schools and col-
leges, 3 were from competitive examinations, and 9 were from private
schools or academies (not within the scope of the regulations).

Of the candidates presenting certificates 88 were considered satis-
factory by the academic board, and 62 of these entered the class; 26
were considered unsatisfactory, and 6 of these entered the class on
passing the regular mental entrance examination.

There seemed to be a general effort on the part of principals of
schools and presidents of colleges to submit exact facts as to the work
and standing of the candidates, as required by the forms of certificates
adopted, and in only a few instances was there any apparent effort on
the part of candidates themselves to secure admission on an insufficient
certificate.

Since this method of admission is an entirely new departure, the
certificates were examined with great care and the career of those
young men who have been admitted on certificates will be carefully
watched, with a view to determining as nearly as possible whether
satisfactory material is obtained in this way. It is the intention, also,
in case any cadet so admitted is found deficient in the first six months
of his course, to invite the attention of the school or college official to
the fact, in the hope that such action will result in a closer touch
between the Academv and the general school system of the country,
and a certification of only such young men as are preeminently quali-
fied to master the curriculum and become officers of our Army. In
this way the Academy will become a greater factor in the educational
system of the country than has been the case in the past.

THE NEW CURRICULUM.

The present curriculum of the Academy is embraced under 10 depart-
ments. Each department includes several kindred subjects, so that
there are 41 or 42 distinct but related subjects of instruction.

The object of the Military Academy is to make officers of the Army
and, of course, to produce as high a type of officer as is possible under
the conditions. In the conception of this type it has been assumed
that the profession of the officer in this country is likely at any time
to be full of responsible work and to need men of power and strong
character.

The Military Academy differs widely from other scientific schools,
and especially in that its pupils are not being prepared to earn a liveli-
hood irom the direct or immediate application of any of the special
sciences taught. The Government provides this; but the graduate is
expected to acquire a knowledge of the principles of these sciences to
which he may add by individual effort, as occasion requires, and be
prepared to meet the demands that may be made upon a professional
solaier. This education to meet the higher needs oi the service should
not only instill truths, but should draw out, exercise, and develop the
minds, faculties, and forces, and to do this in a manner that inculcates
confidence in one's powers and reliance on individual and honest effort,
and thus develop character as well as mind; and those students endowed
with the requisite aptitude should be so equipped that by proper self-
effort they may become originators and developers and not mere
craftsmen in their scientific work and profession.

The records of the graduates of the academy prove that this theory

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 319

of teaching has not been deficient in producing character, mental
power, and scientific and professional accomplishments.

The academy was called upon to educate the great majority of its
pupils both generally and professionally, for the requirements for
admission have always been very moderate. The academy has always
attempted what no other school has — to educate scientific soldiers for
all branches of the service. It is not probable that either of these
requirements can ever be in any large part dispensed with, for the
requirements for admission are not likely to be made greatly more
stringent, and the necessity for preparing the graduates for all
branches of the service is even greater now than ever before, owing
to the method of tilling appointments to the staff corps by detail from
the line.

In connection with the relative employment of the entire time of a
cadet while at the academv, it is pertinent to remark that the length
of the academic year at West Point, together with the small number
of holidays, makes the course of four years almost as long in actual
working time as five years of the ordinary college course of thirty
weeks. The academic year at the sister academy at Annapolis is also
several weeks shorter than ours.

CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY.

This year has marked the completion of the first century in the life
of the Military Academy, which was established March 16 and was
formally opened July 4, 1802. The close of the academic year was
decided upon as the most suitable time for coimnemorating the anni-
versary, and the occasion was celebrated with appropriate ceremonies
on the 9th, 10th, and 11th days of June.

If the impressive words of the honorable Secretary of War at the
centennial anniversary are accepted, that "the Military Academy is
more necessary now than one hundred years ago," general satisfac-
tion should be felt with the institution's prospects in entering upon
the second century of its work. The school has for its object the
training of cadets for the military service of our country. It is a
school for the whole Army — not for any special arm. Its scholastic
work covers a range of subjects connected with the many duties
the educated American officer is expected and must be prepared to
perform, and the ideal of its practical work is the graduation yearly
of well-grounded young soldiers loyal to their duty and their country
and trained to at once take up all tfie work of subaltern officers.

Recent Congressional action will provide the school with an equip-
ment for work as perfect in its essential requirements as experience
can provide. While many thoughtful people believe the number of
cadets could with advantage to the country be larger, their number
is such as to continue to insure the maintenance of high standards of
dutv and efficiency in the Army.

"fhe recommendations of the Superintendent that —

An associate professor of modern languages be regularly detailed from the Army,
and to have while so serving the pay and allowances of a major. The increased pay
recommended should be given in order to make the position an attractive one, and
because the officer selected for it would till a higher position than the assistant pro-
fessors in the department, who under the law have the pay of captains, mounts.

The ability of the graduate to acquire a good speaking knowledge of foreign lan-
guages alter leaving the Academy would be increased if the instructors and cadets

320 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

heard them spoken more in the class room instead of confining the instruction quite
so much to blackboard work. With this object in view it is requested that the Sec-
retary of War recommend that Congress make provision for the employment of
three assistant instructors in the department of modern languages, to t>e civilians,
natives of the countries where the above languages are spoken — two for the Spanish
and one for the French language.

In the opinion of the professor of philosophy, in which I concur, the permanent
detail of an army officer at the observatory is not desirable, and the only way in
which the observatory can give the return to science that should be expected from
it is by the permanent employment of an astronomer. I recommend that this be
done. A competent person can be secured at a reasonable salary, and he would l>e
of much assistance to the professor in the course of practical astronomy which cadets
are required to take. In addition to this work he would be required to take up a
series of astronomical observations in some field of pure science and in their prosecu-
tion secure valuable data for a regular series of publications from the observatory.
In this way only can this valuable equipment be made to give here the return to be
expected from it. I believe the return to be had would justify the additional expense.

A further increase of 7 men in the strength of the light artillery detachment is rec-
ommended. This detachment has now an enlisted strength of 53 men, but the year's
experience shows that this is not sufficient to enable it to properly meet the necessary
demands on it. The transfer to Fort Leavenworth of the company of engineers so
long stationed at West Point and the substitution for it of a detachment of engineers
of less strength has necessarily increased the duties of the other detachments and
makes the increase recommended for the artillery detachment especially necessary —

are concurred in and commended for favorable consideration.

MILITARY INFORMATION DIVISION.

Capt. Eaton A. Edwards, Twenty-seventh Infantry, and Capt.
Joseph S. Hcrron, Second Cavalry, have remained on duty in the
division during the entire year.

On September 30 Capt. Edwin A. Root, Tenth Infantry, at his own
request, was relieved from duty in the division and ordered to join
his regiment.

Lieut. Robert S. Clark, Ninth Infantry, reported for duty in the
division on November 1, 1901. *

On November 20, 1901, Capt. John C. Gilmore, jr., Artillery Corps,
reported for temporary duty in the division in connection with other
duties assigned to him from time to time by the officer in charge of
public buildings and grounds of the District of Columbia. He was
relieved from this duty on February 15, 1902.

On December 4, 1901, Capt. W."S. Overton, Artillery Corps, was
relieved from duty in the division for the purpose of assuming com-
mand of his companv.

Lieut. Harley B. Ferguson, Corps of Engineers, reported for duty
in the division on December 4, 1901, relieving Captain Overton.

Upon the relief of Captain Root, September 30, 1901, Capt Joseph
S. Herron, Second Cavalry, was placed in temporary charge of tne
photographic section, and has remained in charge of that section to
date.

Lieut. Williams S. Martin, Second Cavalry, was on temporary duty
in the division from January 6 to March 25, 1902, in connection with
the preparation of maps of the islands of Samar and Marinduque.

On June 18, 1902, the Division of Military Information, Adjutant-
General's Office, Division of the Philippines, was made a branch of
this division for general purposes, such as furnishing the War Depart-
ment professional information of a general character respecting the
Philippine Archipelago and surrounding countries, and for financial

KEP0RT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 321

assistance from this division. For local purposes it was left under the
immediate control of the commanding general. Division of the Philip-
pines. For the current fiscal year a small allotment from the *• Con-
tingencies, Military Information Division. Adjutant-General's Office/'
has been made for the Manila branch office, but it is feared that it will
be entirely inadequate for the needs of that office. In making up the
estimates for the fiscal year 1904 an increase? of &5,3b'o was asked for
to meet the additional expense of the branch office and the office of
the military attach^ at I labium, recently established. Already consid-
erable valuable data have been received from the branch office4, and it
is expected that the mutual assistance rendered will soon demonstrate
the wisdom of the important action taken in this case.

All the military technical publications, dispatches, reports, etc.,
received in the division from our military attaches and other sources
abroad, as well as from miscellaneous domestic sources, have been
noted, carded, and properly classified. In this connection it is proper
to state that the carding and indexing of the vast amount of informa-
tion received in the division from various sources have been resumed
in a systematic and practical manner. This work was necessarily inter-
rupted during the war with Spain by the relief for active service in
the field of the officers detailed in the division for that purpose, and the
lack at that time of a trained civil force to continue the work where
the officers left off. However, the translators in the division have
been instructed in this work, and under the direction of officers the
congested condition of this part of the work of the Military Informa-
tion Division has been almost entirely removed.

Besides the regular work a large number of communications written
in foreign languages and addressed to the War Department or its sev-
eral bureaus and offices have been translated in the division as well as
many documents, reports, pamphlets, etc., desired for official use.

During the year the division has prepared and issued the following-
described publications, viz:

No. 33. A second edition of the Reports on Military Operations in South Africa
and China (mentioned in previous reiwrt) .

List of Military Publications, Books, Pamphlets, etc., received in the Adjutant-
General's Office, "War Department, from Septemtor 1 to December 31, 1901.

No. 2. The Organization of the German Army; a second edition of 500 copies.

No. 34. Colonial Army Systems of the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, Ger-
many, Portugal, Italy, aiid Belgium.

Index of Special Military Subjects contained in Books, Pamphlets, and Periodicals
revived in tnc Military Information Division, Adjutant-General's Office, ^yar Depart-
ment, during the quarter ending March 31, 1902.

Same for the quarter ending June 30, 1902.

Same for the quarter ending September 30, 1902 (in course of preparation).

No. 35. Target Practice and Remount Systems Abroad.

No. 36. Notes of Military Interest for 1901.

In addition to the data contained in the publications, reports, and
maps of the division wherever information has been received, which
was considered of special interest or value to any particular bureau or
office of the War Department, it has been sent at once to the bureau
or office concerned. In reply to requests, a large amount of data on
various military subjects has been furnished from time to time to the
different bureaus and offices of the War Department, to officers of the
Army preparing lyceum essays, lectures, etc., to the service schools,
to the National Guard, and to individuals. It has been specially the
aim of the division to afford all possible aid to officers of the Army in
prosecuting their professional studies.

war 1902— vol 1 21

322 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

By arrangement with the Chief Intelligence Officer of the Navy there
has been established a system of exchange of information whereby
professional data received in one office, which is of interest or value
to the other, is promptly furnished for notation and carding. This
method of reciprocal exchange makes the latest data obtained available
for immediate reference, and has already proved of much benefit to
this division, as the Navy system of reports of intelligence officers is
very comprehensive. The Chief Intelligence Officer of the Navy has
always been ready to cooperate heartily with this division, to the mutual
advantage of both services, and has responded promptly and courteously
to every request for information.

WORK OF THE MAP SECTION.

The map section has been engaged in the preparation of maps, plans,
sketches, tracings, and illustrations for the various publications issued
by the division. Work is far advanced on a large-scale map of the
entire Philippine Archipelago, which is being compiled from the numer-
ous route sketches and itineraries made by our own troops in the islands
and the sheets of the 1-inch scale map of Luzon, now being constructed
by the chief engineer's office, Division of the Philippines. During the
past year 1,208 maps have been received, entered, and filed in the map
section. New editions of the "Map of the Viscayan Group" and of
the " Mapa de la Archipielago Filipino " were issued. A map show-
ing the stations occupied by the United States Army (mentioned in last
report) has also been published and distributed to the Army. Since
the last report 3,085 copies of the maps published by the division were
issued to troops, individual officers, and others. The office has lately
begun, under direction of the Adjutant-General, the preparation of
maps and problems for the use of boards for examination of officers.

In connection with the work of this section it is very gratifying to
report that the commissioner of education of Porto Rico recently stated
that the "Outline map of Porto Rico, 1899," prepared in the Military
Information Division, was the most satisfactory map of that island he
could find for the purpose, and requested 1,000 copies for use in the
schools there. The map was corrected to date and permission given
the lithographer to furnish the maps to the commissioner, the cost of
same to be paid by him.

WORK OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION.

The work performed by this section has been as follows:

One thousand eight hundred and twenty-three negatives, sizes from 4 by 5 inches
to 34 by 34 inches, of which 927 are wet plates and 896 dry plates.

Seven thousand two hundred and seventy-eight, sizes from 4 by 5 inches to 8 by 8
feet.

These include military maps of foreign countries and of |^ur new
possessions, maneuver maps, maps of military reservation^, battle-
fields, explorations, etc. Many enlargements or reductions to the same
scale of portions of maps or various scales have been made for use in
compiling complete maps by the draftsmen of the division. This pro-
cess of enlargement or reduction isasavmgof time, labor, and expense,
and an aid to accuracy.

Facsimile copies of important letters and other documents in the pos-
session of the War Department and required by Congress or by other

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 323

departments of the Government have been furnished without the risk
of loss or damage to the originals.

Photographs for reports to the War Department of officers and
boards have been made, and, where required for publication, special
prints have been made of them for the use of the photo-engravers in
making half-tone plates.

Illustrations and plans of new inventions, arms, clothing, equipments,
means of transportation, defenses, buildings, public works, etc., of
foreign armies, as well as our own, have been made for the informa-
tion of the various officials of the Government, the Army, and the
militia.

An important branch of photography, that of orthochromatic photog-
raphy, is used, whereby the reproduction of colored maps and blue
prints is possible.

The first volume of a series of war atlases, entitled fci Scenes and
incidents connected with the war between United States and Spain,"
and consisting of a pictorial history of the war from photographs
taken at the scenes of operations, has been completed for the records
of the war between the United States and Spain. The second volume
is now ready for binding. The third volume is 75 per cent completed.
Work on these atlases nas been carried on only at times when other
work was not pressing, and progress has, therefore, been slow.

The photographic establishment has not only proven indispensable
to the expeditious accomplishment of the work of this character of the
Adjutant-General's Department, but has also performed a large amount
of similar work for the other bureaus and offices of the War Depart-
ment, it having been at their -service at all times. It has also at times
assisted other departments of the Government.

The advantages derived from this establishment from the stand-
points of economy, quality of work, and promptness are great. The
flass plates for negatives are cleaned ancl used over and over again,
he wet plates are all prepared by our own force. All waste is
reclaimed, the silver precipitated and refined and used over again.
During the last fiscal year out of 150 ounces of silver used 1)7 ounces
of that amount were from previous savings. Military photography
being a specialty, the quality of work done by our special photogra-
phers, under the direct supervision of the officers of the War Depart-
ment, is superior to that of the outside photographer. Vexatious and
costly delays of estimates, shipments, explanations, the sending back
and forth of proofs, and the pressure of other business of the mercan-
tile photographer on many transactions daily are avoided. Each
piece of work is turned out by the photographic establishment at the
minimum cost and usually on the same day as ordered.

LIST OF MILITARY ATTACH As AT AMERICAN EMBASSIES AND LEGATIONS

ABROAD.

EMBASSIES.

London: Capt. Edward B. Cassatt, Thirteenth Cavalry.

Paris: Capt. T. Bently Mott, Artillery Corps.

Berlin: Lieut. Col. John B. Kerr, Cavalry, assistant adjutant-general. (Colonel
Kerr has been relieved and Capt. William S. Biddle, jr., Fourteenth Infantry,
detailed as his successor. )

St. Petersburg: Capt. Stephen L'H. Klocum, Eighth Cavalrv. (Relieved July 1,
1902.)

Vienna: Capt. Floyd W. Harris, Fourth Cavalry.

324 BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENEBAL.

LEGATIONS.

Berne: Maj. George R. Cecil, Third Infantry. (Relieved and under orders to join
his regiment.

Copenhagen and Stockholm: Lieut. Col. W. R. Livermore, Corps of Engineers.
(Relieved March 14, 1902.)

Pekin and Seoul: Capt. James H. Reeves, Fourteenth Cavalry. (Relieved May
29, 1902, and Capt. Andre W. Brewster, Ninth Infantry, commandant legation guard
at Pekin, detailed in his stead.)

Tokyo: Maj. Oliver E. Wood, Artillery Corps.

Habana: Lieut. Matthew E. Hanna, Second Cavalry.

While the number of military attaches abroad has been reduced, the
character and quality of the information received from that source
have continued to improve. This is due in a large measure to the
reciprocal relations established between the war departments of the
several foreign governments at which we have military representa-
tives, and our own, whereby information which is not considered con-
fidential or secret is freely given upon official application of the
military attach^ to the proper office. I am glad to say that our
attaches abroad report that they have^ as a rule, been treated with
courtesy and consideration, and wherever practicable the information
they applied for has been furnished them for the use of their home
Government. An instance of this friendly exchange may be cited in
securing from the French war department by our military attach^ at
Paris for our Ordnance Department of a model of the Lebel rifle,
with equipments, and a model of the French cavalry saddle and car-
bine for articles of like character in use in our own service. This
exchange was accomplished as an international courtesy, the decree
authorizing it having been signed by the President of the French
Republic. Every possible courtesy has been shown to foreign attaches
here, and all information proper for them to have has been freely
furnished.

Attention is again invited to the recommendation contained in several
preceding annual reports for increased rank and pay of our military
attaches abroad. This appears a small matter here at home, but to
the attach^ abroad, where rank and precedence govern, it is a matter
of very great importance. On occasions of ceremony our attaches are
frequently placed in most embarrassing situations. There are only
seven attaches abroad at present, and the slight additional expense
will be more than compensated for in the net results obtained. I
therefore earnestly recommend that the military attaches at our
embassies and legations abroad be given the rank, pay, and allowances
of colonel and lieutenant-colonel, respectively.

In this connection the suggestion is made from various sources that
a remedy could be found in the detail of retired officers of high rank
as military attaches, who, while so serving, shall receive the rull pay
and allowances of their rank. This subject is commended to your
careful consideration.

THE MILITIA.

In regard to the militia of the several States and Territories, letters
of instructions were sent to the officers detailed to attend the encamp-
ments, and their reports, when received, are examined and prepared for
publication, should that be considered desirable. Such publication is
not recommended this year, however, as but a small percentage of
States have been heard from. The reports thus far received from

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 325

officers of the Army detailed to attend State encampments indicate

Ssneral interest, zeal, and good work on the part of the National
uard, and state that marked improvement was shown during the
encampments.

INSTRUCTION IN THE ARMY.

The appointment in the Army since 1898 of more than 1,000 officers —
from the ranks, ex-volunteers, and civilians — made it an absolute neces-
sity, as pointed out in the last report, that a comprehensive scheme of
military instruction should be instituted, looking to the ultimate result
of imparting to all officers of the Army a thorough technical knowl-
edge of all their duties relating to drill regulations, guard duty, target
practice, service with troops in camp, military law, field engineering,
and generally in all branches of knowledge deemed indispensable to
military men.

Briefly outlined, the plan adopted, full details of which will be found
in appendix, pages 94-97 and 113-122, is as follows:

T. Post Officers' Schools.

At each military post, under the immediate charge and supervision
of the post commander, an officers' school for elementary instruction
in theory and practice.

All officers of the line to attend, except under such circumstances as
would exempt them from any other duty.

All captains of the line of less than ten years'1 service, except those
graduated from the infantry and cavalry or artillery schools, will be
required to qualify in the prescribed course of instruction. Field
officers and captains of over ten years' service will be utilized as
instructors whenever possible.

These schools to be open for instruction to officers of the several
National Guards, to officers of volunteers, and to graduates of military
schools and colleges which have had any officers as instructors.

2. Special-Service Schools.

The Artillery School, at Fort Monroe, Va.

The Engineer School of Application, Washington Barracks, D. C.

In this school four branches of instruction are established: 1 and 2,
military and civil engineering; 3, electrics, and 4, ordnance and armor.

The School of Submarine Defense, Fort Totten, N. Y.

There will be courses of instruction for officers and enlisted men,
including electrician sergeants, and, for the present, twenty candidates
for that position. The commandant and instructors constituted a
"torpedo board" for the consideration of all subjects pertaining to
submarine mining and coast defense generally upon which its opinions
and recommendations may be desired by the Commanding General of
the Army.

The School of Application for Cavalry and Field Artillery, at Fort
Riley, Kans.

The Army Medical School, at Washington, D. C.

No detail to any of the above schools to continue more than four
years, and no officer to be permitted to pass from one school to another
without an intervening tour of service with troops proportionate to
the period of previous school service.

326 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

The special-service schools to be open to such officers of the National
Guard and former officers of volunteers who furnish evidence of such
preliminary education as to enable them to benefit by the courses of
instruction.

3. A General Service and Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kans.

This college, which absorbs the infantry and cavalry school at that
place, is designed as a school of instruction for all arms of the service,
to which are to be sent officers, preferably subalterns, who have been
recommended for proficiency attained in the various post officers'
schools. This college is also open for instruction to officers of the
National Guard and others named under the head " Post officers'
schools."

The college staff is required to report to the Secretary of War the
qualifications of officers of the National Guard, ex-officers of volun-
teers, and graduates of military schools and colleges who shall have
attended this college, specifying character of service, line or staff, for
which they are specially qualified. A register of such qualified stu-
dents will be kept at the War Department.

4. A War College for the Most Advanced Course of Professional Study, at

Washington Barracks, D. C.

The War College Board will exercise general supervision and inspec-
tion of all the different schools above enumerated, and maintain
through them a complete system of military education, in which each
separate school shall perform its appropriate part.

The officers to be detailed to pursue the course at this college are
divided into two classes:

First. Those who have been recommended as distinguished gradu-
ates of the general service and staff college, and,

Second. Such field officers and captains as may be specially desig-
nated by the War Department.

A register will be kept in the War Department in which shall be
entered the names of officers of the Regular Army below the grade of
colonel, as follows:

Officers who have heretofore exhibited superior capacity, applica-
tion, and devotion to duty, the names to be selected by a board of
officers to be convened for that purpose.

Officers who shall be reported as doing specially meritorious work
in the above-mentioned schools other than the officers' schools at posts.

Officers who at any time specially distinguish themselves by excep-
tionally meritorious service.

It will be the aim of the Department to make this register the basis
of selection for details as staff officers, military attaches, and for spe-
cial service requiring a high degree of professional capacity. *

While time and experience will be required in order to bring to per-
fection the details of this progressive scheme, it is confidently expected
that the hearty sympathy and cooperation of all officers of the Army
will be enlisted, to tne end that full success will be attained.

INSTRUCTION IN MILITARY SCHOOLS AND COLLEGE8.

The legislation authorizing the detail of officers of the Army for
duty at schools and colleges having, respectively, capacity to educate

BEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 327

not less than 150 male students above the age of 15, has not, in the
past, resulted in the full measure of expected benefit. This has been
due to various causes; among others, lack of hearty and full cooper-
ation on the part of the faculties of several colleges with the ofhcer
detailed thereat as militarv instructor, in some cases his value being
appreciated purely from a disciplinarian point of view, or as a professor
of mathematics, etc.

The aptitude of American youths for military exercises has, how-
ever, generally proven very good. At the outbreak of the Spanish -
American war many of the young men appointed in the Army were
selected from these schools, and a much larger number sought service
in the volunteers, where their knowledge of drills, etc., was of much
value.

With a view to the full development of the capabilities of the scheme
of military instruction in our large schools and colleges, the following
plan has been adopted by the War Department:

All educational institutions within the meaning of section 1225 of
the Revised Statutes, and of the mandatory acts, have been divided into
three classes, as follows:

First class. All schools to which officers of the Army, active or
retired, may be detailed under the provisions of existing law, except
schools of the second and third classes.

Second class. Agricultural schools established under the provisions
of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and which are required by said
act to include military tactics in their curriculum.

Third class. Military schools or colleges — i. e., those whose organi-
zation is essentially military and one of whose primary objects is the
acquisition of a hijjh degree of military drill ana discipline.

No detail of military instructor shall be made at any institution
which does not guarantee to maintain at least one hundred pupils
under military instruction.

The rules governing details of officers, and the programme of
instruction prescribed as the minimum course*, of military instruction,
practical and theoretical, at each of the three classes indicated above,
will be found in appendix, pages 123-132.

POST EXCHANGES.

During the year ending June 30, 1902, the average receipts of
exchanges in operation in the Army, so far as reports have been
received, amounted to $1,124,542.50 as against $2,123,077.29 during
the preceding fiscal year, and there was received as money on
deposit $23,703.51, making the total amount of money received as
$1,148,246.01. There was expended for merchandise purchased, rents,
fixtures and repairs, and expenses of operation, $888,897.98, which,
less deposits, leaves a profit of $235,644.52. From this amount there
was donated to the funds of the several regimental bands $2,940.84;
to the maintenance of post gardens, $1,301.92; to post libraries,
$589.65; to gymnasiums, $1,508.11; as prizes for tjie encouragement
of athletic sports, $4,218.94; and after setting aside the sum of
$86,252.67 as a reserve fund to meet anticipated expenses for at least
one month, there was passed to the credit of the companies and mess
funds for the benefit of the soldiers, in the form of dividends, the
sum of $138,832.39. The net value of these exchanges, that is to say,

328 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

the balance of their combined assets over their liabilities, was, on June
30, 1902, $249,303.92 as against $353,748.40 on June 30, 1901.

THE RECRUITING SERVICE.

In October, 1901, the enlisted strength of the Army, exclusive of the
Hospital Corps and the Porto Rico Provisional Regiment, was 70,084,
or only about 1,200 below its authorized strength at that time, as fixed
by the President under the act of Congress approved February 2,

1901, and published in General Orders, No. 66, of 1901, from Head-
quarters of the Army. As shown, however, in my last annual report,
the returns indicated that there would be a loss to the regiments in
the Philippines, b}r expiration of terms of enlistment, between Octo-
ber, 1901, and June, 1902, of upward of 20,000 men, while large
losses from the same cause were to be anticipated in the Artillery
Corps, mostly in the United States. Active recruiting was accord-
ingly continued to meet these losses.

The commanding general, Division of the Philippines, having
reported, October 15, 1901, that commands in his division would be
decreased about 50 per cent by the end of the following March, and
that men going out ought to be replaced, instructions were given for
the establishment of a recruit camp at the Presidio of San Francisco,
Cal., for the neeessarv instruction and equipment of recruits, follow-
ing former plans, and utilizing for the purpose officers returning to
the Philippines so far as possible. The recruiting officers at city sta-
tions and military posts were also instructed to enlist for infantr}rand
cavalry desirable white applicants fitted for tropical service, and send
them to the Presidio and other specified rendezvous, with a view to
their equipment and thorough instruction preparatory to shipment to
the Philippines. It was further directed that no recruits be sent to
the Division of the Philippines until they had been held under obser-
vation long enough to develop any infectious diseases to which they
might have been exposed prior to enlistment. The shipment to that
division of white infantry and cavalry recruits was begun in Novem-
ber, 1901, and continued so long as the necessity existed. Recruits
required for the coast and field artillery and the colored regiments in
the Philippines were also forwarded as apportunity offered.

The forwarding to that division of recruits of different arms was
discontinued as follows:

White cavalrv in Februarv, 1902.

White infantry and coast artillery in April, 1902.

Field artillery in June, 1902.

Colored recruits in August, 1902, with the recall of the last colored
regiment from the division of the Philippines.

In view of the reduction of the force in the Philippines and the
recall of regiments for home duty, instructions were given April 3,

1902, and subsequently to the commanding general, envision of the
Philippines, to transfer from returning regiments to regiments having
the longest time to remain in the Philippines privates in their first
enlistment having two years or more to serve. The effect of this
action was to retain there recruits who had arrived at a comparatively
recent date and been assigned to regiments subsequently recalled to
the United States.

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 82i>

In July, 1902, the commanding general, division of the Philippines
wan further authorized to supply vacancies in the cavalry and infantry.
when necessary, by transfers from returning infantry regiments, or
from remaining infantry regiments, that might be in excess, and it is
probable it may not )>e necessary to forward recruits to the Philippines
for some time yet, in view of tne reduction in the authorized strength
of organizations under the President's instructions of July 1, and
Oct. £4, liK)2, published in General Orders. Nos. <>3 and 108, from Head-
quarters of the Armv.

By the middle of February, 1902, it became apparent that the needs
in the Philippines and in this country could be fully met by a less
rapid accumulation of recruits, and instructions were accordingly given
to recruiting officers at all city stations while continuing, unremittingly,
their efforts to attract large numbers of applicants, through the wide
distribution of printed matter, to make most careful selection there-
from of the very best material, wholly eliminating actual and sus-
pected minors, and all others who might not be beyond all doubt
morally, mentally, and physically qualified. This action has resulted
in securing recruits in smaller numbers, but of a higher grade, includ-
ing a much larger proportion of former soldiers. Thus, in January,
1902, the percentage of reenlistments to the whole number accepted
was less than 20, while for the month of May it was over 50, and the
average for the six months from March to August, li>02. inclusive,
was 44.6 per cent.

March 3, 1902, in order to effect a still further reduction in the
rate of enlistment, the instructions of February 15 were reiterated,
and recruiting officers were directed to close at once auxiliary stations
involving any considerable- expense without commensurate results in
the highest class of recruits. About sixty such stations were closed
bv the end of March.

General Orders, No. H3, July 1, 11)02. from headquarters of the
Army, already referred to, announced a reduction of the authorized
strength of troops of cavalry to 75 men and of companies of infantry
to 80 men; but as regards regiments serving within the United States,
it has not been deemed necessary or practicable to maintain them at the
full strength thus authorized, which might require assignments of
recruits in large detachments, it being desired to so arrange- that, in
future, expirations of terms of service in any organization shall be
equitably distributed, so far as practicable, and also to avoid filling
any regiment with recruits who might become "short-term men" by
the time the regiment should be again designated for service abroad.
The question of barrack capacity has also necessarily been given con-
sideration in this connection, care being taken to avoid, so far as prac-
ticable, demands for additional barrack accommodations in advance of
the time in which the same can be provided with the means at the dis-
posal of the Department. Department commanders in the United States
were accordingly informed about July 1, that, with certain exceptions,
infantry companies need not be maintained beyond a minimum effect-
ive strength of about 65 men per company, and it has been the aim to
keep troops of cavalry in the United States at an effective strength of
only about 70 men each. In the case of regiments and battalions
utilized at depots of recruit instruction for the double purpose of sup-
plying a garrison and providing for the instruction of recruits, it has
been deemed sufficient to provide only 20 or 25 privates to a company,

330 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

giving as a maximum 43 men to a company of infantry and 49 to a
troop of cavalry. At present a total of 3 regiments of infantry and 2
squadrons of cavalry are utilized for the purposes indicated at depots
of recruit instruction.

THE RECRUITING DETAIL.

A new detail of recruiting officers for a tour of two years was made
to date from November 1, 1901. Officers for this detail were nomi-
nated by the commanding officers of the infantry and cavalry regi-
ments from officers who had seen long service with their regiments.
The 45 officers thus supplied were supplemented later by the detail of
13 officers from the Artillery Corps, which in numbers is equivalent
to 13 regiments. The additional officers needed from time to time
have been secured by special details, selection generally being made of
officers invalided home from the Tropics, or who for other reasons
were not available for regimental duty. Taking the period from Octo-
ber 1, 1901, to October 1, 1902, the largest number of officers detailed
for the general recruiting service was 78; the smallest number was 69,
that being the number October 1, 1902.

RECRUITING STATIONS AND TERRITORY CANVASSED THEREFROM.

In October, 1901, there were 104 central recruiting stations in the
larger cities; there are now 96 such stations, about half of which are

f>ermanent, the remainder being maintained as recruiting centers so
ong as necessary for an effective canvass of surrounding territory.
In addition, niany temporary stations are opened from time to time
and visited by officers stationed at the recruiting centers when neces-
sary to make enlistments. In this manner the same officer frequently
conducts two or more central stations and also visits, under proper
orders, many temporary stations within his recruiting territory.
Recruiting officers have instructions, in making such canvass, to exer-
cise all possible economy, carefully guarding expenditures for mileage,
transportation, etc., and to see that results are accomplished com-
mensurate with expenditures involved. The smallest number of cities
and towns canvassed during any one month by these general recruit-
ing officers was 194; the largest number was 248.

During the year the efforts of officers of the general recruiting detail
have been supplemented by enlistments at all military posts by officers
detailed by the post commanders, and measures have been taken to
increase these post enlistments by a canvass, from posts, of contiguous
territory, under orders of post and department commanders, in a man-
ner closely analogous to the canvass made from central stations of the
general recruiting service. In this case, however, little additional
expense is involved, as the recruiting officer and surgeon are sent out
from the post to make examinations and enlistments, and the recruits
are sent into the post immediately upon their enlistment. The largest
number of towns canvassed by recruiting officers from posts was 36;
the largest number of cities and towns visited during any one month
by recruiting officers, from both recruiting stations and posts, was 284;
but in addition to these many other towns were visited by enlisted
members of recruiting parties, distributing recruiting' posters, circu-

EEPOKT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENEBAL. 331

lars of information, etc., and citing desirable applicants to some central
station.

RECRUITS FOR TROPICAL SERVICE.

All organizations sailing for the Philippines have been filled with
recruits prior to their departure from the United States, the niimbei
of recruits thus supplied between October, 11)01, and August, lt>02, to
organizations about to sail, as indicated, being 1,083. During the
year ending September 30, 1M)2, 5,S44 recruits were forwarded to
organizations already in the Philippines, and 300 recruits were for-
warded to Cuba and Porto Rico for organizations serving therein.

PRECAUTIONS AHAIXWI THE SPREAI> OK DISEASE.

In February, 1902, instructions were given to recruiting officers to
adopt all practicable measures to the full extent of the facilities at
their disposal to prevent sending recruits to rendezvous or posts either
with the germs of disease or in an uncleanly condition reliefer ing them
subject to attacks by disease or liable to transmit the germs of disease
to others, and providing that any clothing worn by recruits before
enlistment and taken by them to rendezvous and posts must first be
thoroughly disinfected. About the same time instructions were given
for isolating recruits received at rendezvous whenever any suspicion
arose of their having been exposed to possible contagion, and for the
adoption of all practicable measures by the commanding officer and
the medical officer for guarding against outbreaks of any contagious
disease among recruits and for stamping out the same should it occur.

Arrangements have now been perfected through conceit of action
by this office, the Surgeon-General, and the Quartermaster-General,
after careful consideration and experiment, for supplying to each
recruiting station the best adapted disinfecting outfit, with full in-
structions for its proper use.

GENERAL RESULTS.

The total number of enlistments and rccnlistments in the Army
during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, exclusive of the Hospital
Corps and the Philippine scouts, was 37,401, of which number 28,220
were made at city stations by officers of the general recruiting detail,
and 9,235 in the vicinity of military posts and in the field, by officers
detailed by their commanding officers.

The enlistments are classified as follows:

For the general service 36, 252

For the Porto Rico Provisional Kegiment of Infantry 497

For staff departments 712

Total 37,461

Of the 37,401 accepted applicants, 82,249 were native born, 4,726 of
foreign birth, and 486 were born in Porto Rico; 34,677 were white,
2,284 colored, 14 Indians, and 486 Porto Ricans. The enlistments
numbered 26,026 and the reenlistments 11,435. Excluding reenlist-

332 REPOKT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

ments, the percentage of native born among original enlistments was
89.5.

The reports show that the recruiting officers making the 36,749
enlistments embraced in the first two items of foregoing list rejected
87,081 applicants, or 70 per cent of the whole number, as lacking in
either mental, moral, or physical qualifications; 1,622 of these were
rejected as aliens and 3,828 as illiterates.

The number of enlistments reported for the Philippine Scouts dur-
ing the fiscal year was 4,079. Under the terms of the law authorizing
their enlistment, these are all natives of the Philippine Islands, and
with three or four exceptions they were original enlistments, although
most of them had previously served as scouts under civil contract.

The number of enlistments and reenlistments for the Hospital
Corps during the fiscal year was 1,235, of which number 963 were
native born and 272 of foreign birth; 1,173 were white and 62 colored.
The enlistments numbered 506, and reenlistments 729.

Including the Hospital Corps and the Philippine Scouts, the aggre-
gate of all enlistments and reenlistments for the Army during the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, was 42,775.

adjutant-general's department.

The legal organization of the Department remains as at the date of
last report.

Two officers have since been promoted to the rank of brigadier-gen-
eral, viz, Col. William H. Carter, July 15, who has been designated as
one of the members of the War College, and Col. Thomas Ward (July
22), who retired on the same day. Of the two vacancies created in
the Adjutant-General's Department by the promotion of these officers
one remains yet unfilled.

At this date the Department consists of the Adjutant-General, 5
assistants with the rank of colonel, 7 assistants with the rank of lieu-
tenant-colonel, 2 of whom are detailed officers, one from the cavalry,
the other from the artillery, and 14 assistants with the rank of major,
all detailed officers — 5 from the cavalry, 2 from the artillery, and 7
from the infantry.

CHAPLAINS.

The laws governing the appointments of chaplains in the Army were
for many years limited to the simple requirements that a chaplain
shall have been a regularly ordained minister of some religious
denomination and shall have presented testimonials of his good stand-
ing as such, while his new duties were prescribed in general terms.

In view of the fact that the conditions surrounding the army chap-
lain differ largely from those to which he has been accustomed, it
becomes apparent that the measure of his efficiency in the new field of
action depends on three important factors, viz, sound health, suitable
age, and preparation. While the first of these requirements is indis-
pensable, the last two determine his capacity to become thoroughly
imbued with the spirit of military organizations, their conditions and
needs, and, further, the care with which he will learn the duties of
his new position, which, in addition to religious ministrations, require

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 333

him to give instruction to the enlisted men in the common English
branches of education.

The act of February 2, 1901, limits the highest eligible age to 40
years. From this limitation the act of March 2 of the same year
exempts persons who served as chaplains of volunteers after April 21,
1898, who were under 42 years of age when originally appointed.

In order to more fully ascertain the qualifications of candidates, the
War Department, November 4, 1891, prescribed the scope of exami-
nation as to extent of school, academic, collegiate, and theological
education. (Appendix, pp. 88-89 not printed.)

It is confidently expected that candidates who successfully pass the
prescribed physical and mental examination will form a body of zeal-
ous, intelligent chaplains, keenly alive to the demands and duties of
their position, and prove a powerful factor in further developing and
maintaining a high moral and religious tone in the American Army.

COMBINED ARMY AND NAVY MANEUVERS.

The change incident to the loading of the guns at the breech instead
of at the muzzle has been revolutionary in its effects and has placed
the art and science of artillery on the highest plane of development,
necessitating in its application the most advanced and intricate appli-
ances of machinery, steam, and electricity. In this connection it may
be remarked that as late as the breaking out of the Spanish-American
war our artillery officers, except in theory, were strangers to the mod-
ern high-power guns.

January 9, 1902, the Secretary of War, through the Secretary of
the Navy, invited the cooperation of the Navy in combined maneuvers,
to take place at some time during the year in the artillery districts of
New London and of Narragansett, in order to test the efficiency of the
materiel and the training of the personnel of the artillery garrisons
stationed in the proposed theater of operations. It was at first con-
templated to undertake operations embracing a force of all arms, to
be landed at some point on the coast, but, the full scheme not being
found practicable for various reasons, it was finally determined to con-
tine the scope of the maneuvers to the fleet and to the artillery of the
forts in the districts named, the maneuvers to begin on Saturday,
August 30, and terminate on the following Saturday, September <>.

The forts in the artillery districts of New London comprise Forts
Mansfield, Wright, Michie, and Terry, while those in the artillery dis-
trict of Narragansett embrace Forts Rodman, Adams, Wether ill, and
Greble; that is to say, 9 posts on the Atlantic coast of the United
States, the entire defense of which is composed of 45 forts.

The garrisons of the above-named forts were to be mobilized on a
war basis, and to secure this end, 24 companies were detached from
other posts in the Department of the East and concentrated in the two
artillery districts above named, making, in all, 34 companies of sea-
coast artillery taking part in the maneuvers. The regular artillery
troops were reenforced by 3 companies of engineers from Washington
Barracks, Signal Corps men, the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery,
2 companies of the Connecticut Heavy Artillery, and the New York
and Connecticut Signal Corps.

Maj. Gen. John R. Brooke, commanding the Department of the
East, having been placed on the retired list, September 21, 1902,

334 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur, commanding the Department of the
Lakes, was designated to take temporary command or the first-named
department and was placed in immediate charge of the land defenses
in the combined army and navy maneuvers.

A careful examination of the many highly interesting and valuable
reports made by officers who participated in the combined maneuvers
resulted in the presentation of the following suggestions as deserving
serious consideration:

Generating plants at posts. — The maneuvers have demonstrated the
necessity of reserve power not only for present installation, but also
to meet requirements of new ones. Both efficiency and economy
demand the construction at each post of large, central generating

Elants provided with suitable storage batteries well protected from
ostile lire.
. Sea?xhlights.— Much remains to be learned by the Army in their
use; searchlights drill and control are second in importance only to
fire control; all lights, both searching and illuminating, should be under
the direct control of the fire commander, and to avoid interference,
certain limited sectors of water area assigned to each searchlight;
experiments should be conducted in a fully equipped artillery to deter-
mine the best methods of locating, controlling, and operating search-
lights; at the present time the Artillery Corps does not contain the
skilled men necessary to run the large number of searchlights
required for the efficient use of the guns at night.

Observing instruments. — It is deemed important that all future con-
tracts for the supply of all observing instruments be made to include
delivery at place of destination, and setting up and adjustment at their
permanent positions, and that they should invariably be finally
inspected and accepted only after such setting up and adjustment.

Telautograph.— A general test of this instrument seems desirable in
order to test its positive value.

Telephones. — The number of telephones in use at a commander's
station involves a great deal of confusion and there is great need of
simplification in this respect.

Plotting boards. — The effort to have one invariable type is thought
a mistake; typo sizes of plotting boards are highly desirable.

Night drills. — The number of these drills should be increased and
fire commanders always required to be present thereat. This is deemed
of first importance, as the majority of attacks on forts would probably
be made at night.

Practice ammunition. — For the purpose of experimental investiga-
tion necessary to the evolution of an entirely satisfactory fire-control
system, the supply of full service charges of ammunition for practice
firing at movable targets should be quadrupled for, say, the next five
years.

Signal observers. — These men should be imparted sufficient nautical
knowledge to enable them, when on duty at outposts, to identify with
certainty every war ship seen by them.

Artillery experts. — The present number of electrician sergeants, lim-
ited to a maximum of 100, is insufficient, and their established rate of
pay will not secure, or at least retain, men qualified to maintain and
operate the scientific instruments and complex electrical appliances
pertaining to fire control. These demand for their care and use the
services of a class of men that can not be found in the ranks. The

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 335

employment of civilians fails to meet the requirements, as the men
employed must be subject to military authority and discipline. The
very nature of their duties makes them a part — a most important one —
of the combatant element, and they must therefore be included in the
permanent military establishment. For this purpose a corps of artil-
lery experts is necessary to embrace steam engineers, machinists, and
electricians. Such a corps could readily be organized by expanding
the detachment of post electrician sergeants to not less than 40<), chang-
ing the name, and classifying the men in three grades, the highest of
which to receive not less than #75 per month and the intermediate
grade $50. As this corps is intended absolutely for coast artillery, it
should be made an integral part of the artillery arm, the men compos-
ing it to be assigned as directed by the Secretary of War.

Artillery district*. — The staff of a district commander should embrace
an acting ordnance officer, assisted at the various posts in the district
by an ordnance sergeant, to be made responsible for the proper supply
and care of all the surplus ordnance stores in the district, which should
be made the unit instead of the fort, as at present. This latter point
has been partly recognized by the Ordnance Department in its estab-
lishment of an ordnance machine shop for the use of each group of
neighboring forts.

A signal officer should likewise be assigned to each artillery dis-
trict to supervise the care, maintenance, and repair of all electrical
instruments and appliances, such details to be made from the artillery,
and, to offer some incentive* to the officer detailed, carry the rank and
pay of the higher grade. After four years' service on such detail the
officer to return to the artillery corps, when he would be fully familiar
with the electrical methods of communication, tire control, etc.

General remarks. — The maneuvers have proved that the rank and
file of our Army can be depended upon in every emergency; that
apparent]}' impossible tasks can be accomplished under the spur of
necessity, and that there is an immeasurable gulf between practice
and theory. The lessons learned by both officers and men were of
more practical value than years of ordinary garrison routine and
instruction. The target practice held in connection with the maneu-
vers was productive of excellent results, although conducted under
trying conditions, due to rush and unreadiness. It was the first sea-
coast practice ever undertaken in the United States on anything like
a service basis, and such practice should be made a prominent and
indispensable part of all future maneuvers. A limited number of
Ordnance, Engineer, and Signal Corps officers should be detailed at
important artillery forts during the period of target practice to observe
action of the material, under service conditions, provided by their
respective departments.

At the forts mentioned troops had been concentrated in sufficient
numbers to man the guns during the maneuvers. The garrison con-
sisted of companies brought from different parts of the seacoast, some
having had previous acquaintance with the armament, others very lit-
tle, if any. The association and discussion incident to such concentra-
tion must be regarded as an important educating factor.

In no other way than by such maneuvers in time of peace can so

(food an opportunity be afforded for observing the defenses of each
ocality, for concerted training of the personnel, for testing material
and methods, and for intelligent criticism in general. It is therefore

336 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

strongly recommended that similar exercises be conducted annually
and made to embrace each year a new theater of operations, so that
the benefit may be shared by the different garrisons in the several fields
of defense.

In future rules it is suggested that the number of points require*! to
reduce defenses should conform more nearly to actual experience in
attacks on fortified places.

It is thought that a more successful and intelligent use of ordnance
material by the troops would be obtained by publishing to the artillery
the results of new experiments as soon as made, and the description of
new devices. The need of a complete list of ordnance supplies, kept
up to date, is manifest.

Some svstem should be devised by which the artillery defense of
forts would not be rendered helpless by a heavy fog.

The wireless work, as conducted by the Signal Corps, established
the fact that wireless telegraphy is an important factor in the defen-
sive operations of an artillery district, increasing by many miles the
extreme distance at which the enemy's approach can be detected and
his ships located, thereby affording to the artillery commander ample
time in which to perfect his own offensive operations.

The conviction expressed by the commanding general in charge of
the land defenses "that every officer and enlisted man of the Army
and of the National Guard who took part in the maneuvers entertains
a feeling of admiration for the splendid manner in which the naval
part of the programme has been conducted, whereby the confidence in
and affection for the sister service, ever constant, have been renewed
and emphasized by this exceedingly agreeable association in prosecut-
ing professional work of great importance to the nation, voices a
sentiment heartily concurred in by the entire Army.

ARMY MANEUVERS AT FORT RILEY, KANS.

While the combined Army and Navy maneuvers in two of the artil-
lery districts during the week ended September 6 tested the efficiency
of the material and the training of the garrisons of the several forts in
those districts, in like manner the lines of maneuvers carried out on
the reservation of Fort Riley tended to the greater instruction and
efficiency of the cavalry, field artillery, and infantry organizations
who participated therein.

The troops assembled at Fort Riley and organized as a division under
the command of Maj. Gen. J. C. Bates, the commander of the Depart-
ment of the Missouri, consisted of the following organizations:

Regular Army. — First Battalion of Engineers; First and Second squadrons, Fourth
Cavalry, and the Third Squadron, Kighth Cavalry; Sixth, Seventh, Nineteenth,
Twentieth, and Twenty-eighth batteries, Held artillery; Sixth, Eighteenth (11 com-
panies), and Twenty-second Infantrv, detachments of Signal and of Hospital Corps.

National Guard. — Two batteries of artillery and a brigade of Kansas infantry, and
separate battalion of Colorado infantry.

The field exercises prescribed were in no sense maneuvers as com-
pared to those of large bodies of troops brought together in Europe
for that purpose, and which the entirely different conditions existing
in this country would make undesirable to simulate. European maneu-
vers are, in fact, temporary schools of instruction for general officers
and members of the general staff, while the entire scheme of the exer-
cises at Fort Riley simply contemplated instruction in field operations,
from outpost and patrol duty to battle maneuvers of a division.

KEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 337

Although interfered with for some days by a violent wind and rain
storm, the exercises were satisfactorily performed and proved highly
instructive to all participators.

Invitations had been extended to all the governors of the States and
Territories, and it is greatly regretted that the expense attendant
upon the transportation of National Guard troops to the encampment
(exceeding, in the majority of cases, the low condition of State appro-
priations available for the purpose) prevented a larger attendance; but
the lively interest taken in the proposed exercises was evidenced by
the presence at the camp of officers, detailed as State representatives,
from twenty-two States and two Territories.

When Congress shall take action on the subject of acquisition of
necessary land for the establishment of large camps for annual military
exercises, and the bill for the greater efficiency of the militia shall have
become a law, there is no doubt that the enlarged instruction acquired,
yearly, at those camps by both the Regular Army and the militia will
prove of incalculable benefit to those twin branches of the land defen-
sive power of the United States.

ARMS IN THE HANDS OF THE MILITIA.

In order to ascertain with some degree; of accuracy the number and
kind of arms now in the possession of the State militia, a report on
the subject was requested from the several States and Territories, and
but few of them have not yet reported.

The information elicited in these reports appears in tabulated form
in the subjoined statement. It will lie noted that with the exception
of less than 4,000 United States magazine rifles, caliber .30 (the arms
in the hands of the regular infantry), the present armament of the
several National Guards embraces live different kinds of obsolete rifles,
viz, the Springfield (two calibers), the Lee, the Winchester magazine,
the Krag-Jorgensen. and the Remington-Lee magazine.

While by far the greatest number of rifles is of the Springfield pat-
tern, the caliber of those arms is not uniform, the National Guard of
North Dakota having 410 rifles of caliber .45 and 220 others of cali-
ber .50. This is also the case with the Georgia militia. Five of the
Illinois regiments have the Springfield and three are armed with the
Krag-Jorgensen.

With the exception of less than 40o United States magazine carbines,
the other carbines in the hands of the cavalry are the Springfield (two
calibers) and the Krag-Jorgensen.

Of revolvers, the greatest number is the regular Colt, caliber .38,
but a few are of caliber .45, and nearly 500 are the Smith & Wesson.

This heterogeneous collection of obsolete arms is a very serious det-
riment to the efficiency of the entire National Guard, which, in organi-
zation, drill, instruction, etc., assimilates closely to the Regular Army,
and should be armed with the same arms as the latter. If called into
service under this deplorable condition, much trouble and vexatious
delays are involved in providing the different kinds of ammunition
required and in urgent or unforeseen contingencies may lead to disas-
trous results.

In briefly presenting, as above, one of the most important and press-
ing needs of the militia, it is urgently recommended that the serious
attention of Congress be invited to this subject, and that the necessary
legislation be invoked.

war 1902— vol 1 22

346 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Master H. W. Daly, quartermaster's department, and both trains under the charge
of Capt. Robert J. Duff, Eighth Cavalry, who was directed to cause the conditions
to be as nearly equal for both trains as practicable, and to report the result. At the
end of the fifth day the Moore pack-saddle train was obliged to give up. This result
was fully expected, as the Moore pack saddle is fundamental! v wrong in principle
and can not be administered with average loads so as to keep the animals' backs in
condition, either by experts or nonexperts. Many long marches in the West and
in Cuba have, however, demonstrated the efficiency of the Aparejo when used by
experts.

It is suggested that in tropical climates the addition of canned milk would l>e a
most welcome one. Its admirable keeping qualities recommend it as a component
of the ration, the losses of certain kinds of it being practically nothing. It would of
course add to the cost of the ration if no reduction was made in other components.
It is suggested that dried fruit can safely be reduced 50 per cent, and other compo-
nents could be selected for reduction to make up in part, if not entirely, the increased
cost of making milk an article of issue. Aside from its consideration in connection
with milk, the dried-fruit issue should be reduced or savings allowed on it. This
recommendation pertains only to stations where fresh fruits are obtained.

Maj. Gen. Robert P. Hughes, commanding the Department of California, reports:
A commodious and well-equipped hospital was maintained at the Presidio of San
Francisco, Cal., under the able and careful management of Lieut. Col. A. C. Girard,
deputy surgeon-general, into which the sick from the Division of the Philippines
were welcomed. The records show that this establishment had 139 patients July 1,
1901, and received during the fiscal year 4,551 patients, and that there are now at
present 402 patients. The average number of patients in the hospital at any one
time was 480. It was not considered advisable to return patients to the Philippines
directly, but upon being found qualified to do duty the medical authorities con-
sidered it wise to discharge the sick belonging to the Division of the Philippines
into some organization here, and so keep them under observation for at least three
months prior to definitely deciding upon their fitness for returning to a tropical
climate. In order to carry this idea into effect, companies of convalescents were
organized at the Presidio, San Francisco, Cal., which were afterwards transferred to
Angel Island and Benicia Barracks, Cal.

DISCHARGE CAMP.

It was found that the discharge of large numbers of enlisted men from the
Division of the Philippines was the cause of much annoyance through unfair deal-
ings of small traders and agents from the city of San h rancisco and that disturb-
ances were of too frequent occurrence. For this reason it was decided to establish a
camp for this class of arrivals from which all business men and agents would be
excluded. Such a camp, known as the Discharge Camp, was established on the
east shore of Angel Island. This camp was established November 1, 1901.

A general railway ticket office and an office of the Wells-Fargo Express Company
are located in the camp, in order that the men on discharge can secure tickets in the
camp direct to their homes and money orders payable only to themselves for such
money as they may wish to secure in that wav. The number of men paid in this
camp up to June 30, 1902, was 10,840.

RECRUIT CAMP.

A recruit camp has been maintained at the Presidio of San Francisco, Cal., during
the year, to which recruits were sent from the Western States of the Republic.

Recruits.

On hand June 30, 1901 187

Joined during —

July, 1901 296

August, 1901 423

September, 1901 214

October, 1901 172

Noveml>er, 1901 1,288

ftEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 347

Joined during — Continued. Recruits.

December, 19()1 2, 086

January, 1902 1, 490

February, 1902 2, 422

March, 1902 822

April, 1902 425

May, 1902 314

June, 1902 297

Total 10,416

Assigned to various organizations during the year 8, 977

Discharged for disability during the year 89

Discharged for other causes during the year 63

Died during the year 14

Deserted during the year 533

Total loss during the year 9, 676

Remaining in camp June 30, 1902, 742 recruits.

The losses in this camp by death are at)ove the normal, but such a condition may
be attributed to the fact that the great mass of recruits are young, away from former
social influences, and are somewhat reckless. The losses by discharge are too
numerous, and it is expected that with the reduced activity in recruiting greater
pains will be exercised in the examination of applicants, and the probationary j>eriod
will be enforced.

Efforts are being made to secure better shelter for recruits coming to this depot,
and to secure a more regular and effective system of instruction.

. SITPPLIE8.

The depots at Honolulu, Hawaii, are equipped and supplied in readiness to give
prompt succor and relief to tnx>i>s on transports entering that harbor in need. The
supplies are limited to such quantities as will secure relief to troops and crews of
transports until further aid can be procured from San Francisco, if it is found neces-
sary to do so.

INSTRl'CTION.

There is some difficulty found in carrying out the most vital point of the infantry-
man's instruction, viz, rifle practice. Prior to my arrival in the department, firing
on the range, which has been in use since 1898, had been stopped on account of the
objections of the owners of the land behind the targets. The ball stop wras on for-
eign territory and not of sufficient height to stop all the balls, and the owners of the
land on which overshots fell very naturally objected.

Efforts have been made and are still being made to find a suitable site for service
range firing, and in the meantime an effort is being made to provide a range for short-
distance firing on the Presidio reservation, over which the recruits may be taught to
use the rifle properly and given all the theoretical instructions, so that a little practice
at service ranges will qualify them for actual service.

INSPECTIONS.

The inspector recommends that the certified signature of a discharged soldier should
appear upon his discharge certificate as a means of identification; that special provi-
sions should be made for enlisting bakers, for, as matters now stand, he finds "in
many garrisons it is impossible to find competent bakers;" that "time books " should
l>e systematically kept by all disbursing officers employing laborers, etc. There is
obvious merit in these recommendations.

POST SCHOOLS.

It will be noticed that at Forts Mason and Alcatraz the daily attendance was exceed-
ingly small, being three and seven, respective! v. Under the regulations one school-
teacher is under pay all the year through, if the daily average attendance is not
sufficient to justify the payment of this one teacher, as would seem to be the case in
the two instances a hove mentioned, the provisions of paragraph 357, Army Regulations,
should not obtain.

348 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Brig. Gen. Frederick FuriHton, commanding the Department of the Colorado,
reports:

DESERTION.

Per cent of average enlisted strength deserting:

1899-1900 3.20

1900-1901 7. 50

1901-1902 11

It is therefore plain that there has been a deplorable increase of offenses in general
and of desertion in particular. In my opinion there are two principal causes tor this
state of affairs: First, resentment to unaccustomed limitations and restrictions felt
by men returning from field service to the monotony and routine work of garrison
life; second, the abolition of the canteen feature of the post exchange. Since this
action was taken saloons of the lowest type have been established just outside the
boundaries of the various reservations; their proprietors are, in almost every case,
unprincipled scoundrels who leave nothing undone to debauch the soldiers and
obtain their money. Being in all cases outside the limits of any city the proprie-
tors of these resorts are subject to no municipal police regulations and sell liquor
regardless of hours and whether the buyer is already intoxicated or not. Gambling
is universal in these " dives," and they are frequented by dissolute women. The
soldier whose desire for a drink would ordinarily be satisfied by a few glasses of beer
in the canteen of the post exchange goes to one of these resorts and does well if he
escapes before he has spent or gambled away all his money, overstayed his leave, or
engaged in an altercation. As a rule the local authorities regard the existence of
these places with indifference or approval, as it causes the soldier to spend his money
in the community. The efficiency of the Army or the ruin of a good soldier is noth-
ing to them. There can be no reasonable doubt that most of the trials by general
courts-martial and summary courts, at least so far as this department is concerned, are
directlv traceable to this cause. Since I have had command here there has taken
place tne ruin and degradation of several noncommissioned officers of long service
and fine record. In short, the recent legislation by Congress on this question, so far
as this department is concerned, has had no effect except to lower the discipline of
the Army, ruin scores of good soldiers, and fill the pockets of a lot of saloon keepers,
gamblers, and prostitutes.

BARRACKS AND QUARTERS.

The inspector-general of the department reports that as a general rule the barracks
and quarters at most posts are not in as good repair as they should be, owing to the
limited allotments made for this purpose, probably due to the fact of previous small
garrisons. Most of the barracks are only suited for housing 60 men. Should a gar-
rison be occu' ied by a number of organizations equal to the number of barracks the
latter would be overcrowded and insanitary. At present this is generally avoided
by two organizations occupying three barracks. He also reports that bathing facili-
ties for enlisted men at most posts are not adequate. For instance, Fort Logan, Colo.,
a comparatively modern post, has an allowance of 3 tubs for a company of 80 men.
The lavatories generally are not of sufficient capacity.

When it is considered that all public buildings owned by various departments of
the Government, transports and naval vessels, and almost all towns ana villages in
the vicinity of outlying posts, are lighted by electricity, it seems that the Army is
very antiquated in its lighting of military posts. When the original cost, transpor-
tation, and handling of oil is considered, to say nothing of the cost and transportation
of the lamps, wicks, and chimneys, the iiuanitary condition produced in barracks by
the large consumption of oxygen and the production of carbonic-acid gas by oil, and
cost of Tabor in cleaning and calcimining barracks and quarters, etc., it certainly would
seem to be economical for the Government to establish electric-light plants or buy
electric lights furnished by private corporations.

Brig. Gen. George M. Randall, commanding the Department of the Columbia,
makes the following suggestions and recommendations:

VANCOUVER BARRACKS.

In case the War Department decides to carry out the contemplated plan of enlarge-
ment of this post to accommodate a regiment of infantry and two field batteries, it

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 349

would be well to have a special inspection of the post made by a board of officers to
determine what buildings are worth repairing ana to prepare a general plan of recon-
struction and enlargement. The reservation con tains 639.2 acres. It has no suitable
range for long-distance infantry fire or light-artillery practice. A board of officers
has been detailed to select, if possible, a proper range within marching distance of
the post, with a view to its rental temporarily until an appropriation can be secured
from Congress for its purchase. The erection of a crematory at this post is most
necessary in order to properly dispose of the stable manure and other refuse.

FORTS 8TEVKNS, COLUMBIA, AND CASEY.

These posts constitute the artillery district at the mouth of the Columbia River.

The auestion of a water supply for Stevens has been a troublesome one. My pres-
ent belief is that the safest plan would be to pipe the water from the Lewis and Clarke
River, a distance of 13 or 14 miles. This would cost perhaps $80,000 (estimated by
the post commander), but considering that about $40,000 have been already expended
upon wells, tanks, etc., without satisfactory result obtained or in prospect, the
expense would seem to be justified. An abundant supply of good water is consid-
ered absolutely necessary for a permanent post of this character, especially in the
event of war, and the system of bringing it from Lewis and Clarke River would insure
' this, and at a small expense for maintenance after once established. The water now
in use at the post comes partly from wells and partly collected in tanks from the
rain. That from the wells is condemned as unfit for use.

PUGET SOUND.

The artillery district of Puget Sound embraces at present the posts of Flagler, Casey,
and Worden, the last two named having been formally transferred to the district
commander by the engineers about the 15th of June.

At all of the coast artillery stations above mentioned in the two districts the engi-
neer work on emplacements is completed for the contemplated armament so far as
known, with the exception of Fort Casey, which is well on toward completion. The
armament at the different points is in various stages, not being entirely complete at
any post. The same may be said of the torpedo and mining systems. Casemates
have been completed at some of the posts, and material is on hand for installation.
Electric lighting of batteries and telephone connections are partially established at
Stevens and Columbia, but none as yet at the posts on Puget Sound. The water and
drainage systems of the batteries are generally good. The guns, carriages, material,
and equipments were in excellent condition where there were troops to care for
them. The works at Bean and Middle Points are understood to be progressing and
will probably require garrisons in about a year.

The Army being composed at present to a large extent of recruits and untrained
men, I recommend an increase in the allowance of ammunition for small arms to 500
rounds per man per annum.

It is also recommended that company commanders be empowered to debar men
who fail during an enlistment to qualify higher than "third class" from the privi-
lege of reenlistment, by entering upon their discharge certificates " Not suited to the
service by reason of inability to shoot."

There was a considerable increase over the preceding vear in the ratio of trials by
court-martial to the average of enlisted strength. This is believed to be due in part
to the large number of recruits, but in part also to the abolition of the sale of beer at
post exchanges. The numl>er of desertions has also been large, and the largest from
posts whose locations would seem to lead to contentment. The smallest percentages
were from the posts in Alaska. As remedies, increased care in making enlistments,
more diligence in the pursuit of deserters, and severer punishments are suggested. I
recommend that the reward for capturing a deserter be increased to $50. Facilities
for amusement and recreation should be increased and improved and every encour-
agement given to the men to make deposits with the paymaster. The pay depart-
ment is entitled to credit for giving sj>ecial attention to this last subject in the
particular case of making provision for deposits at posts in the interior of Alaska,
where the money for the monthly payments was advanced by the Northern Com-
mercial Company.

I recommend legislation enabling officers on the active list to make deposits from
their pay with the paymaster in a manner similar to that now authorized for en-
listed men.

The following remarks of the inspector-general of the department bearing upon
this subject are quoted as. offering a strong argument in favor of such legislation:

"It is a bad thing for an officer to be engaged in or identified with investments or

350 REPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

business in the localities where he serves, and further than that he is employed by
the Government to devote his whole time and abilities to the Government service,
and at retirement is provided for the rest of his life; but at the same time he should
have an opportunity and inducements to save his money to provide for his family,
and such a system of deposits would, I think, obviate many of the cases of destitu-
tion in the families of the officers who die in the service."

Brig. Gen. W. A. Kobbe, commanding the Department of Dakota, reports that —

Discipline and instruction are good, because, as a rule, officers are capable and
painstaking. Generally speaking* the soldier is what his officer makes of him. A
gain in efficiency would follow if officers remained single until rank, pay, and allow-
ances enabled them to provide against common exigencies of service.

The battalions, Eighth and Fourteenth Infantry, and the two troops First Cavalry,
transferred to other departments, were fitted for any kind of service. This is true
also of the Twenty-first Infantry, after recent insular service, and is rapidly becom-
ing true of the recently organized Thirteenth Cavalry under efficient management.

Paragraphs 267, 270^ 271, Army Regulations, and 179, Infantry Drill Book, basing
discipline and instruction on squads, are very valuable if properly observed. I believe
the system might be extended to provide for the training of a permanent squad as
scouts in each company and troop, providing thereby a necessary body of expert
special troops when the regiment is consolidated in whole or in part for active service.

Maj. Gen. John R. Brooke, commanding the Department of the East, makes the
following remarks and recommendations:

Attention is again invited to the fact that apparently no provisions have been made
for the land defense of our most extensive fortifications. This has been emphasized
in preparing plans for the coming army and navy maneuvers. As fortifications are
made stronger the necessity for consideration of the subject of land defense becomes
more pronounced. Where such strong fortifications are erected that the enemy can
not hope to force a passage in his ships, his only recourse will be to capture the
defenses through lana attacks. No forts or earthworks have been constructed to aid
in repelling such attacks and, so far as I know, no plans have been made looking to
the consideration of this subject in the near future.

Attention is again and finally invited to the urgent need of providing more suit-
able quarters for officers and barracks for enlisted men at the seacoast posts through-
out this department, and especially to the need of quarters and barracks at the vari-
ous Southern posts suitable to location and climate. All posts should have sufficient
accommodations for the troops necessary to form an adequate garrison for them. At
this time the present restricted strength of the seacoast artillery does not give at any
post one relief at the guns. The reservations should also be made more attractive
and the fortifications themselves beautified and improved by the growing of grass
upon them. It has been found by actual test that the shifting sands which surround
most of the Southern seacoast defenses may be controlled and retained in place by
the planting of grass. This method of controlling these sands not only beautifies the
post but is very desirable from an economical point of view. As it is now the sand
blows into the working parts of the guns and carriages, damaging them and seriously
interfering with their easy manipulation, and dri ts into the fortification, requiring
constant attention and care by the troops, whose time is already occupied by other
pressing duties.

The quartermaster dock and forage shed at San Juan, P. R., should be retained
and not given over to the island authorities. Should this dock be given up it will
become necessary to obtain ground elsewhere for the same purpose for whicn this is
used, and probably at great expense.

The shops, quarters for employees, and the corral at San Juan were hastily and
flimsily constructed for the immediate and pressing needs of the troops that first went
to Porto Rico. They should now be replaced by others of a permanent and substan-
tial character, either on the site now occupied or preferably on one equally good, but
the ownership of which shall be unquestioned.

The exorbitant charge levied by the city of San Juan for water used by the army
could be removed by the erection of a distilling plant with sufficient extra power to
supply electric current and ice plant, and the introduction of a secondary water sys-
tem, using salt water, for policing purposes.

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 351

The chief paymaster calls attention to the inadequacy of the allowance of commu-
tation of quarters. The present allowance was established many years ago, under
entirely different conditions from those that prevail to-day, and rents having more
than doubled in all our large cities since it went into effect, officers with a moderate
salary serving therein have the greatest possible difficulty in making both ends meet.

The matter of allowance of quarters is also spoken of by the chief paymaster. I
concur in his remarks that "a brigadier-general is now allowed five rooms as quar-
ters, or commutation therefor, at $60 j>er month." I do not believe that this sum
would cover more than one-third the rent he would be forced to pay if stationed in
New York City. In this connection I desire to say that the allowance of rooms hav-
ing been made many years ago is not adequate to the present necessities, for it is seen
all about us that the houses occupied by people who were wealthy years ago are now
entirely too small and uncomfortable for people who have in these days an income
equal to that of the former occupants. An increase of the room allowance is recom-
mended to meet the conditions prevailing throughout the country. Starting with an
allowance of two rooms for a second lieutenant, it seems only reasonable that each
higher grade should be allowed an additional room over the grade below.

The chief paymaster also makes the following recommendation:

"It has always seemed to me that marksmen and sharpshooters in the infantry
and cavalry arms of the service should receive additional pay, say $1 per month for
the former and $2 for the latter. Certainly a soldier who can hit the object aimed
at with his rifle is more valuable to the Government than one who can not. A small
increase of pay would, in my judgment, stimulate effort in this direction and do much
toward improving the marksmanship of the Army."

There are now in the coast artillery a large number of young officers who have
come into the service under the provisions of the act of February 2, 1901. These
young officers, while they have had in most cases service in the field or in garrison,
have had no experience whatever in the handling of the rapid-fire and large guns
with which our present fortifications are armed; nor have tney had the necessary
technical education that will enable them to take hold of the duties they are now
called upon to perform with the grasp of the conditions that exist and aptitude with
which to readily fit themselves for onerous duties that are so essential to the modern
artilleryman. It is absolutely necessary therefore that these voung officers should
secure a fundamental training that will enable them to undertake and carry on their
new duties understandingly. As long as they are compelled, through the necessities
of the case, to perform the various post staff cluties they can not have time to devote
themselves to technical study. These routine post duties, with which they are
almost as unfamiliar as they are with the artillery duties proper, take all the time
that they should be asked to devote to hard mental and physical work. It is recom-
mended that several of the well-equipped posts be utilized for the special training of
these officers in courses of study similar to those at the Fort Monroe school, as tnat
school is not large enough to accommodate all these officers at once nor to give them
the necessary instruction within a reasonable time.

As was the case in 1866, it will be necessary to train the young officers, as well as
the young soldiers, in their several duties. This remark applies especially to the
artillery, the armament of which has been revolutionized within the last few years,
and it will require time to evolve the best methods necessary to make it the success
we all hope for.

Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur, commanding the Department of the Lakes, reports:
Libraries and reading rooms have been in operation at all the posts, but the sup-
ply of books is inadequate. For purposes of instructive reading a supply of military
books is needed; for entertaining reading a good supply of works of fiction should
be provided. The books now on hand are mainly olu novels, which are being read
ana reread.

i nspector-okneral's department.

The behavior of the troops at each post was reasonably satisfactory. The offenses
committed were for the most part of a minor character, and probably had their
origin in conditions incident to the return home from foreign service. The inspector
[Col. Ernest A. Garlington] reports the discipline not up to a satisfactory standard.
He says:

"The troops are now passing through the period following wrar, always a severe
test to discipline, and at this particular time the difficulty is accentuated by the
presence with troops of so many young officers of some active service with rank supe-

344

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

coupled with arduous labor, lessens the power of resistance to disease
and renders Americans liable to serious illness if not complete loss of
health. It is therefore earnestly recommended that a tour of duty,
not exceeding three years, be established in order that the clerks may
be assured that upon the completion of that term thev will be entitled
to a return to the United States for duty at some of the department
headquarters. It is further recommended that Congress be asked to
grant them a reasonable increase of pay while on duty on foreign
service.

Recognition is due the services of the temporary clerks who, with-
out the assurance of permanent employment, have shown zealous and
intelligent interest in the performance of the duties assigned them.
They are the sifted selection from the troops that have served in the
division of the Philippines, and their transfer to the classified civil
service would permanently secure to the Government thoroughly
trained, acclimated, and efficient employees.

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS AND REMARKS OF INTEREST CONTAINED
IN REPORTS OF GENERAL AND GENERAL STAFF OFFICERS.

The following summary of recommendations and remarks on sub-
jects of interest affecting the Army, collected from the annual reports
of department commanders and their general staff officers, is submitted
for the information of the Secretary of War and the Lieutenant-Gen-
eral of the Armv:"

Department of Cuba (discontinued May 20, 1902).

A large number of cavalry officers recommend that greater care be exercised
in the enlistment of troops for that arm of the service, particularly now that the
emergency for men has passed. As an inducement to intelligent men to enlist for
the mounted service, they think cavalry privates* pay should he at least $2 more per
month than for infantrymen. They advance the reasonable claim that the duties of
a trooper are more arduous; that he has greater wear and tear on his clothing; that
his laundry bill is greater, particularly in a warm climate, and his care of horses and
equipments is particularly arduous, while the foot soldier, especially the infantryman,
has nothing but his rifle and belt to look after. In this connection it is suggested
that the rate of pay for men by enlisted terms l>e changed for the first six years as
follows, and that it remain at present for succeeding years:

Pay of private at present
Pav as reeomm ended

First three
years.

$13 $13 914
13 13 13

Second three
years.

$15 $16 $18
18 18 18

This change, it is thought, would be an inducement to reenlistment.

It is claimed generally by officers that there is a surplus of heavy clothing issued
to recruits leaving rendezvous for regiments in tropical climates. Especially is this
true respecting the overcoat, which, if brought, should l>e treated as the ordnance
kit, i. e., turned in to depot. This would lessen the amount of clothing charged on
the clothing and descriptive cards. The overcoats turned in could, if necessary, be
cleaned at the soldier's cost and returned to rendezvous for reissue at reduced "rate.
It is considered unfair to the recruit to make him purchase an article for which he
will have no need and which, in a tropical climate, rapidly deteriorates when stored.

Dress and over coats made by the Quartermaster's Department are ordinarily cut
too narrow in the chest for a well-developed soldier. Several officers have mentioned
this as a defect that needs remedial action.

"The report of the commanding general of the Division of the Philippines not yet
received.

SEPOBT OP THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 353

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.

In the movements of troops every precaution has been taken to prevent the spread
of infectious diseases by careful inspection immediately before departure and prompt
isolation of cases occurring en route. The success attending such precautionary
measures was most marked in the transfer of the Twenty-ninth Infantry from Fort
Sheridan to San Francisco. An epidemic of measles delayed this movement for some
days, and then each section of the train (four in all) was provided with a tourist
sleeper, which was fitted up as a hospital car for the reception of cases occurring en
route. The sections followed each other closely, and it was found practicable to
devote the hospital car on the rear section to developed cases, while another car
afforded space for suspected ones. The results were most satisfactory. This epidemic
of measles originated at Columbus Barracks and developed at Fort Sheridan in the
person of a man sent to the post. Seventy-nine cases developed at Columbus Bar-
racks, with twelve deaths. Thirty-three cases developed at Fort Sheridan, none of
which terminated fatally. The chief surgeon of the department [Lieut. Col. Timothy
E. Wilcox] is of the opinion that auto-infection with toxins produced by the disease
is less likely to occur while the patients are treated in tents. His opinion is based
on experience during the great war and seems to be confirmed by results at Fort
Shetfaan, where tents were used.

The chief surgeon reports that the dental surgeon has found ample room for the
exercise of his vocation and that this addition to the medical resources of the Army
is highly appreciated. Separate rooms or buildings should be supplied for the dental
surgeon at nie permanent post.

Maj. Gen. John C. Bates, commanding the Department of the Missouri, reports:
The military instruction given throughout the Department, while considerable, has
not been as thorough and complete as it is intended to make it next year. This is due
to the recent return of many of the organizations from hard service in the Tropics with
officers and men run down in health, and with many of the former absent for one rea-
son or another, and because other commands have been newly organized and mounted.
A tendency has been observed among those returning from foreign service to assume
there is no longer the need, formerly acknowledged, of constant instruction to officers
and men in all that pertains to our profession, and in some instances there has been
lacking that interest in gymnastic exercises so essential to the proper setting up of the
men, and to their health and resulting self-reliance and contentment. These condi-
tions improved, however, as the year advanced and as the health and energies of the
members of the command became more vigorous in a colder climate. The concen-
tration of the troops in larger bodies also permitted more and varied instruction than
was practicable in the small detachments which for a time the necessities of the serv-
ice abroad demanded, and this increased the interest in the work.

DISCIPLINE.

The discipline of the command has been good, although there have been more
trials by court-martial than should be necessarv hereafter under more favorable condi-
tions. Many of these, however, are directly chargeable to the large numberof recruits
who were required to meet the demands of new organizations and of others which were
filled for foreign service. Many desertions are undoubtedly due to homesickness on the
part of the recruit and because a considerable number of young men enlist with
little knowledge of the life of a soldier, and without mature deliberation. A trial for
a few days at a military post is perhaps the best way to determine if an applicant for
enlistment will probably make a desirable soldier, and it would also enable the man
to decide understanding^ if the life will suit him. It is believed to be practicable to
apply this test in most instances.

SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT.

The following recommendations contained in the report of the chief commissary
are concurred in. viz:

The quality or the articles furnished for issue and sale has, on the whole, been
excellent, and the losses occurring by deterioration through climatic influence or
accident have been slight, and in most instances the loss has been on potatoes and
onions, due mainly to natural causes occurring in transportation and storage at posts,
in the vicinity of which none of those vegetables could be procured.

The issuance of meal requests to individual soldiers and detachments, traveling

WAR 1902— vol 1 23

354 BEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

under orders, has been found to be a great convenience to all concerned, and the
results have been far better than under the former system of payment of commuta-
tion.

The privilege of purchasing stores and exceptional articles has been liberally used.
In this connection it is respectfully suggested that the convenience of purchasers of
stores would be enhanced by the addition of the following articles to the list of stores
now authorized to be kept on hand for sale to officers and enlisted men:

Razors and shaving soap. We now sell razor strops.

Pens, holders, and points. We now sell ink.

Thread, cotton and linen, white and black; three sizes of each.

Needles, assorted sizes, or, preferably, needle books.

Buttons, trousers.

Envelopes, note.

Paper, note. We now sell letter paper and envelopes only; the smaller sizes would
be more convenient.

Cigars. — The number of brands to be kept on hand at each post to be* increased
from two to four, for the reason that desires differ so materially in cigars that two
varieties poorly cater to the tastes of the smokers. No wastage or additional expense
need be incurred by handling two or more varieties in addition to those now
authorized. Toilet soaps could also be increased in the same proportion. ,

The commissary storehouse at Fort Leavenworth should be considerably enlarged,
or a new building for the purpose erected. The great increase in the size of that
garrison will make the building now used as a storehouse, sales room, etc., entirely
too small.

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.

Sanitary conditions. — The water at Fort Leavenworth continues to be the subject
of criticism and recommendation by the post surgeon. Several cases of typhoid
fever which appeared at that post during the past year were attributed to impure
water. Analyses show plainly that the water at Fort Leavenworth is impure; more-
over it is very much doubted if the present system will give a sufficient supply for
the rapidly increasing garrison. It is thought immediate steps should be taken to
establish a new system of waterworks at this post, both as a sanitary measure and
as a precaution against fire. A recent chemical examination, in the office of the
surgeon-general, of this water revealed the presence of a considerable amount of
vegetable matter held in solution, and in tnis respect the filtered water was as
impure as that taken from the taps. The percentage of diarrhea and dysentery
patients is greater at this post than at any other in the department.

quartermaster's department.

Posts. — Building on an extensive scale has been carried on during the vear at Fort
Leavenworth, and also to a considerable extent at Fort Riley. Both or these posts
will continue to serve for an indefinite period as important garrisons, and in addition
to housing and permitting of the instruction of a large number of troops there is
every reason to believe the Government will be amply rewarded for the money and
labor expended upon them by the general information and technical knowledge to
be gained by the young officers who will take the course of instruction at the "Gen-
eral Service and Staff College" soon to be established at the former, or at the
4 ' School of Application for Cavalry and Field Artillery " at the latter post. I rec-
ommend that the liberality which has been shown recently in improving these gar-
risons be continued, until such conveniences are secured as will permit the schools
named to be conducted so as to secure all possible advantages.

In this connection I invite attention to tne fact that while a school has been estab-
lished at Fort Monroe for the special training of artillery officers, and another at Fort
Riley for those belonging to the cavalry and field artillery, no similar provision has
been made for infantry officers. Indeed, the latter seem to have lost by the newly
arranged scheme for instruction, in so much as they formerly had the "Iiifantry
and Cavalry School" at Fort Leavenworth, which apparently is not to be included
in the new system of post-graduate instruction. In view of the great importance of
the infantry arm, and the urgent need of keeping the officers thereof abreast with
modern improvements and ideas, I earnestly reccommend that some suitable pro-
vision be made for a special school for officers of infantry.

Fort Riley has been selected as a site for yearly autumn maneuvers to be conducted
on a scale hitherto unknown in this country. It is admirably adapted to the pur-
pose stated, and surveys have recently been made looking to the proper encampment
of about 20,000 men. Because of the size of the reservation and the natural advan*

REPORT OP THE ADJUTANT^GENERAL. 355

tagee of its terrain for the operations of mounted troops, I am of the opinion and
recommend that the cavalry there he increased to two regiments as early as the
necessary additional buildings can be erected.

Fort Crook is a handsomely built post. The sanitary conditions are good. It has
sufficient barrack capacity to quarter eightsmall companies and a band, and should be
sufficiently enlarged to accommodate a rail regiment of infantry. It is proper to state,
however, it has not yet been practicable to arrange for target practice at this post with
entire safety to the surrounding farmers. It is believed, although not definitely
determined, the difficulty can be overcome by building a high embankment imme-
diately in the rear of the "butts," and this plan is now under consideration. If it
proves to be impracticable, it will become necessary to buy a proper site for a range.
This site should be preferably, but not necessarily, near the post, and it is doubtful
if any suitable ground can be had near by at a fair valuation. If located at a distance,
practice marches can be combined with target practice, as was done this year when
the troops were sent for the latter purpose to the Omaha Indian reservation, 80 miles
from the post. It is not thought it will be practicable to hold further target practice
on the said reservation, or at least only for a season or two, the land having been
allotted in severalty and some of the occupant* being disposed to object.

It is recommended only such repairs be made at Fort Niobrara, Nebr., as may be
necessary to make the troops stationed there comfortable, and that as early as practi-
cable it be discontinued and its garrison transferred to other stations.

Fort Robinson, including the wood and timber reserve, has a fine reservation of 36
square miles. Our comparativelv few large military reservations are becoming very
valuable because of the increased size of the Army and the great range of modern
firearms, and it would seem to be a wise policy to ouild in the future so as to utilize
the best of these large tracts of land to the greatest advantage. For like reasons Forts
Sill and Reno, Okla. ,*re worth continuing; the former has a reservation of 77,920 acres,
including the wood reserve. There are, however, about 260 Apache prisoners of war
located on it. The reservation at Fort Reno contains 9,493 acres. These two posts
also possess the advantage of being located in a mild climate, where troops can be
instructed in the open for the greater part of the year. Both need extensive repairs.
Reno had better be rebuilt outright, the old buildings being allowed to stand until
the new ones, which should be erected on corresponding lines in the rear, are
completed.

Fort Logan H. Roots is well built, but small and comparatively unimportant.

Jefferson Barracks, Mo., now garrisoned by eight skeleton troops of cavalry, to be
used as instructors for recruits, is not well adapted for mounted troops and should be
converted into an infantry garrison.

It is expected work will be pushed vigorously during the ensuing year on the new
post to be built near Des Moines, Iowa.

APACHE PRISONERS OF WAR.

These Indians were located on the Fort Sill Reservation, Okla., in 1894, and since
that date about 28,000 acres of land have been added to the original 23,040 acres
comprising the reservation, with a view to the permanent location thereon of the
said Indians as well as for military purposes. There is also a wood reserve of 26,880
acres lying about 15 miles from the main reservation, thus making a grand total of
77,920 acres. A bill was introduced, with my approval, in the last session of Con-
gress, recommending that certain grazing lands on the above-stated reservation,
including the wood reserve, be rented for grazing purposes for the benefit of these
Indians. It did not become a law, and it should, I think, be renewed at the next
session, unless it be determined to permanently divide the reservation, so as to assign
one part for military purposes, and the other to the Indians. Sufficient land may
be assigned the latter from the reservation and the wood reserve combined to give
each Indian 160 acres when allottment in severalty becomes desirable, and still
leave for military purposes nearly 36,000 acres. It is believed the time has come for
some such division. Unless this be done the progress of the Indians will be retarded
sooner or later, or military instruction at Fort Sill materially limited. The Indians
now have some 3,400 head of cattle, and the herd is materially increasing from year
to year, and it is necessary for them to cultivate some of the soil. It will be unfor-
tunate for them if they be allowed to make extensive improvements on ground that
may later be permanently assigned to the military.

They are under charge of Cant. Farrand Sayre, Eighth Cavalry, who has displayed
great energy, interest and good judgment in the discharge of this unusual duty.

Although the general health of the tribe was much better during the last year
than the one preceding, there were 22 deaths and but 12 births. Captain Sayre

356 EEPOET OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

assigns the general improvement in health to the fact that the Indians have been
prohibited from having dances in cold and inclement weather during the past year.
He states the large death rate is due mainly to the fact that a number of infants
died of intestinal troubles during the hot weather of last summer.

The progress these Indians are making toward civilization is commendable, and
humanity dictates that if they be assigned to a certain part of the reservation, and
in consequence thereof have to establish new homes and shops, the Government
deal with them with the utmost liberality, in order that they may not be pecu-
niarily injured by the change or their interest in their work dampened. They are
no longer, in any sense, prisoners, and many of them have been born since the
original number arrived at Fort Sill.

Col. W. C. Forbush, Twelfth U. S. Cavalry, commanding the Department of
Texas, reports:

JUDGE- ADVOCATE^ DEPARTMENT.

One of the great difficulties experienced concerning the administration of military
justice has been the small capacity of the guardhouses and keeping the different
grades of prisoners separate and enforcing prison discipline.

It is believed that the old system of a central military prison (or a number of
them) would be better for discipline. At present a deserter is confined at post
guardhouse; he gets the same food as the faithful soldier whose duty it is to guard
him day and night. The "hard labor" to which he is sentenced generally consists
of the easiest and laziest kind of police work during a few hours of the day, while
he gets every night in bed. His life is easier than that of* the soldier, and the
important object of his punishment, viz, to deter others from committing crime, is
not realized.

If the present system of confining general prisoners at posts is to be continued a
regular prison should be built at some post in the department with a capacity of at
least fifty general prisoners.

The increase in the reward paid for the apprehension of deserters makes their
capture more certain.

SIGNAL OFFICE.

Complete telephone systems have been established at Forts Bliss, Clark, Mcintosh,
and Sam Houston, and materials are being furnished for the installation of these
systems at Forts Brown, Ringgold, and Camp Eagle Pass.

All posts in the department are supplied with proper signal equipments and stores.

REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

PROMOTION OF OFFICERS ON RETIREMENT.

The promotion of colonels on retirement, having forty years' or
more service, has been received by the Army with a full sense of
appreciation and satisfaction. There was a brief period when the
Department hesitated to continue this policy, and in that time several
retirements among the colonels took place; and I wish to recommend
that Colonel Gilmore, late of the Adjutant-GeneraFs Department, and
Colonel Williston, late of the artillery, be given the rank of brigadier-

(general, for they are officers of exceptional ability and rnerit. Such
egislation would be a recognition which their long, efficient, and gal-
lant services demand.

Major-Generals Merritt, Brooke, and Otis rendered exceptional
and important military service during the Spanish- American war, and
were retired in the rank they would have held had they rendered no
war service. Their claims for legislative recognition are but just.

MARRIAGE IN TnE ARMY.

The early marriage of the younger officers of the Army, many of
whom are entirely ^dependent upon their pay and allowances for

EEPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENEBAL. 357

support, is greatly to be deplored and should be discouraged. A young
officer should have but one allegiance, and that should be to the serv-
ice. Those without private means must necessarily divide their pay
between the demands of their office and family. The pay of a second
lieutenant is $116.67 per month, a sum only sufficient for subsistence
and equipment; in fact, it requires prudence and care to do so properly,
and particularly is this true of officers of the mounted service, who
must provide mounts. A considerable number are required for service
in the Philippines, where living is expensive, and the accomplishment
of this tour of duty results in actual hardship to officers with families.

officers' deposits.

The act of May 15, 1872, provides that enlisted men may deposit their
savings, in sums not less than $5, with paymasters, and that on all
sums, not less than $50, so deposited for the period of six months or
longer interest shall l>e paid at the rate of 4 per cent per annum.

As the entire time ana abilities of officers of the Army are absorbed
in the service of the Government, and it is highly undesirable that
they should be permitted to be engaged in or identified with business
enterprises of any kind in the localities where they may be serving, it
is deemed but simple justice to them that they be given an opportunity,
and offered inducements, to save some portion of their salaries, that
in case of their death some provision may exist to provide, at least in
part, for their families, and in this manner alleviate sore distress, if
not entire destitution. It is therefore earnestty recommended that
Congress be asked to extend to officers of the Army the provisions of
sections 1305 and 1306 of the Revised Statutes, which embody the act
cited above.

COMMUTATION OF QUARTERS.

The act of June 23, 1879, making appropriations for the Army, pro-
vides that the rate of commutation for officers' quarters shall hereafter
be $12 per room per month.

This allowance was fixed nearly a quarter of a century ago, under
entirely different conditions from those that prevail to-day (when, in
all our large cities, rents have more than doubled), and places the offi-
cers assigned to duty therein under peculiar hardships wnich seriously
embarrass them.

To make the allowance for quarters somewhat more adequate to
present conditions, it is recommended that in all cases when officers
are assigned to duty at places where public quarters can not be fur-
nished them they shall be entitled to one room in addition to the num-
ber respectively allotted to them at military posts under paragraph
1110 of the General Regulations.

FOREIGN LANGUAGES.

■

It is important that we have a number of officers with a perfect
speaking Knowledge of French, German, and Spanish. The question
is one that should receive the early consideration of the War College
with a view to providing a post-graduate course for a number of officers
to perfect themselves in these languages.

350 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Brig. Gen. W. A. Kobbe\ commanding the Department of Dakota, reports that —

Discipline and instruction are good, because, as a rule, officers are capable and
painstaking. Generally speaking, the soldier is what his officer makes of him. A
gain in efficiency would follow if officers remained single until rank, pay, and allow-
ances enabled them to provide against common exigencies of service.

Paragraphs 267, 270, 271, Army Regulations, and 179, Infantry Drill Book, basing
discipline and instruction on sauads, are very valuable if properly observed. I believe
the system might be extended to provide for the training of a permanent squad as
scouts in each company and troop, providing thereby a necessary body of expert
special troops when the regiment is consolidated in whole or in part for active service.

Maj. Gen. John R. Brooke, commanding the Department of the East, makes the
following remarks and recommendations:

Attention is again and finally invited to the urgent need of providing more suit-
able quarters for officers and barracks for enlisted men at the seacoast posts through-
out this department, and especially to the need of quarters and barracks at the vari-
ous Southern posts suitable to location and climate. All posts should have sufficient
accommodations for the troops necessary to form an adequate garrison for them. At
this time the present restricted strength of the seacoast artillery does not give at any
post one relief at the guns. The reservations should also be made more attractive
and the fortifications themselves beautified and improved by the growing of grass
upon them. It has been found by actual test that the shifting sands which surround
most of the Southern seacoast defenses may be controlled and retained in place by
the planting of grass. This method of controlling these sands not only beautifies the
post but is very desirable from an economical point of view. As it is now the sand
blows into the working parts of the guns and carriages, damaging them and seriously
interfering with their easy manipulation, and drits into the fortification, requiring
constant attention and care by the troops, whose time is already occupied by other
pressing duties.

The quartermaster dock and forage shed at San Juan, P. R., should be retained
and not given over to the island authorities. Should this dock be given tip it will
become necessary to obtain ground elsewhere for the same purpose for whicn this is
used, and probably at great expense.

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 351

The chief paymaster calls attention to the inadequacy of the allowance of commu-
tation of (quarters. The present allowance was established many years ago, under
entirely different conditions from those that prevail to-day, and rents having more
than doubled in all our large cities since it went into effect, officers with a moderate
salary serving therein have the greatest possible difficulty in making both ends meet.

The matter of allowance of quarters is also spoken of by the chief paymaster. I
concur in his remarks that "a brigadier-general is now allowed five rooms as quar-
ters, or commutation therefor, at $60 per month." I do not believe that this sum
would cover more than one-third the rent he would be forced to pay if stationed in
New York City. In this connection I desire to say that the allowance of rooms hav-
ing been made many years ago is not adequate to the present necessities, for it is seen
all about us that the houses occupied by j>eople who were wealthy years ago are now
entirely too small and uncomfortable for people who have in these days an income
equal to that of the former occupants. An increase of the room allowance is recom-
mended to meet the conditions prevailing throughout the country. Starting with an
allowance of two rooms for a second lieutenant, it seems only reasonable that each
higher grade should be allowed an additional room over the grade below.

The chief paymaster also makes the following recommendation:

There are now in the coast artillery a large number of young officers who have
come into the service under the provisions of the act of February 2, 1901. These
young officers, while they have had in most cases service in the field or in garrison,
have had no experience whatever in the handling of the rapid-fire and large guns
with which our present fortifications are armed ; nor have they had the necessary
technical education that will enable them to take hold of the duties they are now
called upon to perform with the grasp of the conditions that exist and aptitude with
which to readily fit themselves for onerous duties that are so essential to the modern
artilleryman. It is absolutely necessary therefore that these young officers should
secure a fundamental training that will enable them to undertake and carry on their
new duties understandingly. As long as they are compelled, through the necessities
of the case, to perform the various post staff duties they can not have time to devote
themselves to technical study. These routine post duties, with which they are
almost as unfamiliar as they are with the artillery duties proper, take all the time
that they should be asked to devote to hard mental and physical work. It is recom-
mended that several of the well-equipped posts be utilized for the special training of
these officers in courses of study similar to those at the Fort Monroe school, as tnat
school is not large enough to accommodate all these officers at once nor to give them
the necessary instruction within a reasonable time.

inspector-general's department.

"The troops are now passing through the period following war, always a severe
test to discipline, and at this particular time the difficulty is accentuated by the
presence with troops of so many young officers of some active service with rank supe-

352 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

rior to that now held, but untrained in many of the fundamental principles pertain-
ing to the profession of arms. As a rule they appear to be imbued with the soldierly
spirit and a desire to perfect themselves in the details of their chosen profession.
Post commanders have the grave responsibility of organizing and conducting schools
based upon schemes of instruction that will afford the proper incentive and oppor-
tunity to this class of officers."

The troops, largely recruits or men who on account of the necessities of the service
have received little preliminarv training in the school of the soldier, are reported to
show the need of setting up. Instructions have accordingly been given to post com-
manders to pay especial attention to the preliminary training as set forth in the school
of the 6oldier. It is recommended that facilities in the way of properly equipped
gymnasia be provided for the training of the soldiers.

I concur in the following recommendations of Colonel Garlington :

That the campaign hat be made of wool of natural color, thus avoiding tne dele-
terious effects of dye, and rendering it practicable, at least, to issue hats uniform
in color.

That the toggle attached to the steel collars of the wheel and swing harness of the
light batteries be made longer. There is a perceptible downward pull on the necks
of the horses of the wheel and swing teams which not only prevents the proper line
of traction but will in service cause many sore necks.

That the issue of gun slings within the United States be discontinued, they being
more or less expensive and assessing no value as a means of carrying the rifle in
garrison. Hundreds of slings are presented for condemnation which have been
worn out by being strapped tight and close to the rifle.

That the spring in the bayonet scabbard be made stronger, the present spring
being so weak as to cause the bayonet to fall out in going through thick brush, and
that the attachment for fastening the scabbard to the belt be made stronger, as it
pulls loose from the scabbard.

The inspector-general reports that he found the guardhouses at all the posts to be
overcrowded with general prisoners undergoing sentence and awaiting trial, usually
for desertion. This condition is extremely unsatisfactory from every point of view,
and indicates the necessity for the existence of a military prison. The remarks of
the inspector-general on this subject are worthy of careful attention. He says:

" The presence of a large number of military prisoners partly or wholly in uniform
about a garrison, always in evidence, and more or less in contact with young soldiers,
is demoralizing to them and an unpleasing picture to residents at the posts and to
visiting civilians. It entails large guards and interferes with instruction without
any material compensation. The system affords little or no opportunity to reform
or reclaim the offender; reduces the punitive feature to a minimum, and reacts del-
eteriously as exemplary punishment. It is practically impossible under the system
to enforce a sentence of hard labor, and the labor performed is unsatisfactory and
out of all proportion to the number employed. Many prisoners escape under cir-
cumstances suggesting connivance on the part of the sentinels, but not susceptible of
proof.

"There is a maudlin sympathy for military offenders, especially deserters, and it
will exist as long as human nature remains as it is. The separation of young soldiers
from men who nave demonstrated their contempt for the obligations imposed upon
them by their oaths of enlistment, should be as complete as possible. The relation
of the sentinel and prisoner should, of course, present no opportunity for any kind
of personal influence by the prisoner upon the sentinel, but we should meet condi-
tions as they really exist. The best solution would seem to be the establishment of
a military prison at some central location."

SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT.

The meal-ticket system has given excellent satisfaction, no complaints having
been received from enlisted men on account of insufficiency or quality, or of delay in
receiving meals at the proper hour. Neither have any complaints been received
from the railroads on account of the misbehavior of enlisted men while traveling.
The system of meal tickets is believed to be superior to the method of paying com-
mutation of rations. The meals are served in dining cars or at eating stations, the
surroundings are clean, pleasant, and conducive to neatness, and the men furnished
tickets leave the city promptly. If furnished with commutation, some of them
would l>e tempted to spend it for liquor, with resulting delav in departure, often
terminating in desertion. After spending their money, men nave been known in
some cases to disgrace their uniform by begging their food from the public, claming
that the Government had not provided the necessary food to subsist them.

SEPOBT OP THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 353

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.

DISCIPLINE.

The discipline of the command has been good, although there have been more
trials by court-martial than should be necessary hereafter under more favorable condi-
tions. Many of these, however, are directly chargeable to the large number of recruits
who were required to meet the demands of new organizations and of others which were
filled for foreign service. Many desertions are undoubtedly due to homesickness on the
part of the recruit and because a considerable number of young men enlist with
little knowledge of the life of a soldier, and without mature deliberation. A trial for
a few days at a military post is perhaps the best way to determine if an applicant for
enlistment will probably make a desirable soldier, and it would also enable the man
to decide understandingly if the life will suit him. It is believed to be practicable to
apply this test in most instances.

SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT.

The following recommendations contained in the report of the chief commissary
are concurred in. viz:

The quality of the articles furnished for issue and sale has, on the whole, been
excellent, and the losses occurring by deterioration through climatic influence or
accident have been slight, and in most instances the loss has been on potatoes and
onions, due mainly to natural causes occurring in transportation and storage at posts,
in the vicinity of which none of those vegetables could be procured.

The issuance of meal requests to individual soldiers and detachments, traveling

war 1902— vol 1 23

354 BEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

under orders, has been found to be a great convenience to all concerned, and the
results have been far better than under the former system of payment of commuta-
tion.

Razors and shaving soap. We now sell razor strops.

Pens, holders, and points. We now sell ink.

Thread, cotton and linen, white and black; three sizes of each.

Needles, assorted sizes, or, preferably, needle books.

Buttons, trousers.

Envelopes, note.

Paper, note. We now sell letter paper and envelopes only; the smaller sizes would
be more convenient.

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.

Sanitary conditions. — The water at Fort Leavenworth continues to be the subject
of criticism and recommendation by the post surgeon. Several cases of typhoid
fever which appeared at that post during the past year were attributed to impure
water. Analyses show plainly that the water at Fort Leavenworth is impure; more-
over it is very much doubted if the present system will give a sufficient supply for
the rapidly increasing garrison. It is thought immediate steps should be taken to
establish a new system of waterworks at this post, both as a sanitary measure and
as a precaution against fire. A recent chemical examination, in the office of the
surgeon-general, of this water revealed the presence of a considerable amount of
vegetable matter held in solution, and in this respect the filtered water was as
impure as that taken from the taps. The percentage of diarrhea and dysentery
patients is greater at this post than at any other in the department.

quartermaster's department.

Posts. — Building on an extensive scale has been carried on during the vear at Fort
Leavenworth, and also to a considerable extent at Fort Riley. Both or these posts
will continue to serve for an indefinite period as important garrisons, and in addition
to housing and permitting of the instruction of a large number of troops there is
every reason to believe the Government will be amply rewarded for the money and
labor expended upon them by the general information and technical knowledge to
be gained by the young officers who will take the course of instruction at the "Gen-
eral Service and Stan College" soon to be established at the former, or at the
"School of Application for Cavalry and Field Artillery" at the latter post. I rec-
ommend that the liberality which has been shown recently in improving these gar-
risons be continued . until such conveniences are secured as will permit the schools
named to be conducted so as to secure all possible advantages.

In this connection I invite attention to tne fact that while a school has been estab-
lished at Fort Monroe for the special training of artillery officers, and another at Fort
Riley for those belonging to the cavalry and field artillery, no similar provision has
been made for infantry officers. Indeed, the latter seem to have lost by the newly
arranged scheme for instruction, in so much as they formerly had the "Infantry
and Cavalry School" at Fort Leavenworth, which apparently is not to be included
in the new system of post-graduate instruction. In view of tne great importance of
the infantry arm, and the urgent need of keeping the officers thereof abreast with
modern improvements and ideas, I earnestly reccommend that some suitable pro-
vision be made for a special school for officers of infantry.

REPORT OP THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 355

Fort Crook is a handsomely built post. The sanitary conditions are good. It has
sufficient barrack capacity to quarter eightsmall companies and a band, and should be
sufficiently enlarged to accommodate a full regiment of infantry. It is proper to state,
however, it has not yet been practicable to arrange for target practice at this post with
entire safety to the surrounding farmers. It is t>elieved, although not definitely
determined, the difficulty can be overcome by building a high embankment imme-
diately in the rear of the "butts," and this plan is now under consideration. If it
proves to be impracticable, it will become necessary to buy a proper site for a range.
This site should be preferably, but not necessarily, near the post, and it is doubtful
if any suitable ground can be had near by at a fair valuation. If located at a distance,
practice marches can be combined with target practice, as was done this year when
the troops were sent for the latter purpose to the Omaha Indian reservation, 80 miles
from the post. It is not thought it will be practicable to hold further target practice
on the said reservation, or at least only for a season or two, the land having been
allotted in severalty and some of the occupants being disposed to object.

Fort Robinson, including the wood and timber reserve, has a fine reservation of 36
square miles. Our comparativelv few large military reservations are becoming very
valuable because of the increased size of the Army and the great range of modern
firearms, and it would seem to be a wise policy to build in the future so as to utilize
the best of these large tracts of land to the greatest advantage. For like reasons Forts
Sill and Reno, Okla. ,*re worth continuing; the former has a reservation of 77,920 acres,
including the wood reserve. There are, however, about 260 Apache prisoners of war
located on it. The reservation at Fort Reno contains 9,493 acres. These two posts
also possess the advantage of being located in a mild climate, where troops can be
instructed in the open for the greater part of the year. Both need extensive repairs.
Reno had better be rebuilt outright, the old buildings being allowed to stand until
the new ones, which should be erected on corresponding lines in the rear, are
completed.

Fort Logan H. Roots is well built, but small and comparatively unimportant.

It is expected work will be pushed vigorously during the ensuing year on the new
post to be built near Des Moines, Iowa.

APACHE PRISONERS OF WAR.

These Indians were located on the Fort Sill Reservation, Okla., in 1894, and since
that date about 28,000 acres of land have been added to the original 23,040 acres
comprising the reservation, with a view to the permanent location thereon of the
said Indians as well as for military purposes. There is also a wood reserve of 26,880
acres lying about 15 miles from the main reservation, thus making a grand total of
77,920 acres. A bill was introduced, with my approval, in the last session of Con-
gress, recommending that certain grazing lands on the above-stated reservation,
including the wood reserve, be rented for grazing purposes for the benefit of these
Indians. It did not become a law, and it snould, I think, be renewed at the next
session, unless it be determined to permanently divide the reservation, so as to assign
one part for military purposes, and the other to the Indians. Sufficient land may
be assigned the latter from the reservation and the wood reserve combined to give
each Indian 160 acres when allottment in severalty becomes desirable, and still
leave for military purposes nearly 36,000 acres. It is believed the time has come for
some such division. Unless this be done the progress of the Indians will be retarded
sooner or later, or military instruction at Fort Sill materially limited. The Indians
now have some 3,400 head of cattle, and the herd is materially increasing from year
to year, and it is necessary for them to cultivate some of the soil. It will be unfor-
tunate for them if they be allowed to make extensive improvements on ground that
may later be permanently assigned to the military.

They are under charge of Capt. Farrand Sayre, Eighth Cavalry, who has displayed
great energy, interest and good judgment in the discharge of this unusual duty.

Although the general health of the tribe was much better during the last year
than the one preceding, there were 22 deaths and but 12 births. Captain Sayre

356 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

assigns the general improvement in health to the fact that the Indians have been
prohibited from having dances in cold and inclement weather during the past year.
He states the large death rate is due mainly to the fact that a number of infante
died of intestinal troubles during the hot weather of last summer.

Col. W. C. Forbush, Twelfth U. S. Cavalry, commanding the Department of
Texas, reports:

JUDGE-ADVOCATE^ DEPARTMENT.

It is believed that the old system of a central military prison (or a number of
them) would be better for discipline. At present a deserter is confined at poet
guardhouse; he gets the same food as the faithful soldier whose duty it is to guard
him day and night. The "hard labor" to which he is sentenced generally consists
of the easiest and laziest kind of police work during a few hours of the day, while
he gets every night in bed. His life is easier than that of "the soldier, and the
important object of his punishment, viz, to deter others from committing crime, is
not realized.

If the present system of confining general prisoners at posts is to be continued a
regular prison should be built at some post in the department with a capacity of at
least fifty general prisoners.

The increase in the reward paid for the apprehension of deserters makes their
capture more certain.

SIGNAL OFFICE.

All posts in the department are supplied with proper signal equipments and stores.

REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

PROMOTION OF OFFICERS ON RETIREMENT.

The promotion of colonels on retirement, having forty years' or
more service, has been received by the Army with a full sense of
appreciation and satisfaction. There was a brief period when the
Department hesitated to continue this policy, and in that time several
retirements among the colonels took place; and I wish to recommend
that Colonel Gilmore, late of the Adjutant-General's Department, and
Colonel Williston, late of the artillery, be given the rank of brigadier-

{general, for they are officers of exceptional ability and rnerit. Such
egislation would be a recognition which their long, efficient, and gal-
lant services demand.

Major-Generals Merritt, Brooke, and Otis rendered exceptional
and important military service during the Spanish-American war, and
were retired in the rank they would have held had they rendered no
war service. Their claims for legislative recognition are but just.

MARRIAGE IN THE ARMY.

The early marriage of the younger officers of the Army, many of
whom are entirely ^dependent upon their pay and allowances for

REPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 357

support, is greatly to be deplored and should be discouraged. A young
officer snould have but one allegiance, and that should be to the serv-
ice. Those without private means must necessarily divide their pay
between the demands of their office and family. The pay of a second
lieutenant is $116.67 per month, a sum only sufficient for subsistence
and equipment; in fact, it requires prudence and care to do so properly,
and particularly is this true of officers of the mounted service, who
must provide mounts. A considerable number are required for service
in the Philippines, where living is expensive, and the accomplishment
of this tour of duty results in actual hardship to officers with families.

OFFICERS* DEPOSITS.

As the entire time ana abilities of officers of the Army are absorbed
in the service of the Government, and it is highly undesirable that
they should be permitted to be engaged in or identified with business
enterprises of any kind in the localities where they may be serving, it
is deemed but simple justice to them that they be given an opportunity,
and offered inducements, to save some portion of their salaries, that
in case of their death some provision may exist to provide, at least in
part, for their families, ana in this manner alleviate sore distress, if
not entire destitution. It is therefore earnestlv recommended that
Congress be asked to extend to officers of the Army the provisions of
sections 1305 and 1306 of the Revised Statutes, which embody the act
cited above.

COMMUTATION OF QUARTERS.

The act of June 23, 1879, making appropriations for the Army, pro-
vides that the rate of commutation for officers' quarters shall hereafter
be $12 per room per month.

FOREIGN LANGUAGES.

It is important that we have a number of officers with a perfect
speaking Knowledge of French, German, and Spanish. The question
is one that should receive the early consideration of the War College
with a view to providing a post-gi-aduate course for a number of officers
to perfect themselves in these languages.

358 REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

CAMP SITES.

Under section 35 of the act of Congress approved February 2, 1901,
entitled "An act to increase the efficiency of the permanent military
establishment of the United States," which section authorized the
Secretary of War to cause preliminary examinations and surveys to
be made for the purpose or selecting four sites, with a view to the
establishment of permanent camp grounds for the instruction of troops
of the Regular Anny and National Guard, a board of general officers
was appointed on November 11, 1901, to report a project for the loca-
tions, examination, and surveys of the ground s referred to, of which
board the Lieutenant-General Commanding the Army was the presi-
dent. The board recommended the following locations for these camp
sites:

One in the vicinity of Chickamauga Park, Ga.; one at Fort Riley,
Kans.; one at Conewago Valley, Pa.; one at Nacimiento Ranch, Cal.

On February 21, 1902, the Cnief of Engineers was directed to cause
survej7s to be made of these four sites and, in addition to them, that a
site in the vicinity of Fort Sam Houston, Tex., be surveyed, and on
March 1, 1902, he was directed to cause a survey to be made of a tract
at Camp Douglas, Juneau County, Wis. This in addition to the five
previously mentioned, and preliminary surveys have accordingly been
made of these six sites. The acreage of these sites is approximately as
follows:

Chickamauga Park 16, 320

Conewago Valley * 18, 000

Fort Riley 21,400

Nacimiento Ranch 23, 258

Fort Sam Houston 25,000

Camp Douglas 20, 000

Other sites have also been examined, namely: Four in the neighbor-
hood of Louisville and Ashland, Ky.: and one in Marin County, Cal.,
but no surveys have been made of the same.

RESTORATION OP THE CANTEEN.

The restoration of the exchange as it existed prior to the passage of
the act of February 2, 1901, prohibiting the sale of beer, is desired
and urged by the great majority of officers and men and by none more
than those of pronounced temperance views. Numerous reports
confirm the views long held by this office that the old exchange con-
tributed to sobriety, health, and contentment of the men. The increase
of desertions and of trials for infractions of discipline is, by those
best informed, attributed to the abolition of the former privileges of
the exchange.

VOCAL MUSIC.

The instruction of our men in vocal music would be a step in the
direction of contentment and better discipline. Every regiment
should have its marching song. Frequent practice in singing, par-
ticularly during the long winter evenings, would do much to make our
men satisfied to remain in quarters and away from the baleful influ-
ence of the barrooms that exist in too great numbers in the vicinity
of all our military posts. These barrooms are under the protection of
the license and laws of the several States and are beyond the control
of the military authority.

BEPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL. 359

GENERAL STAFF.

The detail-staff system works to the entire satisfaction of the Depart-
ment. The more a scheme for a general staff is studied the more
convinced I become that it offers tne best solution of the vexatious
friction with which you and }rour predecessors have had to contend for
many years. It is recommended that it again be brought to the atten-
tion of Congress and early action urged in the best interests of the
service.

Respectfully submitted.

H. C. Corbin,
%> Major- General, Adjutant- General U. S. Army.

The Secretary of War.

FATES BETWEEN JlTLT 1, 11*01, AND JUNE 30, 1903.

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EEPOET OF THE ADJUTAHT-GENEBAL. 361

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362

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENEEAL.

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REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

Name and rank.

Andrnss, E. Van Arsdale, colonel, Anilin < "T>
Anglum, Daniel F., captain, Twelfth ln!a ■
Aumsn William, brigadier-general . .

" colonel, awlitant Hurumn x

"ElaQMj."™

Bataon, Matthew A., captain, Ffi

Blrll, Charles, brigadier-general J

Bla bee, William H.,l.rlKii(ikT-t;.'n>'i-al

Blimt, J.Y. Mhw.ti, capiniii, Kific'Tif. ■ . .-

Brooke, John R., major-general J

BiiffliifTlon, Adclbert K„ bnijiulirr-Ri -r»l '"I..- »

Burbank JamesB .eokmel, Artlllcr)*i'orp».. — S

Buit, Andrew B., brig* die r-gen era] I

Byi^e.GwrgeT,., first lieiiieimjii.K ■

Ctay.CharlesD., captain, Seven teen 1 1 I.' ■■■- 1

Cloud, Marshall M., first lieutenant, awl -Mi it anr ^

Conrad, William D.,«intsJn. Fifteenth Infantry
Day.Seiden A., lieutenant-colonel, Ari111iryl"r|.-
De Russy.Ieaac I>. brigadier-general . . .

Dove, Wilbur E..™uuiin.T«vlfth inl ■
Forwood, William H., brigadier genei . .

»v.n.:»rj
.1. .'. !■*•:

:...■ i; vm/ '.
<t l.iww..
,-MJl"

..V tl VK\

rwnuvu, nmiaju n,, urlgadier-gene
General.

Green leaf, Charles R., colonel, ass

Guenther, Francis L., brlgadier-gci
H*JJ,BobwH., brigadier-general
Hannay.John ff. Ilentenantiiol

Inlantry.

arbachjAbram A., brlgadler-gelii

uoolon. Molt, hrig*ilii-i sri'm-nu
Hiu-iie, William J. I>.,c.Hi..tairi. Ninth ■
Hugh us, William N., captain, Thirire
Humphrey, Harry D.. captain. Ninth rivalry
Jackson, John, second lieutenant

Jones, Francis B., major, Qnartermaster'a I'epaft

Kimball, James p., colonel, assistant surgeon-

Leave.ll, Benjaral
Lincoln. Sumner

eaptahi, Twi

bri^adier-genei i.

_...„. ,.;nin. L'nitf'l SlaV" l-ifmi'rv

Siarye.Williani A, .colonel. Ordnance l«-|mrtuieii
Merrlam, Henry U.. brigadier-genera'
Moale, Edward. CO I one! Fifteenth Infantry .
Moore. James M. , colonel, 0.narterma»ler slh-pnrl

r. SiY

!:■ -"

Noyes. Henry E.. colonel Second

llli», El well >.. mtiji.r-Bi.-ii.'nil ...

r "■■ t « ■ ■• i . > ■ -ti.i if mi i N.. captain, in

'■ ll.l'liilip I'.. .iLC In!:, .Nil nv.ilry

-..llii l...nr.-r li, ii-,ri„[>i.-i\1,, I

* -ii. Mii-Iiil.-L V..l.riKn.liiT-irene™i

Bwift, Eugene L.. major, am
Todd, rha.les C, llrst lieu

faotry.
V«n Borne, William M.,

Infantry.
Ward. Thomas, brigadier-e
Webster, Edmund K. ma)<

.* >:> Y'.Vtiii
Apr is. Iv».'
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Bepl I.IWW...

Jan.l.lMU....

Feo.a.lWf ..
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Oct. 15,1901 ...

May 28, 1901
a;-t '....:■«_■
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m«. v. :■•■■

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S... 17.1*11

364

REPORT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

F. — Retirements, resignations, deaths, etc., among officers between October 1, 1901, and

October 1, 1002 — Continued.

Name and rank.

retired — continued.

Wheaton, Loyd, major-general

Wheelan, James N., colonel Twelfth Cavalry

Whltside, Samuel M., brigadier-general-.

Wilson, David B., lieutenant-colonel Twenty-
fifth Infantry.

Wilson, James L., captain, Artillery Corps

Winne, Charles K., lieutenant-colonel, Medical
Department.

Wood, Marshall W., major, surgeon

geon-general.

WHOLLY RETIRED.

Wetherill, Henry E., first lieutenant, assistant
surgeon.

RESIGNED.

Abbott, John W. C, second lieutenant, Artillery
Corps.

Admire, Eli Lewis, first lieutenant, Twenty-
second Infantry.

Baines, Thomas M., jr., second lieutenant, Ninth
Infantry.

Batchelder, Nathan P.. captain, quartermaster ...

Bradford, William S., first lieutenant, Seventeenth
Infantry.

Calvert, William J., first lieutenant, assistant sur-
geon.

Detchemendy, George A., captain, Twenty-second
Infantry.

Gaines, Noel, first lieutenant. Artillery Corps

Longley, Francis F., second lieutenant, Corps of
Engineers.

Lyon,Dupont B., first lieutenant, Sixteenth In-
fantry.

Millhon, Clarence B., first lieutenant, assistant
surgeon.

Mitchell, John B., first lieutenant, Twelfth In-
fantry.

McGill, William R., second lieutenant, Artillery
Corps.

McNulta, Donald, first lieutenant, Twenty-third
Infantry.

Nichols, Rowland S., chaplain, Fifth Cavalry

Patterson^C. Stuart, jr., first lieutenant, Artillery
Corps.

Pink ham, Edward W., first lieutenant, assistant
surgeon.

Shuman, John B., second lieutenant, Twenty-
Eighth Infantry.

Smith, Harry E., captain, Artillery Corps

Spiller, Robert K., second lieutenant, Twenty-
Sixth Infantry.

Stout, Harry H., first lieutenant, Ordnance Depart-
ment.

Trent, Grant T., first lieutenant, Eighth Infantry . .

Watterson, Henry, jr., first lieutenant, Twenty-
ninth Infantry.

DEATHS — OFFICERS ON THE ACTIVE LIST.

Allen, Ernest E., first lieutenant, Artillery Corps. .

Anderson, Robert H.. captain, Ninth Infantry

Arnold, Isaac, jr., lieutenant-colonel, Ordnance
Department,

Ashbridge, William, second lieutenant, Four-
teenth Infantry.

Avery, Howard 8., first lieutenant, Fourteenth In-
fantry.

Barnett, Charles R., lieutenant-colonel, Quarter-
master's Department.

Belknap, Hugh R. , major, paymaster

Be van, James M., second lieutenant, Artillery Corps

Bonesteel, Charles H., major, Twenty-third Infan-
try.

Brower. Ralph P.. first lieutenant, Artillery Corps

Carpenter, Charles E., second lieutenant, Eighth
Infantry.

July 15, 1902
Dec. 6, 1901 .
June 9, 1902 ,
Mar. 12, 1902

Nov. 4, 1901..
June 30, 1902

Aug. 12, 1902.
Oct. 24, 1901 .

Oct. 16, 1901 .

May 31, 1902 .

Sept. 18, 1902

Apr. 30, 1902 .

Jan. 31, 1902 .
Dec. 4, 1901..

Aug. 9, 1902..

Mar, 10, 1902.

Sept. 10, 1902
Sept. 2, 1902 .

Jan. 22, 1902 .

Nov. 5, 1901..

Nov. 29, 1901.

May 22, 1902 .

Dec. 17, 1901 .

Mar, 31, 1902.
Sept. 17> 1902.

June 10, 1902.

Dec. 18, 1901 .

June 3, 1902.
Oct. 29, 1901.

Dec. 27, 1901.

Length of
service.

Yrn. m. d.

40 9 9

40 0 8

43 6 29

36 11 7

34 4 6

39 8 26

32 5 17

34 10 14

Sept. 6, 1902 .*

Sept. 2, 1902

Mar. 4, 1902, Vancouver Barracks,
Wash.

Nov. 7, 1901, Manila, P. I

Oct. 15,1901, Pittsburg, Pa ,

Apr. 3, 1902, Fort Wayne, Mich.
do

July 5, 1902, Battlecreek, Mich .

Nov. 12, 1901, Calamba, P. I ...
Jan. 1, 1902, Fort Canby, Wash
Sept. 24, 1902, at sea

Aug. 7, 1902, Fallac, Cal

Feb. 9, 1902, Bay Laguna, P. I

BEFOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENEBAL.

Chase, Constantino, lieutenant-colonel. Artillery

Clegett, J. Roller, major, Second Infantry

Crawford, Bobert T., first lieutenant. First Infantry

r. Thirteenth Cavaliy ..

Eltla, Eugene «., Mmj"i. j uuu-l _ ....,

Flacns, William W„ jr . first lieu truant, Nineteenth

Infantry.
French, John W., colonel Twenty-second Infantry
Furay, Clarence M., second lieutenant, Second

Guroviis. Moo, captain. Eleventh Infantry

Hartshorn e, Benjamin M., jr., captain, Seventh

l, Albert L., r

seventh Infantry.
Merchant, Bert H., captain. Fifteenth Infantry . . .

Meyler, James J., captain. Corps nl Engineers

McDowell, Ralph E., second lieutenant, Twelfth

McKlnnon, William D., chaplain

Pope. Benjamin F.,

RalTerty, William A., colonel Fifth Cavalry

Richards, William V., lieutenant-colonel Sevent

■toawll, Charles E., captain, Eighth Infantry. ...
Shollenberser.John H. .captain, Tenth Infantry.
Vicars, Thomas A., first lieutenant, Twenty-sc;

enth Infantry.
Williams, James C, second lieutenant, Twelft

rt Trumbull, Co
w Orleans La . .

kl>:. •■
id] m

Han FTaoclsco.

i 1902, kille.1
ing.Banmr,-

,X 190-.:. Mi

Aug. 16, 1902, rtrt)

Fort Clark, Tex.
Sept. 25. 1902, Manila.)'
Nov.8,1901.Philad.'-"

nlla. 1'. I.
,r. a.-j:.n

k.N. J . . .

Cavalry.

Wiggins, R

i, Bradley J. ,s

and lieutenant, Seventh I Dec.l6,W01,C

ir Tartar. 1. 1

umbiaBarraeks.Cuba. .

cond lieutenant, Fourth Cav

Apr. 4. 1902, dropped as missing

Sept. 8, 1902, dropped for desertion . .

Hrooke, Jcilm, nmji.r, 11n. I.\ isirj Kadnm l'n .

Brown, Hugh G , nuol Boi ML IMt BjBOMUMoa, tow

Catlin, Lymle. ■nptaln . t>cl. s. iwi. Soranar Luke. N. '

Cole, George V. .captain KVpt. X. vm. Tucsnn.

Cole, George W. captain

Cuahing, Ham C . nuka

IiinwiiMii', Wi ■ ■ \ -i .:-<i:.„nM .

Dunton, Warren k Ant tleiik-uanl

Flovd-Joniw, I

Forsyth, Lewis C.. lieutenant-colonel . . . .

Getty, George W colonel

Glbsim, Kilwm ■ -, :*ln

Greene, Chark- II -,| ini:

Jackson. Jnlin W .In, ..sin

Kimball, Jamen I', niluiwl

Kramer, Adam, major

I«W. \*w Rwhrfle. N. Y

N..v 1 l-joi. iv.lmvra. w»

\|.r i- r«rj. Hminvllhf.Mn

-».; |'j i*-.-.s,-w Y.r..N V

srl'i -"■. IJ"-' S»«tt ihnubcate .

'. I, IWI. Forest Glen. Md

.. -\\*r.;\ .rwl.-h IH-pn'..N Y
. - l»': In. I im i. M-: . . .

i - •<■ i\..<liii .:■■:. |i '

366

REPOBT OF THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

F. — Retirements, resignations, deaths, etc., among officers between October 1, 1901, and

October 1, 1902— Continued.

Name and rank.

Date.

DEATHS— OFFICEB8 ON THE RETIRED LI8T— COnt* d.

Length of
service.

Kuhn, Henry H., first lieutenant

Leonard, John, first lieutenant

Litchfield, Henry G., major

Lloyd, Thomas J., major

Munn, Curtis E., major

McArthur, Joseph H., major

McGil vray, John, captain

McKeever, Samuel, captain

Piper, Alexander, colonel

Potter, Carroll H., lieutenant-colonel

Powell, William H., colonel

Robinson, Thomas B., captain

Sharp, Alexander, major

Smith, Charles H., colonel

Stafford, Stephen R., major

Stanley, David S., brigacfier-general . .

Townsend, Thomas, G., captain

Vance, Richard, captain

Vinal, William H., captain

Vollum, Edward, P., colonel

Warren Charles H., captain

Webber, Edwin H., first lieutenant ..

Wedemeyer. William G. , maior

Whipple, William D., colonel

White, David, chaplain

Wilson, James L., major

Nov. 1, 1901, Johnstown, Pa

Feb. 26, 1902, Newark, N. J

Jan. 26, 1902 New York, N. Y

Dec.l7,1901,Suffern,N.Y :

June 7, 1902, Topeka, Kans ;

Jan. 23, 1902, Chicago, 111

Jan. 23, 1902, Denver, Colo I

May 15, 1902, Somerville, Mass '

Feb. 22, 1902, New York, N. Y I

Dec. 9, 1901, Philadelphia, Pa

Nov. 16, 1901, Sacketts, Harbor, N. Y.

Dec. 6, 1901, Fort Morgan, Col !

Nov. 2, 1901, San Francisco, Cal '

Jul v 17, 1902, Washington, D. C

May 31, 1902, Broekport, N. Y !

Mar. 13, 1902, Washington, D. O

May 13, 1902, Washington, D. C

Feb. 17, 1902, New Orleans, La

Oct. 16, 1901, Culpepei, Va

May 31, 1902, Munich, Germany

Jan. 28, 1902, Berkeley, Cal

Jan. 30, 1902, Philadelphia, Pa

Feb. 1, 1902, Los Angeles, Cal

Apr. 1, 1902, New York, N. Y

Oct. 26, 1901, Lawrence, Kans

Apr. 13, 1902, Aiken, S. C

Adjutant-General's Office,

Washington, D. G, October 17, 190t.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

367

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS AND COMMENDATIONS IN

THIS REPORT.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

Page 385. To fill a dozen vacancies in the Army each year by com-

Setitive examinations of graduates of colleges having army officers
etailed as military professors.

Page 386. To authorize by law 100 officers for service as military
professors in colleges, additional to the officers now authorized for
regimental service, and thus relieve the evil of absenteeism.

Page 386. To establish for military colleges the same methods of
property accountability as are adopted at West Point and in the Army.

Page 387. To establish some intercollegiate military contest, to be
held annually at some convenient time and place during the college
year — preferably target shooting, or the assembling of a representa-
tive organization from some of the colleges for competitive drill or
maneuvers — in order to stimulate the interest of the students of the
military colleges.

Page 392. Authorize a more nearly adequate number of officers in
order to avoid the injuries of absenteeism.

Pages 393-394. Increase the pay of noncommissioned officers of the
line, and allow travel pay to soldiers discharged in the Philippines who
reenlist.

Page 398. Where proper facilities for target practice can not be had
at the post, troops should be moved, during the season, to posts hav-
ing good ranges, or be sent to some place to camp where a range can
be constructed.

Page 398. The problem of finding suitable ranges for light artillery
practice should be solved.

Page 399. A properly equipped gymnasium should be supplied at
every permanent military post.

Page 399. N. C. O. schools should be raised to a higher plane by
progressive courses, to be prescribed by the War Department and
conducted by battalion or post methods and supervision.

Page 400. General mess to be limited to recruit rendezvous for
recruits only.

Page 400. Suitable company kitchens should be provided where
needed, and general mess halls converted into well-equipped gymna-
siums, or used for other necessary purposes.

Page 401. That the post bakery be utilized as a school of instruction
for bakers by the detail of one man from each organization for a four
months' tour of duty in the bake shop for purposes of instruction —
this to be additional to the regular force of bakers,

war 1902 — vol 1 24 369

370 BEPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

Page 402. To establish reading rooms at every permanent station in
the Philippines, the need of post libraries being very greatly felt there.

Page 408. The erection of good wharves and landing places at the
Philippine ports.

Page 408. The shipment of stores on commercial boats might, in
some instances, prove advantageous to the Government.

Page 409. Suggests the establishment of a system that will insure
the prompt payment of indebtedness to all civilians, especially for
services in the Philippines.

Page 414. Suggests the immediate construction of permanent and
creditable posts in the Philippines at such points as may be chosen as
the most permanent strategical centers, etc. (See p. 479.)

Page 415. Suggests the use of strong, commodious public buildings
on the water front in Manila, say at both sides of the mouth of the
Pasig River, and tunnel the river.

Page 416. Recommends a lighter blanket for troops serving in the
Philippines than the one now in use.

Page 417. Recommends use of shirt and better ventilated hat for
soldiers roughing it in the Philippines.

Page 417. To induce line officers to report on the Munson tent.

Page 417. To adopt certain cooking utensils (like boilers, etc.) of
slightly conical shape, which will more readily nest for convenience
in transportation and storage.

Page 419. To suitably mark the spot where General Lawton fell.

Page 419. To establish a national cemetery in the Philippines should
the removal of the dead to America be discontinued even partially;
also the establishment of a national cemetery in every department.

Page 422. To have officers and soldiers on farthest duty live at least
without additional expense over those in Washington, etc.

Page 423. Suggests the practicability of discontinuing transport
quartermasters and commissaries and substituting pursers or quarter-
master's agents; also the proper amount to be charged for subsistence
to saloon passengers; also, the better status and discipline of transport
crews and stewards, etc.

Page 424. The introduction of "general service" men into the
transport service, as at West Point.

Page 424. As to transports — more attention to assured seaworthi-
ness of the largest possible equipment of life-saving appliances and
exercises of the crew at emergency stations at irregular periods.

Page 424. Canvas swimming tanks (like those on English lines) for
use on transports on long voyages.

Page 429. To have all flour and bacon for use in the Philippines put
up in tin cans. If well tinned and boxed, the loss on flour and bacon
would be largely reduced.

Page 430. The purchase of • no other chewing tobacco than the sol-
diers favorite, as the use of other tobaccos seems not desired by the
men and causes discomfort and annoyance to them and waste to the
Government, both in transportation and condemnation.

Page 432. The construction of tunnels under the Pasig River at
Manila (like in Chicago) to improve rapid transit.

Page 433. All officers and men ordered to the Philippines to have
their teeth examined before leaving the States, as decay of teeth is
said to be greatly accelerated in the islands.

Page 435. The necessity of sterilizing water before drinking it.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 371

Page 439. That the present general hospital in Washington, D. C,
be turned over exclusively for the use of tne command at Washington
Barracks, and that a site be secured elsewhere for the erection of
a general hospital, hospital corps barracks, and other necessary
buildings.

Page 441. To secure a permanent location for a military hospital at
Honolulu, H. I.

Page 444. Recommends legislation enabling active officers to deposit
their savings with a paymaster in sums not less than $25, or in any
one year not exceeding their pay for that year.

Page 449. To double the present electrical plant and cable lines in
the Philippines in every interest, even that of military success and
the saving of soldiers' lives.

Page 449. Suggests that something should be promptly done to pre-
serve in the Philippines the most effectual organization of the Signal
Corps, under the great difficulty there in procuring telegraph opera-
tors for that service, and the special importance of the service.

Page 450. Wireless telegrapny should receive due consideration. Is
it not time that a system whose wires can not be cut should be intro-
duced and familiarized in such war and transportation as the Philip-
pines introduce to us?

Page 451. To introduce a limited electrical course at the Western as
well as the Eastern schools.

Page 474. To dispense with books and so much long handwriting
in army records and use modern methods of manifolding would save
time and monev.

Page 474. The book-record system might well receive the attention
of the board on diminishing paper work.

Page 474. Suggests that a form of cashbook be adopted by the
Ordnance Department, as in the Quartermaster and Pay Departments,
and its disbursing officers suppliea with them.

Page 474. To nave all other property papers like ordnance returns
of officers on duty in the Philippines undergo a preliminary examina-
tion before being forwarded to Washington, so any irregularities or
informalities may be corrected at once. It has proved a great con-
venience.

Page 475. More attention should be given by invoicing officers to
completing the description of public animals. No irregularities should
be possible.

Page 476. Suggests that a small, silent war dog, such as the English
lurcher, or the wnite Spanish terrier, might be particularly useful in
jungle warfare, both to reveal the concealed enemy and to increase
security.

Page 477. Recommends more clerks, and better pay for clerks, in
the Inspector-General's Department.

Page 477. Recommends retirement of clerks with retired pay.

Page 478. Recommends a Congressional appropriation for the cler-
ical assistance now so urgently needed by outside inspectors-general,
the clerks to be provided along the same lines by which the Pay
Department at large is supplied with clerks.

Page 480. Urges the prompt construction in the Philippines of com-
modious quarters and barracks for our troops. If at any time in the
future they should not be needed for troops they could easily be
converted into public civil buildings. (See page 414.)

372 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

Page 481. Recommends the devising of some system that will
equalize tropical service.

Page 485 et seq. Necessity of inspection and of an inspection corps.

COMMENDATIONS.

Page 401. The ovens won universal praise.

Page 401. That generally every effort was enthusiastically made by
the subsistence department to have the troops well provided every-
where during the year is heartily recognized by all.

Page 404. The Engineers as the corps de elite also commended on
transport.

Page 407. As to the supply departments: The purchases have been, if
anything, overabundant, and generally the troops have been well sup-
plied, and the exceptional good health of the men, especially those
engaged in the most arduous duties in the Philippines, seems in a great
measure due to this, as well as to the careful attention that has been
given to sanitation.

Page 408. Every bureau is doing its best to promote economy and
efficiency, and every locality seems working fairly in the same spirit, etc.

Page 409. It is clearly evident that the heft of the hardest work of
the year has fallen on the Quartermaster's Department, and it is equally
evident how excellently it has done its work and how generous and
painstaking and successful in all its supplies, especially under the novel
circumstances attending foreign service, etc.

Page 424. Owned transports commended as more efficient and amen-
able to military contingencies and having a finer esprit du corps than
can be expected of any heterogeneous or hired vessels. Their work
proves the officers in charge of this transport duty are able and earnest
and successful.

Page 426. Subsistence stores. The extremely limited and few com-
plaints in a business so widespread and so sensitive is practically a vote
of confidence in our admirable Subsistence Department by an over-
whelming majority.

Page 431. The revolution in the management of the subsistence depot
at Manila, and the remarkable improvement effected in the spirit and
methods of its business under Maj. B. K. West, necessarily attracted
attention, but not more than it deserved.

Page 433. Dental surgeons have rendered valuable service in the
Philippines, and the establishment of this branch of the Medical
Department has proven a great boon to the army there.

Page 438. The medical supply depots were in excellent condition.

Page 439. The general hospitals were generally in excellent con-
dition.

Pages 442-443. The surgeons, nurses, and employees justly share in
due gradation the commendation the work of the general hospitals
have won.

Page 443. In skill, devotion, and acumen the Medical Corps never
stooa higher, and its excellence is a credit to the military service.

Page 443. For the prompt payment of the troops in the Philippines,
the energy and determination of the officers of the Pay Department
to overcome all obstacles in the performance of duty assigned them
must be acknowledged, etc.

BEPOBT OF THE INSPECTOB-GENERAL. 373

Page 444. The arms and equipments issued by the Ordnance Depart-
ment are generally very commendable and were probably never better
suited for their purpose.

Page 446. The reports indicate excellent military and business admin-
istration and methods at the arsenals, ordnance depots, and powder
depots, etc.

rage 447. Rock Island Arsenal — commendation is due throughout.

Page 450. Conduct of affairs on cable ship Bwrnside especially worthy
of commendation, owing specially to the efforts of the master, Captain
Laffin, and Capt. G. O. Squier, Signal Corps.

Page 451. Tne reports from all quarters show the operation^of the
Signal Corps to be very satisfactory. In the Philippines grave obsta-
cles and difficulties have been faithfully met and overcome.

Page 454. Nothing in the army system deserves greater commenda-
tion during the past four years of active service in the field than the
faithful, admirable, intelligent, and honest handling of its public funds.

Page 466. The Soldiers' Home, District of Columbia, was in a most
creditable condition throughout. The care of the old soldiers and the
comforts afforded them speak well for the efficiency of the officers in
charge.

Page 467. The various Branches of the National Home for Disabled
Volunteer Soldiers were in excellent condition generally, and the offi-
cers efficient and painstaking, with the welfare of the nation's wards
ever in view. The Board of Managers showed marked zeal in their
successful efforts to properly perform the trust imposed upon them.

Page 480. That the Army performed its duties well ana bore its
hardships uncomplainingly is well known by all who have kept in touch
with it since the opening of the Philippine insurrection. In fact, it
has only done those things which we expect of it and which we will
continue to expect of American soldiers.

Page 481. Tne companies of native scouts (Philippines) have so far
proven satisfactory, with one or two exceptions.

Page 484. In the conduct of the American Army toward the Fili-
pinos the exercise of unexampled patience is claimed, and the humanity
of the troops engaged has no parallel in the history of dealing with
Asiatics.

REPORT

OP THE

INSPECTOR-GENERAL

War Department,
Inspector-General's Office,
Washington^ D. C. , September £9, 1902.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the opera-
tions of the Inspector-General's Department for the fiscal year 1902,
embracing some items having direct and immediate touch with the
life and comfort of the troops. These are generally matters of detail,
of which some notice is essential from year to year to secure the
desired excellence in the current important matters concerning the
military establishment which receive the attention of higher authority.

It is essential to the maintenance of an army in anything like a satis-
factory state of efficiency that not only shoula the entire machinery of
the service, but also its inspection, from minutiae at initial point to
final action and file of report in the central office, be kept in the best
possible working order, so that the irregularities, deficiencies, and
judicious criticisms shall receive prompt and effective remedial action,
and wherever excellence prevails ana the matters and persons are
specially deserving commendation they shall be clearly and promptly
presented. The present system secures prompt action ana the best
results in connection both with the condition of posts and commands,
and also of property and disbursements. The test of war has doubly
proved this; for the excellence of the Army is universally admitted;
and no charge of malfeasance or corruption has held against any Keg-
ular officer. If superior worth and the highest honesty and efficiency
is attained under our present military system, what more is desired?
Our experience since 1898 demonstrated that our methods attained
the very best. It may not be difficult to find something worse. This
has the approval of our worthiest soldiers and statesmen throughout
our history.

Under your instructions of August 10, 1901, 1 was absent on an
inspection tour at Honolulu, H. L, Pekin, China, and the Philippines
from August 10, 1901, to March 6, 1902, and some of the results per-
taining thereto are included under the various subjects in this report.

There have been no changes in the permanent personnel or this
department during the year; but three officers detailed in it under the
provisions of the act of February 2, 1901, were relieved and three
others were detailed in their stead. As the law of February 2, 1901,
hardly gave enough inspectors for the essential inspections, local

375

376 BEPOBt 0# THE INSPECTOB-GENEBAL.

authorities have felt compelled to assign more to the duty; as seems to
be the case in other staff duties also, as necessity knows no law, and the
necessity for ubiquitous and organized inspection presses upon every
officer responsible for success in face of the_enemy only less than to pro-
vide for such absolutely necessary duties as quartermasters to unload
and care for and forward stores, for instance. It is a historical and
recognized feature of our military practice that much of the most
trying work in several departments was done at the farthest front by
temporary officers. It is only fair that their names shall be known
and their merits recognized, and also this ambidextrous adaptability
of the American Army which proves that its methods have habitually
prepared it to meet every emergency successfully. The promotions
by selection in times of peace have, perhaps, been the weakest point
in our system practically.
Since the close of the fiscal year, Colonel J. P. Sanger, inspector-

?eneral, has been promoted to brigadier-general of the line, dating
rom July 23, 1902. Lieutenant-Colonel Charles H. Heyl was, in
consequence, promoted to colonel. This naturally causes some trans-
fer of duties; and Colonel Vroom and Lieutenant-Colonel Chamberlain
have been ordered to the Philippines to take over the duties there
recently vacated, and other officers have been recommended in their
proper turn.

Coming down to service in the Philippines, where
ia^fie&mentinour the prompt forwarding of reports has been greatly

hampered by lack of rapid transit and modern mail
facilities, we find a letter dated April 26, 1901, was addressed to the
inspector-general. Division of the Philippines, on the subject. Pos-
sibly it had already attracted attention independently. But however
originated, with the hearty cooperation of commanders and inspectors
upon lines indicated therein, united effort has been apparently pro-
ductive of excellent results, and now the inspector there not only
furnishes the post commander with a written statement of irregulari-
ties and deficiencies upon completion of his inspection, but, oefore
leaving the post or station, receives the commanders report of remedial
action taken thereon and forwards it as an inclosure to the inspection
report. So expedition and efficiency are secured amidst unusually
adverse surroundings.

As indicative of tne prompt and beneficial results achieved, Colonel
Sanger, inspector-general Division of the Philippines, in his annual
report, dated June 30, 1902, says:

As far as practicable the necessary remedial action by company, post, brigade, and
department commanders and their dependent staff officers appears to have been
taken oti all inspection reports now passing through these headquarters.

What could be more prompt and effective^ as the chief of staff is an
officer of the Inspection Corps, and the division commander (General
Chaffee) was formerly on duty in it as inspector- general of the Depart-
ments of Arizona and Colorado, and nothing can daunt the workers
nor delay this work, which lies so near the morale and center of every
military organization ? Can not this condition be faithfully maintained
universally, and the inspector continue always to recognize the results
of his work ?

The operations of the present system may be more readily under-
stood from a glance at the following table, compiled from the records
of this office for 100 of the posts inspected during the year:

BEPO&t Otf THE IKSPEOTOB-GE^EBAL.

377

Number of irregularities and deficiencies.

Number of
subjects ex-
tracted in
this office to
Secretary of
War, Lieu-
tenant-Gen-
eral, chiefs
of bureaus,
etc.

Number
of inspec-
tion re-
ports con-
sidered.

Furnished
by in-
spectors
to post
com-
manders.

Addi-
tional
noted or
furnished
by higher
authority.

Addi-
tional
noted in
this
office.

Total.

Remedied
or ex-
plained.

Awaiting
result

of action
taken.

No action
taken up
to receipt
of report
at this
office.

100

1,184

102

1,382

932

207

193

539

This is more than 1,000 items which accomplished officers con-
sidered, when in immediate contact with the troops, would benefit the
sendee if given prompt consideration; and about naif of these reached
the highest authority having ultimate control of these matters, and
final and complete action was taken already on five-sixths of them.
About a dozen items concerning each command, or over a hundred
annually for each inspector (or several thousand in all) are thought
worthy of such notation that about half reach the several authorities
in the War Department, in order that affairs affecting the soldiers shall
be kept as perfect as practicable. In mere labor this inspection of
troops may be but a moiety of the work performed: the other branches,
such as money, property, investigations, etc., may be given a moment's
consideration later on. Xs a supplement to the powers given com-
manders, no better system has ever been applied in a free country.
Through this the honorable Secretary of War, the bureaus of the War
Department, and the commanding generals gain an independent view
of the condition of the Army in all its ramifications; and this has
proven its utility in innumerable ways as a potent agency toward the
promotion of economy and efficiency and the contentment of the
soldier — as the orders issued, the instructions given, the boards
appointed, and other action taken, or the consensus of opinion of
experienced officers which is collected and presented will attest, from
the Sunday rest order in 1889, to the abolition of the blanket bag in
1902.

As there were some 582 posts inspected, the indication is easily
deduced for the whole Army, but anything more explicit may not now
be needed.

The experience of mankind in commercial, professional, and scientific
communities has for years been tending directly to the organization
of all forms of business into specialties, until we have reached that
stage where only through such agencies can successful general results
be looked for. The business of this department, in its several branches,
is conducted as a specialty, and every defective link is discovered
before the chain is put to the final test; no irregularity can go very
long undetected, and all the interests of the service are safeguarded,
and all public plunder restrained or kept at bay, and every excellence
is clearly announced and the merit of each and all recorded and
reported faithfully.

During the year the inspection service has been well and efficiently
conducted, and the inspectors have discharged their duties with great
fidelity and often in the face of many difficulties. In this connection
Colonel Sanger remarks:

The inspection of interior posts has involved long journeys, many discomforts,
and considerable personal risk. The trails are so difficult and the streams such

378 BEPORT OF THE INSPECTOB-GENEBAL.

serious obstacles that the execution of Division General Orders, No. 58, of 1900
(requiring quarterly inspections) has not been possible in all cases. Nevertheless,
by frequent journeys, at odd times, and by taking advantage of all opportunities, the
duty of inspection has been well performed.

In the Journal of the Continental Congress of December 11, 1777,
will be found a resolution expressing the opinion of Congress that it
is essential to the promotion of discipline in the American Army, and
to the reformation of the various abuses which prevail in the different
departments, that an appointment be made of inspectors-general, to " be
conf erred on experienced andvigilant general officers, who are acquainted
with whatever relates to the general economy, maneuvers, and discipline
of a well-regulated army." Under this resolution an inspector-general,
with the rank of major-general, was appointed, and a corps of sub-in-
spectors and brigade inspectors, having regimental rank, was announced
in orders. The inspection branch was thus inaugurated and became
an important factor of the Army; and so essential to its welfare
was it considered by George Washington when general commanding
that it received, after more than live years of experience, his entire
approbation and the expression of his sense of public obligation for
the meritorious services rendered during the crucial test of war. The
expressed intention of the resolution lias, it is believed, been fully met
in appointments to, and details in the corps; and experienced officers
who were known to be able, zealous, conscientious, discreet, and pos-
sessing high professional attainments, have habitually been selected.
Fully equipped for the exercise of subordinate command upon joining
the corps, the experience gained in it by the observation of persons in
command or official responsibility and the different methods adopted
to enforce law, regulations, and orders, the administration of various
posts and the best way to effect uniformity, economical administration,
better discipline, and a higher state of efficiency — all of which is
included in the inspector's sphere of duty — adds to his efficiency and
enables him, upon Deing assigned to higher inspection duty, to readily

Serceive what is lacking ancl where attention is necessary, so that the
esired standard may be attained and the public interests properly saf e-
tarded. The recent application of the general commanding the
department of the Missouri, illustrates that an experienced inspector
should be thoroughly well fitted for the exercise of the most exacting
duties. And it is a great source of pleasure to have so manv of those
who have served in the Inspector-General's Department during my
administration and before, both as captains and field officers, receiving
appointments as general officers — and eminently filling them — a slight
recognition of their past most valuable and meritorious services in
both the line and staff. Such names as Lawton, Hughes, and Sanger
have gone from the roll of the regular establishment, and Otis, Chaffee,
Hall, Kent, the Sumners, Baldwin, and Jesse M. Lee, the detailed
inspectors-general. What has been accomplished by them, as well
as oy those who have remained in the Department, during the past
years of most creditable duty, zealously, loyally, and effectively per-
formed, is highly appreciated and gladly acknowledged. The system
which produces such merit is worthy, when found, of making a note of.
During the active service of the last few years the loss of General
Lawton upon a Filipino battlefield made a gap in our own ranks that
all the Army and the nation felt. His services leave an example well
to follow in all that is most soldierly. The corps has assiduously
attempted to perform its full duty to the finish, but still some worthy

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 379

people criticise such men as remiss, though it serves to mark the critics
at least as much as it can annoy or injure such soldiers.

The benefits from fearless, frequent, and faithful inspections work-
ing together for a common purpose and well directed, like a foot-ball
team, have been illustrated in every branch of military duties, whether
affecting the training and instruction of the officer, or the comfort of
the soldier at the farthest front and amid all the discomforts of travel,
when it too often seems as if every man's hand was against him: or the
military outfit and qualities essential to the best success; or the han-
dling of money and property and the care of stations and stores, upon
which so much more than economy— even honesty — depends. The
system established by Washington, Steuben, and Hamilton still serves
its purposes well, aiding to its utmost to encourage excellence and to
minimize ail that is not good.

The following table snows in detail the amount of all the various
classes of inspection duty performed by this Department, or under its
auspices, since July 1, 1889, from which a very good idea may be
obtained of the volume of the work performed and its growth. It
indicates during that time the inspection of about half a million of
men; and the simultaneous examination of property for condemnation
amounting to over one hundred million of articles, of which about five
million dollars' worth was saved to the Government; and the disburse-
ments inspected amounted to nearly two billion of dollars; and it is
believed that all those who founded or have encouraged the system,
both since and prior to the adoption of our national Constitution,
could hardly have expected more, and, with at least some of the
results, our superiors have been satisfied. Though as quiet as dew,
and falling upon all alike, it has not been ineffective, and has had the
constant supervision and watchful and organized care tliat such suc-
cessful team work always requires. But those who have felt the hal-
ter draw may speak evil of the work occasionally: though the most
worthy have habitually sustained it and never found it too drastic, but
have always been consistently appreciative.

Statement of work jierformed In/ ojfiwT* of the Itwpector- Genera? t Department g

; Mly

Money.

Properly.

bvroi

inns ..

IW year.

volvud.

In ten-

t - . 1 : 1 1 1

luTi.f JlMi-

J-i,'r, ■'[''■,„■

T.itiilciisl.rt'
Lusiu'l-ti-il,

fo-tnlnrll-
fll'S eon-

'<"ti>riirti-
eW* re-

; ■■! in

POTW.

1889-1890

1.088

*&7,6W.G30.2S

1,934

1 893-1894

1,468

«,ii«7,71S.7-l

S.39S

'■<■{■".■ ,.'■'. ' v;--! ,'•

Lr.!.»lt..«i

1301-1602

!,..!.[

2lS,fl.'*i,3M.7M

Ll.Ml.Mf) M'Th.uTiMM

I.:-j33,W4.!M

644,874.94

Tomls....

";™

l,S(il,3-il,5B6,lK

:I7, 1. '.i

1 ].'.,. sT-I.Wi oi. ]'.)■_>, r.v,UH

•-..-mi, nf,.iai

1,930, 913. sta

id the supply departments have t

■lion reports
t turalflted i

380

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

Statement of work performed by officers of the Inspector- General1 8 Department since July 1,

1889— Continued.

Fiscal year.

1889-1890 . . .
1890-1891...
1891-1892 . . .
1892-1893 . . .
1893-1894...
1894-1895 . . .
1896-18% . . .
1896-1897 . . .
1897-1898 . . .
1898-1899 . . .
1899-1900 . . .
1900-1901 . . .
1901-1902 . . .

Totals

Posts
and
com-
mands.

117

199

864

557

2,473

Ungar-
risoned
posts,
depots,
hospit-
als, ar-
senals,
sol-
diers'
homes,
etc.

109

148

229

101

1,088

Nation-
al cem-
eteries.

61
79
43
51
12
11
52
8
34
33
47
33

464

Col-
leges.

48
53
79
78
82
38
104
82

114

853

Re-
cruit-
ing ren-
dez-
vous
and
sta-
tions.

36
42
23
27
17
3

29
11
21
55
68
81

413

Special
investi-
gations
and re-
ports.

21
44
26
28
25
7
13

31
575
194
136

Trans-
ports.

1,100

73
248
128

449

Total
inspec-
tions.

3,208

o, «J44
3,147
4,185
4,188
3,549
2,779
2,999
2,426
4,698
6,023
10,333
10,192

Nam-
tor* £««.

dents.

61,071

13,011
12,645

7,311

7,448

10,109

50,524

31,693
35,271
40,161
42,748

135,955
78,987
54,497

414,262

It will thus be seen that more than 61,000 inspections were made in
the thirteen years considered — an average of about 4,695 per year,
including nine years of peace and a small military establishment.

To say that these duties were arduous and exacting, would only be
to repeat what is already well known throughout the Army; and that
they nave been performed with the greatest zeal and fidelity by the
officers upon whom they have devolved is believed also to be sufficiently
in evidence. It need not be pointed out which part of this work has
been more effective or attracted most attention: out it will be easy for
any to believe that throughout the length and breadth of the military
service it has borne good fruit.

The following table shows how this work was distributed among the
inspecting officers much as the disbursements among paymasters are
annually indicated in the reports of the Pa}rmaster-General.

It may be noted how few men in such a group saw service in our
civil war, and how the relative rank of these excels that of many who
are now pressing to the front. This is equally noticeable throughout
the Army, and while leadership in battle is intrusted confidently to
the old veterans, whose scars prove their trustworthiness and whose
experience amid every exigency of war is valuable, still the places
which knew them will know them no more forever, and their services
become as a tale that is told: those who replace them doubtless have
equal merit.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 383

During the year there were 10,192 inspections of various kinds made
by officers of this Department — permanent, detailed, and acting — or
about 28 per day, including Sundays. But there are hardly 28 officers
designated by law to do this duty; so the cooperation of all to attain
the best results for the public service is demonstrated. And what the
Army has accomplished proves that the best military results were
fairly attained and much that is outside the strict tenets of their pro-
fession was often successfully required of these well-trained and disci-
plined men, with benefit to all concerned.

To be fully effective before ultimate filing, some of these reports call
for the action of several bureaus and submission to higher authority, as
for instance the hundred items submitted in relation to the fortifica-
tions prior to the recent maneuvers around New London, Conn. But
no stone is left unturned that can help insure that every one of the
thousands of items reported will receive due consideration and com-
plete remedial action, and also that the condition and comfort of the
troops wherever located are as perfect as the means at hand will
permit.

Following his previous custom, the Paymaster-General of the Army,
in his annual report for the fiscal year 1902, states that the mileage paid
for the inspection of the Army was $52,749.71, and that of this amount
only $8,446.39 was paid to officers of the Inspector-General's Depart-
ment, which is less than one-sixth of the whole amount. This is but
one indication how much more economical is the general inspection of
the Army, so widely scattered, than any other specific system. The
economy as well as the efficiency of the general inspection should be
duly and fully considered.

ARMY TRAINING AND INSTRUCTION.

As to the Army economy, efficiency, instruction, or discipline,
recent orders from the Honorable Secretary of War (General Orders,
No. 85, 1902, Headquarters of the Army) indicate that a serious and
persistent effort by all hands to elevate it to a higher condition
than ever before attained is more than contemplated — it has begun.
Some special reasons and need for this effort are there given.

General Orders, No. 155, Headquarters of the Army, November 27,
1901, referred to in the order above cited, establishes a comprehen-
sive system of training and general instruction for officers of the
Army; and it seems a very progressive step and one fraught with the
largest promise of beneficent results. Beginning with the War Col-
lege, at Washington Barracks, D. C, for tne most advanced instruc-
tion, the system embraces also a General Service and Staff College, at
Fort Leavenworth, Kans. ; and such special service schools as the Artil-
lery School, at Fort Monroe, Va. ; the Engineer School of Application,
at Washington Barracks, D. C. ; the School of Submarine Defense, at
Fort Totten, N. Y. ; the School of Application for Cavalry and Field
Artillery, at Fort Riley, Kans.; the Army Medical School, at Wash-
ington, D. C. ; and at each military post an officers' school for elemen-
tary instruction in theory and practice as well as the company or other
noncommissioned schools, ana even the children have opportunities
given them. All these (taken in connection with the Military Academy
and actual service), embracing, as they do, almost or quite every phase of
military life, theoretical and practical, even to minute details, when once

384 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

fully organized and in active operation, would hardly seem to leave any-
thing to be desired in the way of instructing and training the young
officers of our Army and every individual in touch with it — the more
especially so since these institutions have received the approval of
Congress, which has made liberal appropriations for their maintenance
and support; even the officers detailed at colleges are to actually have
another national duty to perform.

Those who remember how meager instruction once was at our mili-
tary posts, and that such great names are associated with the establish-
ment of these special military schools as General Grant with reviving
the Artillery School at Fort Monroe when he was General Command-
ing the Army, and General Sherman establishing the Infantry and
Cavalry School at Fort Leavenworth, and General Sheridan establish-
ing the Cavalry School of Practice at Fort Riley, may well be thankful
that they have seen this day, and that the reign of the sutler has been
wholly abolished at last. The spirit of the new system seems to be
that the brightest minds will always have an opportunity to apply
themselves and be recognized; and even the dullest will acquire and
perform all it can. Can the future fulfill such promises?

The excellence of our Army in 1897 as a fighting force may possibly
never be excelled, at least for some years to come ; as it had all the benefits
of the best instruction and discipline that civilization can give, and all
that experience on our illimitable mountains, deserts, and plains against
the aborigine could give — one of the most redoubtable, ruthless, and
indomitable foes any soldiers ever faced. That period has gone for-
ever; and is almost as difficult to appreciate by the coming generation,
who miss the experience, as are the Crusades. The total per capita
expense in 1897 was estimated as about $934.71, and last year it was
announced as $1,014.66. Similarly the property submitted on inven-
tory and inspection reports for condemnation amounted to $99.09
and $103.54. Say this is an increase of about 5 per cent, how many
millions are indicated in the aggregate by such difference per capita
are easily calculated, and doubtless as easily explained it thought
worth wnile. The expense of such warfare in remote, difficult, and
uninhabited regions can probably only be rivaled now in Alaska,
where the price of an egg sometimes seems phenomenal, and the pro-
riety of having desiccated eggs for sale is questioned by those who
o not have to try to exist there.

Under paragraph 969, Army Regulations, the Military Academy and
the service schools (in so far as the latter are distinct from the posts)
are to be inspected under specific instructions given in each case by
the Secretary of War or the Commanding General of the Army. The
benefit of regularly recurring inspections by officers of this Depart-
ment is generally recognized, as the communication of the general
commanding the Department of the Missouri of September 22, 1902,
evidently beareth witness, and the regular inspection of all these col-
leges and schools by officers of the Inspector-General's Department
when on their annual tours is entirely feasible, and also specially
whenever the Honorable Secretary of War may desire.

MILITARY COLLEGES.

The conditions of foreign war and of insurrections in distant island
possessions, which have confronted the Army during the past four years,

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 385

very naturally interfered to a considerable extent with the detailing
of officers in active service as professors of military science and tactics
in civil institutions of learning. The officers were needed at the front,
and so the colleges, to a great extent, had to be temporarily neglected
for weightier matters that were pressing. With the advent of a more
settled state of affairs, the important duty of imparting military
instruction at these institutions is again claiming and receiving its due
share of attention, and the number of officers detailed at them has
been gradually increasing. For the past year there were 74 of them
as against 54 for the preceding year. None were inspected in 1898.

The question as to what is the best method to derive full benefit for
national, patriotic, and military purposes in these colleges is an absorb-
ing one, and may deserve the most careful consideration and every
effort toward still further improvement; though the suggestion that all
but purely military schools be abandoned is not concurred in and could
hardly be seriously considered. Nothing affords a better basis for
superior military training and the constant excellence of officers than
broad and catholic culture, as t&e Germans have clearly demonstrated.
And if the utmost possible can be grafted and accomplished at our
leading institutions of learning, ana creditable results obtained, the
whole country should feel the nenefits in proper military knowledge.

Something more and better may be accomplished now under Gen-
eral Orders, No. 94, Adjutant-General's Office, current series, than the
utmost that seemed possible for these institutions in 1890, when Gen-
eral Orders, No. 15, Adjutant-General's Office, for that year, were
promulgated. So General Orders, No. 94, are timely so soon after a
successful foreign war, and in view of the demand for more officers
vhanour Military Academy habitually turns out. To confine commis-
sions wholly to its graduates, even at the possible risk of narrowing
the selection or alienating the Army from the warmer sympathies of
our people, has some advocate3; but it seems that a broader and more
liberal system should prevail. If a dozen vacancies were filled every
year by competitive examinations of these college graduates, it is
oelievea encouragement would be given them and a fine class of
officers be obtained for our military service. Is not the time ripe
for this? Certain colleges need some such practical result.

Since General Orders, No. 15, Adjutant-General's Office, 1890, were
issued, great improvements have been effected in various directions.
The gross growth is sufficiently evident; and an equal or greater
improvement in quality seems now provided for. What, if any,
deterioration is evident within recent years — say five — is perhaps less
important and may not need to be set forth in current reports, since
steps for improvement have already been taken.

There are 119 colleges that are furnished with Gov-
Mmtary professors. ernmen^ arras an(j equipments, and for the last fiscal

year 74 of these had officers of the Army detailed as professors of
military science and tactics, and all but two of these were retired offi-
cers. From inspection reports received there seems to be a demand
among these institutions preferably for young graduates of the Mili-
tary Academy as instructors instead of retired officers, a want which
may now be readily supplied under General Orders, No. 94, Adjutant-
General's Office, current series. But it should be borne in mind that

war 1902— vol 1 25

386 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

officers of mature age and ripe experience, if of equal natural ability,
are apt to carry more weight and receive more considerate attention
than mere callow youths, fresh from the schools, from such learned men
as habitually compose our college faculties.

Among the military professors at these institutions of learning last
year, five grades of rank were represented — there being 2 colonels, 3
lieutenant-colonels, 12 majors, and 31 captains; the remainder being
first lieutenants.

As a rule, these officers were satisfactory in nearly every way and
in harmony with both students and the faculty and well sustained by
the faculty; but in some instances exceptions were noted by the inspect-
ors. It was stated of one officer that during the year he "has rarely
been present at the school, and has not even resided near it. During
the year he had personally superintended no drills or recitations.
Fortunately, such cases as this are extremely rare and are easily
remedied when called to attention. To ameliorate the injuries to the
regiments from absenteeism, can not the law authorize these one hun-
dred officers additionally to the regimental force and so protect the
colleges from such interruptions as they have recently experienced for
successive years in their military curriculum — and also establish for them
the same methods of property accountability as are adopted at West
Point and in the Army, and allowances for these professors equal assist-
ant professors there? These institutions are established by law and
naturally become an essential part of the national military system, and
seem fairly entitled to equal consideration and constant provision.

Sixty -five colleges report an aggregate capacity of

students. 40,290 students so far as specifically reported; for some

of them reported their capacity as " unlimited." At these institutions
there were 33,283 male students actually enrolled, of whom more than
31,000 were over 14 years of age.

In the military departments of these colleges there were 14,625
young men enrolled so far as reported, maintaining an average strength
of 12,336; and they ranged in age from about 14 to 24 years.

What is the military spirit of these institutions or the military infor-
mation or discipline tney can or care to impart does not depend wholly
or principally on the detailed professor of military science and tactics,
but largely upon the interest of the governing power of the institu-
tion, its faculty, or board of trustees. But the army officer must do
his part tactfully and creditably.

These military students were organized, at the dif-

organization. f erent institutions, into 4 regiments, 53 battalions, and

206 companies, with 214 field and staff officers, 877 line officers, and
9,649 noncommissioned officers and privates.

During the year these various organizations had

DrUls the following number of drills, viz: 7,274 infantry,

1,407 artillery, 536 cavalry, 128 competitive, 833 signal, and 131 exhi-
bition drills; showing that attention to the infantry exercises far
exceeded that given all the others.

They had also during the same time 1,029 dress

ParadeH. parades and 127 street parades.

Several problems in minor tactics were also worked

Field work. Q^ at some Qf tno institutions, and there were 53

practice marches, and 55 encampments were held.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 387

It was reported that guard was mounted and main-
Guard mounting. ^jne(j <jaiiy at nearly allthese institutions. At one or

two of them guard mount was had during only a month or so of the
school year.

So far as reported, target practice was had ±17 times
Target practice. at twenty-two of the institutions — none being had at
the others. The "shoots" were said to be well attended when held.
There were also numerous gallery practices.

Such items may indicate the dry bones of a graded system. But to
breathe into it the breath of life and let the nation find in this body of
instructed youth a recourse against the day of public war, with all the
devotion and sacrifices it calls for, and some 01 that guidance in mili-
tary matters which every neighborhood then needs, presents a problem
which deserves earnest, patriotic effort to fully solve against tnat day.

In this connection it may be suggested that any intercollegiate mil-
itary contest that might be established, and held annually at some con-
venient time and place during the college year, would most certainly
prove a very effective stimulus to the interest of the military students
in their military duties. Target practice, or firing, seems the most
practicable feature to employ in developing a friendly intercollegiate
rivalry; and, with a suitable prize offered to the winning college target
team, could hardly fail to arouse similar and pehaps even as much interest
as the intercollegiate boat races, football, fencing, and baseball matches,
over which students become so enthused. This would add a quick-
ening impulse to their interest in and zeal for their military duties gen-
erally; and, it is believed, would prove in every way beneficial to them
and through them to the country at large. Or if representative squads
or organizations from some of these institutions could assemble for com-
petitive drill and maneuvers, something more might be learned or
greater interest be aroused. But some professors might feel that the
interest was too great if not in their particular courses.

At some of the institutions it was reported that no
^Theoretical instmc- theoretical instruction in military science was given;

but as a rule it was. At 14 colleges there were 195
recitations during the year in The Art of War; at 53 colleges there
were, so far as specifically reported, 1,266 recitations in Drill Regu-
lations; and at 17 colleges there were 95 recitations on the Organiza-
tion and Administration of the Army. At nearly all of the colleges
the professors of military science and tactics delivered lectures to the
cadets on military subjects, and it was reported that 616 such lectures
were delivered during the year. The recitations and lectures were
stated to be generally well attended by the military students. Per-
haps it would be of more consequence if it could be announced that
any dozen of these thirty -odd thousand had fairly mastered the pre-
liminaries of the profession of arms and were ready to enter its ranks
with every confidence in a creditable career. If an opening is given,
there is just confidence that this can be attained.

From the 65 colleges reporting it is learned that
uctiveness. they furnished officers, noncommissioned officers, and
privates as follows to the Regular and Volunteer armies, from their
former students, in recent wars:

General officers, 29; colonels, 32; lieutenant-colonels, 45; majors,
66] captains, 283; lieutenants, 489; noncommissioned officers and pri-

388 REPOBT OF THE IN8PECTOK-GENEBAL.

vates, 1,191; total 2,135. In addition to this, they furnished to the
Navy and Marine Corps 62 officers and 178 warrant officers and enlisted
men (total, 240) — a grand total furnished to Army and Navy combined
of 2,375. Can not a larger record be confidently relied upon in the
future ? But this demonstrates patriotism in the past.

If any argument is still needed to show the vast importance of
military training and instruction in civil institutions of learning, these
figures may help to supply it. The possible and actual beneficial
results of such instruction and training, properly given, at such insti-
tutions, are not to be depised to-day, and contain the promise of
greater things. It is undoubtedly one of the best of the means, in a
country like ours, which will always have a small standing army, of
promoting preparation against future wars: and lack of due prepara-
tion is possibly our greatest military weakness. The thousands of young
men going forth annually from these institutions pervade every nook
and corner of the land throughout all its length and breadth. With
such a reserve, trained and instructed, and fitted to at once assume the
duties of company officers and noncommissioned officers, much of the
work of preparation will always be already performed before the wars
come, or at least there will always be a little leaven ever present.

The military departments of some of the colleges

General conditions. were yery highjy commended by the inspectors; and

perhaps an equal or greater number were as severely criticised, or the
withdrawal of the military detail recommended. At most of the
institutions the conditions were satisfactory and discipline good.
Several of the inspectors recommended, as an incentive to tne students,
the appointment each year of at least one second lieutenant in the
Regular Army from one of the colleges in each State; and it was also
suggested that it would have an admirable effect if the military course
should be made necessary to graduation in each of the schools receiv-
ing Government aid.
The military professor at St. John's College, Annapolis, Md., says:

Military education at schools and colleges should be encouraged and assisted bv
the United States Government by all means possible. As a rule, the martial spirit
will be found to be the best and most encouraging at colleges that are poor in funds,
as well as the students. Congress might be prevailed upon to appropriate a sum
every year that allowed the expenditure of $25 for each cadet in the military depart-
ment of all schools and colleges that have a Regular Army officer as instructor. This
amount would furnish every cadet with a uniform complete. It would be money
well invested. The next most important matter in connection with college military
education is for the War Department, under the present regulations and laws, to
supply these colleges with the rifle and equipment as now used by the U. S. Army.
The four years of instruction in handling this rifle will enable our college graduates
to teach and instruct others how to use this rifle effectively, and care for it. An
army composed of well-schooled riflemen is the army that will be successful. These
colleges can supply many efficient and valuable volunteer officers, as well as for the
regular service, in time of need, and it can be easily realized how important it is to
have them well instructed in the use of the arms they will be supplied with. It is a
pure waste of time, labor, and money to use obsolete arms and equipments.

Maj. Alfred Reynolds, U. S. Infantry, inspector-general, says:

The military schools throughout the country have all the students they can accom-
modate. It would increase the importance of State military schools if graduation
from them was made the first qualification for admittance to the Army from civil
life; and, better still, if one or more students making a distinguished record might, at

EEPOBT OF THE IN8PECTOB-GENEBAL. 389

their option, take the course at the service schools, with the reward of commissions
in the Army on successful graduation. The military department in the State schools
in this case should comprise a course which would qualify for promotion to first
lieutenant

Maj. H. E. Tutherly, Eleventh Cavalry, acting inspector-general,
says:

When a land-grant college really takes hold of military instruction, I believe
there is no better service that a young graduate of West Point can be put to than
that of modeling a battalion in each State after the corps of cadets at West Point.
We have one of these land-grant colleges now, I think, in each State, and at them all
there are from 10,000 to 20,000 students taking mathematical and scientific courses
very similar to that of West Point, and if 45 officers can work in West Point methods
to these 45 battalions, it is obvious that this scheme contemplated in the Morrill act of
1862 can become an adjunct scheme to West Point, reaching yearly from 10,000 to
20,000 students in the States, in addition to those sent to the Military Academy at
West Point by Senators and Members of Congress. Thereby the War Department
will be able to work back the instruction at our new War College, army schools at
Leavenworth, Fortress Monroe, and West Point, until we may have a uniform system
of military education through the country, so that the so-called "citizen soldiers' '
will readily assimilate with the Regular Army when suddenly mobilizing for war.

Lieut. Col. J. L. Chamberlain, inspector-general, says:

This is an important question, and one which should receive consideration by the
War College, or the General Service and Staff College, with a view to regulating
instruction to be given.

As matters now stand, each institution follows its individual ideas as to military
instruction, which ideas are in some instances not wise, and the great advantages to
the country which might be secured by such instruction is, in a measure, defeated.

INVESTIGATIONS.

The essential flexibility of staff work in our service, far exceeding
any other in the world and well suited to the remarkable adaptability
of Americans, is worthy of note.

In addition to the actual work of inspection, various other duties
usuallv fall to the lot of the inspector — as, for example, Major Rey-
nolds (Dakota), has had charge at different times during the year of tne
offices of the Adjutant-General, Judge- Advocate, Ordnance, Engineer,
Signal, and Inspector of Small Arms Practice at his headquarters.
Investigations pertain particularly to the regular duties of this corps,
and are perhaps the most important of these special duties: and a single
paragraph may give some impression of the amount, varied character,
and location of tne work performed by the corps under this head.

Of the 133 special investigations made by officers of this department,
as shown by their personal reports to this office, 46 were in the Divi-
sion of the Philippines, 26 in the Department of Cuba, and 61 in the
United States, Alaska, and Porto Rico: or more than half were at the
farthest front of military activity. Of these, 31 related to conduct of
officers, 16 to insular and municipal government affairs, 10 to the
transport service, and 5 each to conduct of enlisted men, accommo-
dations for troops and garrisons, sanitary conditions, and financial
claims. Sites for target ranges, camps, ana permanent garrisons, dis-

B)sition of subsistence stores, affairs pertaining to Quartermaster's
epartment, the conduct of department offices, military and civil con-

390

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

ditions, public animals, prisoners, and numerous confidential and mis-
cellaneous matters were also subjects of special investigation, which
could be more fully detailed if desired.

UNGARRISONED POSTS.

During the year 17 of our old ungarrisoned posts were inspected
under A. R. 967. At a few of them matters were found in a satisfac-
tory condition; but as a general thing these semi-abandoned posts were
reported as more or less dilapidated and going to decay. Forts Knox,
Me., and Montgomery, N. x., were reported as leaking throughout,
and in uninhabitable condition; and of Fort Popham,Me.,the inspector
said: uThe whole appearance of the fort and reservation is, with the
exception of the ordnance sergeant's quarters, not a credit to the
service. " It was stated that at Fort Clinch, Fla. , the sea is encroach-
ing and undermining the protecting walls. The location and general
surroundings of Fort Pulaski, Ga., were stated to be unhealthy, and the
entire abandonment of the post was considered. At five of the ungarri-
soned posts inspected all ordnance stores were reported as obsolete.

INSPECTIONS OF POSTS, COMMANDS, ETC.

The following table shows the number of inspections made, together
with the number of officers and men inspected and absent, the amount
of money involved, and the number of articles inspected, by geograph-
ical departments, and the Division of the Philippines and from this
office, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902:

Departments.

California

Colorado

Columbia

Dakota

East

Lakes

Missouri

Texas

Cuba

Division of the Philip-
pines

War Department

spec- Other; loIJal
tions in- |

of , spec- ^f0cns
put* tions. £™

Inspected in
ranks.

Offi-
cers.

Absent.

Men.

Offi-
cers.

Men.

Dollars.

10
12
16

8
58

7 !
12

390
53

327
154
175
139
856
254
186
145
505

337
166
191
147
914
261
195
152
517

2,410 2,800
186 I 239

100

2, 633

1,599

111

2,433

1,066

1,809

6-11

1,502

509

393

9,899

118

3,309

2,130

769

2,556

1,178

1,658

484

2,109

1,171

t\Tl

If, (VW

F>'»>

11 t&K

44,353,
3,380,

10,083,
3,722,

46,041,

15,988,
5,082,
2,688,
6,504,

Articles.

456.28
665.87
173.66
111.37
961.04
973.64
426.27
227.97
207.05

333,481

42,029

182,351

24,516

406,706

571,481

67.089

4,723

1,447,823

673 16,003 ' 522 ' 13,586 42,419,098.48 14,701,743
1 «22,349 | 69 I 63,801,088.59 38,914

Total 582 | 5,337 5,919 . 1,763 . 65,081 987 I 24,381 244,066,390.12 .7,819,866

"Includes 11,955 officers and men inspected at the various branches of the National Home for
Disabled Volunteer Soldiers.

The foregoing embraces my Asiatic tour of inspection, made last
fall and winter, including the commands at Honolulu, H. I., Pekin,
China, and 53 posts and stations in the Philippine Islands, at which
10,003 officers and men were present when I visited them; and also
the inspection of the Soldiers' Home, District of Columbia, 342 men.
Though the Philippines had more numerous inspections and a greater

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 391

number of articles condemned than all other geographical sections com-
bined, in disbursements it was less than those inspected by this or
several other offices.

The Department of Alaska was discontinued Sep-
ch^8artmental tember 15, 1901, and the Department of Cuba on May

20, 1902, the troops in the former constituting part of
the command of the Department of the Columbia and those remaining
in the latter a part of the command of the Department of the East,
after the respective dates. In the Division of the Philippines 4 geo-
graphical departments and 15 military districts gave place, in the fall
of 1901, to 2 departments and 7 (subsequently 6) separate brigades,
and now have been further modified into 3 departments.

All garrisoned posts in the United States, Cuba,

****' Porto Kico, and Alaska (except Fort St. Michael, which

was inspected in June, 1901), and Camp McKinley, Honolulu, H. I.,
were inspected during the fiscal year.

At the beginning of the fiscal year there were in the Division of the
Philippines 554 stations and substations, with an aggregate of 48,474
officers and men and approximately 5,000 native scouts. Active opera-
tions were carried on at intervals during the year in Batangas, Laguna,
and Tavabas, Luzon; in Samar; in western Misamis, Mindanao; and
in Minaoro; while in Cebu, Bohol, Negros, and Leyte, there was more
or less agitation on the part of the natives and activity on the part of
the troops during the first six months of the year. On June 30, 1902,
there were 195 stations, with an aggregate of 34,174 officers, enlisted
men, and scouts. With a very few exceptions a thorough inspection
of all organizations, stations, depots, hospitals, military prisons, and
accounts of disbursing officers in the division has been made at least
once and wherever practicable two or three times during the year.
The inspectors report a marked improvement in all organizations,
and this favorable change, which is largely attributable to their care-
ful and painstaking work and the renewed interest taken by com-
manders and company officers, was verified by my own observations.
The disintegration at the moment of conquest, by establishing more
posts than there were companies, is partially amended; and there is not
only room for, but a proper spirit of, improvement, which will soon
become dominant. The perfection which was demonstrated in 1898 is
not beyond approximate attainment again, and emulation even to sur-
pass that is evident on all hands.

The withdrawal of troops from Cuba and the Philip-
command of posts. pjnes an(j ^ consequent increase of garrisons in the

United States, and the abandonment of a large number of stations and
substations in the Philippines and the concentration of commands
effected there during the year, have materially improved the conditions
affecting the efficient exercise of command and will no doubt lead to
increased efficiency, better discipline, and more economical adminis-
tration. The following figures may indicate the concentration effected:
On March 1, 1901, the average number of companies per post and
station was, for the United States, 1.51; Philippines, 0.93; average
garrison, 1.09. On June 30, 1902, for the United States, 2.86; Philip-
pines, 1.30; average garrison, 1.96; showing that on an average tne
garrisons have been almost doubled in size between the dates men-
tioned and diminished in quantity. This military illustration of when
to scatter and when to concentrate mav have a certain interest.

392 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

The system adopted in Luzon of having sub-posts so a colonel could
command his scattered regiment and the section of country in which it
served had merit to commend it, and brought military efficiency, and
diminished our overburdened paper work founded on an administration
by post instead of under the graded powers of legally established
rank. This may be worth consiaering in connection with our artillery
districts also, that their commanders may be given sufficient authority
to insure an efficient personnel and defense.

The reports show that the posts have been satisfactorily commanded —
a high order of zeal and ability having been displayed Dy several com-
manders, for which they were duly credited by proper extracts from
inspection reports to the Secretary of War, under A. R. 903. The
law, regulations, and orders were generally reported to be properly
complied with; justice is legally and properly administered; the troops
are regularly mustered and fairly paid; public property is as well
cared for as the circumstances permit; and practical and theoretical
instruction, although not generally as complete as desirable, has been
carried on, as a rule, wherever practicable. The irregularities and
deficiencies in these regards noted by inspectors have been called to the
attention of the proper authorities for remedial action. The excessive
labor imposed upon the troops and those at the front who supplied them
with tireless energy throws all other in the shade, but talk about staff
work at the rear may help show what this has required: and the diffi-
culties in handling property and making payments, if well depicted,
mightgive a fairer impression also of the work of the troops and of their
inspection, which was attempted quarterly in the Philippines, however
inaccessible.

The reports indicate the prevalence of harmony

0 cerh among the commissioned officers, and they are gen-

erally, especially in the upper ranks, reported to be well instructed
and efficient. The newly appointed officers need systematic instruction
and discipline to develop their character and aptitude. Many of them
serving in the Philippines are in command oi companies and troops
stationed in towns, mixed up with natives — conditions which do not
tend to increase zeal, technical knowledge, and devotion to the faithful

>rformance of the duties of the profession among the inexperienced.

!aptains are needed with their companies and should not now be
detached if it can possibly be avoided. And it is needful to conserve
our field officers' powers.

4 w 4 . There appears to be an inadequate number of officers

Absenteeism. . . .,^* . . « ^ .

to meet the exigencies or war under our armv organ-
ization, even since the system of detail has been authorized, if one
may judge either by the number of absentees in every organization
and branch which can be found in service at the front, or in the num-
ber of officers who are bearing one kind of commission and doing a
different duty. Can we not have a more nearly adequate number
authorized ? The return of troops for the Division of the Philippines
for the month of November, 1901, shows 1,802 officers present and
absent; 298, or 16.53 per cent, being absent. These figures do not
show the worst evils of the present custom, which fall heaviest upon
the organizations of the line farthest to the front, as evidenced by the
large number of companies without their captains at a period when
the number of inexperienced lieutenants and the exigencies of the
service particularly required their presence— such, for instance, as

BEPOBT OF THE IN8PECTOR-GENERAL. 393

one regiment in the Fifth Separate Brigade having only 1 captain
present commanding a company; 17 organizations in the Fourth
Separate Brigade having only i captains present, and the company
of the Fifth Infantry at ban Fernando de Union, of over 140 men, hav-
ing no officers of its own with it, commanded by a battalion staff
officer, etc. Even if the local authorities fancy they can detail officers
who will perform quartermaster, commissary, ordnance, or other
duties more energetically and satisfactorily than those detailed from
Washington, the vacancies so created might well be duly tilled, even
if for the time it imposed a few extra officers on the Army in places
where extra services were most needed fcr success against the enemy.
This number could subsequently be absorbed by ceasing to make
vacancies when the strain of trying and dangerous service is passed.

Attention is invited to the following recommendation
jiedai for foreign ^ Ma]- F A smit^ inspector-general, Department of

South Philippines:

I strongly urge that an inexpensive medal, preferably of bronze, be issued to both
officers and soldiers for all foreign service, and provisions be made to add pendant
bars for each additional tour of service in our foreign possessions. Such a badge
would be appreciated by its owner and be worn with pride, as well as indicating a
distinction of having undergone the hardships and deprivations of a distinctive serv-
ice attended with many risks not shared by those who serve in the more desirable
garrisons of the United States. In this connection I desire to call to mind with what
pride the corps badges were worn during the Spanish- American war, and also, in
former years more than now, the distinguishing badges for good marksmanship.

The character of the men enlisted during the year
Enlisted men. might generally be considered good. Desertions are
necessarily rare in the midst of an armed semi-civilized enemy, though
reported in large numbers at some of the posts and camps in the United
States; and an increased number of complaints have been made to
inspectors as to the character and fitness for the service of recruits
received. A few of these complaints may be briefly summarized as
follows:

One post commander: Recruits too light and immature for light-battery service.

One troop: Not more than 25 per cent of recruits received will make good soldiers.

Another troop: Recruits physically and mentally very poor.

Two other troops: Character and fitness for service of recruits received since last
annual inspection very poor.

One company coast artillery: Recruits below the standard — some were not fitted
for the service.

Two other companies: Recruits received prior to January 1, 1902, are much below
the standard in intelligence.

These citations are the exceptions; and, while some of the difficulties
encountered by commanders in the training of the soldier may be
inferred from them, they do not indicate the character of the enlisted
men of to-day when fully trained — the men who are proud of their call-
ing as the soldiers of a free republic and faithful to their obligations,
and who, man for man, are unsurpassed in intelligence, valor, and
soldierly devotion — such men as in 1898 won the admiration of all
military critics.

Lieutenant-Colonel Chamberlain (California) recommends that the
pay of all noncommissioned officers of the line be increased. He sug-
gests that $50 per month would not be excessive for a first sergeant,

394 REPOBT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

upon whom depends so much of the contentment, discipline, and
efficiency of the company.

Major Smith (South Philippines) suggests that the Government would
gain many old soldiers by reenlistment by allowing travel pay on the
Pacific Ocean to soldiers discharged in the Philippines; and adds that
the recruit costs the Government as much or more than the travel pay
of the experienced and acclimated soldier would have amounted to.
It is thought that a discharged soldier, who is entitled to transporta-
tion and subsistence in kind across the Pacific and who reenlists and
remains in the islands, should, at least, receive an equivalent in com-
mutation for the subsistence and transportation which he does not take
advantage of by reason of such reenlistment and remaining in the
islands. Should a premium be placed upon trained soldiers leaving
the archipelago %

Prompt obedience and fidelity to duty are the essen-
DteeipHne. W^ ^Q ^ attainment of a proper standard of dis-

cipline. To develop these are very high functions of officers and
noncommissioned officers, whose obligations in these respects increase
with their rank. It is a cardinal point that an order which can not be
enforced should never be issued, but an order once issued must be
carried out.

The discipline and field instruction of the Regular Army, in which
lie its real strength and superiority over the auxiliary forces of the
nation, have been unquestioned; yet, if we accept the opinions of some
company commanders and statistics as to arrests and confinements as
conclusive evidence, it does not seem to be unanimously accepted now
as at all superior, if as good as formerly, in minor matters. For
instance, of 56 commanders interrogated on the subject, 38 considered
the discipline worse and 8 better than in 1897, while 10 considered it
as good. The percentage of men never in confinement might illustrate
the original quality and treatability of the men.

Colonel Garlington (Lakes) says:

The troops are now passing through the period following war, always a severe test
to discipline, and at this particular time the difficulty is accentuated by the presence
with troops of so many young officers of some active service, with rank superior to
that now held, but untrained in many of the fundamental principles pertaining to the
profession of arms. As a rule they appear to be imbued with the soldierly spirit and
a desire to perfect themselves in the details of their chosen profession. Post com-
manders have the grave responsibility of organizing and conducting schools, based
upon schemes of instruction that will afford the proper incentive and opportunity to
this class of officers.

It is gratifying to note the following from Major Bolton (Second
Separate Brigade, Philippine Islands):

The discipline of the men has been marvelously excellent, considering the very
great scarcity of officers and the circumstances surrounding their quarters, where they
necessarily have the run of the town.

Major Adams (Texas) remarks:

Instances have occurred in this department where enlisted men at recruiting sta-
tions have given considerable trouble, due to the fact that there were no means
available for punishing them or restraining them for military offenses, and that
there was no legal place of confinement or detentign for fractious and insubordinate
soldiers. It would seem that a United States marshal, if he is not now authorized,
should receive instructions to hold in custody, with other Federal prisoners, soldiers

REPOBT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 395

turned over to him by a commissioned officer of the Army for military offenses and
violations of the Articles of War, until such time as they can be sent under proper
guard to a military post.

Desertions. ^e average strength of enlisted men in the Depart-

ment of the Columbia was reported as 2,148, with 193
desertions, for the twelve months preceding the various inspections;
an average of 8.98 per cent of desertions.

The report of inspection of the Presidio of San Francisco, Cal.,
made during November, 1901, shows an average strength of garrison
of 2,212, with 391 desertions during the preceding twelve months; an
average of 17.6 per cent. This, however, includes 204 desertions from
the casual and recruit camps located at the post, in which it is reported
there were 8,961 different men during the year 1901, although the
average strength of the detachments in these camps is included in the
above average strength of garrison at 500. Subsequent investigations
of the cause of desertions at this post show that fully two-thirds of
the deserters were recruits.

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1898, the general average of
desertion in the Pacific District was 3.04 per cent, the number being
91 out of an average strength of 2,990.

The applicant for enlistment passes a satisfactory physical examina-
tion. The great difficulty in properly gauging the irental and moral
qualities of an applicant for enlistment is fully appreciated, but would
perhaps be known if men served in the same regiment who lived in
the same region, as is the case generally in Germany. Promptly
joining their permanent company when not in campaign, and more
formality in publicly administering the military oatn, called by the
Romans the sacr amentum, might have perceptible results in dimin-
ishing desertions.

A considerable number of the deserters in the Pacific States are sup-

Eosed to have enlisted in the East with the intent of deserting after
eing taken to the coast by Government transportation. But slight
effort to apprehend and punish a deserter or a careless disregard of
the oath of enlistment — which, indeed, might be more impressively
administered in presence of the whole command when recruits first
march upon dress parade — may affect the percentage, for the least
whim or inattention seems to affect it; and it might be well to give full

Eay only after that formality, for the Government loses heavily now
y the clothing allowance.

In this connection the following extracts from reports mentioning
the subject of desertions are worthy of consideration:

Maj. H. E. Tutherly, Eleventh Cavalry, acting inspector-general,
Department of the Columbia, says:

There have been a large number of desertions for the number of troops in the
Department. * * * The percentages are larger in the States than in Alaska. I
am unable to attribute the large number of desertions to any particular cause — it is
certainly not mistreatment of men — and the largest number is from posts whose loca-
tions would lead to contentment. I am, however, of the opinion that the class of
men enlisted does not compare favorably with those just before the Spanish war,
when we had so few desertions. I would suggest as a remedy increased care in
enlisting, more diligence in the pursuit of deserters, and severer punishments. I
would also make garrisons more homelike for men by increasing and improving the
facilities for amusement. Good post-exchange buildings, amusement halls, gymna-
siums, and libraries should be provided by the Government, and these places should
be fitted up as such places are in civil life

396 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR- GENERAL.

Maj. William E. Birkhinier, Artillery Corps, Presidio of San Fran-
cisco, CaL, in a report of an investigation of the causes of excessive
desertions at that post, presents the following views:

It is believed, and this belief is in conformity with the ideas of all officers and
level-headed enlisted men examined during the investigation, that one word covers
the matter of desertions here inquired into, and that is "recruit."

It is true that some old soldiers desert, but they are so few that the integrity and
entire justness of this conclusion is not affected.

Many recruits are held to their obligations while in casual camp by the fact that
several months' pay is due, * * * and many of them desert immediately after
the first pay day subsequent to joining a regular company or battery. They have
their pockets full of money; their clothing is all drawn for some time; if they stay in,
a settlement of clothing must l)e made, and they see that this is their flush time. If
they desert now, it will be to get more out of the Government than if they stay for
some future pay day. The temptation is too strong, and they yield and desert

The Government is responsible for the light manner in which these men view the
obligations of their oath — first, by the statute of limitations for punishing desertions;
second , cutting down the time of service from five to three years. As a result * * *
they do not fear punishment for desertion. The sympatny of the community is with
them, and they regard apprehension as so remote and uncertain that they are not
deterred through fear of it.

Col. George H. Burton, inspector-general Department of Cuba, says
in regard to desertions:

The average strength of the command was 3,184; number of desertions, 68. The
most desertions from any one organization numbered 14, from Troop E, Eighth Cav-
alry, stationed at Santiago, while there were 10 organizations which had no deser-
tions. The percentage of desertions from the entire command was 2.1 per cent.

Col. J. P. Sanger, inspector-general Division of the Philippines,
mentions the subject of desertions as follows:

Two hundred and ninety-two desertions have been reported, which is a small frac-
tion over 1 per cent of the number of troops inspected. This is much less than one
per company. Were the number of desertions much larger and serious breaches of
discipline frequent, it should occasion no surprise, as many of the companies have
been without a captain and a very large number have been commanded by inexpe-
rienced lieutenants. It may be confidently expected, however, that, with the return
of the captains to their companies, the orders of the division commander recently
issued will result in a marked improvement in discipline and all branches of
instruction.

At a large number of posts in the United States the
an(dUprii8SneUI5^dhoU8e8, countersign did not appear to be used by sentinels.

Guard duty did not seem to be excessive — both non-
commissioned officers and privates marching on guard on an average
of about once every eight days — although the soldier at Fort Logan H.
Roots, Ark. . with the minimum of three davs between tours, was per-
forming eignt times as much guard duty as his comrade at Fort Terry,
N. Y., where the maximum of twenty -five days between tours was
reached. How different this is from the customary practice a dozen
years ago affords a striking contrast, and may again impress the older
officers with what changes have taken place.

The guardhouses were reported inadequate at 31 of the home posts,
and this fact adds weight to the following suggestions:

Colonel Garlington (Lakes) says:

The presence of a large number of military prisoners, partly or wholly in uniform,
about a garrison, always in evidence, and more or less in contact with young soldiers,
is demoralizing upon them, and an unpleasing picture to residents at the posts and
to visiting civilians.

It entails large guards, interferes with instruction without any material compensa-
tion. The system affords little or no opportunity to reform or reclaim the offender;
reduces the punitive feature to a minimum, and reacts deleteriously as exemplary
punishment. It is practically impossible under the system to enforce a sentence of

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 397

hard labor, and the labor performed is unsatisfactory and out of all proportion to
the number employed. * * *

The separation of young soldiers from men who have demonstrated their contempt
for the obligation imposed upon them by their oaths of enlistment should be as com-
plete as possible. * * *

The beet solution would seem to be the establishment of a military prison at some
central location.

Major Irons (Colorado) nays:

The present system of confining military convicts in post guardhouses is very
demoralizing in many ways. * * * In my opinion, the present system has never
been satisfactory, and a return to the military prison at Fort Leavenworth, or else-
where, should be given thorough consideration by higher authorities.

To those who grieve to believe that there might be
Hon. °* ruc" some decadence in the service during the past lustrum

there should be some encouragement in the evidence
of rebound and improvement toward regaining the soldierly excel-
lence established under General Grant and his successors.

The reports indicate improvement in the amount and character of
the practical instruction had during the year as compared with the
preceding one. The regulations and orders prescribing practical
instruction have been more generally complied with, and minor tactics,

I)ractice marches, and military problems have not been so much neg-
ected. Every attention should be given to these exercises and also
to target practice, signaling, castrametation, fieldwork, scouting, and
physical training. With the concentration of commands and the fuller
garrisons, the time is opportune for a reawakening that will bring the
Army up to that excellent state of efficiency attained before the Spanish
war. That any man untrained in the use of arms and therefore hardly
able to injure any enemy could be sent against a seasoned soldier might
seem like killing the innocents. What percentage of our recruits are
effective shots before entering a campaign or meeting the enemy in
battle may have been reported at times in some commands, and, so far
as thej deserve, have received attention.
Major Reynolds (Dakota) says:

I believe more attention should be given to signaling and scouting. I would
recommend that in each company and troop a certain squad be particularly instructed
in these inatters, especially scouting. Then, when a regiment takes the field, the
combined squads make at once an efficient scouting force.

In the making of a soldier there are certain gymnastic exercises and their practical
application which he should be required to learn as thoroughly as other drills. He
should also be taught ail that pertains to his part in making camp with the different
kinds of tents. All this is contained in the little pamphlet called Military Athletics
and Calisthenics, printed in 1897 at the Infantry and Cavalry School. We already
have books on gymnastics and calisthenics, but they, it seems to me, are too elabo-
rate and are only useful when time and inclination would suggest further schooling.
We have no authorized system for making camp with the different tents in use. I
recommend all this be incorporated in the drill regulations.

The reports show that the coast artillery had settled down to busi-
ness during the year and instruction in this arm was very generally
vigorously pursued; and seldom has it been more needed than during
the recent sudden increase.

In the Philippines practical instruction has been limited to drills
and target practice, although the latter has not been possible at all
stations.

Instruction must necessarily be limited where coast artillery has no
fortification nor guns: and other troops have often no suitable drill
ground, nor target range, nor sufficiently numerous and experienced
officers present to properly instruct them. The troops inspected by

398

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

me at Honolulu, Pekin, and in the Philippines were probably as well
instructed as could be expected with the facilities available and under
the then existing conditions.

This most important feature of a soldier's education
prlSice.arm8 target has been more or less neglected, but the increase in the

size of garrisons has so stimulated interest in the matter
that where practice had not been had at the time of inspection arrange-
ments were being made to have it before the expiration of the target
year.

At several posts there is no suitable range nor place on the reserva-
tion for one; and the country around others has become so settled up
as to make a safe range out of the question. Where proper facilities
for practice can not be had at the post, troops should be moved during
the season to posts having good ranges, or sent to some place to camp
where a range can be constructed. The inspection reports received
from the Philippines show that target practice has been more gen-
erally held there during the year than heretofore. The need of target
ranges, or better ones than those used there, is frequently mentioned.

The following little tabulation showing the results of the " shoots"
in the Middle District in 1897 and in the Department of the Missouri
in 1902, may be worthy of consideration, as showing how the Army has
retrograded in this important matter:

1 Total
men.

Sharp-
shooters.

Marks-
men.

First
class.

Second
class.

Third
class.

Total
classified.

Middle District, 1897 ! 3,036

Department of Missouri, 1902. . | 3, 464

60
43

125

471
182

673
377

1,204
1,259

2,533
1,909

Notwithstanding the fact that there were 428 more men in the
Department of the Missouri in 1902 than in the Middle District in
1897, still the results achieved in the Middle District were much
greater, both relatively and absolutely, except in the third class, and
even in that item the percentage was greater in the Middle District.

The percentages in the different classes, as between the two depart-
ments (with a nearly equal number of men), were as follows:

Middle district, 1897

Department of Missouri, 1902

Sharp-
shooters.

Marks- J First

men. | class.

•

Second
class.

Third
class.

39.6
36.7

2
1.3

4. 1 15. 5
1.3 5.2

22.1
10.9

Total
classified.

83
55

How great has been the reawakening on the subject of musketry
was illustrated at the Sheridan " army shoot," held, under the personal
supervision of that excellent soldier, Major-General Bates, this year.

The companies of coast artillery are reported to
^ Artillery target Prac-nave na(j torget practiCe during the year, as far as

practicable.
The reports show that but few batteries of field artillery had had
target practice up to the date of inspection. Several batteries had but
recently been organized, and some had not received their equipment
At the mere mention of the fact that there were onlv 14 batteries of
field artillery in January, 1901, and there are 28 now, the necessity for
target practice becomes apparent. The problem of finding suitable
ranges is no doubt a very difficult one, but it demands solution if Our

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 399

light artillery is to receive the instruction necessary to its efficiency.

With the increased garrisons and the large number
y ca t ng. o^ new men jn ^g ranks, a systematic course of phys-
ical-training should be inaugurated wherever practicable. Exercises
under this head are either neglected altogether or limited to calisthenics.
The need of a properly equipped gymnasium at every permanent mili-
tary post, which has been mentioned in my annual reports for several
years, is greatly felt. The reports indicate that some posts have no
post gymnasium and but very few a properly equipped one. Some
tentative efforts have from time to time been made in this direction,
but in the Departments of California, Colorado, Columbia, Dakota,
Lakes, Missouri, and Texas, out of 66 posts, only 13 were reported to
be provided with a post gymnasium, and only 7 with a properly
equipped one. The inspection reports received from the Department
of the East do not furnish information on this subject, and the annual
summary has not yet been received from that department. It is hoped
that the appropriation of $500,000, made unaer the head of post
exchanges for the fiscal year 1903, which is available, among other
things, for the construction and equipment of gymnasiums, will be
supplemented by similar annual appropriations until the permanent
posts are properly equipped with the necessary gymnastic facilities for
the proper training of the soldier.

Colonel Garlington (Lakes) says:

•

The troops are largely recruits or men who, on account of the necessities of the
service, have received little preliminary training in the school of the soldier, and,
consequently, show the need oi setting up. None of the posts have properly equipped
gymnasiums. In the training of the soldier such instruction is of prime importance,
and facilities should be provided.

The excellent condition of the best commands of the infantry, cavalry,
artillery, engineers, and staff corps, indicates that the old leaven is
ready to work in all, and the old ability and faithfulness abide and
could be fully relied upon to make things fit.

How much the interest and training of soldiers and their horses are
improved by such a military convenience as a riding hall many civilians
will now bear witness who have seen what they lead to at West Point,
FortMyer, and the Kansas or other posts. But the need of them and
of well-equipped gymnasiums has hardly been adequately met. That
horse and rider should appear as one, and the soldier should wield his
weapons well, all admit and it was fairly attained in 1897; though at
times before that it might have seemed impossible to some.

Officers' schools, which succeeded the officers' lyce-

officer*' schools. ums pumiant to General Orders, No. 155, Headquarters

of the Army, 1901, were conducted at about 63 per cent of the gar-
risoned posts, exclusive of the Philippines. At several posts, owing
mainly to lack of officers, instruction was suspended by authority of
the department commander.

The reports indicate that a school for noncommis-
offic°e^»chooij?ned s*oned officers was conducted in each organization.

As a rule the instruction given in these schools is
rather limited and it is thought that it might well be supplemented, or
rather raised to a higher plane, by progressive courses to be pre-
scribed by the War Department and conducted by battalion or post
methods and supervision. Our present system of battle tactics
imposes a higher order of duty upon the noncommissioned officer than

400 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

formerly devolved upon him, and the situation would seem to demand
an advanced, uniform system of theoretical instruction.
Major Irons (Colorado) says:

The schools for noncommissioned officers should be made more effective, as Ynany
of them have had little experience and are not thoroughly familiar with their duties
as guides, etc.

The company mess system obtains at all posts except
Messing. thirteen, and is reported, without exception, to be very

satisfactory — the food being sufficient in quantity and variety, ancl
properly prepared and served. The general messes were a result of
the struggle to get enough food for the soldiers before fresh vegetables
were added to the ration or the post exchange was started, and, although
apparently well managed, are not popular; and, as suggested in my
former reports, this system might, it is thought, be wisely limited to
recruit rendezvous for recruits only. Suitable companv kitchens should
be provided where needed, and the general mess nails converted into
well-equipped gymnasiums or used for other necessary purposes. The
inspection reports show that the company mess system was returned to
during the past year at Forts Leavenworth and Riley, Kans., with
very satisfactory results. The situation at Fort McPherson, Ga.,
where the mess is well managed and both steam and range cooking
are employed, as depicted bv Captain Hoyle, assistant to inspector-
general, Department of the East, in the following extract, is typical of
the general feeling towards the consolidated mess:

The general mess system obtains at the post and is very unsatisfactory to men and
officers, because all concerned prefer the company mess. The mess building was
constructed for the purpose, and is very complete and excellent. The food furnished
is of good quality, of considerable variety, and well cooked and served. Meals are
served promptly. Both steam and range cooking are employed.

In an indorsement on this extract, dated June 4, 1902, Major-Gen-
eral Brooke remarked:

I do not believe in general messes; they are unsatisfactory, impracticable in camp
and field. I think they should be replaced by company messes.

The following is a list of the posts at which general messes were in
operation at time of annual inspection:

Fort Crook, Nebr. Fort Sam Houston, Tex.

Jefferson Barracks, Mo. Fort Bliss, Tex.

San Diego Barracks, Cal. Madison Barracks, N. Y.

Columbus Barracks, Ohio. Fort McPherson, Ga.

Fort Thomas, Ky. Fort Slocum, N. Y.

Fort Sheridan, 111. Fort Wood, N. Y.
Plattsburg Barracks, X. Y.

The bread baked in the post bakeries has maintained
Bre*< and bakers. .^ usuai reputation for excellence during the year.

The reports indicate that at only four posts in the Unitea States was
the quality of the bread below good.

During my Philippine tour it was noted that the soft bread furnished
the troops at Cebu was not up to the standard — bakers probably in
need of instiiiction. Some quite bad bread was found in one company
at Cuartel de Espana, Manila. At San Fernando de Union the bread
was poor and it was said some of the flour was bad — the baker was
reported to be good. The difference between the quality of bread
served to the men in the Philippines seemed greater than usual in
America, and resort to native bakery was a make-shift.

BEPOBT OB" THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 401

In some commands considerable difficulty has been experienced in
getting competent bakers, the hire of civilians having been resorted
to in some cases. Special provision would seem to be necessary to
insure at least a few men in each organization who can make good
bread.

It is suggested that the post bakery be utilized as a school of instruc-
tion for bakers by the arbitrary detail of one man from each organi-
zation for, say, a four months' tour of duty in the bake shop for the
purpose of instruction. This class should be additional to the chief
and assistant bakers, and need not be present at the bakery except at
such hours as may be necessary for instruction. Under careful super-
vision it is thought that this would in time give a sufficient number of
bakers to meet the needs of commands during the present transition
period rather than have any command suffer, even for a season.

The ovens won universal praise. The general tone not only of sat-
isfaction, but of gratification, at the excellent, liberal, and abundant
supplies as purchased is exceedingly gratifying. That generally every
effort was enthusiastically made by the Subsistence Department to
have the troops well provided everywhere during this year is heartily
recognized by all. The part given by law to the Inspector-General's
Department to aid in this has been earnestly performed. The fresh-
vegetable ration or special provision for the Tropics, or Alaska, or for
malarial regions may, like the Sunday-rest order or other considerate
innovation, excite some opposition from those who are not at the
farthest front; but however some may dread what the future has in
store, few would now desire to return to the days of three nights or
less in bed, and constant bacon and beans, and interminable Sunday
inspections and drill, and only the same weight of clothing for wintei
or summer, arctic or tropic service, and the plank bed in tiers covered
with straw-filled tick, wnich hardened old soldiers.
p«.f«,«inno Post gardens were cultivated, with generally fair

Post gardens. °, . ., , ' & ,. ,£ , ,

success, during the garden season preceding the last
annual inspection at about one-half the posts in the United States, and
two in Alaska. There were no gardens reported in Cuba or Porto
Rico. It does not appear from the reports that post gardens are
cultivated in the Philippines, although some excellent company gar-
dens have been reported in which almost all vegetables grown in the
States were raised. As the benefits derived from these gardens, when
known, may have a tendency to stimulate an interest in the cultivation
of others wherever this can be done with reasonable prospect of suc-
cess, the following table, showing the approximate value of garden
products for seven posts for the garden season preceding the last
annual inspection, may prove interesting:

Approximate value of garden product* for season preceding annual impection, fiscal year

' 1901-2.

Fort Washakie, Wyo $675.00

Fort Riley, Kans 992. 00

Fort Robinson, Nebr 658. 00

Fort Niobrara, Nebr 500. 00

Fort Adams, R. 1 700. 00

FortGreble, R. 1 600.00

Fort Slocum, N. Y 626.40

Total for seven post* 4, 751. 40

war 1902— vol 1 26

402

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

Post schooln.

Post libraries.

The reports show that post schools as contemplated
by Revised Statutes, 1321, were conducted at 66 posts
(exclusive of the Philippines), which had an average enlisted strength
of 16,990 and an average daily school attendance during the term of
1,530, or 9 per cent. Fair to good progress wa^s reported, except at
two posts, at which the operations were stated to be unsatisfactory.
The school accommodations were reported insufficient at 12 of the
posts at which school was held. As compared with 1897, the percentage
of attendance is about the same, the figures for that year for 75
posts being: " Enlisted men at posts, 22,422; attendance, 2,109;
percentage, 9.4."

The posts in the United States are generally pro-
vided with a library and reading room, but at about
30 per cent of them the accommodations in this respect were reported
unsuitable or unsatisfactory. At 23 posts the supply of newspapers
and periodicals furnished by the Quartermaster s Department was
reported to be insufficient.

The need of post libraries is greatly felt in the Philippines, and
unsparing efforts should be made to establish reading rooms, at least
at every station of any permanence there. They would conduce much
to the contentment of the soldier, who is deprived of practically all
the advantages for recreation and amusement enjoyed at the tiome
posts. But the delays and uncertainties of the mail should be carefully
taken into account there. A letter sent to every post on the islands,
severally, had reached none of those on Zambales coast months after-
wards, if ever, and the desired information had to be subsequently
telegraphed for.

Of 123 posts in the United States, Alaska, Porto
Rico, Cuba, and Hawaii, 87, or 71 per cent, had these
institutions in operation at time of annual inspection. Thirty-six
were reported as having no exchange — a very marked difference as
compared with 1896, when an exchange was reported at every post
except 7. The accommodations and equipment of the exchanges in
operation were reported to be suitable or fairly so, except at 14 posts.
With few exceptions their operations were stated to be satisfactory.
Six were reported to be not well patronized since the sale of beer was
prohibited.

The following table shows the average profits per cent realized from
sales at post exchanges for 1897 and 1902, as shown by the reports:

Post exchange.

Vverage profits.

Year.

1897
1902

Per cent. Per cent.

Increft.se

32
31

Percent.
13
25

All other
articles.

Per cent.

17
22

BEPOBT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENEBAL.

403

The amount of exchange funds distributed to organizations for 30
posts for years 1898 and 1902 is shown in the following table:

Year.

Exchange funds distributed.

Average ,— --

strength. I Amount> , Average Decrease

, per man. per man.

1896
1902

10,978 991,962.03

8,642

30,664.62

98.37
3.54

Per cent.

The foregoing figures would indicate that, as compared with years
before the sale of beer was prohibited, the exchange is not as univer-
sal, that the soldier has to pay more for his eatables and all other arti-
cles except cigars, and that the dividends which go to the improvement
of his mess have fallen 58 per cent.

Barring some fifteen small company stores where a little confectionery,
a few smokers' articles, and soda water are -sold, there has not been, so
far as reported this year, a single post exchange in the Philippines.
During my recent tour there the fatal effect upon the health and effi-
ciency of the soldier produced by drinking native liquors, such as
vino, was frequently called to my attention. But there seems to be
some lack of unanimity among the inspectors concerning beer in the
canteens. Colonel Sanger, inspector-general of the division, states
that the post exchange can not be maintained there without the sale of
beer, ana produces statistics collected from 342 companies as to the
drinking habits of the men before enlistment and now, from which he
concludes that there is no fear that the sale of beer would initiate or
induce habits of intemperance. He recommends that the prohibition
law of February 2, 1901, be repealed. If the least use of alcohol is a
sin, the subject is not open to discussion: but if judgment is to be
founded upon facts regarding a question of policy ana health or com-
fort, his views and presentation of facts may attract some attention in
due time.

His statistical table, in condensed shape, is as follows:

P^^^™h^ Percentages of enlisted men in 342 companies

used vinous, malt, or spirituous liquors at time i whn H£nlr tn nir0(ktta h«>»itn«iiv «nH ntth™*

of enlistment, and of those who use such mod- \

erately at present. j

who drink to excess habitually, and of those
who are total abstainers.

Number of companies.

Percentage of men.

100

90 to 100
80 to 90 .
70 to 80.
60 to 70.
20 to 60 .
No data.

Drank at
time of en-
listment.

Drink mod-
erately at
present.

Percentage of men.

Drink to
excess ha-
bitually.

71
145
112

Total ab-
stainers.

38
129

10 to 35

130

1 to 10

173

58
26

88
43
19
11
14

None

No data

83
14

20
12
46

Extracts from the annual reports of several inspectors-general on this
subject are given in the appendix, to which attention is invited. Their
remarks, except those of Colonel Sanger^ to which reference has
already been made, may be briefly summarized as follows:

Colonel Burton (Cuba):

The post exchanges have been a great comfort to the troops, notwithstanding the
change wrought by recent legislation in dispensing with the sale of beer.

404 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

Major Tutherly (Columbia):

Favors the prohibition law, and believes that with business energy the exchange
will serve a better purpose than when the sale of beer was authorized.

Major Irons (Colorado):

Recommends a revision of the Post Exchange Regulations.
Major Reynolds (Dakota):

The exchanges are fulfilling their purpose and making money. Prohibition of
sale of l)eer has not materially affected discipline.

Captain Erwin (Missouri):

At all posts in the department both officers and men desire that beer be again sold
in the post exchange.

Major West (Fifth Separate Brigade, Philippine Islands):

Has no means of judging effect of prohibition law. There is some drinking of
vile native liquors, which produce insanity and dysentery. Suggests a short term of
service in the islands as the most effective way to stop these habits.

Major Eastman (Fourth Separate Brigade, Philippine Islands):

When the abolition of the canteen has driven the soldier to the outside saloon and
dive and to the use of native drinks — fatal to his efficiency — he is soon dead or dis-
honorably discharged.

Properly conducted laundries would be valuable ac-
p<>st laundries. quisitions to military posts, and the following extracts
seem to suggest their feasibility:

Colonel Burton (Cuba) says:

At Columbia Barracks they have an effective and efficient steam laundry? doing
excellent work for officers and men at reasonable cost. The satisfactory service of a
steam laundrv, as exemplified at Columbia Barracks, causes an increased desire on
the part of those of experience that such machines may be supplied to all poets of
any considerable magnitude and permanency.

Major Irons (Colorado) says:

I am in favor of a post laundry as a Government institution in which men can
have their washing done at a moderate cost. A laundry of this kind is successfully
managed at the general hospital at Fort Bayard, N. Mex. A laundry might have
attached to it an establishment for mending bed linen, etc. While commanding
a company, my experience was that enlisted men invariably turned in soiled
l>edclothing when they were discharged, which could not be reissued until laun-
dried at the expense of the company fund. Many articles were rendered unserv-
iceable by being torn, which, if they had been mended in time, would have saved
the Government considerable expense.

ENGINEERS.

The companies composing the Second Battalion of Engineers, sta-
tioned in the Philippines, have been actively engaged during the year
in the construction of trails, roads, bridges, works of reconnaissance,
and map-making, and have rendered such valuable and efficient service
as to win that general commendation which is usual to this corps d'elite.
The Third Battalion, stationed at Washington Barracks, D. C, is under
a thorough course of practical and theoretical instruction, for officers
and enlisted men, approved by the Chief of Engineers. The First
Battalion returned from the Philippines in December, 1901, and is sta-
tioned at Fort Leavenworth, Kans. This battalion is mentioned in a
highly commendatory manner by the commanding officer of the troops

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 405

on the return voyage (Maj. J. E. Macklin, Eleventh Infantry), who
states that the bearing, behavior, and discipline of the men were such
as not only reflected great credit on themselves but also on their officers.

COAST DEFENSES.

The great importance of having our seacoast fortifications properly
equipped and ready for the immediate and most effective operation of
their armament is well understood, and scores or hundreds of minor
or some special deficiencies in this regard are regularly brought to
the attention of the several bureaus mentioned in Article XLI, Army
Regulations, having touch with the subject — the Ordnance, Engineer,
Quartermaster, and Signal departments, and Chief of Artillery — by
extracts from the inspection reports, which may best be omitted from
an annual. This important work, under the new appropriations, is
sure to be — indeed, has already been — taken up in the order of most
necessity, for all must work together for the common object — the per-
fection of the national defenses. Such a test as the late assailing of
the land defenses by a naval force assures active attention and perfec-
tion of every essential detail and element of defense in that region,
even though the results or remedies may not be immediately made
known to the inspector, as the action of one is said to be based upon
the recommendations of another chief of bureau. Most of the imper-
fections seem to depend upon lack of funds.

The following is an extract from my report of
Honolulu. inspection of the post of Camp McKinley, Hawaii,

dated September 3, 1901, touching upon the defensive points there:

The situation here would seem to be of especial importance as a strategic point,
having influence over a wide area about it over several lines of commerce; and this
woula be greatly increased on the completion of the Isthmus canal, and the Pacific
should be in absolute condition of communication and defense, from every interna-
tional point of view, before the great work is completed. In relation to this situation,
the importance of Pearl Harbor deserves to be particularly magnified. If there is
another such landlocked harbor more important in Polynesia I do not recall it. The
extended water front obtained by the shape of the harbor, extending into the land
like the fingers of one's hand, would seem to make it suitable for an army site of the
first magnitude. The difficulties in opening a way through the bar are well within
the powers of any civilized nation.

I venture to submit, therefore, that the military should not be in any respect behind
the naval branch of the Government in inviting attention to this important matter,
which practically extends the influence of this country 2,000 miles seaward beyond
its former borders, and gives a breathing place between the Philippines and our coast
ports that may be of the utmost consequence.

The defensive points for locating artillery seem to be naturally determined, but are
not brought forward now, as they pertain to another bureau of the War Department;
but the first step in whatever is the settled policy of the Department can not be too
promptly taken, so as to show in practical execution the interest of the Government
in the security of its possession and the needs of these people.

RECRUITING.

On lighter matters the general inspectors have sometimes been com-
pared with floorwalkers in a department store or the jingle bell in a
street car, which has a connection in aiding the work around it, which
would be unwise to do without, as no one can foresee just when they
will be aroused to fullest activit}r where needed. As inspection should
be at some time applied to every matter, all are kept constantly on
the alert, and many inspections are grouped into a single tour.

406 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

In connection with the posts of Jefferson Barracks, Mo., Columbus
Barracks, Ohio, Fort Slocum, N. Y., and Fort Sheridan, 111., the
recruiting rendezvous located at these military posts were also
inspected.

During this fiscal year 81 recruiting stations have been inspected.
These inspections have covered a wide range of territory — from the
Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Gulf to the Great Lakes. The
reports indicate that there were on duty at these stations 64 officers,
consisting of 1 colonel, 3 lieutenant-colonels, 7 majors, 31 captains,
and 7 lieutenants of infantry; 2 majors and8 captains of cavalry; 2
captains and 2 lieutenants of artillery, and 1 lieutenant of the Signal
Corps, or more than enough officers for a regiment. Can not this
constant deflection be recognized and provided for by law, so they will
be habitually replaced in their permanent organization, and the com-
panies will not be made to suffer by this staff work?

The work of some recruiting officers has been necessarily arduous,
as substations have been maintained, frequently for one or two days
only, by noncommissioned officers, although directly under the super-
vision of the recruiting officer in charge. The reports state that the
officers in charge have been zealous and energetic in the performance
of their duties, and that the recruiting details are, in nearly every
instance, competent and satisfactory. Each detail contains from 1 to 11
enlisted men, and the average for each station is less than 4, making
altogether a considerable battalion. The location of the following-
named stations is reported undesirable for the reasons mentioned:
Station at No. 57 East One hundred and twenty-fifth street, New York,
"Too high rental; cheaper location would do as well;" New Orleans,
La., "Not desirable;" Wheeling, W. Va., "Not considered desirable;"
Worcester, Mass., "Back room; no opportunity to conspicuously dis-
play posters or flag." All other stations are reported well and con-
veniently located. The total number of rooms occupied is 389. The
maximum is reached at New Orleans, La., where 19 rooms are reported,
while several stations occupy the minimum, one. The monthly rental
paid for these recruiting quarters is $3,781.49. The largest rental, $150
er month, is paid for 13 rooms at a station in New York City. Bed-
in g and bunks are generally reported adequate and in good condition.
Most every station is equipped with good bathing facilities, though in
a few cases the recruiting aetail is compelled to share bathing facilities
with other occupants of the building.

Meals are habitually furnished under contract at various prices,
ranging from 39 cents to $1.44 per day, though the usual price per
meal is 25 cents, and the average price per meal for all stations is
about 23 cents. With but one exception the food is reported as of
good quality and sufficient. A record of messing is kept.

The reports show that there were 89,984 applications for enlistment,
and that of this number 25,299, or 28+ per cent, were accepted,
and 64,681, or 71+ per cent, were rejected. The principal causes of
rejection were minority, under size, under weight, appearance of
intemperance, married, impaired vision, varicocele, varicose veins,
imperfect knowledge of English, and general unfitness.

as to productiveness, the stations seemed to varv regardless of their
geographical location. At South Bend, lnd., and Los Angeles, Gal.,
the reports show the largest percentage of applicants accepted, 80 ana
76 per cent, respectively, while in the number of applicants accepted

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 407

Louisville, Ky., leads with 2,024, and Knoxville, Tenn., is second with
1,398. Of the 25,291) accepted recruits, 21,919, or 86+ per ceyt, were
native, and 3,380, or 13+ per cent, were foreign born, which gives a
ratio of 6.6 native to 1 foreign )>orn, and indicates a decrease of foreign-
born recruits, as compared with last }rear, when the ratio was 5.6 to 1.
The largest number of foreign-born recruits from one country, 616,
are from Germany, while Ireland furnished 607, England 332, Canada
286, Russia 120, Norway 60, Scotland 47, Switzerland 45, Italy 40,
France 31, and all other nationalities 1.190.

Sixty-six reports state the ages of accepted recruits as follows:
Minors 3,261; between 21 and 30, 13,175; between 30 and 40, 2,050;
over 40, 63. Various occupations are represented by accepted recruits,
the principal ones being as follows: Laborers, farmers, soldiers, clerks,
macninists, printers, carpenters, cooks, shoemakers, barbers, bakers,
tailors, and engineers. A great variety tits our military situation.

VIOLATIONS OF A. R. 852.

Attention is invited to the following extract from the annual report
of Col. J. P. Sanger, inspector-general, Division of the Philippines,
dated June 30, 1902, on this subject:

My attention has been specially invited to the repeated violations by officers of the
supply departments of paragraph 852, A. R., in giving orders and instructions direct
to their subordinates, reporting to or serving under officers commanding troops. On
this subject Major Bolton remarks as follows:

"There are too many orders issued by the heads of staff departments in their
names. * * * This matter is more far-reaching than appears on the surface.
Surgeons receive orders from their chiefs, affecting their personal movements or to
transfer sick men out of a command, which do not pass through the commanding
officer. Quartermasters and commissaries order stores from one point to another
without notifying anyone except their agents. It seems to me that such practices
are subversive of all military calculations, and that it is absurd to expect command-
ing officers to be responsible where such conditions obtain. The line, and not the
staff officer is the proper party to give orders to his subordinates acting as staff offi-
cers for the disposition of men, animals, and supplies, when such disposition affects
the command."

These irregularities have been the subject of comment before by commanding offi-
cers and inspectors. There is little doubt but that a more exact compliance with
paragraph 852, Army Regulations, on the part of all staff officers would result in
much benefit to the general administration of the division.

THE SUPPLY DEPARTMENTS, ETC.

The purchases have been, if anything, overabundant, and generally
the troops have been well supplied; and the exceptional good health
of the men, especially those engaged in the most arduous duties in the
Philippines, seems in a great measure due to this as well as to the
careful attention that has been given to sanitation, and indicates a
greater healthfulness in that region than had been anticipated.

The supply of fresh meat to remote stations; better means of land-
ing, and of both land and water transportation between posts and
depots, especially in the southern islands; quartering of troops; Asiatic
cholera; tropical and other diseases of men and animals; and excessive
supplies arising from concentration and withdrawal of troops; and
the inherent difficulties of the terrain and population, are among the
perplexing problems that have confronted the staff departments in the
Philippines during the year. As distinguishing features of this trop-
ical existence the destruction by the elements equaled both the poisons

408 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

of the jungle and the quagmires or roughness of the roads, or the diffi-
culties pf the surf-beaten shores, and the cruel treacheries of a contest
against a blood-pact secret society. Who appreciates the environment ?

In addition to the usual inspections ot the affairs of the supply
departments made at the various posts and stations, 78 general depots,
arsenals, armories, and general hospitals were inspected under army
regulation 968. There were at these establishments a total military
personnel of 158 officers, 1,173 enlisted men, and 98 female nurses.
The number of civilian employees (including 1,260 Filipinos and other
Asiatics) is 8,355, and their monthly pay $408,202.03, an average of
$48.85 each per month. The rent of the buildings occupied for depot
purposes is given as $19,466.12 per month.

Every bureau is doing its best to promote economy and efficiency,
and every locality seems working fairly in the same spirit. The irreg-
ularities reported were few. The reports show many improvements dur-
ing the year, such as saving in rent of buildings, reduction in number
of employees, better shipping methods, under which the loss of stores
in transit has been reduced to almost nil, the exercise of greater care
and vigilance in preventing deterioration of supplies in stock. But
the conditions in this respect have been rather unfavorable during the
year in some instances on account of large surplusages and overstocked
storehouses, resulting from concentration of commands and discontinu-
ance of stations and subdepots or originally generous purchases. The
chaos and strain of the early period of the Philippine occupation, when
stores were drawn in overwhelming abundance and rather disordered
mass, have been replaced by an effort to bring tall tiers of boxes of
supplies in orderly arrangement under roofage; and instead of every-
thing moving as an exigency or almost at the whim of s6me individual,
regidarity has appeared, so that everyone understands and adjusts him-
self to what it must be evident to all is intended to be accomplished.

The question of good wharves and landing places at the Philippine
ports is an important one and so directly affects the supply depots
there, that some reference to the situation may not be out of place
here. During my tour south from Manila the need of wharves at
the landing places was apparent, the transport being unable to tie
up, but was compelled to anchor from 5 fathoms to 5 miles away.
In various places the native canoe, called banco or barringay, trans-
ferred the passengers or freight ashore, and lorchas or cascoes were
used when the quantities were large. As the old ik prairie schooner,"
or army wagon, was replaced by steam cars, so the conditions there
await the conveniences of accessible wharves and the most effective
system of transportation, both by steam and electricity. In the
meantime, the shipment of stores on commercial boats might in some
instances prove advantageous to the Government, though uncom-
fortable or less considerate for the men. But tornadoes and earth-
quakes may set ordinary constructions at defiance, and give additional
excuse for resorting to cheap and flimsy wharves as easy to replace
as to destroy. The average amount per month paid for landing
or unloading supplies was reported to be $380 at Cebu, $298.80 at
Iloilo, and $300 at Calamba, while at Tacloban, Leyte, the amount
paid for loading and unloading vessels and hire of vessels to unload
transports from December 9, 1901, to February 28, 1902, was reported
to be $1,990.45. Further, natives hired for discharging cargoes can
not be relied on to meet emergencies where saving can be effected by
prompt service. At Zamboanga, the whole force stopped at 4 p. m.

REPORT OF THE I^Tai'ECTOR-GENERAL. 409

while transports were in the harbor, at a net expense of $150 a day or
more. In this connection, Maj. F. F. Eastman, inspector general,
Fourth Separate Brigade, Philippine Islands, remarks:

I have witnessed considerable unloading of storesat the different porta in the brigade,
and have observed a great deal of useless waste of time, though probably unavoid-
able under the then existing circumstances. The Government has no docks for its
transports and is obliged to depend on using private wharves or on hiring lorchas
or boats and stevedores to unload at a distance from the shore.. At most porta in
this brigade such means are uncertain and costly, and after careful thought and
observation, I am fully convinced that it would be much more economical for the
Government to ship stores on commercial boats, unless each transport be supplied
with at least two good-sized flatboats and provided with a crew of stevedores to go
from port to port to handle the cargoes. The price paid at Sorsogon and Legaspi to
unload a single cargo would often pay stevedores a months' pay each and furnish
food for them too. Then the quartermaster or the quartermaster's agent should be
charged with landing cargoes. By such method much time and money would be
saved, and much destruction and loss of property, due to rough and careless handling,
would be avoided.

A system that will insure the prompt payment of accounts, especially
for personal services, would, it is thought, remove hesitation on the
part of some classes of citizens in the Philippines about dealing with
the United States. The native laundry women all over the islands
were having checks issued to them for laundry work for the Medical
Department, though they actually knew nothing of business, and some
means must be found in each locality to secure the cash payment of
such checks. Dela}s in payment of accounts are frequent and are not
understood by the natives. For instance: in the papers pertaining to
the disbursements at the medical supply depot at Manila for January,
1902, occurs a voucher incurred in April, 1901, due to Luis Paguntalan,
at Tubigon, Bohol Island, for laundry services, amounting to $2.50.
That, under the existing methods, something similar might formerly
occur in the Quartermaster's or some of the other departments it was
said might be illustrated by the delay arising when a bill of lading of
considerable magnitude is not accomplished on account of a rather insig-
nificant shortage in a single item.

Native laborers employed in the Philippines at the depots, etc., are
usually paid every week, the amounts being entered on the monthly
pay rolls. Some are unable to sign intelligently, such as the Chinese,
and their names or marks are required to be witnessed. The signing
of pay rolls by mark by large bodies of transient laborers is almost
impracticable and becomes quite an important question in the payment
of laborers among the Asiatics.

The problem of how to best dispose of the large accumulations (pres-
ent ana prospective) of property at the Manila and other depots, may
be a perplexing one, but it will no doubt be solved to the best interests
of the Government.

quartermaster's department.

It is clearly evident that the heft of the hardest work of the year
has fallen upon this department, and equally so how excellently it has
done its work, and how generous and painstaking and successful in
all its supplies, especially under the novel circumstances attending
foreign service. We should remember, and others will doubtless
note, what officers actually did the work first of all at the farthest
front, where the work was without regard to hours and men's lives
and utmost toil were hanging like spiders on the little threads of cara-
bao carts or cascos swaying slowly forward through miasmatic nights

410 REPORT Otf THE INSPECTOR- GENERAL.

and blistering days. To unload huge ocean steamers with those gaunt
little natives off an inhospitable coast, hurrying through all the twenty-
four hours without any of the ordinary conveniences, and every
moment a risk and every day a fatality, placed a strain on men at the
very beginning which followed throughout the endless chain, even to
where the impressed human bearers replacd the sore-backed, leg-
wearied pack mule in keeping precious supplies up where the great-
est pressure was to advance — always advance. This interminable strain
and effort could be witnessed even on a duty so civil as the cable ship
Bimis<iil<\ which did such excellent work. Its quartermaster is com-
missioned in the Signal Corps — and many others doing quartermaster
dutv on land or water hold commissions in the severalother branches
of the service.

Outside of the epidemics and the exigencies of the
tatton118 °f transpor" service, the public animals of the Quartermaster's

Department were reported to be in good or serviceable
condition and invariably well cared for at the various posts. The wheel
transportation was, with few exceptions, reported to be in good condition
and well cared for, although some instances of lack of proper shelter
were noted. At 12 posts the means of transportation were reported to
be inadequate.

Most of the military stations in the Philippines are located on the
seacoast, and a large amount of wagon transportation is not needed.
The ' best wagon for use there is the escort wagon, with wide tires.
Pack animals and good steamers of light draft are indispensable. The
physical features of the archipelago and the scattered condition of the
troops have unquestionably occasioned extraordinary demands upon
the Quartermaster's Department; and as was to be reasonably expected
the great needs of the service there were fully understood and as fully

Erovided for. Few who have not been there can appreciate how much
as been accomplished. More suitable and more numerous boats, with
better facilities for carrying men with comfort to the place needed,
and for carrying refrigerated beef and fresh vegetables from depot to
post and up rivers, and for shoal water and landings, were constantly
so'ight and badly needed. To subject paymasters to weeks of travel in
open barringays, poling or sculling upstream at the rate of 20 miles a day
or less, as I saw Paymaster Wilkins up theCagayan, or in small boats in
the open sea, as inspectors have gone, would seem hardly fair, or seemly,
or economical, or efficient. But it was accepted cheerfully as in toe
day's work and as the best that could then be done. The insular gov-
ernment has ordered the construction of a fleet of vessels suited to its
purpose. The health and success of the Army and work in the face of
the enemy depend upon continuing proper provision for the water
transportation. Those who were at Santiago perhaps alone realize how
hired transport is simply dickering in blood money. Whether by
land or water, the measure of sacrifice of life finds one element in how
thoroughly the transport is owned, organized, or impressed.

Lieut. Col. F. A. Smith, inspector-general, Department of South
Philippines, who has had considerable experience with water trans-
portation, especially in visiting the stations in the old Department of
the Visayas, submits the following suggestions under date of July 10,
1902:

My observation and experience have firmly impressed me that what ifl and has been
needed for the beet interest of the service is a number of boats in the Government
service of about 200 tons capacity, of good speed and of light draft, not to exceed 10

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 411

feet, fitted with cold storage or ice boxes, to carry only light freight and mail, and
with a few passenger accommodations; these boats to leave Manila, Iloilo, or Cebu,
and make a bimonthly trip to each of the stations in these islands, so that the arri-
val of the mail about twice each month could be a looked-for event, the delivery of
fresh beef, vegetables, and ice could be assured, and that a system of intercommuni-
tion could be kept up, carrying officers and men to and from as occasion demands,
or, in other words, in the nature of mail and express steamers. Those now owned
or chartered by the Government being too large or of too deep draft to touch at sta-
tions other than the few principal ports of the islands, there being no harbors and
many dangerous shoals and reefs in front of these stations, necessitates anchoring at
long distances out, and the unloading is slow, tedious, expensive in the delay, and,
owing to the lack of sufficient and proper kinds of boats for discharging, results in
damage to stores of all kinds from getting wet. The distributing steamers from such
points as Cebu, for example, are nothing more than small launches of 50 tons gross
or 32 tons net, and not of sufficient carrying capacity to deliver supplies to more than
two or three stations on each trip, and have to return to the point of departure to
reload. Boats of this kind are not provided with discharging boats of sufficient size
or strength to unload freight, and each station should be provided with small boats
of the scow or flat-bottomed order, with high sides and strong-ribbed bottoms, the
damage to the ordinary ship boats being very great when used for heavy freight.
* * * A small launch is very much needed at these headquarters for boarding
purposes.

The horses of mounted troops were generally satisf ac-
Remounts. tor}r, although unfavorable criticisms were noted in

the inspection reports of the Presidio, Cal., Fort Assinniboine, Mont.,
and Fort Logan, Colo., at which, respectively, 17, 12, and 18 remounts
were condemned for viciousness during the year. The old discussion
of this vexed subject when General Lawton and General Schwan were
on duty in this department may be recalled with benefit. It is a com-
fort to recall the excellent solution of this subject prior to the Spanish
war, as probably the cavalry was never better mounted nor the men
and horses better trained than then. The need of a breeding station,
to establish and maintain the type, was felt then and is not less needed
now. The number of men formerly injured by vicious and intractable
mounts may not be recorded nor universally interesting, but is of some
individual importance.

Colonel Burton (Cuba) says:

The cavalry horses in Cuba have, during the year, been generally deteriorating.
Many of them were war emergency purchases, upon which time, service, and a
tropical sun brought out all the distinctive blemishes originally overlooked in hasty
selection. A large number of them have been retained in service for purpose of
instruction when entirely unfit for field service, only because of the anticipation of
an early discontinuance of the department and their final disposition by sale. This cul-
mination necessitated the elimination of 863 from the various regiments in the depart-
ment at phenomenallv high prices and a decided gain to the Government. * * *

There is at present urgent demand on the part of the cavalry offi-
harses hase of cavalry cial personnel that one or more cavalry officers of known expe-
rience, taste, and adaptability for the purpose, be detailed to pass
upon the merits of all horses intended for cavalry service. They claim that many
horses have been issued to the cavalry the last few years which were utterly unable,
from their conformation, to perform the duties required of them and were subse-
quently condemned and sold at a great loss to the Government, all of which could
have been obviated had an officer of knowledge of the exacting requirements of the
service selected them.

The expensive transportation to and fro of such valueless and objec-
tionable horses can give cause for congratulation that they could not
propagate their species. But the mules were remarkably fine.

Diseases of horses Tne lar£e l°sses in public animals in the Philippines
and mules in the Phil- from "surra," glanders, and influenza have attracted
ippines. ^e notjce Qf ^e inspectors, and have received atten-

tion by the authorities there, with resultant abatement. The latest

412 REPORT OF THE IN8PECTOR-GENERAL.

information indicates that the treatment to be applied is better under-
stood, although the mortality is still large, ana further investigation
of the subject, as recommended by Colonel Sanger, and the assistance
of skilled veterinarians, as suggested by Major West, may be advisable.
The excessive number of deaths of native men and animals by disease
may possibly be as carefully recorded as ours. It is receiving atten-
tion.

Colonel Sanger (Division of the Philippines) says:

The losses in public animals have been much greater than in the table (horses con-
demned, 1,803; mules, 530; approximate cost, $418,050), as many have died, the
prevalent diseases being influenza, surra, and glanders. Of the 2,353 animals
inspected and condemned, 1,491 were afflicted with surra, glanders, or influenza, and
were killed; a large number have also died with these diseases that have not been
acted on bv inspectors. As early as December last, the excessive mortality among
animals, said to result from glanders, was brought to the notice of the division com-
mander, who, on December 12, convened a board of officers composed of Maj. Ram-
sey D. Potts, Artillery Corps, inspector-general, and Capt. Allen M. Smith, assistant
surgeon, U. S. Army, which was directed to visit all places where surra and glanders
prevailed among public animals and native ponies, and make a thorough inspection
and investigation of these diseases and their causes; whether either had been mis-
taken for the other, what treatment had been applied, and the most practical and
efficacious means of curing and preventing the spread of these diseases.

The board visited 10 different stations in the Camarines and Albay provinces,
where the diseases called surra and glanders were very destructive, and examined
and tested more than 700 animals, and while finding many cases of surra and influ-
enza did not find a single case of glanders. In many instances surra and influenza
coexisted. The board reported a remarkable similarity in the symptoms of surra,
influenza, and glanders, especially in those of the two last mentioned; that from
mere external signs it is very difficult to distinguish between surra and influenza, but
where repeated blood tests show no parasites of the former disease, the case should be
diagnosed and treated as influenza; that influenza resembles glanders far more than
does surra, because of the offensive nasal discharge and the lympangitis resembling
farcy; that the discharge is, however, distinctly different from that of glanders, being
more profuse, thicker, and gangrenous and lacking the oily appearance in that of
glanders. * * * In regard to surra, the board expressed the opinion that it has
been greatly increased by insufficient and improper food. In cases where hay and
oats were not furnished at all or furnished with ^reat irregularity or an insufficient
quantity for considerable periods, and where native grasses and grazing were relied
on to sustain life, surra appeared for the first time.

The conclusions and recommendations of the board were published in Division cir-
cular No. 23, dated April 1, 1902, but the main points will bear repetition, as follows:

Native grasses, taken from the ground grazed over by native ponies or carabao,are
liable to convey surra and glanders; all animals should be protected from heat and
rain where practicable and fed partly or entirely on American forage according as
they are in good or poor condition; native grass when fed should be soaked in brine;
where surra or glanders prevail blood tests should be made at least once each month,
and temperature taken frequently; prompt and complete isolation of all suspects and
protection against flics and insects; all wounds and open sores to be covered; washing
of animals with hose or in streams not to be permitted; stables and stalls to be thor-
oughly disinfected and kept clean; excreta and dead animals to l>e burned; contact
with native stock to be prevented, and all forage to be protected against vermin. No
conclusion in regard to treatment was reached by the board, although it was found
that 10 c. c. Fowler's solution given intravenously in the neck, six injections, would
usually destroy the parasites for the time being, to l>e followed by an equivalent
dose, 10 c. c. dry arsenic in tonic powders, taken once or twice daily; moderate exer-
cise recommended; also a liberal supply of medicines, disinfectants, etc, without
regard to the supplv table.

Up to this time there appears to have been some abatement in the death rate, the
number of condemnations for the last six months thus far reported being a little more
than one-half the number in the first six.

It would seem from this fact that the recommendations of the board are being
observed, and that they counteract to some extent the causes of these diseases.
Nevertheless, as there are no doubt a large numl>er of inspection reports now en route
to this office, and inasmuch as the number of deaths is still large, it is recommended
that a further investigation of the subject be made.

REPORT OF T^E INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 413

Major West (Fifth Separate Brigade, Philippine Islands) says:

Three of the four troops of the Tenth Cavalry serving on this island have lost all
their horses, principally from surra, since last September. These horses were sent
from the corral at Manila, and apparently brought the disease here with them. A
large number of horses and mules of the depot corral here have also died with the
disease. No effective remedy for this disease nas been found, so far as I have learned.

The necessity for skilled veterinarians in this country is evident.

Possibly surra is transmitted by a fly. Capt. J. J. Curry, assistant
surgeon, Manila, P. L, in a report on this disease, dated December 23,
1901, says:

There is strong circumstantial evidence in favor of the transmission of the 'surra*
parasite by some suctional insect 1 have found a biting fly on infected animals filled
with blood. These flies filled with blood have been found on dissection to contain
large numbers of active trypanosonia. After two days the trypanosonia disappear
from the fly's body.

The lack of proper stables for public animals has no doubt swelled
the losses. This will be remedied gradually as the troops are concen-
trated, more permanent barracks erected, arid proper shelters built.

There is no doubt but that American horses and mules thrive better
on American hay and oats, and, although palay, rice straw, and native
grasses are excellent substitutes in emergencies, they should be used
only as emergency rations, and the full ration of American forage
should be supplied when possible. The native pony takes kindly to
oats, as the "hombre" does to the soldier's ration, and the superiority
of the American over native forage is soon evidenced by the improve-
ment in his appearance. The extra cost of the American forage will
be more than offset by the increase in the length of life and usefulness
of the American horse.

In America the public buildings were generally

Buildings. reported in fair to good condition, and appear to be

kept in as good repair as is possible with the allotments made therefor.

At seventeen posts the barracks were reported to be overcrowded or

insufficient.

Major Irons (Colorado) says:

As a general rule the barracks and quarters at most posts are not in as good repair
as they should be, owing to the limited allotments made for this purpose, probably
due to the fact of previous small garrisons. Most of the barracks are only suited for
housing about 60 men. * * * It certainly would seem to be economical to the
Government to establish electric-light plants at military posts or buy the electric
light furnished by private corporations.

The miserable characteristics of such temporary structures as the
nipa huts for people who do not go barefooted, but detest vermin, to
be hated need only to be endured. In the days before the steam engine
had reached the plains, but the redskin and the emigrant were contest-
ing its domination and the soldiers had its discomforts to endure, some
may remember when somewhat better shelter was secured by the sol-
diers tramping out the adobe with their naked feet and then molding
and sun-drying it. But it seems held to be almost deadly to sleep
habitually near the ground in the Philippines; even the commonest
hut being upon stilts, and the expensive permanent houses habitually
have only the roomy hard-wood upper floor occupied by the persons
of the family. The construction of these more comfortable buildings
is notable, though less pretentious than the great churches or palaces.
The tall corner posts of remarkable timber, capable of great resistance,
give a framework as independent of the walls as our modern steel
constructions, so not only insects but earthquakes are doubly guarded

414 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

against. The buildings of the Spaniards are founded on experience —
creditable, and well worth careful study. The admirable proportion
of their numerous columns and arcades must have been noted by many
in Cuba, and are specially well suited to the climate. The boats and
vehicles are about as specialized as the buildings.

The Philippines were originally a region of pirates, and what they
accomplished by land and water and how their boats are adapted for use
in those estuaries and seas furnishes food for reflection for the curious.
In most of the smaller towns where active operations were in prog-
ress the friars were proverbially absent, apparently repelled by the
natives; but the priests' houses, called convents, were usually among
the largest in town and comparatively empty. They were admirably
adapted for barracks in such emergencies. But now the time for a
permanent location and policy for the troops has arrived for the
northern and middle provinces.

In the archipelago the Army is crowded into priests' homes, called
"convents," or the storehouses, called "camarines," orany procurable
houses, the roofs of which vary from the heavy tile or hot corrugated
iron to the nipa thatch made from swamp plants; and the floors might
be the heavy and broad hard- wood planks so remarkable and necessary
to resist the ants, or mere split bamboo, or woven basket work, which
yields or shakes under every tread or weight. So nothing perhaps
presses more for immediate attention than the immediate construction
of permanent and creditable posts at such points as may be chosen as
the most permanent strategical centers. By the act approved Feb-
ruary 14, 1902, the sum of $500,000 was appropriated for the estab-
lishment of a military post in the vicinity of Manila, P. L, and the act
approved June 30, 1902, appropriates $1,500,000 for the proper shel-
ter and protection of officers and enlisted men of the Army lawfully
on duty in the Philippine Islands, including the acquisition of title to
building sites. These are steps in the right direction; and carefully
considered plans for the best and most desirable buildings at the start
will no doubt be adopted. Nipa barracks may be cooler and better
than canvas, but nipa is fairly suited only for little, povery -stricken
huts; it is never fully satisfactory, does not stand storms weU, lets
in rain, dust, and vermin easily, and needs repairs constantly. Poor
people have poor ways sometimes; and the construction of wharves,
bridges, houses, etc., in these islands varies from very excellent
permanent and enduring ones to the flimsiest, which are not expected
to resist the forces of nature in its floods, typhoons, earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, etc., but are readily replaced when destroyed,
and the "hombre'' feels driven to it by authority or desire. The
tule placed butts outward on the quagmire roads, or the quaking
bridge under the heavy carabao and sharp-rimmed solid-wheeled carts,
the wattled embankments or camarines, the scarcity of nails, the usual
dependence upon posts to uphold the roofs, the lack of cellars or glass,
and many other features, may tell of a situation our presence may
largely modify rather than we conform to all as done by the Filipinos.
The English and other European armies in Asia ^ive us a better model
for housing our soldiers than we can find in imitating peons or peas-
ants. The padre's manse, or such two-story quadrangular educational
buildings as that at Iloilo, prove such satisfactory barracks, however,
that it may be well to adopt a similar design for barracks, recofjnizing
that some of the Posts selected may prove of more temporary impor-
tance than at first considered; but t&e ouildings may then oe excellently

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 415

converted back to civil uses, such as high schools or Government
offices. Public buildings are now being generally constructed in towns
of similar importance m America, and are equally or more needed in
these islands; and that this is not without precedents is shown by such
instances as the military buildings at Carlisle and Fort Yuma, being
now used as schools. A well-considered policy for the construction of
buildings on these lines may prove both beneficial and economical in
the long run, and impress the natives with our intention of permanence.
Colonel Sanger (Pnilippines) says:

Unless we expect the Army to develop a positive dislike for service in the Philip-
pines, more attention than has been practicable heretofore must be paid to the per-
sonal comfort of officers and men. * * * In all coast towns the sites of posts
should, when practicable, be near the sea, and the quarters, barracks, stables, and
storehouses be constructed on a generous plan, and so designed as to afford ample
protection against the long periods of heat and rain which prevail all over the
archipelago.

Major Eastman (Fourth Separate Brigade) says:

The demand for houses for business purposes is increasing, and rents are high,
andl the continued occupation by the military of buildings suitable for business is a
source of much irritation to the natives and business men in almost all of the seaports
of the brigade.

Tempered with American shrewdness and energy, evidently Manila
is to be classed as a metropolis. Its requirements are like Chicago,
from the tunneled river to its widespreading influence. Even in
such a center exigencies, readily anticipated, suggest for public use
strong, commodious buildings on the water front, say at both sides of
the mouth of the Pasig River. Security and insured communication
may deserve some fair consideration from the first.

With very few exceptions the supply and quality of
water supply. water at the posts appear from the reports to be satis-
factory. At three posts the supply was reported to be inadequate
and at five the quality was stated to be unsatisfactory.

Major Irons (Colorado) says:

The water supply at all posts is one which requires much attention, as either the
supply is small or the system of pipes is antiquated or not sufficiently large to render
adequate protection against loss oy fire. As a general rule it is impossible to save a
burning building at a post from absolute destruction, and the best that can be done
is to protect those in the vicinity.

The permanent supply of water at Fort Grant, Ariz., is so doubtful that the utility
of its being kept up as a permanent post is questionable. The majority of the build-
ings are in such a dilapidated condition that it will require a large expenditure of
money to make it a modern post, as many of the buildings would have to be replaced
by new ones. Considering the location, condition of buildings, and water supply, it
should only be held temporarily or abandoned.

The subject of water in the Philippines is treated in my annual
report for last year, and the conditions there are well understood.
The supply is generally abundant, but the quality is such that boiling
or sterilizing is necessary before drinking. The division order requir-
ing this to be done has invariably been reported as complied with; but
the recklessness of young soldiers is remarkable, and every epidemic
gives new proof of it. Therefore, when the presence of cholera was
reported, attention was invited to the reasonableness of waiting till it
spent its sharpest virulence before sending many fresh troops there,
or returning tne less needed absent. This custom prevailed at one
time in relation to our Gulf coast when infected with yellow fever.

416 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

The Bathing arrangements were reported to be sat-
BathinK facilities. isf actory except at efghteen posts, where the facilities

were inadequate.

The sewerage and drainage systems are apparently
drainage/ a g e and satisfactory at a large majority of the posts. The con-
ditions in this respect were reported unsatisfactory at
26 posts. New sewerage systems were needed at 17 posts, exclusive
of the posts in Alaska, where there are no sewerage systems.
Major Irons (Colorado) says:

All posts which are intended to be occupied by troops for any length of time should
have a modern system of sewerage, and all earth closets and cesspools at posts should be
abandoned. Forts Duchesne, Washakie, and Whipple Barracks all need sewer systems.

Opportunities for swimming also deserve attention.

The reports show the stores furnished to be very
8tore8RrtermasUr generally of good qualitv, sufficient in quantity, and

properly cared for. At three posts, or less, some ques-
tion was raised on minor matters like the suppty of clothing insufficient,
or the inferior quality of some article like stove furniture for officers'
quarters. But in matters of general supply, so small a percentage of
complaint is sure of remedy if well founded, and is proof of general
excellence.

Colonel Sanger (Philippines) says:

The Government khaki clothing continues to be the subject of
Khaki. much complaint, as it does not hold its color, changing in spots.

This is in marked contrast to the clothing made from the knaki
purchased in Singapore and Hongkong, which apparently never fades.

Major West (Fifth Separate Brigade) says:

The khaki cloth that can l>e procured in this country is more suitable for wear
here than the khaki cloth sent from America. It holds ite color better and is thinner
in texture. The lighter in weight a cloth is (having due regard for strength) the
more suitable it is for this hot climate. Some of the American cloth turns whiter
with each washing, and also in some cases gets spotted; perspiration whitens it. It
is too thick and closely woven for wear here.

The modifications of the uniform as actually worn in the Philippines
were probably founded on experience, and some may yet be formally
adopted, such as fastening the collar with collar button instead of femi-
nine hook and eye, or also having the strap double over a loop on
the shoulder, with buttonholes at the smaller ends, near the collar.
Wearing the belt under the blouse is cooler and does not wrinkle or
disfigure it for social wear like having it outside. A long scabbard, in
difficult marching, increases inefficiency on a "hike."

Colonel Burton (Cuba) says:

. The campaign hat is excellent in shape and color, but should

campaign hat. j^ made of letter material. One shower destroys ite shape, and

nothing bat resizing will restore it. The additional cost would be more than com-
pensated by increased durability, and, with a better hat, uniformity of appearance
would be preserved, which is now impossible.

Colonel Garlington (Lakes) says:

The quality of the campaign hat is not entirely satisfactory. I renew my recom-
mendation of several years ago that the campaign hat be made of wool of natural
color, thus avoiding the deleterious effects of dye, and issuing the hate at least uni-
form in color.

The greater coolness insured by the corrugated ventilation between
sweat band and hat has been mentioned. Some claim it shelters ver-
min. Soldiers have served in the Tropics with breastplates and hel-

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 417

mete, but the hat and shirt suit our men best for roughing it. Can
they be allowed this as best?

Major Bailey (North Philippines) recommends that
Blanket. ft bianket 0f lighter weight than the present one be

supplied troops serving in the Philippines.
Major Reynolds (Dakota) says:

I believe a strong canvas bag with a suitable lock, similar to a
Lockers. mail sack, would be better than a box locker for transportation.

The bag could in barracks take the place of the barrack bag, or
make the barrack bag of heavier stuff and require the soldier to put the extra stuff
in it when he changes station.

In few places is tenta^e essentially more unsatisfac-
Tentage. ^^ £kan jQ ^e Philippine Islands, where to maintain

their health people must strive in every way to live high off the
ground; and, en passant, it may be that this disregard of all questions
of the best tentage has prevented almost everyone I have met from
noting anything of the proposed Munson tent, as no line officer has
been found who had noted its existence, though at quite a number of
posts there were a few tents up for such purposes as contagious sick-
ness or covering stores or sinks, and in the emergency hospital at
Manila some of these tents were standing; and they were sent out for
experiment and report. But very little attention is given to the cov-
ering in mere temporary emergency cases. Is there no way of get-
ting these tents tried by line officers?

Major French (First Separate Brigade, Philippine Islands) says:

Q id edal cot ^ne 8°^ me(^a^ co*fi supplied to troops in this brigade have

0 m " given good service; however, numbers have been submitted for

condemnation on account of the canvas covering being worn out, the wood and metal
parts being intact. It would seem that canvas covers to fit could be supplied the
various station quartermasters, and in this manner many cots could be saved to the
service. As all stations are not supplied with a saddler or other persons competent
to cut and make this cover, it would not be advisable to supply the canvas only. The
completed cover is therefore recommended.

The repair of stores is inadequately provided for in our service, as
has been noted by such officers as General Sanger.
Major Smith (South Philippines) says:

Boxing of clothing Clothing should be put up in smaller boxes to facilitate han-

. • dling where it has to be unloaded in small boats at the various

stations in these islands, and if packed in assorted sizes could be more readily issued

to small organizations without being repacked at the issuing depot.

Field ranges There has been great loss to the Government in the burning and

rusting out of the field ranges furnished by the Quartermaster's
Department. The inside plate, back of the fire-box, soon becomes burned out, when
the range is unserviceable. If this part was made thicker and extra grates as well
as other spare parts furnished, their serviceability would be much prolonged.

This is also along the line of preserving the life and utility of bulky
and expensive articles by prompt attention and provision for repair.
Major Smith also says:

Cooking utensils Cooking utensils, such as boilers, are bulky for transportation

v and should be made of different sizes, so as to fit inside of each

other, to be more closely packed.

Can not this be gained in some cases by adopting slightly conical
shapes which will more readily nest? Even a hundred unnested tin
cups look bulky in company property.

In America fuel and forage were reported of good
Fue an orage. q^ity and properly protected and cared for, with the

war 1902— vol 1 27

418 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

following exceptions: Wood of poor quality at three posts, coal poor
at one and very bad at another, and forage poor or unsatisfactory at
two others.

In the Philippines much attention has been given the subject of native
forage, from the fact that much of the diseases and mortality among
the public animals there have been attributed, in a measure, to the
feeding of native grasses and grazi ng. Native grasses should almost
never be solely relied upon for sustenance, and all animals should be
partly or wholly fed on hay and oats, no matter whether the fly or
feed gives surra and the prevailing diseases.

Thirty -two of the national cemeteries were inspected
Nauonai cemeteries. as prcscribed in A. R y67? during the fiscal year ended

June 30, 1902. The maximum salaries paid superintendents is $900,
and minimum $720. Twelve received the maximum, while four received
the minimum. Some few are specially mentioned as very efficient in
the performance of their duties, while the reports state that all the
cemeteries show evidence of careful and painstaking attention. The
efforts of superintendents at Barrancas, Ha., Loudon Park, Md., and
San Antonio, Tex., to keep the grounds in good condition appear to
be handicapped by inadequate civilian assistance.

The inclosures, which consist of stone and brick walls, iron, wood,
and wire fences, are generally in good condition, though some walls
need repair, such as repair of foundation, repointing, and repainting.
Nearly all graves are well sodded, and all are properly marked except
36, some of which are recent interments. In the cemetery at Camp
Butler, 111., the trees are too thick to permit growth of goocl sod, and
the inspector has recommended that some trees be removed. The
Presidio of San Francisco, Cal., has had the largest annual average
rate of interments (303.2 for the last ten years), and there is still room
for many additional graves. The capacity will be considerably
increased as soon as the remaining 4 acres of the new plot are improved.
The difficulty and desirability of establishing this cemetery, which was
then considered remote from our battlefields, may illustrate how
desirable a national cemetery in the Philippines is now.

The lodges, usually constructed of stone or brick, are of sufficient
capacity and serve their purpose well. Some minor repairs are needed.
'W ith the exception of Rock Island, 111., all arc equipped with a flag-
staff. Wooden flagstaffs, much worn, are still maintained at some
cemeteries, but should be replaced with the modern ones of iron.

The subject of water supply has received considerable attention,
which has resulted in the installation of good and sufficient arrange-
ments at nearly all cemeteries. The Presidio of San Francisco, Cal.,
has an artesian well, which, however, does not produce an adequate
quantity for all occasions. A large number are equipped with wells
and cisterns which afford a reliable supply. Some few are connected
with city water mams.

The facilities for drainage and sewerage are generally reported in
good condition and satisfactory. Including the pay of the superin-
tendent, the average cost of maintaining a cemetery for one year
is about §1,849. If there ever was a time when there were certain
show cemeteries that received special attention, they are all good now;
and it is submitted that there should be one near every Soldiers' Home,
and not have several systems of Government burying grounds; but
doubtless the board of management has considered the matter and
prefer to appoint their own burial corps.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 419

During my tour in the Philippines I observed that
«„^S^SSn««JGive8 some American graveyards had oeen established. If

in the Philippines. » ,•>

the removal of the dead to America is discontinued,
even partially, the establishment of a national cemetery like ours in the
City of Mexico might be worthy of consideration. It was also noted that
the spot where General Lawton met his soldierly and untimely death is
not marked, while General Egbert's is. Is this not worthy of attention ?

As a rule, tne post cemeteries conform to the require7
past cemeteries. ments of the regulations and were in good condition.
One was overgrown with weeds, and the fences of four were in need
of repairs; two were unsuitably located, and many graves were with-
out headstones at another.

Major Reynolds (Dakota) remarks:

The post cemeteries throughout the department should receive more care. They
are, as a rule, bleak looking and unattractive. That at Fort Meade might well be
moved from the rocky hill it now occupies to one of the near-by glades. The bodies
in the old cemetery at Fort Snelling should be moved to the new cemetery.

Would it not be well to consider the establishment of a national
cemetery in every department and in the Philippines? In no other
place are the remains of soldiers more decorously cared for and
guarded. And when one was established at the Presidio of San Fran-
cisco it insured very decided improvements. Those who died in the
service of the country seem to deserve such assembling together for
care.

WATER TRANSPORTATION.

Inspections of army transports and investigations of matters per-
taining to their service by officers of this department have been care-
fully and systematically pursued throughout the year, and the conditions
reported and recommendations and suggestions offered by inspectors
for the amelioration and remedying of unfavorable and adverse condi-
tions have resulted in numerous changes and improvements tending to
the betterment of this essential contingent of the Army. The cost of
maintaining and operating the line of vessels now engaged in the trans-
portation of troops and supplies has been considerably reduced, while,
at the same time, greater facilities and dispatch in the business trans-
acted, as well as comfort to passengers, in comparison with previous
operations, have shown progressive improvement. The service is rap-
idly assuming those stable and economical methods characteristic of
successfully conducted enterprises of a similar nature, and which can
only be attained by experience and constant inspection and attention
to details. The mobility of an army is one of its most important qual-
ities, and d?pends largely upon its transportation and in every confi-
dence being reposed in it. The immense improvement in the efficiency
effected since the Santiago campaign should bring gratification to the
heart of every American who has a friend or relative in the Army.

The necessity for chartering merchant vessels as an auxiliary to the
transport fleet ceased with the beginning of the fiscal year, when the vol-
unteer troops in the Philippines had been returned and replaced with
regulars. And the number of Government-owned transports in the
service has since been judiciously reduced by the sale or putting out of
commission, pending more favorable disposition, of a number of the
less desirable. This may indicate the approach of a marked change,
but what has been learned or acquired can not soon be entirely lost or
forgotten.

420 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

During the year 17 Government transports were inspected and
reported upon by officers of this department, 98 inspections Deing made
and reports rendered. There were also received at this office 31 reports
of officers in command of troops on army transports, rendered in
compliance with paragraph 199, Regulations for the Army Transport
Service. All of these reports were of transports sailing from ports in
the United States to Manila, P. I., and Alaska; the service to Cuba
and Porto Rico having been discontinued by Government transports
and provided for with regular lines of merchant steamers under con-
tract in effect from the beginning of the year. The transports engaged
in inter-island service and those out of commission were not subject
to inspection, but there were rumors that there were some occasions
when the need was felt.

The personnel of the service has greatly improved in efficiency dur-
ing the year, and numerous changes and reductions have been made —
positions which had become perfunctory abolished and others consoli-
dated on account of the lighter duties required by the reduced fleet.
This gives every confidence if further improvement is needed it will
be attained; for Americans fairly claim that they habitually "get
there." The cost of repairs has been considerably minimized, espe-
cially at home ports, as has also the cost of supplies furnished.

Lieutenant-Colonel Chamberlain (California) says:

During the past fiscal year the transport service on this coast has, as formerly, been
conspicuous for its efficiency, and the service has promptly and satisfactorily met
every demand made upon it. During the past fourteen months there has been
marked improvement in the fiscal affairs of the service. * * * Requisitions for
repairs ana supplies are carefully scrutinized, supplies are carefully inspected, and
except in cases of emergency they are purchased under competition at prices which
I believe to be reasonable and well within current prices. Recently, when trans-
ports have arrived in this harbor, accurate inventories have been taken, surplus
articles have been removed for use elsewhere, and public property and stores have
been duly accounted for. Special attention has been given to tne subject of expendi-
tures of pablic property and supplies. * * *

It is believed that agreements whereby competition in certain lines of work was
avoided, as noted in former reports, are, for the time being, broken, but only by con-
stant alertness on the part of transport officials and by cooperation and competition
on the part of the navy-yard authorities can a recurrence of these conditions be
averted. This is fully appreciated by the general superintendent.

*******

Much of the work of current repairs which was formerly done in port by outside
parties is now done by the crew, either at sea or in port. This change has materi-
ally reduced the cost of such repairs without in any degree reducing the quality of
the work or the efficiency of the transport service. * * *

Paintine ships Since April 1, 1902, ships have been painted at this port, either

in whole or in part, as was deemed advisable and necessary. This
painting, except of ships' l>ottoms, has been done by the crew, assisted, when neces-
sary, by men especially employed for that purpose. The average cost per ship for
material and labor, including pay of crew while so engaged, has been $536.81. In
my judgment, all necessary painting has been done and the quality of the work has
been satisfactory.

For ships painted in this port between July 1, 1901, and April 1, 1902, under the
former system, the average cost was $2,651.23.

Reports received in this office also indicate an improvement in
the essential features of the vessels retained in service, such as life-
saving apparatus, arrangement and comfort of staterooms, cabins, and
troop compartments, heating and ventilation, cold-storage capacity,
and hospital arrangements.

The important question of coaling and contracting
Coa * for coal for the use of transports may also be men-

tioned among the improvements noted.

REPORT OB THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 421

Lieutenant Colonel Chamberlain, referring to the cost of coal in
San Francisco (July 8, 1902), says:

The present contract for coal for transports calls for Wallsend, with the privilege
of furnishing, when Wallsend is not available, Wellington, Comox, or Nanaimo.
At least 70 per cent is to be Wallsend, of the remainder not to exceed 15 per cent
Wellington, and 15 per cent Comox or Nanaimo. The contract price is $6.42 trimmed
in bunkers.

The former contract called for Wallsend, with the privilege of furnishing, when
Wallsend was not available, Comox or Nanaimo, at least 60 per cent Wallsend and
not more than 20 per cent each of Comox and Nanaimo. The contract price was
$8.29 trimmed in bunkers.

In reporting conditions at Honolulu, May 12, 1902, Lieutenant-
Colonel Chamberlain also says: *

The present contract calls for Roslyn coal from the Roslyn mines in the State of
Washington, contract price $6.60 per ton delivered alongside the transport, either at
the wharf or on scows as required. So far as I have been able to learn this coal has
given satisfactory results. In steaming qualities it is estimated to be about 15 per
cent inferior to Wallsend coal, which in turn is about 20 per cent inferior to Poca-
hontas and Cardiff coal.

The coal used by the Navy Department is Pocahontas, of, which the last cargo
cost $9.25 per ten.

There are no coal sheds in Honolulu except those belonging to the Navy Depart-
ment, all coal being piled in the open. It is certain that all varieties of soft coal
deteriorate perceptibly when exposed to the weather, especially where the rainfall
is excessive, as in Honolulu.

During my inspection of the conditions at Honolulu in August, 1901,
1 found that transports stopping at that port were coaled by extra
labor, engaged only when required. The Meade, while I was there,
took 1,041 tons of coal; total cost, including transportation from coal
pile to wharf, loading on ship, and trimming in bunkers, $1,649.40, or
$1.58 per ton. The former contract for taking coal from wharf and
putting in bunkers averaged $1.22£ per ton. The Buford, the last
ship coaled prior to the Meade, took 515 tons of coal, the total cost
for labor being $1.02 per ton. The difference in the cost of coaling
those ships is supposed to be due to the fact the Buford is thought to
be one of the easiest and the Meade one of the most difficult ships in
the service to coal.

Would it not be better if the Army used navy coal at these foreign
stations, and not try to run two coal piles in sight of each other? The
Pocahontas coal used by the Navy must be good enough for the Army,
if Npermitted to use and pay for it.

A matter of such small importance to the Govern-
Meais, cost of. ment as the price of the daily meals on the transports
being raised to $1.50, though it costs the Government on some of the
best- fed transports less than $1, may deserve consideration. Incidents
illustrating what a heavy drain it is and that it can be ill afforded
need not be given.

Maj. J. L. Macklin, Eleventh Infantry, commanding troops on
voyage of transport Mo Clellan from Manila to New York, October 18
to December 21, 1901, says:

The charge of $1.50 per day, while small for good hotel accommodations, is larger
than the daily cost of the ordinary army mess, while the meals supplied are much
inferior. Should the actual cost of the meals reach this figure it must be due to mis-
management or waste. It may be well to continue this price for tourists traveling
on the transports, but for army officers and their families %\ per day seems sufficient
charge.

422 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR- GENERAL.

Lieut. Col. A. G. Hennisee, Eleventh Cavalry, voyage of U. S. army
transport Crook, New York to Manila, December 5, 1901, to Feb-
ruary 3, 1902, says:

I respectfully suggest that the facilities for cooking and serving food on the army
transports restrict the quality of the food, so that board which costs more than $1
per day can not be furnished; that the present price of $1.50 per day is excessive
under reasonable management.

No expense imposed upon an officer's family is probably a greater
strain upon his purse than service in the Philippines. Three moves
are said to be equal to a fire, and this compels at least two. A good
boarding house in Washington charges $20 or $25 a month for board.
At equal prices it is believed the majority of officers' families would
not expect to live better than in the capital, but would be equally con-
tented with similar fare on board our transports. But tne charge
approximates twice as much. And it may be noted that even the
water transportation for household and family effects seems inadequate.
The principle of having the officers on farthest duty live at least with-
out additional expense, if avoidable, over those in Washington seems
well to keep in new, like the sales of stores at cost.

Capt. H. H. Benham, adjutant Second Infantry, com-
^ste ward's depart- marjc[ing troops on transport Kilpatrick, Manila to San

Francisco, September 12 to October 7, 1901, says:

All departments of the ship seem to be well managed except the steward's, of which
there has been well-founded complaint. The supplies furnished by the Subsistence
Department, excellent in themselves, were generally ruined by poor care and poor
cooking.

Lieut. Col. T. F. Forbes, Twenty-ninth Infantry, commanding troops
on transport Shwidan, San Francisco to Manila, April 1 to May 1, 1902,
savs:

The cooks, stewards, and particularly the waiters seemed to be men unfamiliar with
their duties. It is recommended that men more competent be employed, if necessary
at an increased wage, to serve passengers, as it is essential to comfort that experienced
servants be provided. As this department of the ship is conducted without expense
to the United States, as far as passengers are concerned, l>eing really supported by
the mess charges paid by officers and others traveling on transports, and in some cases
being conducted at a profit at the present rate of charge, it would seem to be reason-
able that the best service obtainable should l>e furnished.

First Lieut. J. B. Schoeffel, Ninth Infantry, commanding troops on
transport i&^V/* (inter-island service), August lti, 1901, says:

There was no regular commissary alx>ard. Mr. J. McQuade, the commissary agent,
was in charge of that department, which was most ably cared for. There was no reg-
ular quartermaster aboard, though Mr. G. W. Muller, quartermaster agent, had charge,
and ably performed the duties of that department.

The messing arrangements were the most i>erfect of any transport on which I have
traveled; for while it was necessary for the company cooks to prepare the food for
the men, there was plenty of it, and it was well served to the men who were able to
enjoy it at mess tables in a regular mess room. The cleanliness of the ship has been
most excellent, due to a great extent to the men not being compelled to eat on and
about decks.

Lieutenant-Colonel Hennisee (Eleventh Cavalry) also says:

I recommend that civilians (esj)eeially women and children
uimUacKd^ivnians without male escort to be responsible for them) not connected

with the public service should not lx> permitted to travel on
Government transports. Such travel is sure to result in a great disadvantage to the
passengers who are under orders to take the voyage. They want the best accommo-
dations, seats at the first table, are not easily satisfied, and are a constant disadvan-
tage to the junior officers.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 423

Lieut. Col. P. H. Ray (Seventh Infantry) commanding troops on
transport Meade, San Francisco to Manila, March 1 to April 21, 1902,
recommends:

That only persons in the service of the United States, civil or military, with their
families, be allowed passage on a transport, and then not in excess of the capacity
of the ship.

Lieut. Col. W. Quinton, Fourteenth Infantry, com-
command o ship. man(jing troops on transport Sheridan, Manila to San

Francisco, July 19 to August 18, 1901 (since retired as brigadier-
general), says:

The master of the vessel should have the same authority as he would if in
command of a merchant ship, and the crew should be governed by the merchant
shipping rules. No rules or regulations formulated by the Quartermaster's Depart-
ment can do away with these. It must be held in remembrance that the master is
not commissioned; neither is the crew enlisted. The master, however, has a license
to be carefully guarded if he desires to continue on sea service, and in guarding this
license circumstances may bring him in conflict with the rules and regulations made
by the Quartermaster's Department or the orders of the transport quartermaster.
Such instances have occurred and are liable to occur again. In my opinion the
master should be commissioned, the crew enlisted, * * * or the same system
adopted, identical in every particular, followed by the various trans- Atlantic lines.

Lieutenant-Colonel Chamberlain (California) says:

,. In organizing the transport service and in the preparation of regulations

governing same, no adequate provision was made for maintaining discipline
among the crew.

For the mercantile marine service the Revised Statutes of the United States pre-
scribe certain penalties and punishments. These have not been made applicable to
the transport service, and it has, I believe, been ruled that the crews are not under
military discipline, even as "camp followers." Therefore the ship's officers find
themselves responsible for the control of the crew, with no lawful means of enforc-
ing discipline, except resort to the brig. Sailors, as a class, are said to have little
horror of the brig or of bread and water diet. The unanimous opinion heard is that
no form of punishment is effective except it involves a loss of pay.

These deficiencies in the law and regulations have been and are a source of embar-
rassment and trouble to the transport service. Steps should be taken to provide
means of enforcing obedience and discipline. The crew should be shipped for the
round voyage, in such manner and under such rules and regulations as may be found
practicable and effective.

Colonel Sanger (now brigadier-general), Division of the Philippines,
in an indorsement dated April 23, 1902, says:

I am aware of the many difficulties to be overcome; that the transports have car-
ried thousands of persons and tons of freight, and thus far have met with no serious
accidents, which is, to say the least, a very fortunate circumstance; nevertheless, it
is believed by many perfectly impartial witnesses, myself among the number, that-
good crews can be had for less wages, and that they would be much better if more
permanent in character.

The practicability of discontinuing transport quar-
Generai remarks, termasters and commissaries and substituting pursers
or quartermasters' agents, the proper amount to be charged for sub-
sistence to saloon passengers, and the status and discipline of transport
crews, are important questions in connection with the transport service
and are ably presented and commented upon in reports of Lieutenant-
Colonel Chamberlain (Department of California) and Maj. C. A. Devol
(general superintendent army transport service, San Francisco), dated
June 6 and July 1, 1902, respectively, and in the indorsement thereto
of Maj. Gen. R. P. Hughes. How greatlv the transport service has
improved and wherein improvement is still practicable seem worthy

424 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

of constant and careful attention, and the reports mentioned may serve
to aid this process of improvement, if not already surpassed by the
progress made. A partial list of items referred to in these papers
might include —

1. Lack of discipline and attentive alertness where the civilians are
unfinable.

2. Much mixed or amateurish methods.

3. Excessive charges for food.

4. Master to command ship and a bonded purser to replace the
transport quartermaster.

5. tainting of ships by crews.

6. Relying on Treasury Department for inspection of hulls, boilers,
and equipment of transports.

The beneficial change at West Point effected by introducing " gen-
eral-service" men finas a similar opportunity, possibly, in this trans-
port service, by properly unifying and adjusting the duties according
to the new environment.

The great success attained already gives promise that whatever is
still needed will be fully accomplished and such a system be now
definitely formulated as will serve as a model in every future emer-
gency. All Government and military movements in Asia may find
almost as close connection at times with the question of water trans-
portation as it does with railroads on this continent.

Perhaps more attention may still be needed to the assured sea-
worthiness of the largest possible equipment of life-saving appliances
and exercise of the crew at emergency stations at irregular periods.

Would not a canvas swimming tank like those on the English lines be
beneficial on our transports for long voyages? They enlist interest
and encourage activity and cleanliness.

The tendency to hire land transportation instead of organizing it
as a military and sworn command nas at times led to suffering and
loss in other armies, until civilized nations showed how it could be
roperly controlled even among deserts or anv other strain of war.
rVator transportation naturally presents similar problems, and the
makeshift methods pay in blood for what is saved in money, whether
resorted to on land or water. Our owned transports are far more
efficient and amenable to ordinary military contingencies and have a
finer esprit du corps than can be expected of any heterogeneous or
hired vessels. The heart must be in the work and loyalty to it alone
dominate if perfect success is to continue — such as is due to a national
cause amidst matters of such pith and moment. That the officers who
have had charge are able and enthusiastic and whole-souled in their
earnest endeavor to attain success is proved by their work, and must
be recognized by all who have the interests of the Army or the Gov-
ernment at heart.

Detailed histories and descriptions of the various army transports
have been given in several of my preceding reports.

The following succinct statement of the inspections of transports is
self-explanatory and is indicative of the services performed- by them
during the year:

BEPOBT OF THE INSPECTOB-GENEBAI,.

425

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426

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT.

The reports received show that the subsistence supplies furnished
the Army during the past year were very generally of excellent qual-
ity and sufficient in quantity. The fooa supply is good, and the zone
in which fresh meat and ice are furnished has widely extended in the
Philippines. Unfortunately, in the southern islands, on account of the
lack of refrigerating plants or ships, refrigerated meat or ice is not
available, and the ravages of rinderpest have so thinned out the native
cattle that it is difficult to obtain meat of any character.

Very few complaints of inferior quality of stores have been reported.
How extremely limited this was in a business so widespread and so
sensitive every business man will appreciate. It is a vote of confidence
in our admirable Subsistence Department by an overwhelming majority.

Losses on nearly all kinds of subsistence stores or supplies were
comparatively great in the Philippines, where large quantities were
condemned. Possibly larger recently than for thirty years.

The inventory and inspection reports received at this office show the
following losses by condemnation during the fiscal year 1902, to wit:

Beef.

United States

Philippines

Cuba and Porto Rico
Alaska and Hawaii . .
Transports

Total

Pounds.

Value.

1,631

57, 167

3,791
26,616

$114.59

3,806.93

10.33

308.72

1,950.49

89,466

6,191.06

Potatoes.

Pounds.

38,795

2,133,876

2,419

137,397

59,018

2,371,105

Value.

$592.28

52,322.29

83.82

1,732.27

1,446.38

56,177.04

Onions.

Pounds,

33,647

375,589

125

38,351
. 6,517

454,229

Value.

1796.64

20,820.24

4.89

1,248.65

203.37

23,073.69

It seems that all classes of canned goods deteriorate and become unfit
for use very rapidly in the Tropics, and large quantities of them are
condemned and eliminated from the service. Lacquering of the cans
has been recommended, and where it has been tried it is reported to
have been beneficial. The favorable difference in the percentage of
damaged square compared with round tins was adverted to; though
superior tin and workmanship may be required. A jolt flattening in
the rounded side of one tin at a single point under pressure which the
square tins better withstand may start a leak which rusts and ruins
the remainder of the box-full beneath. The excessive rust and
moisture and destruction of packages by ants, etc., are phenominal in
the Tropics. The intelligent and persistant effort to get the best
results and guard against the special evils are evident on all sides, and
meets with increasing success.

Colonel Sanger (Philippines) says:

In the Subsistence Department the most ]>erishable stores are fresh meat, vegeta-
bles, flour, bacon, preserves, and jellies; of the latter, current jelly appears to have
been more perishable than any other preserves. The greatest care is now taken in
handling fresh vegetables under Division Circular No. 1, 1902; but losses will undoubt-
edly continue until arrangements can be made to reduce the time consumed in trans-
porting them from the depot in Manila to the stations of the troops. It is suggested
that all barrels and kegs have wooden hoops in the place of iron, as the latter are
soon destroyed by rust, and that flour be boxed rather than sacked.

The prevalence of cholera and the im]>erative necessity of cleanliness in and about
all mess kitchens in this climate have made it obvious that provision should be made
for dishcloths, wiping cloths, cooks' aprons and caps, and it has been suggested that
they be kept in stock by the Subsistence Department for issue or sale as may be
deemed best. Dishes that are well washed, but wiped with a piece of dirty gunny-

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENRRAL. 427

sack or some other substitute, by a soldier in a dirty suit of clothes, saturated with
perspiration, can hardly be called clean. The messes do the best they can with the
means at hand, but they are most inadequate.

Major Bailey (North Philippines) says:

The reports of inspectors show that the troops are well fed and are supplied with
everything that is required for their health and comfort, except at some of the inac-
cessible posts, where fresh meat and vegetables can not be regularly supplied, owing
to the difficulty of securing necessary transportation. Fresh meat ana vegetables
have frequently had to be destroyed before reaching their destination on this account.
Many of the chartered transports plying between interisland points are not supplied
with cold-storage facilities or with ice chests of sufficient capacity to take proper care
of the fresh meats transported by them. This defect should be remedied as speedily
as possible in the interests of economy and welfare of the troops. Attempts have
been made to furnish beef on the hoof to some of the outlying stations, but it has
not proved a decided success, owing to the cattle stampeding or dying en route.

Major Eastman (Fourth Separate Brigade) says:

I have but few recommendations to make concerning the Commissary Department.
Its supplies are generally ample and of good quality. There has been a large loss of
certain canned goods, such as pineapples, peaches, damsons, etc. It has been observed
that canned goods packed in sawdust are in much better condition here when opened,
fewer cans are found punctured, and the dust absorbs the moisture or juices if a can
bursts, and only two or three cans in proximity are ruined instead of the whole case.
Lacquering has also proved beneficial.

Major West (Fifth Separate Brigade) says:

The stations have been well supplied with stores, except fresh beef, potatoes, ana
onions.

Owing to the absence of a cold-storage plant at Iloilo, it is not practicable to sup-
ply stations with refrigerated beef. The beef is purchased in the locality of each
station where cattle can l)e procured. Owing to tne great loss of cattle by the rin-
derpest, cattle are very dear, and some stations are not able to get beef.

Some stations are unable to get regular supplies of fresh vegetables, owing to there
being infrequent visits of transports.

There has been a large amount of subsistence stores condemned during this fiscal
year. The cause of this loss can be attributed to climatic influences — heat and mois-
ture— the rusting of cans, and fermentation of the contents. Weevils get into the
flour and rice and worms into tobacco and cigars.

To decrease this loss it is recommended that the cans be well made and thicker
than usual and that they be very carefully covered with two or three coats of lacquer

Some of the canned flour (50-pound cans) has l>een found to contain weevils.
Some of the cans are not properly soldered. One can I saw was open along the
whole corner from top to bottom. So little solder had been used that it was difficult
to see any at all. The top piece of tin, put on after the flour was put in the can, was
also found not to be securely soldered. These cans were found to contain weevils.
The commanding officer of the station of Concepcion, First Lieut. Charles B. Clark,
Sixth Infantry, informed me that the canned flour contained more weevils than any
other kind of flour. It is recommended that more solder be used and that more
care be used in putting on the solder.

There has apparently been a large overstocking of the subsistence storehouses at
the various* stations, and it is also apparent that the stores on hand the longest are
not always used first. This is evident from the fact that large amounts of stores are
submitted to the inspector in which the cans are almost entirely destroyed by rust,
and the contents dried up and disappeared, the stores having apparently been on
hand for ye^ars. If the stores on hand longest had been used first, the condition of
these stores' would have been discovered months ago, and before the cans had
rusted to pieces.

The storehouse at Iloilo is a large and comparatively cool building, where stores can
be better preserved than in the small houses and nipa shacks used at outside sta-
tions. There are frequent visits by steamer to nearly all stations, and there is no
necessity for keeping large stocks on hand, as this system is sure to result in loss to
the United States.

The amount of subsistence stores condemned in the brigade during the fiscal year
is valued at $33,943.64. The articles which show the greatest loss are tobacco, Doth
smoking and chewing, cigars, cranberry sauce, milk, flour, potatoes, onions, toma-
toes, bacon, soups, ginger ale, and Shasta water.

428 N REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

Colonel Burton (Cuba) says:

As a general rule the commissary storehouses have presented a commendable
state of good order, cleanliness, and classification of supplies. The stores have been
generally satisfactory. There was a large lot of supplies sent to Cuba with the army
of intervention, which gradually became surplus as troops were removed, and which
became the subject of criticism because of age and consequent deterioration. They,
however, have been sold, in the general break-up, at very remunerative prices.

Maj. Fred A. Smith (South Philippines) says:

Subsistence Department. — This department is justly entitled to praise for the demands
made upon it and the manner in which it has met them, using every endeavor to
promote the comfort and welfare of men and officers at remote and lonely stations
and in the field.

The full ration has been at all times available, except fresh meat and vegetables,
which have been supplied as far as the limited and irregular transportation and dis-
tance from the supply depots has permitted. Where there is no means of preserving
same at stations, the supply is limited to what can be utilized within about twenty-
four hours.

Disease (rinderpest) and a lack of any systematic attempt to breed cattle has
depleted the islands of native cattle so that the supply is quite wholly dependent
upon imported refrigerated meat.

* * * The ration as now constituted seems to be satisfactory and suited to
climatic conditions, and the list of sales stores sufficiently varied and complete to
meet the general demand.

These islands furnish nothing which can be substituted for the improvement of the
regular ration, not even fruit, except it might be the banana. * * *

To prevent deterioration, subsistence stores should not be accumulated in depots
in large quantities and supplied to stations for reasonably^ short periods, so as not to
be injured by long storage, getting wet, mildewed, etc., as" the facilities for storage at
stations is generally limited and conducive to deterioration by dampness, from which
cans rust and contents spoil.

Flour shipped in sacks suffers from becoming wet and caked and sacks torn and
broken. Tnat shipped in tins has given good satisfaction. * * *

Sauerkraut is an article much desired by the companies. The desiccated potatoes
furnished are an undesirable substitute for the fresh article, and are not relished by
the men; also the codfish furnished, in ita present form, does not seem to be desired.

I know of no good reason why an arrangement could not be made to furnish fresh
fish by purchase from the natives in certain proportion in lieu of the meat component
of the ration, as almost without exception fresh fish and rice comprise the diet of the
natives at all coast towns.

The canned salmon is quite universally condemned as an undesirable portion of
the ration.

Major Irons (Colorado) says:

Very little complaint has been made of the quality of stores supplied to the vari-
ous posts. At Fort Mackenzie, Wyo., California canned fruits, etc, were being
shipped from Omaha, Nebr. This seems to be an unnecessary waste of money, as
these supplies had been shipped from California to Omaha and then sent to Fort
Mackenzie, Wyo., instead of l>eing sent direct from California to post, which is on a
direct road from California, viz, the Union Pacific Railroad and the Burlington Rail-
road. This extra cost, if any, falls on the Quartermaster's Department and not on the
Subsistence Department. Much complaint was heard from company commanders
about the issue of soup one day in ten as part of the beef component. Much jus-
tice appears in this complaint, as soups are easily made from bones of fresh beef, etc.,
without any extra expense. The issue of soup practically loses to the company the
value of this beef component.

The following was reported as the approximate cost
the?Stionimate costof of the ration in the various departments. There were

no reports from the Philippine Islands on this subject,
save the one from the Fourth Separate Brigade. As no general data
or method was furnished, some difference in individual judgment may
be recognized and the result accepted with a grain of salt

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

429

Approximate cod of ration.

Highest.

Lowest.

Average

Department

•

Post.

Approxi-
mate
cost.

Post.

Approxi-
mate
cost.

approxi-
mate
cost.

Colorado

Columbia

Cuba

Dakota

East

Lakes

Missouri

Texas

Discharge Camp, Angel
Island, Cal.

United States general hos-
pital, Fort Bayard, N.
Mex.

Fort Gibbon, Alaska

Holguin, Cuba

Fort Assinniboine, Mont .

Fort Constitution, N. H.,
and Fort Dupont, Del.

Fort Brady, Mich

Fort Robinson, Nebr

Camp Eagle Pass, Tex

Atimonan and Paracale,
P.I.

Cents.
2G

29
24
25

17
20
20|

Cents.
A lcatraz Island, Cal .. 14|

Fort D. A.Russell, Wyo 14

Boise Barracks, Idaho 14

Manzanillo, Cuba 24

Fort Meade, S. Dak... 14*
Fort Williams, Me.... ' 13

Fort Sheridan, 111 ... . 13A
Fort Crook, Nebr 104
Fort Sam Houston, 13^0

Cents.
161

17*

24
24
18
18*

16A

17i

174

Fourth Separate
Brigade.

Tex. 1
Nueva Caceres, P. I . . 21 • 22i

1 1

For the whole Army, so far as reported, the highest cost of a ration
was 62^ cents, at Fort Gibbon, Alaska; the lowest was 10£ cents, at
Fort Crook, Nebr. The highest average was 24 cents, in the Depart-
ment of Columbia; the lowest was 16-jV cents, in the Department of
the Lakes, to which California was a close second with 16f cents; the
general average for the whole Army was 18T\ cents.

A general officer intimated that everything in the Philippines might
be held to cost about 50 cents a pound. But if the "approximate cost
of ration" is only its cost to the Subsistence Department, the items of
transportation, storage, and handling may not appear so pertinent.

In this connection the question of the desirability

tin?s1orrsalcn^.bacon ln °$ having all flour and bacon for use in the Philip-
pines put up in tin cans arises. There is no doubt
that canned flour and bacon will suffer a much smaller percentage of
loss in transportation, and is less subject to the climatic ravages of
that hot, moist climate. The cost of flour in tins is greater than of
that in sacks, and the purchase of the latter would, at first glance,
appear to be more economical, even if the losses were much greater
than they now are; but the great cost of transportation from the place
of purchase in the United States to the point in the Philippines where
it finally reaches the soldier is many times greater than the original
cost of the flour, and when it is delivered in a condition unfit for use
the 'price of the flour is but a small fraction of the loss sustained by
the Government.

If well tinned and boxed the loss of flour and bacon would be reduced
practically to zero, and the increased cost for this tinning and boxing
would be saved many times to the appropriations for the transporta-
tion of the Army.

An item or two concerning several depots have local interest at least
among the soldiers they supply.

Ventilation of the various floors of the rented store-
NewYork?N. Y*epot' house was unsatisfactory. Major Hoskins, who made

the annual inspection of this depot, remarks:

The painstaking care with which the interests of the Government are guarded —
the reassortment of surplus stores turned in, with a view to their preservation and
reissue, and the refurbishing of tools and commissary property which in many
instances in the past have been cast aside as unserviceable — is most commendable and
worthy of note. Sound business methods control in the operations of the depot, and

430 REPOBT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

it was a pleasure to note that a number of meritorious retired and ex-soldiers were
employed, rendering valuable services and manifesting" much interest and care in the
thorough performance of their duties. The depot officer was emphatic in his praise
of their fidelity.

The depot commissary remarks:

The components of the bread ration, fruit ration, and canned
Ban Ftencbtt) Caf° fr"**8 ar® more reasonable here than in any other part of the

United States. Fresh meat costs less than in large cities of the
East, and fresh vegetables less than in most localities.

Lieutenant-Colonel Chamberlain, who made the annual inspection of

this depot, says:

During my inspection of posts in this department I have made careful inquiry, and
the universal verdict has been that subsistence supplies were of excellent quality and
that requisitions had l>een promptly filled.

The system of providing refrigerated beef from
Aparf^Ri?6 depot' Manila has proven quite successful. Percentage of

loss on entire amount of fresh beef and mutton received
during fiscal year, 5$ per cent; fresh vegetables, 6£ per cent. The
storehouse for canned goods is surrounded by swampy ground and is
inconvenient of access. It should be floored if a more suitable build-
ing can not be secured. The zeal and great improvement in the
^arrangement, care and methods, both for economy and prompt and
energetic supply, are very noticeable.

Cranberry sauce in tins shows the greatest loss.
ca^ambafp0! dcpot' There was less than a month's supply of ration articles

on hand at the time of inspection on account of a large
emergency issue that had just been sent into the field.

The supplies were too widely scattered, being stored
c§£!pT* ^^ in nine different places. The need of a large store-
house was apparent if the supply depot is to be con-
tinued in this town. A four months' supply is kept at the depot.
Average business per month: Issue, 46,206 rations; sales, $5,802.25.
Under authority contained in letter from the Commissary -General,
dated June 9, 1899, sales are made to the Navy averaging $1,192.84
per month. Fresh beef was being obtained at the station, the source
of supply being native cattle of rather poor quality, for which 8i cents
per pound net was being paid. The articles showing the greatest loss
were cranberry sauce, V iking milk, and Australian milk. This milk
has been also among the greatest comforts to the men.

subsistence depot, ^ne condition of the depot was excellent and had
Daarupan, pangasinan, wonderfully improved since the preceding inspection.

A four months' supply of ration articles is kept on
hand. Canned fruits show greatest loss. Fresh meat was regularly
received from the main depot at Manila, except for a short time, when
there was a break in the railway.

subsistence depot, Major Frank West, who made the annual inspection
iioiio, p. i. ' of this depot on April 3, 1902, remarks:

There are in the depot commissary the following articles of subsistence stores:
2,326 pounds of John Doe smoking tobacco, valued at 47 cents per pound; and I am
informed by the chief commissary that there is no sale for the tol>acco whatever and
that there is probably an equal amount in the post commissary storehouses of this
brigade.

The Lorillard tobacco has long been the favorite with the Army,
and the periodical attempts to sell other brands to the soldiers cause
discomfort, as this is their only luxury, and the purchase of tobacco is
specifically allowed them by law. Of course much of this m»y be
worked on.

■A.-.-,

BEPOBt OF THE INSPECTOB-GENEBAL. 431

The storehouses are ample in capacity and were

T^oSu^i^yte^i! very c'ean an^ dry an(* the stores well arranged. A
' three months' supply is kept on hand. Fresh meat is
received from Manila on an average of twice a month, four or five
days' issue being received at one time. Jelly, chiefly because of its
age, shows greatest loss.

Native beef is purchased when possible; generally
zamboS^epdiepot' c011168 from Borneo. Refrigerated beef is received

from beef ships going to Manila from Australia. Of
the beef cattle only 1 died out of 67, and there was no loss on
refrigerated beef. It is eat up as quickly as possible when it arrives
at outside stations. Fresh vegetables, honey, and pineapples show
greatest loss. The average loss on fresh vegetables was 7 per cent.
A three months' supply of stores is kept on band. The commissary
officer seemed far from well, but was performing his duties with
soldierly enthusiasm.

On September 1, 1901, the commissary depots of the
Maji&a' pc<£nmi88ary' Departments of Northern and Southern Luzon were

discontinued and the stores transferred to this depot,
thus adding largely to the duties devolving on the depot commissary.
The revolution which has occurred in the management of this depot
and the remarkable improvement which has been effected in the spirit
and methods of its business under Major B. K. West, necessarily attracted
widespread attention; but not more than it deserved. How perfectly
these and similar storehouses are working now is naturally gratifying
to all who feel interested in the good conduct of the public business.
The greatest needs of the depot at the time of my inspection seemed to
be suitable and adequate warehouses and better means of transpor-
tation for fresh meat, vegetables, and ice. To meet these wants the
depot commissary recommended that suitable ground be acquired at
a location where ships can load and unload directly at dock, with suit-
able and adequate warehouses built thereon, ana that boats of draft
not exceeding 7 feet, and of 600 to 800 tons capacity, with refrigera-
ting plant capable of carrying 60,000 pounds of fresh meat, be pro-
vided. Although it did not appear from the depot commissary's
report of supplies remaining on hand December 31, 1901, that the
stock was then excessive for a command of 40,000 men, except in very
few articles, it seems from the report of an inspection of the depot
made by Colonel Sanger June 10, 1902, that a large surplus had accu-
mulated toward the close of the fiscal year. Water is one of the fatal-
ities of the tropics; but the bottled and unboxed table waters were
being piled in alley and room so high that the pyramid of baled hay
in the land transportation grounds, or coal for water transportation
was remembered as easily much higher. The command was in course
of reduction to less than 20,000 soldiers. The following extracts are
from his report:

There has been no deficiency in supplies during the year, and there is a large sur-
plus on hand, as in the other depots which, under orders recently issued, will be
snipped to the States. Although a considerable reduction has been made during the
year in the quantities of sales stores on hand, there is still more than can be conven-
iently cared for, and in some of the warehouses the boxes are piled from the floor
nearly to the roof. The amount of regular supplies (rations) on hand is sufficient
for three months for the entire division, viz, 25,957,764 pounds.

With but very few exceptions the quality of the supplies has been excellent, and
of all canned articles of food beef stew is probably the most acceptable to the troops.

432 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

To those who have been quartered in places to which it has been impracticable to
forward a regular supply of fresh meat and vegetables it has been most acceptable,
but this may be said of all other stations.

It has been suggested by the depot commissary in this connection that one of the
greatest needs of the commissary service is two or more light-draft steamers with ice
plant, and arranged especially for the delivery of fresh meat and vegetables. There
is no question but that this would not only add greatly to the comfort and health of
the officers and men, but would reduce the expenditures on this account, as a glance
at the losses in fresh meat and vegetables, due to deterioration en route, will show.

The greatest care at the depot is observed in handling these stores. All fresh meat
is kept in cold storage and either transferred to cold-storage rooms on transports or
carefully packed in ice. Fresh vegetables are picked over as soon as received, crated
and shipped at once, so that were more speedy delivery possible the losses from cli-
matic causes would be small. But vessels are frequently delayed or diverted from
their courses long enough to cause the loss of all the vegetables on board, and possi-
bly the meat, thus leaving the troops for which they were intended without these
highly appreciated articles. * * *

This depot is in excellent order throughout, but more storage room is indispensa-
ble to the proper care of the stores. Many piles of boxes are still dangerously high,
rendering a compliance with paragraph 1357, Army Regulations, impracticable and
causing large losses from deterioration. Therefore, unless there is an immediate
prospect of the removal of the depot to the left bank of the Pasig, below the Bridge of
Spain, it is recommended that the repairs and improvements on the Cuartel de Fortm
suggested by the depot commissary some time ago be made without delay, and that
all civilians now occupying the Cuartel not connected with the subsistence depart-
ment be removed. This will add the requisite amount of floor space to the depot
and will enable the depot commissary to release warehouse No. 2, for which the chief
quartermaster is now paying a monthly rental of $750 gold.

It would seem a pity if the improvement of the harbor does not
afford an opportunity to locate the army stores spaciously near the
shipping. If tunnels under the river Pasig are constructed, as in Chi-
cago, the accessibility will be greatly increased.

The Cuartel del Fortin, used for the subsistence
Manila, p0Iami88a^y, sales depot, is conveniently situated on the Pasig River,

and its nearness to the cold-storage plant gives it great
advantage also. Between 5,000 and 6,000 authorized officers, enlisted
men, and civilians are supplied from this depot. Civilian employees
of the War Department, members of Coast and Geodetic Survey, and
inter-island transports are required to pav 10 per cent in addition to
cost price. Commissary privileges have been granted to 1,679 civil-
ians. Great watchfulness is exercised to prevent barter and sale of
stores by purchasers. As illustrative of the improvements effected
during the year, it is reported that loss by deterioration, which was
$7,499.72 for ten months of the fiscal year 1901, was $2,866.03 for the
entire fiscal vear 1902; and missing articles for the same periods were
$1,741.97 and $92.60, respectively. During the fiscal year 1902 loss
by condemnation was three-fifths of 1 per cent, and by "missing"
two hundredths of 1 per cent of value of goods handled. The total
cost of maintaining the depot during the year was reported to be about
5£ per cent of the value of stores nandied, and as indicating a sound
state of affairs, as commercial firms in Manila, it is said, usually allow
more for the expenses of their business.

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.

For the posts within the limits of departments having headquarters
in the United States the reports show that the sick are properly cared
for; the health of the commands is good; medical supplies are of good
quality and sufficient, and the regulations for their care and use very
fully complied with; the detachments of the Hospital Corps at the

BEPOBT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 433

various posts appear to be well instructed, and the sanitary condi-
tions of the posts vary from fair to excellent; at only eight posts was
a rating below good reported.

The post hospitals are reported in excellent or good order and well
administered. They aregenerally in good condition as to repair, and
of sufficient capacity. Two posts needed new hospitals and thirteen
hospitals were of insufficient capacity, while five needed operating
rooms. Improvements, repairs, etc., were in progress at a number of
hospitals and new ones were being constructed at three posts.

The affairs of the medical department in the Division of the Philip-
pines are reported to be in a very satisfactory condition.

Colonel Sanger reports that the dental surgeons
Dental surgeons, have rendered valuable services and that the estab-
lishment of this branch of the medical department has proven a great
boon to the army there. He suggests that all officers and enlisted men
ordered to the Philippines have their teeth examined before leaving
the States, as decay of teeth is greatly accelerated in the islands. The
dental surgeons state that the work is excessive, and they are driven
to temporary expedients, as the excessive requirements must be met
somehow and permanent work done later, if possible.

The following items are submitted in connection with the islands:

In the Division of the Philippines, which is the
Personnel. Qnjy m^j^ry division now existing, the Medical and

Hospital Corps are serving at practically all posts occupied by troops;
but not infrequently it has been necessary for one medical officer
to attend more than one station. In these cases the medical officer
is located at the most important of the two or more stations for which
he is responsible for medical attendance, and a noncommissioned officer
or reliable private, with sufficient knowledge of medicine and sur-
gery to perform some emergency work, is detailed at each of the
substations. As a rule, troops going into the field are accompanied by
medical officers. This is always practicable when the force sent out
consists of a large number of men, but sufficient surgeons are not
available for small detachments on short expeditions. The smaller
detachments are frequently accompanied by one or more members of
the Hospital Corps. These arrangements are reported to be satisfac-
tory ana the best that are practicable under the circumstances.

The monthly average number of medical officers in the division for
the first half of the calendar year 1901 was 490, and for the second half
444, and Hospital Corps men 2,653 and 2,399, respectively, showing a
decrease in the medical personnel of 9.38 per cent for officers and 9.57
per cent for men. The monthly average strength of the command for
these same half-yearly periods is reported as 56,982 and 44,886,
respectively, showing a decrease of 21.23 per cent. It thus appears
that the decrease in medical personnel has not kept pace with the
decrease in troops. Medical officers are, and have been, stationed
at a number of small posts, where they have little to do, for the
reason that it is considered impossible to furnish proper medical
attendance from other stations in case of emergency. The concentra-
tion of commands and abandonment of posts now in* progress will in
time remedy this and permit of further reductions in the number of
surgeons and Hospital Corps men. But in nothing is a liberal allow-
ance more conducive to contentment to a well-provided command upon
the march, than the admirable personal and professional character

war 1902— vol 1 28

434

REPOBT OF THE IN8PE0TOB-GENEBAL.

Hospitals.

habitual in our Medical Corps which makes their presence beneficial in
every command. In our cities other doctors are handy, but at the
farthest front it is army doctors or none for the injured or sick.

Buildings of various character, principally dwelling
houses, used for improvised hospitals nave been in
some cases moderately well adapted for the purpose, though the
requirements of modern medicine and surgery are such that utilization
of such houses should only be a temporary expedient, and when per-
manent posts are built, hospitals adapted to the climate should be con-
structed. Many of the station hospitals are of the nipa shack variety,
furnishing some protection against sun and rain, often in bad repair,
devoid of sanitary requirements, and without piped flowing water or
sewerage. Santa Mesa Hospital, built of nipa, served a useful purpose,
but after two years was abandoned; having become uninhabitable from
destruction by storms. The First Reserve, No. 3, and Convalescent, at
Corregidor Island, are hospitals which were built or specially arranged
for care of the sick, and give infinitely better satisfaction. The col-
leges and other buildings converted into base hospitals and illustrated
in former annual reports served their purpose creditably and well, and
at times superabundantly, perhaps.

The following table, compiled from the consolidated
sick reports of four hospitals in Manila and eighteen
military hospitals in the division, will show the relative
prevalence of various diseases:

Health and sanita-
tion.

Diseases.

Venereal

Malarial fever

Dysentery'

Wounds and injuries

Diarrhea

Other intestinal diseases.

Gastric disorders

Typhoid fever

Undetermined

Other diseases

Total.

Monthly average sick.

Jan. to J

rune, 1901.
Percent.

July to Dec., 1901v

Number.

Per cent

333

16.80

279

18.70

267

13.47

149

9.97

256

12.92

232

15.52

233

11.81

140

9.37

140

7.06

120

8.03

2.87

8.14

3.48

8.61

1.51

.93

137

6.91

101

6.77

459

23.17

858

23.96

1,981

100

1,494

100

It will be noticed that typhoid fever does not attain the relative
importance that it does in the United States, and that malarial fevers
ana much more dysentery and diarrhea and other intestinal and gas-
tric diseases give a high rate. The latter class of diseases show a con-
siderable increase, while malarial and typhoid fevers are decreased. It
is evident that venereal disease has found a number of victims, but the
rate from this cause has never approached that of some other armies
stationed in the Tropics. Bimonthly examinations of enlisted men
have been followed by good results, and the instructions published in
Circular No. 10, Headquarters of the Army, March 18, 1902, may
induce greater efforts to diminish the vice.

Notwithstanding the decreased number of troops, from 56,982 in the
first six months to 44,886 in the last six months of the calendar year
1901, the monthly average of deaths increased from 66 to 76, partly
due to the Balangiga massacre. The principal causes of death and
their relative order as to number of victims are as follows: Dysentery,
killed in action, drowned, typhoid fever, malarial fever, variola,
wounds, and tuberculosis.

REPOBT OF THE IN8PECTOB-GENERAL. 4.35

The necessity for sterilizing water before drinking is now fully
understood. The Forbes- Waterhouse sterilizers, distilling plants, and
the simple process of boiling furnish potable water at the different
posts and stations. On February 1, 1902, the medical department
was operating 17 ice machines in the division, which were not only fur-
nishing ice for the sick, but also conducing greatly to the comfort of
the garrisons, and are accepted as a preventative of disease as well as
a cure and an aid in caring for patients. Considerable difficulty was
reported in keeping the machines running at some of the posts, due to
lack of proper knowledge on the part of the engineers or operators.

Dry -earth closets are general^ used, which are undoubtedly a great
improvemen^on the native pits. The contents, with waste, are buried
at a distance from stations or thrown into the sea or tide-water rivers.
Unfortunately, practically little or no sanitary work was being done
under the civil administration in towns other than Manila, and soldiers
are often menaced by the sins committed by their neighbors. It is
understood that provincial boards of health have been recently organ-
ized and in time will accomplish something, though the standard of
medical education in the provinces is hardly such as to expect imme-
diate beneficial results. The chief surgeon of the division remarks:

Except in the matter of contagious diseases the neglect of natives of the disposal of
excreta and wastes is most liable to affect the health of commands, as in other mat-
ters they may be fairly well protected by the efforts of their own officers. Fortu-
nately, the activity of the nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria is so great that filth
thrown upon the ground is almost immediately destroyed. In Manila and the larger
towns excreta is received in pits or vaults which are never made tight, as it is not
desired to make them contents of filth, but merely temporary receptacles, where only
a portion of the more solid matters remain, thus much reducing the expense of
cleaning. In the small towns the pigs are the scavengers and do it thoroughly, with
undoubted benefit to the troops, but hardly as much to the native population, as they
eat the pigs.

On the railroad between Manila and Dagupan a hos-
tatSneof8Sktranspor pital car was maintained, with bed accommodations, ice,

a few simple medicines, and attendance. All the sick
from stations adjacent to the railroad were transported on this car to
the larger hospitals. Off the railroad the river routes are followed
when possible by small boats, caseos, etc., thence by wagon or litter
to the hospitals. On the coast, vessels stopping at ports furnish the
needed transportation, and the hospital ship Relief nas also brought
sick from the military hospitals and stations on the coast line, but she
is no longer in such use. At Dagupan it was found that there were
many vacant beds in the base hospital, though the need was felt for them
in the regiment. At Santa Cruz the base hospital seemed similarly
not fully utilized. At Vigan a smilar base hospital took the local sick
in, but telegraphed in every case; and there were base hospitals which
at once accepted the sick of the nearest garrisons that had no other
accommodations. As to the unused hospital conveniences and other
matters doubtless what is practicable and wise has been done, and of
course the sick wore not allowed to suffer unnecessarily, and any
appearance of a personnel or plant not fully used, has been duly
remedied.

The stock of medical supplies on hand at the Manila
c^i^(and1iackh?gex" medical supply depot was apparently excessive, while

the reports received from ten of the military hospitals
in the division indicated a want by them of some medicines, of which

436

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

the following presents an illustration which may have received com-
plete consideration.

Latin.

Ordinary.

Number
of the 10
hospitals
having
none on

hand

Dec. 31,

1901.

On hand at medical supply
depotj Manila, Dec. 31, 1901.

Quantity.

Would supply
for one year,
per standard
supply table,
Medical De-
partment.

Argcnti nitron fusus

CfX'ainse hydrochloras

Hydrargvri chloridum mite

Acidum boricum (pulvis)

Creosotum

Ichthyolum

Acidiim carbolicum

Acidum nitricum

Aloini pilulte comp

Belladonna? emplastrum

Camphora

Morphinaj sulphus (8 mgm. tab.) . .

Fused nitrate of silver.

Muriate of cocaine

Calomel

Powdered b< >ric acid . .

Creosote

Ichthvol

Carbolic acid

Nitric acid

Pill aloin compound ..

Belladonna plaster

Camphor

Morphine sulphate

Men.

2,688 bottles.

1,344,000

2,025 bottles.

337.500

4,943 bottles.

1,647,666

3,403 bottles.

1,134,000

2,755 bottles.

459,166

3,661 bottles.

915,250

18,568 bottles.

3,094, 666

1,109 bottles.

369,666

4,595 bottles.

1,531,666

5,868 tins

1,966,000

1,902 bottles.

475,500

7,312 bottles.

609,333

It may be that in reducing the command some articles can be dis-
posed of at fair prices, as horses were in Cuba, rather than returned to
America.

The chief surgeon of the division gives the approx-
medfcafsuppiiw.1 °f huate value of medical supplies expended by troops in

the division as follows:

Fornix months ended June 30, 1901 $133,569

For nix months ended December 31, 1901 98, 091

Dividing these figures by the average strength of the command for
these two half-yearly periods (56,982 and 44,886) will give quotients
of $2.34 and $2.18, respectively, or a per capita cost of $4.52 per
annum. The expense and care of transportation and preservation, and
importance of proper use, is doubtless out of all proportion to original
outlay.

care and preserva- Metal rapidly erodes by rust in the islands, and all
tion of medical prop- instruments need protection from moisture. Bedding
crty' and woodwork are frequently destroyed by ants. The

lack of repair shops is a feature that requires consideration.

Surg. P. C Fauntlcroy, former medical supply officer, Department
of Northern Luzon, recommends that hard-rubber bottles or recep-
tacles be substituted for the metal screw-top bottles and receptacles in
all cases and chests: that tin receptacles be heavily shellaced; that glass
stoppers be substituted for corks in bottles of certain medicines, such as
compound spirits of ether, spirits of nitric ether, aromatic spirits of
ammonia, etc., and that all chests, bookcases, etc., be provided with
logs about 6 inches high to stand in tin vessels holding coal oil to pre-
vent ants and other insects from attacking the property. He suggests
that valuable articles should be kept in air-tight chests or cupboards
with saucers of calcium chloride or sulphuric acid, and that instru-
ments can be well protected by coating with the residue from tincture
benzoin compound, which is easily removed by rinsing in alcohol. It
is understood the National Museum has tried methods of securing air
tight shelving, such as a zinc and groove rabbet for the middle line of
sliding sash.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 437

Such diseases as leprosy, bubonic plague, and cholera,
which are or have been prevalent in these islands, are
familiar to us in name at least; but others, like beri-beri, seein to be
somewhat more unfamiliar. It is evident from several occurrences
called to my attention that an epidemic of beri-beri sometimes appears
among native prisoners when confined on the ground floor on a rice
diet. I have seen cases of it among our officers and in well-to-do native
families. It prevailed extensively in the military prisons at Linga}ren
and Iba in the latter part of 1900, and appeared at the San Isidro mili-
tary prison in August, 1901. It was also mentioned at San Fernando
de Union, Vigan, and Laoag. At Iba (where there were on January
21, 1902, 7 prisoners remaining in the prison hospital with this disease)
out of 129 cases 71, or 55 per cent, died; and the mortality among 60
cases at the San Isidro military prison was about one-third. It is
believed that the situation as to beri-beri has attracted attention, so
that the proper remedy or protection has been more assured, which
is of special importance in view of the number and character of arrests
effected.

At the first official intimation of the appearance of
cholera. cholera in the Philippines attention was invited to the

special danger of sending organizations there without previous trop-
ical experience. How easily carelessness or recklessness introduces
death broadcast into inexperienced commands (when even the most duti-
ful also incur the results) may not be easily appreciated. At that time
no soldier had died of this disease, and at first each death could be traced
to its source. A careful officer taking a bath in the river instinctively
swallowed a mouthful of water. A careless soldier straggled behind
his command and ate and drank what was handy among tne natives,
and died. Naturally green and fresh food and unboiled water is
tabooed; but for a whne the number of deaths from the disease was
gradually increasing and spreading. Its fell steps will be steadfastly
contestea by the Medical Corps. The country may not give it the
attention and sympathy it once would, until it is knocking at our doors.
Now the season of tornadoes is passing. If not swept away into the
sea then, will it hang on till the next? The epidemics among men and
beasts have been remarkable since our advent into the Far East. But
they come and go like waves, making but little impression upon the
national consciousness; for science has seized the recurrent waves and
almost obliterated them. Even the bubonic plague has passed, scarce
noted. And the struggle still goes on. A single sentinel of science
remiss may let many suffer. But no epidemic has recently broken
over our continent, and where our soldiers are face to face with it they
face it as is expected of them; and at home there is more than inter-
est in the experience they undergo: though the sentiment it arouses
may be narrowed to those who lose loved ones and they who most
sympathize with them.

Perhaps nothing is more impressive among the novelties of tropical
service tnan the unaccustomed diseases and sores; and the imagination
is not more impressed by even the loneliness of being on the wrong
side of the sea and amid secretive semi-civilized Malays and poisoned
spring traps or weird natural forms of life and death, and the dank
heat and tornadoes, with such unfamiliar extremes as lilliputians
and volcanoes. Even the names, like elephantiasis, do not seem nice;
and, many more know than mention dhobie itch. That fatalities among
people and animals appear so much more numerous among the natives

438 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

than our men speaks well for the discipline and attentive care of the
men and the superior zeal, skill, and determined ability of our medical
corps. The carabao and cattle have been nearly decimated, until the
need, at least in. cities, for mechanical transportation naturally grows
in importance, and wireless telegraphy is broached inopportunely as
a possible relief for the courier's horse or the anxious wife arriving at
last from the burdened sea. The comparative absence of typhoid with
its xiibcidtu* tendinum or pernicious malaria in its hematuria stage per-
haps ought to be some relief or balance for the new forms of diseases.
It may be difficult for those who are overstrained by their daily task
in jungle, swamp or mountain stream, to find contentment or any pos-
sibility of rare gratification in the great destiny in prospect for the
Philippines: though the novelty of it, and the whirl and spirit of new
birth m the air can not be easily quelled, and bears a promise and

Sotency of great times both for itself and for all the teeming East.
orae must sec indeed the stir upon the face of the waters, however
any part of the spirit or methods of American institutions are trans-
planted there.

These depots were reported to be in excellent condi-
Medicai supply de- t\on^ anc[^ wjth the exception of inferior peptone at

the Manila depot, or inert quinine, the supplies were
of good quality. Excessive supplies were noted at the Manila depot,
ana on July 16, 1902, the storehouses were reported to be largely over-
stocked, hospital property being piled on the porches. The surplus
was then about to be shipped to tne United States, but as the reduc-
tion of stations and troops in the Philippines was still in progress it
was expected that the amount to be shipped would soon be replaced.
Excessive supplies were also reported at the Cebu depot. The floors
of the New York depot were also reported to be overloaded on account
of the influx of returned surplus property. A. great improvement has
been reported in regard to losses in transit — very few articles having
been lost during the year, although formerly there were many.

The floors were loaded with stores beyond the limit
pot! n^w YorEfN. y°" authorized by law, due to the accumulation of prop-
erty returned as a surplus from Cuba, Porto Rico, and
the Philippines. It was the intention of the medical officer in charge
to submit much of the superfluous stock for the action of an inspector
in the near future.

Medical suppiv de Lieutenant-Colonel Chamberlain, who made the
pot, .an rancsco, annuaj inspection of this depot, remarks:

It is recommended by the surgeon in charge that ice machines for the Philippine
Islands be provided with boilers of the marine type (i e., with manhole in center), so
as to be easily cleaned; he also recommends that the feed pumps be of larger capa-
city. These improvements he believes to be called for " by the hard conditions of the
water supply in most parts of the Philippine Islands.' '

The heaviest article of the field equipment furnished

pouvishln^on,Ddc: f rom this dePot> the 100-men mess chest, weighs 325

pounds; the lightest, the Maignen filter, 30 pounds.
The average weight of a regimental set is 132 pounds per item. It is
the intention to keep on hand a sufficient supply to meet the first
requirements of five army corps for three months.

The floor of storehouse No. 5 of this depot is below

jJt! Manii^?? l de' the level of the nver ancl ls liab,e to be submerged

during heavy typhoons. In connection with my Phil-
ippine tour attention was especially drawn to the large surplus of

BEPOBT OF THE IN8PEOTOB-GENEEAL. 439

medical supplies at this depot resulting from the reduction of the
number of sub-depots, stations, and troops and from other causes, and
in a report dated July 16, 1902, Col. J. P. Sanger, inspector-general,
remarks on this subject as follows:

All the storehouses are largely overstocked at present, and 20,000 cubic feet of
hospital property is on the porches, but when the shipment of surplus property
about to be made takes place there will be ample floor space and all supplies can be
better administered than is now practicable. The surplus to be shipped to the United
States, however, will soon be replaced, as the reduction in the number of posts and
troops continues. The quality of the supplies is reported good, except peptone,
which does not give red cholera reaction, and none of the stores are considered unfit
for use.

The reports show that these institutions were gen-
Genemi hospitals. er^,]y in exce]lent co„dition. The First Reserve at

Manila was badly in need of repairs; there was no operating room in
the hospital at Honolulu, and the conditions at the general hospital at
Washington Barracks, D. C, were such as to suggest to the inspector
a recommendation that steps should be taken to procure a site else-
where and erect thereon a general hospital, hospital corps barracks,
and other necessary buildings, and that the present hospital be turned
over exclusively for use of the command at Washington Barracks. In
administration, instruction of the Hospital Corps, and care and use of

? property and medicines, the law, regulations, and orders, with very
ew exceptions, appear to be complied with. The total bed capacity
of the nine hospitals at time of inspection was 1,894, and the number
of patients was 1,031. The average cost of maintenance of hospitals
per patient per day is given, for the Presidio, $1.23; First Reserve,
Manila, $1.85; Number Three, Manila, $1.58; and Corregidor, $1.25.

The buildings, which were in fair to excellent con-
FOTt^yard^Mex!' dition, embrace 26 frame, 14 adobe, 9 brick, 1 iron, and

1 stone — a total of 51 — exclusive of a steel and glass
recreation hall and a building for the ice plant, which were being con-
structed at a cost of §11,264.40 and $1,700, respectively. An addition
to the infirmary and a chapel were badly needed. A hay shed, built
in 1894, was wrecked in a heavy wind storm during the inspector's
visit. The sewerage system has been improved and the capacity of
the ice machine doubled during the year. Between June 23, 1901,
and March 8, 1902, 527 patients were treated. Of these, 245 were
beneficiaries of the Soldiers' Home, Washington, D. C, of whom 100
were discharged from the hospital, 21 died, and there were 124 in
hospital at time of inspection. The hospital has a capacity for 250
beds. Five messes, all well managed, are maintained.

Major Irons, who made the annual inspection of this hospital, sub-
mits the following suggestions and remarks:

This hospital, including buildings and grounds, should be lighted by electricity,
for the reason that it is more economical, healthy, and provides a better light. Sil-
ver City, distant 9 miles, is lighted by electricity, certainly a good indication of its
economy. When the cost of mineral oil, with transportation of same, lamps, fixtures,
calcimining, and labor for same is considered in connection with the fact that an engine
and boilers already exist at the post, it appears that there certainly would, in course
of a short time, be a great saving to the Government. The plea that electric lighting
is in its infancy seems to be far-fetched.

Paragraph 1621, Army Regulations (1901), mentions certain regulations for this
hospital. They have not as yet been promulgated, and Major Appel is applying
Army Regulations as far as possible and changing them to suit existing conditions.

Many of the patients have sums of money and request the commanding officer to
take charge of it. The total amounts to quite a large sum. Major Appel induces
many of the patients to place their savings in a savings bank, but many others de-

440 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

cline. The care of this money places more or less responsibility on the commanding
officer and consumes more or less of his time, but no receipts are taken or given by
him. He simply deposits the amounts in his office safe. Major Appel states that he
does not consider it burdensome and does not suggest any method or regulation for
the control of this matter.

Army and Navy Hospital was in excellent condition throughout.
General Hospitai.Hot Several improvements were made during the year. A
springs, Ark. refrigerator plant was in process of installation, at a

cost of $2,500.

Between March 25, 1901, and May 24, 1902, 430 patients were
treated.

The bed capacity of the hospital is 122, and there were 39 vacant
beds at time of inspection.

General hospital, hospital j™8 in. a highly ^tisfactory condition.
presidio of San Fran- The total bed capacity is 520. Wooden barracks, qccu-
cisco, cai. iedas dormitoi5les hy the hospital corps, were reported

as unsanitary. Expenditures for the period from July 1, 1901, to
June 10, 1902, on account of construction and repair of hospital build-
ings, including new chapel, reading room, commanding officer's quar-
ters, and a double set of officers' quarters, amounted to $85,907.33.
During the same period 4,357 patients were treated, and the cost of
maintaining the hospital was $166,207.06, being an average daily cost
per patient of $1.23, as reported by the commanding officer.

Attention is invited to the following remarks and recommendations
of Lieutenant-Colonel Chamberlain, who made the annual inspection
of this hospital:

The soldier's ration, while ample in quantity and suitable in quality for men in
good health engaged in an active life, is, I believe, wholly unsuitable for female
nurses. In order that they may have suitable food it is necessary that they personally
spend a considerable amount each month. This appears to be unjust and it is
strongly recommended that in addition to the regular ration each female nurse be
allowed 15 cents per diem for subsistence, or, better still, that each nurse be allowed
30 cents per diem for subsistence in lieu of the ration in kind.

It is also recommended that suitable provisions be made for such nurses as may
become disabled in service.

Their duties are of such a peculiar and important nature that nothing should be
left undone by the Government to make their lot a desirable and happy one. * * *

The commanding officer considers that the allowance made by the Quartermaster
Department, $30, for newspapers and periodicals, is insufficient, and requests that
this amount be increased to $40. I concur in this recommendation, as a large per-
centage of the patients are able to read and have little else with which to occupy
themselves. The reading matter should be ample. * * *

The necessity for maintaining, in connection with the general hospital, a quar-
termaster and commissary, especially the latter, is not apparent. It is believed that
subsistence supplies could be secured from the subsistence department of the poet
and thereby avoid the necessity of maintaining a separate establishment. The com-
missary at the post should be authorized to issue rations upon the order of the com-
manding officer of the general hospital, thereby avoiding the necessity of sending
such papers through post headquarters.

The hospital buildings, 9 in number, were in fair or
wSsWn^ton, D°^ita1, tfood condition. The bed capacity is, for officers, 10;

for enlisted men, 40. The accommodations for officers
were reported to be too limited for the requirements, and facilities
for amusement of patients were lacking for want of sufficient room.
Storerooms were insufficient and unsuitable. There were 893 patients
treated during the year, and the cost of maintaining the hospital was
$5,071.08.

The instruction company of the Hospital Corps attached to this hos-
pital was found in very good condition as regards military appear-

EEPOBT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 441

ance, dress, and equipments, and the drills were well executed and
showed careful attention and training. About thirty hours per week
are devoted to theoretical and practical instruction. The outline of
course of instruction is as follows:

First month: Anatomy and physiology, bandaging, diet cooking, bearer drill, cal-
isthenics, and company drill.

Second month: Nursing, first aid, care of animals, bearer drill, calisthenics, and
company drill.

Third month: First aid, elementary hygiene, clerical work, materia medica, bearer
drill, practical field work, calisthenics, and company drill.

Fourth month: Clerical work, pharmacy, materia medica, practical field exercises,
calisthenics, and company drill.

This hospital is built on ground leased by the United
H^iitory ^ospitai, States at $175 p^ raonth. It is used both as a JK)st

hospital for Carup McKinley and a general hospital
for enlisted men arriving on transports and for enlisted men of the
Navy. It has one ward containing 30 beds, but is not provided with
an operating room or laboratory, although the necessary instruments
and appliances for these purposes are on hand. As this is a strategical
point, isolated from our continent by 2,000 miles, but in touch with
many points, like the hub of a wheel, provision is needed in this broader
view, when permanently located, which may possibly be near Pearl
Harbor, as it gradually becomes the center some maintain it deserves
to be.

The following remarks are taken from the report of my inspection
of this hospital dated September 3, 1901:

During August, 1900, the hospital was changed from its original location on account
of the owner desiring to build, but hardly shows the former use of the material,
although those in charge are quite conscious of it and find some difficulty in keeping
the appearance quite as it was before; but it is well run in every way and has doubt-
less been of the first importance during the active operations at the Philippines.
The number of sick range from 7 to 70; at present there are 18 men in the hospital,
being from the local command and passing transports, principally those going west.
The sickest men received at the hospital were the 12 men taken from the Warren
January 23, 1901, four of whom died, the diseases being amoebic dysentery and
tuberculosis. Naturally those stopping here from the Philippines would be apt to be
quite sick. There have been no deaths from the local command nor a single case of
typhoid fever.

The location of the hospital is 240 feet above the sea level and is regarded as
entirely healthful, though not connected with any sewerage system; therefore the
use of cesspools must be resorted to, which are kept emptied all the time by an
excavator. The camp, 6 miles away, is almost on the sea level, and the mosquitoes
are quite abundant; but malaria, while present, is not excessive, as might well have
been anticipated from the surroundings of irrigated land and the brackish water of
Kapiolani Park. Being only three-quarters of a mile from the shore, however, the
bathing facilities are practically good. * * *

This general hospital, as well as the camp, is upon rented ground, and therefore
has all the uncertainties of possession that go with this. The term of the present
lease expires July 1, 1902, and every preparation, it is believed, should be made at
once to get a permanent location for the care of the sick as well as for the command,
and the present method and necessities suggest that, wherever constructed, the oppor-
tunity to care for a much larger sick list snould be on hand. The present hospital is
quite able, by getting tents and tent floors and poles from the Quartermaster's Depart-
ment, to care for 100 to 150 patients, and this probably could be done as conven-
iently at a well-located post in the immediate neighborhood as at the present
admirable site, which seems to be in the line of growth of the city, being located in
the Nuuanu Valley.

This is the most important military hospital in the
piSfMan!ia!rpe ihos" Philippine Islands. It was first organized by the

American Army in June, 1899, and from that time to
June 12, 1902, has handled 18,895 patients, or an annual average of

442 BEPOBT OF THE IN8PE0TOB-GENEBAL.

6,298. The bed capacity is 300, which in case of necessity can be
increased to 350. On May 9, 1902, the condition of the hospital build-
ings and the improvements needed were reported by Major Arthur,
surgeon in charge, as follows:

The buildings are dilapidated, the kitchens old and unsightly, the wards close, hot,
and gloomy, with small, barred windows. The heat in these wards is intense, and
while nearly all the clerks in the quartermaster's office have electric fans, I can not
procure for my patients an electrical day service. '

The plumbing of the hospital is very poor and antiquated; the electric wiring has
been condemned by the city inspector as dangerous. The answer to all my repre-
sentations is, "There is no money.' ' The condition of this hospital does not reflect
credit on our department.

I have done everything in my power to improve it and have made several changes
for the better, but I would urgently recommend an allotment of $5,000 be allowed to
make thin hospital presentable and to enable me to properly care for the patients
intrusted to my care.

Colonel Sanger, who made the annual inspection of the hospital on
June 12, 1902, submits the following remarks and recommendations:

The hospital is very much in need of repairs, some of which are in progress. I
have examined into the matter and earnestly recommend that the repairs and alter-
ations asked for by the surgeon in charge be made.

During the past year there have been handled 2,999 patients, and the cost of main-
tenance has been as follows:

Pay of officers $13, 956. 63

Pay of enlisted men 24, 576. 55

Pay of nurse corps, female 16, 209. 90

Pay of seamstresses 161. 40

Pay of contract nurses, male 875. 50

Pay of civilian employees, Medical Department 872. 60

Pay of civilian employees, ice plant 813. 02

Clothing of detachment of Hospital Corps 1, 365. 72

Pay of employees, Quartermaster's Department 5, 181. 07

Value of property condemned, Quartermaster's Department 1, 177. 78

Rations of animals, Quartermaster's Department, oats 1, 537. 54

Rations of animals, Quartermaster's Department, hay 1, 625. 88

Fuel 2,275.00

Illuminating oil 563. 50

Subsistence employees, Quartermaster's Department 868. 67

Subsistence, enlisted men 24, 290. 71

Laundry bills 2, 922. 12

Repair of mattresses 560. 00

Medical supplies and hospital property 23, 222. 08

Repairs to hospital 2, 600. 00

Electric lighting 1, 230. 00

Total 126,885.67

Expressed in terms of one patient, the total number of days lost has been 68,468,
making the cost per patient per diem $1.85, which may be considered reasonable for
this climate and place. * * *

With the reduction of the armv to 20,000 men, which at the present rate of home
shipments will be accomplished in the course of three months, and the departure of
the sick who belong to regiments alreadv gone, there will be no necessity for more
than one large hospital in Manila. The First Reserve is better located and arranged
for that purpose than any other, and, if repaired and otherwise improved as recom-
mended by Surgeon Arthur, will answer all purposes.

When I visited this hospital Civil Governor Taft and General Fun-
ston were occupying beds in it undergoing surgical operations, which
sufficiently proved the excellent work and results there. But the best
means are none too good, as well as results; and if the utmost excellence
were attempted perhaps more would be allotted than the $5,000 asked
for by Major Arthur. The surgeon, nurses, and employees justly share
in due gradation the commendation the work of the hospital has won;

BEP0RT OF THE IN8PECTOB-GENEBAL. 448

and it does not stand alone, but other hospitals also deserve most hearty
commendation. Whether or no it is more economical for regulars to
have regimental surgeons like the volunteer, still in the line of effi-
ciency, which is of the first importance in such matters, such general
hospitals silence all questionings. In skill, devotion, and acumen the
meaical corps never stood higher and its excellence is a credit to the
military service.

This hospital was first occupied Januarv 19, 1900,

niK1 l1 N° 3* Ma" fron? which date to June 14> 1902> 5>009 Patients were

admitted for treatment. Its bed capacity is 222. Dur-
ing the past year 1,726 patients were received, and the cost of mainte-
nance was $74,410.03. " Expressed in terms of a single patient, the
number of days lost has been 48,205, and the cost per diem per patient
$1,585." Colonel Sanger, who made the annual inspection of this
hospital June 14, 1902, recommended that it be discontinued, and an
indorsement on his report shows that it was abandoned by July 3, 1902.
convalescent hospi- This hospital was established for convalescents in
tai.corregidor island, December, 1898, from which date to June 14, 1902, it
Manna Bay, p. i. faas handied 5454 patients. During the past year

1,109 patients were cared for, and the cost of maintenance was
$51,094.38. Expressed in terms of a single patient, the number of
days lost was 40,868, making the cost per patient per diem $1.25.
The bed capacity has recently been reduced to 100, and a further
reduction to 50 was contemplated. The hospital was in good order
and well equipped. The supply of drinking water was reported
insufficient in dry weather.

The drift of military operations has been southward,
Da^pa^p.T^1*1 away from this hosmtal. The sick of the military

post was not given aamission to it. The bed capacity
for patients was reduced from 300 to 250. There were 50 patients at
time of inspection, so there was sin overabundance of room for the
sick. The drinking water was reported to be poor and scanty, and a
driven well was much needed.

PAY DEPARTMENT.

For the prompt payment of the troops in the Philippines, the energy
and determination of the officers of the Pay Department to overcome
all obstacles in the performance of the duty assigned them must be
acknowledged. In the earlier days when the troops there were just
pushing into the interior, where transportation was scarce and only
carabao and carts were possible on account of the condition of the
roads, through swamps, rice fields, bamboo thickets, and over moun-
tains in an enemy's country, carrying from $50,000 to $150,000, with
but small escort, the mental and physical strain, as said by one officer,
was enough to make white hair. Other officers report that they were
obliged to travel in small launches, with no accommodations such as are
recognized as necessary for health in all civilized countries, and that
for lack of proper facilities landings were accompanied by involuntary
baths, wet money, and spoiled papers, and upon return from shore no
dry clothes, no cabin, and often so rough that cooking of any kind was
an impossibility. These conditions are now improving, the troops are
not so scattered, roads have been made, larger escorts are furnished,
and transportation is more plentiful, though some of its defects still
continue. There seems to be a lack of officers to allow those returned
from these exhaustive tours sufficient time in that climate to recuperate.

444 BEPOBT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENEBAL.

The security and handling of large amounts of currency have been
a source of much solicitude to disbursing officers in the Philippines,
and have vastly impeded the work of making payments. The desig-
nation of the insular treasury as a public depository will no doubt
relieve them from these embarrassments. The faithfulness of the
officers, the constant supervision and energetic administration, and the
perfect effectiveness of the system in this war as in the civil war afford
illustrations how admirably the methods which have developed in our
service perfectly suit our needs, and in the due division 01 labor the
best results are attained.

Major Pettit (Seventh Separate Brigade, Philippine Islands) says:

The Navy pays in Mexican money at the official rate, at pres-
Payment of troops, ent, of $2.35 for $1. Our men are paid in gold, which they nave

to exchange for Mexican currency at the rate of 2 for 1, which
puts the soldier at a disadvantage in the purchasing power of his money.

The monthly stoppage circular mentions the Auditor and others in
connection with the several cases; but it can hardly be desirable in
any case to so publish a stoppage though the officer has already paid
the amount, or even without express warning that it will be done, nor
when the Auditor passes what the War Department bureau suspends.
Of course, the fairest possible consideration for all is intended.

The following suggestion of Major Tutherly (Columbia) is con-
curred in:

I suggest legislation enabling officers, not retired, to deposit
Officers' deposits, their savings with a paymaster in sums not less than $25, or in

any one year not exceeding their pay for that year; for such sums
deposited for a period of six months or longer, the officer to be paid interest at the
rate of 4 per cent per annum, as now provided for enlisted men. He should have
an opportunity and inducements to save his money to provide for his family, and
such a system of deposits would, I think, obviate many of the cases of destitution in
the families of officers who die in the service.

The Washington authorities and the Congress are not ignorant of
the destitution in which reckless courage sometimes leaves those
dependent upon the nation's dead. A serious effort to secure adequate
provision to meet this, such as General Fry urged for consideration,
may now deserve favorable attention.

ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.

The arms and equipments issued by the Ordnance
nan^ens*oresand ord~ Department are satisfactory; indeed, more, they are

generally very commendable and were probably never
better suited to their purpose. The usefulness of the bayonet is
questioned. The suggestion heard so frequently during my Philippine
tour that some troops should be armed with a carbine while on nikes
and the possibility of this weapon being given a bayonet, short and
sharp, was mentioned to Major Kussell at the Manila ordnance depot;
and he informed me that the idea of having a rod bayonet was again under
consideration, and possibly also some other modification of the length
of the rifle. As the enemy is now seldom seen in the islands except
when he is caught in or springs from ambush, almost in immediate
contact, a bullet or weapon to stop him within 6 feet, at close quarters,
seems desired.

Private Carney was compelled to crack the skull of his assailant with
his musket, though he had put a bullet through him before being hacked
with a bolo, ana Lieutenant Connolly had to struggle in the water

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 445

with the man who wounded him, in their gallant fight near Soro Soro,
Batangas, December 23, 1901, though two pistol bullets had reached
him.

The trail of the mountain battery at Pasay seemed quite unwieldy
when packed upon animals; and Captain Stone told me that he had
already suggested that a hinge about the center of gravity would pos-
sibly obviate some of the annoying features while on the pack saddle.
Major Russell informs me that such a change was rather beyond their
present means at Manila, but the question of an improved pack saddle
was under consideration, and the Maxim-Vickers outfit may require
modifications, and it is understood the question has been well solved,
and the mountain battery in Mindanao is now helping to look after the
Moros. The excellent condition and quality of both types of mounted
batteries seen in the Philippines deserve notice.

It was reported that in some instances defective

Ammuniupn. ammunition had been issued in the Philippines, but

that in the main the ordnance stores and their supply have been most
satisfactory there.

The reports received from the Philippines show that
mentef &nd equip" the arms and equipments in use there nave generally

been in fair condition when the service required of
them is taken into consideration; though it was stated that the bronz-
ing on rifles, carbines, and revolvers was in many instances worn off,
but that the ordnance depot in Manila is prepared to rebronze them in
limited quantities and render them again presentable. It was also
reported that articles of leather succumb to the climatic conditions of
the island more readily than any other article of equipment; and Major
Bailey recommends that the quantity of the materials for cleaning and
caring for equipments be largely increased.
Major French says:

The carbine rear eight, model 1901, not being provided with a guard, has been
frequently injured in pulling it in or drawing it out of the scabbard; besides, the
thumb piece at the top is unsatisfactory, and it is thought the sight is too delicate
for field service. From what troop commanders report, I believe that a return to
the sight previously used would be advisable.

It is also reported that the losses of ordnance property and stores in
the Philippines, especially in articles of equipment, have been great.
Colonel oanger says:

It has been suggested that the D ring on the haversack be made stronger, as the
haversack is frequently used to carry cartridges; also that the haversack have a pleat
in front like that in the breast pocket of the khaki blouse, so as to increase its capacity
when necessarv.

The establishment of the tinning plant at the ordnance depot, Manila, will effect
a large annual saving in mess tins, cups, etc.

It has become a custom among soldiers to attach the first-aid packet to the cartridge
belt, as the most desirable place to carry it, but sometimes it is not well secured, and
is lost or becomes unserviceable from exposure. A flap pocket at the back or side of
the belt and just below the cartridge loops would no doubt be of great utility.

Maj. Fred A. Smith says:

canteen and tin cud ^e f°rm oi the present canteen is not believed to be the best

p" adapted for good service; one of a rectangular form, slightly curved
on one side so as to fit the form of the body, would enable it to be held in position
when placed about the body, while the present rounded shape has a tendency to
make it move to different points of the body unless held in position by the cartridge
belt, and then its ready use is interfered with. The question of having the rectangu-
lar top removable so that in an emergency it could be used to make coffee, and its
interior examined and cleaned, might be worthy of consideration. The tin cup is of

446 BEPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

an awkward shape to cany, and the noise it makes in striking against the equipments
or in climbing or descending the rough steep trails can be heard at some distance. It
has been the stand-by of the soldier, but in these days of modern advancement it
would seem that some invention either collapsible or to fit over the base or top of the
canteen could be devised.

Maj. James S. Pettit (Seventh Separate Brigade) says:

^^3, Complaints have been made by officers in the Lake Lanao

expedition that the .38 caliber Colt revolver is too light. That
it failed to stop Moros unless it struck them in a vital spot. This same complaint
was made concerning the .30 caliber United States magazine rifle. The arrangement
of the bayonet scabbard is still unsatisfactory. Great numbers of bayonets are lost
and scabbards broken and condemned. The magazine rifle has undoubtedly proved
itself to be a simple, strong, efficient, and reliable weapon. It is possible that it may
fail to stop a man occasionally, but I do not think there is much danger of the fail-
ures turning the tide of battle.

The musket has proved its utility as a club against the enemy.
Colonel Burton says:

Gun-carriage brake. ^he howspring brakes now in use on the wheels of gun car-

' riage8 for light batteries to check recoil are not of sufficient
strength to stand the strain of continuous firing. The experience of the light bat-
teries in Cuba is that several have broken under different strains, one at the sixth
shot and another at the twentieth. In both cases the material did not appear to be
defective, but the fault seems to lie in the light weight of the metal.

Major Reynolds says:

Arm racks. * know of no good reason why arm racks should be carried

about from station to station. I know of some being carried to
the Philippines and back. It would be much better that moving them from their
places in barracks be prohibited.

The reports indicate excellent military and business
and^wder^epote06' administration and methods at the arsenals, ordnance

depots, and powder depots. The ordnance detach-
ments are properly instructed and efficient and are kept under proper
discipline. Tne messing is excellent and medical attendance satisfac-
tory. The public buildings are generally in good condition, and vari-
ous improvements have been noted in the inspection reports.

Attention is invited to the following extract from
^Frankford Arsenal, tne rep0rt of annual inspection made by Lieut. Col.

C. H. Heyl, Inspector-General, May 31, 1902, touching
upon the greatest needs of the arsenal:

The commanding officer stated the great increase during the past few years in the
quantity of ordnance stores manufactured has rendered the available storage facili-
ties entirely inadequate to the needs of this arsenal. This condition of affairs will
be still further emphasized when the artillery -carriage factory now in process of con-
struction is completed and in running order. It is of the utmost importance, there-
fore, that the storage capacity of this arsenal should at an early date be enlarged by
the erection of a storehouse, capacity about 300,000 cubic feet, at an estimated cost
of $32,000.

The plant for the manufacture of shrapnel at this arsenal is capable of turning out
about 100 3-inch shrapnel per day. This plant, for lack of other space, is at present
located in the cellar of the machine shop. This space is dark, badly ventilated, and
inconveniently located. It is incapable of expansion to meet the future requirements
of the service, which will involve the manufacture in large quantities of shrapnel of
all calibers up to 6 inches. To meet these requirements the artillery-ammunition
factory now in process of erection should be enlarged by the addition of a wing of
capacity and design adapted to shrapnel manufacture. The estimated cost of this
building is $30,000.

The work of melting and molding alloy slugs, round balls, and bullets must be car-
ried on in the old shop for want of space in the new cartridge factory for this branch

KEPOBT OF THE IN8PECT0R-GENEBAL. 447

of work. These shops are about 200 yards apart, and without a more rapid and
modern means of transportation than now obtains it will be found very inconvenient
to have them so far separated; bence the necessity for a new building more con-
veniently located to the new cartridge factory, equipped with modern appliances
and where storage of the supply of metal necessary to be kept on hand may also be
provided for. Estimated cost, $10,000.

This arsenal has been dismantled and nearly all the
nai? ind^1*0118 Aree" ordnance material has been shipped to other arsenals

preparatory to final abandonment under General
Orders, No. 62, Headquarters of the Army, of 1901.

The capacity of the storehouses was reported as
^New York Arseimi, hardly large enough for ordinary demands and entirely

inadequate for the demands of war.
Adverse criticism was confined to the frame hospital
^Rock island Arsenal, building, which was reported to be unfit for hospital

Purposes and not worth repairing. Commendation is
ue throughout.

Office building too small; main storehouse in poor
na^Tex11101110 Arae" condition, due to the foundation being defective and

having settled; blacksmith shop, an old rotten frame
shed, should be replaced by a new one; artillery shed, used for storage
of obsolete guns and carriages, is old and dilapidated and liable to fall
down; old machine shop, used for power house, is not suitable for the
purpose and is entirely too small. The picket fence is old and rotten,
and a new one is needed.

The shops are excellent, and the storehouses have a
MaE?11^^ Armory' large capacity. The machinery and plant are largely

new and modern. An addition to the water shops would
enable the output to be doubled, so that in case of sudden emergency,
by working night and day, a regiment a day could be armed. Those
who remember how the output of this institution was prayed for in
1898 will indorse a generous allowance to keep its capacity iully equal
to the demands of every emergency. Infantry is the backbone of our
volunteer system, and it should never be allowed to want or suffer for
the lack of the best weapons known.

The issues from this arsenal are very heavy, and com-
^watertown Areenai, prised about 1,000 shipments during the year, embrac

ing about 75,000 items, from a 12-inch disappearing
carriage requiring 8 platform cars down to the smallest part or a gun
carriage. The Unitea States (Emery) testing machine is located at this
arsenal, with a capacity of 1,000,000 pounds, and is in constant use,
under skillful direction, not only in the test of material used in Gov-
ernment guns and gun carriages and other constructions, but also in a
great variety of tests of structural material for manufacturers and
builders throughout the country.

A large quantity of saltpeter (2,240,000 pounds) was
depit^Mi^sSuri11^ reported on hand, in regard to which the inspector (Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Mills) made the following suggestion:

I understand the saltpeter is of no use at present, as the manufacture of black
powder is suspended. It would seem wise to sell it. Much of it has been in store
many years.

ordnance proving Several improvements were made during the year

ground, sandy Hook, in shops, water and sewerage systems, Gantry crane,

" J* installation of boilers, generators, etc. The following

448 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL,

items of appropriation for the proving ground are contained in the
fortification act approved June 6, 1902:

Addition to officers' quarters $11, 000

One water tower, with connecting pipes 1, 600

Storehouse 8, 000

Barrack 40,000

Enlargement of office and instrument house 10, 000

Chemical laboratory 10, 000

Structure for tests of powder 6, 000

Total 86, 600

At the time of my visit the principal needs of this
Ma^iaapceidepot' depot were reported to be, suitable storehouses and the

proper lighting and ventilation of those then available,
electricity to replace steam as motive power, more shop room, and
suitable dock facilities. The commanding officer of the depot sub-
mitted the following recommendations, to which attention is invited:
That the whole of lort Santiago be set apart for the depot; that an
electric power plant be installed; that the building left unfinished by
the Spaniards be completed for office purposes and the present offices
be used for shops, and that the dock be reserved for the depot and
the river dredged at that point. The influence of this establishment
in the past, the excellence of its methods and management in every
respect, and its possible importance in the future at such a strategic
point deserve and have doubtless received the fullest recognition.

The advancement in technical appliances has not stopped, and much
of it centers here, and we must be prepared for the changes imminent
in the next two or three decades.

The value of the principal stores on hand at the beginning of the
last fiscal year was $1,697,547.72 and at its close $1,242,658.85. A
considerable quantity of stores was shipped to the United States dur-
ing the year. There were only a few surplus stores reported on hand
June 28, 1902.

SIGNAL SERVICE.

During the past year the land and cable lines have
piSfip^ine?8 in the n°t only been at times seriously damaged by typhoons,

earthquakes, and other natural causes, but in some
places it has been a matter of almost daily occurrence for the insur-
gents to cut them. All damages have been repaired as promptly as
possible by the Signal Corps, so that there has never been any very
protracted interference with the communication by wire — say less than
a month or fortnight, indeed, seldom so much as a week.
The temporary parts are beine constantly more permanently im-

f)roved where needed. However heartily the admirable work and gal-
antry of the men and corps can be commended, the great work of the
past should not obscure the pressing need of nearly doubling the plant
immediately. Twice during about a month, while I was in the south-
ern islands, there was interruption of all communication to Manila of
nearly a week — this in the period of active operations. Other illus-
trations of overpressure or delay would seem to fully prove, or. shall
we say, perhaps suggest the need of more and alternate wires ana addi-
tional first-class operators. The success of all other departments
largely depends upon the Signal Service for promptness, especially as
the mails are so sluggish. Despite great disadvantages the work was
most commendable.

BEPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 449

The Signal Corps then operated in the islands 1,325 niiles of cable
and 5,107 miles of land lines; total, 6,432 miles. There are 185 mili-
tary telegraph offices and 180 military telephone offices; total, 365
offices, ft was said that an average of about 3,000 messages, aggre-
gating 100,000 words, were sent aaily, which would, at a charge of 1
cent a word, make $1,000 gold.

• On December 31, 1901, there were 500 Signal Corps men in the
Division of the Philippines, who were assisted by about 260 hired
natives. The total pay and allowances of the 500 Signal Corps men
amounted to $18,832.83 per month. The service it rendered was worth
much more and performed under excessive strain and inconvenience.

During the six months ended December 31, 1901, Signal Corps prop-
erty to the amount of $302,885.62 was received, $224,981.88 issued and
shipped, and $78,903.74 worth remained on hand at the end of the
period. During the same period funds were received to the amount
of $25,000, of which $16,994.42 was disbursed, leaving a balance of
$8,005.58.

It was reported that the cost of cable per knot, delivered in the
Philippines, is $466, and that the character and cost of land lines vary
to sucn a degree that no definite sum can be stated, though a bamboo
line can ordmarilv be built for $20 a mile. The line from Manila to
Dagupan, 125 miles, carrying six wires and pins for two extra wires,
cost about$125 a mile. The average cost of transmission, it is reported,
is three-fourths of a cent a word, and the monthly cash receipts for
commercial messages over the military lines is said to be $5,000.

The chief signalofficer of the Division of the Philippines states that
the greatest obstacle to the effective and economical working of the
corps is the impossibility of procuring telegraph operators in the
United States for the Philippine Islands under the present conditions.
Of those now there, 164 receive in cash $21.60 a month and 100 receive
$15.60 per month. The terms of service of 191 signalmen were to
expire by July 1, and it has been recommended that 100 additional
first-class sergeants be appointed, as some means of increasing the pay
of operators must be provided, and this seems to be the most econom-
ical and effective way of solving the problem; and enlistments under
the present conditions are said to be entirely inadequate. Certainly
something should be done, and very promptly, to preserve in the Phil-
ippines the organization of this most valuable corps, than which no
other organization has rendered more faithful and useful service in
that distant land, and without which successful military operations, if
they could be accomplished at all, would be quadruply troublesome,
vexatious, and expensive. There may be need to remember that
where roads and transportation and intercommunication otherwise
become more difficult, but also more essential to life and that success
for which lives are forfeited under military orders, this fine wire and
the twin men alert at either end become of the greatest importance
and the center and medium of army interest, and it is believed that it
would be wise to almost double the present electrical plant and line
in the interest of military success ana the saving of soldiers' lives, for
the cauldron in the far East is seething and the utmost influence and
success are promised to those who are ready to the utmost and con-
stantlv.

war 1902— vol 1 29

450 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

During my tour there was some talk of partially dis-
cabieship, etc. mantiin„ the Burnside as a cable ship, for which she

has been carefully fitted with some pains. The conduct of affairs on
this ship, as observed by me — the quartermaster being Capt. George
O. Squier, Signal Corps, and the master, Captain Laffin — appeared
specially worthy of commendation. Captain Squier is widely known
as a scientist in addition to his high professional standing. The sailing
master and captain is held in esteem most justly, and possesses the best
characteristics and qualities of his profession. And the other officials
are select men of known capacity; and even in the cable tank one could
feel interest in the alert and active native Filipinos, whose lives might
depend upon a prompt and unhesitating handling of the great coil that
unwrapped like a serpent around them, and could cut them in twain so
easilv at the least mishap. She is an economical and capable ship and
coulcl well carry to New York men and materials (as frequent coaling
is possible) and return with her specialty. Cable can not be better car-
ried th&n aboard her, and the best cable is needed, without the kinks
or bruises which are caused by commercial carrying, if- long endur-
ance and the best results are desired while at work under the sea.
Government lines are the best amidst aliens or enemies. It is sub-
mitted that the earnest and urgent interest of our people in immediate
contact with the enemy, and the pressing importance of the situation
induced sending cablegrams and special reports on this subject. But
doubtless the Iionorable Secretary of War is cognizant of and interested
in the equipment and personnel of this cable ship, and of the impor-
tance of continuing her legitimate duty.

In the report of my inspection at Honolulu it was

niSSw?1 C°mmU" stated that the first need. was a cable t0 unite tnat

community with the mainland. The importance of
this is intensified ten times over in reference to the Philippines.
Electricity is the direction in which we can best press modern mechan-
ical development for the immediate benefit of the civilization and
government of these islands and of the economical use of our civil and
military forces there. The insular conditions fail to thwart the tele-
graph's civilizing and beneficial influence. It can dive under the sea
to reach its destination from the shore of every island and annihilate
distance and minimize such obstacles to prompt intercommunica-
tion. Military necessity has driven partially toward developing it.
But in peace or war it is essential and it is the natural post route
among these islands and between them and home; and the circum-
stances there are so different from the position of a wholly continental
power that perhaps the Government can extend its friendly hand and
see to it that no private corporation is allowed to intrude between our
fellow-citizens. Free intercommunication is of first importance in a
free country, but private corporations work solely and often soullessly
for private gain.

In providing for future public necessities in the way of electrical
communications the astonishing rapidity with which wireless teleg-
raphy is progressing should receive due consideration. Its great
utility in signaling between ship and ship and ship and shore has been
fully demonstrated; and it is reported by Lieut. Col. J. L. Chamber-
lain, inspector-general, that the system maintained between Fort
Mason and Alcatraz Island, California, works well under all conditions
of weather. Wireless vi brations have al ready carried signals across the

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 451

Atlantic. A long-distance wireless telegraph station on tne Marconi
plan can be built, it is said, for $60,000.

When the Campania can keep in communication with her sister
ships or the land throughout a round trip by wireless telegraphy, is
it not about time that a system whose wires can not be cut should be
introduced and familiarized in such war and transportation as the
Philippines introduce us to?

With the exception of Companies A and B, stationed at
FortMyer, va. the gignaI c post of Fort Myei% Ya., the personnel of

this corps are scattered through the different departments, at home
and abroad, wherever their services are needed. The reports from all
quarters show the operations of the corps to be very satisfactory. In
tne Philippines grave difficulties and obstacles have been faithfully met
and overcome. It has not been an uncommonvoccurrence for officers
and men of the corps to be attacked \)y the insurgents and killed or
wounded while repairing the lines.

The companies at Fort Myer were inspected by Mai. J. D. C. Hoskins,
assistant to inspector-general, Department of the East, May 8, 1902.
The following extracts from his report may prove interesting:

The post is conducted, under orders from the Chief Signal Officer of the Army, as
a school for preparing enlisted men, and incidentally newly appointed officers, for
their Signal Corps duties. The post commander is in immediate charge and assigns
instructors in the several branches.

The course of instruction is military and technical. The military instruction
embraces guard duty and the school of the soldier and company. This instruction is
handicapped by the lack of a sufficient number of noncommissioned officers. The
demands of the service for the best men abroad have prevented the concentration of
a sufficient number of high-class drill sergeants at Fort Myer. * * *

The technical instruction is given by lecture and by recitation from selected text-
books. For purposes of instruction the men are divided into four sections. The first
section consists of those considered proficient or incapable of further development
and who therefore do not attend lectures or instruction. The fourth section are the
new recruits who, as a rule, do not recite until enough of them have arrived to justify
their being entered into a class. The second and third sections are formed of those
under instruction, the most promising and intelligent men being in the second sec-
tion. At present the second, third, and fourth sections are under instruction in elec-
tricity and use of electrical instrument*!, Captain Ives instructor. Two sections recite
daily, from 9.30 to 10.30 and from 10.30 to 11.30 a. in., respectively, one section hav-
ing a day off every third day. This course consists of light theoretical instruction in
general electrical subjects and a complete practical instruction in the use of electrical
instruments, line testing, and the care and operation of electrical and telegraphic
apparatus, telephones, and all kinds of wiring and line work.

*******

The personnel of the enlisted force of the Signal Corps is above the average in intel-
ligence. While trained operators and electricians rarely enlist, the recruits in gen-
eral are young men from telegraph schools throughout the country who have about
half completed their course. The majority take kindly to study and instruction, and
the signal officers consider them extra good material.

It takes from three to six months of hard work, depending upon the aptitude of
the men, to get them in shape for service abroad. * * * A studious and ambitious
signalman can have the opportunity of becoming, in time, a highly accomplished and
learned electrical engineer.

Is it not incumbent to introduce a limited electrical course at the
Western as well i;s these Eastern schools? '

MILITARY PRISONS.

During the fiscal year 1902 reports were received of the inspection
of seven military prisons — the United States penitentiary at Fort
Leavenworth, Kans. ; the military prison at Alcatraz Island, California;
the military prison at Fort Columbus, N. Y., and those at Lingayen,

452 REPOBT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

San Isidro, Iba, Zambales, and Bacolor, Pampanga, in the Philippine
Islands, the last named not now being used as a military prison.

It was reported that 83 military prisoners were con-
tend^ States pcni" fined in the United States penitentiary at Fort Leaven-
worth, Kans., at the time of inspection, as against
49 at the previous inspection, all of whom were looking well and
appeared to be in good health, and from every indication received good
treatment and were well cared for. The warden, whose administra-
tion of the prison seemed to be just and considerate, expressed himself
as being generally well pleased with the behavior of the military
prisoners. They were each questioned separately, none of the prison
officials being present or within hearing, and they generally expressed
themselves as being fully satisfied with their treatment by the prison
authorities, and substantially had no complaints to make, though a
few complained of minor matters, which were corrected. There is a
library of 6,000 volumes for their use. The police of the premises
and buildings was reported good.

At the time of inspection there were 357 prisoners
ifo^ia^218^^'0111" confined in the military prison at Alcatraz Island, Cal-
ifornia, of whom 207 were in the new prison building
and 150 in the old prison, the latter being reported as "obsolete,
badly ventilated, and unsuited for use in any capacity." The new
prison, which has a capacitv for 304 prisoners, was stated to be well
constructed, well ventilated, and, so tar as the prison rooms are con-
cerned, satisfactory in all respects; but as the washtubs for washing
clothing, bath tubs, lavatories, and water-closets are entirely inade-
quate even for the 207 men then in the prison, much less so should
the full complement of 307 men ever be incarcerated there. The mess
room was also reported as entirely inadequate, having a capacity foi
only 175 men, and was reported as wholly unsuited for a mess room.
An inspection of the prisoners showed them to be well fed, well
clothed, well cared for, and in good health generally. The prisoners
are all worked five days in the week, each man being allowed one day
in the week to wash his clothing, etc. They are employed in mend-
ing roads, policing the garrison, unloading freight, cutting away the
embankments, and in doing anything that can be found for them to
do; to find employment for them being one of the most difficult prob-
lems presented to the commanding officer for solution. The prison
chapel is inadequate, as it accommodates only about 100 persons. No
regular services are held, as there is no chaplain on duty at the post.
Chaplains from other posts hold services there usually on Saturday
afternoons. The same room is fitted with desks for use as a school
and writing room, and on Saturday afternoons and Sundays the pris-
oners are permitted to write their letters there. The prison library is
also in the chapel and has a considerable number of volumes for the
use of the prisoners.

At the time of inspection there were 57 military, 3
^ellT^8011, Lin* civilian, and 164 native prisoners (total 224) in "the

military prison at Lingayen, P. 1., whose general
health was reported excellent, although there were some cases of
dhobie itch and beriberi among the native and malarial diseases
among the American prisoners. There had been no deaths during the
year. The prisoners were confined in dormitor}- cells and small cells,
and it was stated that they were well fed at a cost of about 15 cents
Mexican per day per capita. They labor eight hours a day, the Ameri-

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 453

cans being employ e<\ in the various shops, etc., and the natives in mak-
ing cane furniture. Generally there were no religious services, and no
corporal punishment was inflicted. Books and papers are supplied for
their recreation. The general police of the prison was good, and the
bathing facilities ample and satisfactory. There are two hospitals, one
for the Americans and one for the natives, and a separate hospital for
beriberi patients half a mile away. This disease seems to haunt the
Philippine prisons like a grewsome ghost. Its weird characteristics
and fatality may have impressed the line more than the medical corps.
At some places it seems noticeably deadly to native prisoners.

It was reported that there were no proper cases for clemency and no
complaints from any of the prisoners. AH drinking water used was
sterilized, and all food was cooked by the prisoners. The bakery was
also operated by the prisoners and produced excellent bread. It was
stated that the only clerks were two prisoners, who are paroled for
that purpose, and a civilian clerk was recommended by the inspector,
as it was deemed very unsatisfactory for the prison records to be
handled by prisoners and no enlisted men were available for this detail.
It was stated that the prisoners had not been vaccinated, but that was
afterwards attended to. It was recommended that the grounds be
inclosed with a barbed-wire fence, as the native prisoners have to go
to their meals, workshops, and baths outside of the prison, and there
has been much annoyance from the natives of the town, who gather
around the vicinity, especially at meal times, and make nuisances of
themselves in their efforts to interfere or communicate with the pris-
oners. If driven awray they return, and there is no way of punishing
them, as they are outside the prison grounds. The department com-
mander stated that there were no funds available for the construction
and changes recommended at this orison.

At the time of inspection the military prison at San
isidro^i^18011,81111 laidro, P. I., contained 34(5 prisoners, of whom 21 were

Americans and 325 were Filipinos, of whom about 100
were prisoners of war; the others (who had been tried bv military courts)
were serving sentences for offenses against the civil laws. The disci-
pline of this prison was reported as deserving commendation. The
American prisoners were fed on the American ration, and the native
prisoners on the native ration, which cost from 13 to 15 cents Mexi-
can per day and was stated to be satisfactory. The prisoners were
employed in policing the prison and grounds, repairing clothing, etc.,
ana in carpentering, painting, laundering, and manufacturing bamboo
furniture. They were also used for policing the town and repairing
its streets and the public roads used for military purposes — the last of
which has been a very important work. They labor nine hours a day,
and no corporal punishment is inflicted. There is no special system of
recreation, but reading matter, smoking, and cards are allowed in the
cells outside of working hours. The bathing facilities were reported
good. The hospital was found neat and clean and the health of the

Srisoners good, the percentage of sick being small. The principal
iseases were malarial fever and dvsentery, and there were no cases of
beriberi, and only one death since the previous inspection, about six
months before.

The discipline seemed excellent, and there were no complaints from
the prisoners. It was stated that nearly all the Americans were con-
fined for drunkenness, or offenses induced by it, and that it was sel-
dom found necessary to discipline a native. The American prisoners

454 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

were utilized by being placed in charge of the work of the native pris-
oners, which was believed to have a good effect. Rain water was used
for all but the American prisoners, and when there is no rain the
water is not boiled. Religious services are held generally every Sun-
day by missionaries, for Americans only. Priests have permission to
enter the prison and hold services.

At the time of inspection there were 201 prisoners
Fon coiumbST. y? (173 general and 28 garrison) confined in the military

prison at Fort Columbus, N. Y., whose conduct was
reported as very good, the regulations for their government being well
observed. Everything connected with the prison was stated to oe in
good condition.

This prison was reported in generally very poor
ii»,1zamL£sip!li.Ht condition, but at time of inspection no repairs were

contemplated, in view of the expectation of soon turn-
ing the prison over to the civil authorities.

The total number of prisoners equals or exceeds a regiment, and
perhaps deserves some occasional reference in this detail.

DISBURSEMENT.?.

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, there were 3,040 reports
of inspections of money accounts of disbursing officers of the Army,
including insular accounts, received at this office, as against 1,740
received for the preceding fiscal year — an increase of 1,300, or 74 per
cent. The intelligent faithfulness which marks the performance of this
duty and the painstaking care and systematic method undeviatingly
adopted secure such confidence and dispel all fair ground of suspicion
whenever regularly applied that such disbursements as the insular
funds or National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers prefer or
request it; and in few cases or none in the Army where this duty is
performed frequently and " un trammeled v has any defalcation occurred
in excess of the bond.

For the fiscal year 1902 the number of the reports of inspections
pertaining to armv funds alone was 2,501; the amount involved,
including transfers," beiiig.$3Ul,688,ti45.51, as against $229,726,009.65
for the fiscal year 1901— an increase of §71,962,635.86.

The results for the fiscal year 1902 may be summarized as follows,
to wit:

Balances taken up $39, 173, 594. 65

Receipts from Treasury $147, 224, 717. 31

Receipts from sales and other sources 11, 210, 745. 51

158,435,462.82

Transfers from officers 104, 079, 588. 04

Total to be accounted for 301, 688, 645. 51

Disbursements $139, 708, 702. 05

Deposited to credit United States Treasurer, etc . . . 14, 860, 810. 16

Transfers to other officers 113, 560, 743. 02

268, 136, 255. 23

Balance 33, 552, 390. 28

Balance distributed as follows:

United States Treasury 22, 031, 295. 05

United States depositaries, etc 4, 694, 763. 00

Cash on hand 6,826,332.23

Total 33,552,390.28

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 455

The above, of course, includes numerous inspections of the same
funds, transfers, etc.

The amount of cash reported on hand this year is $6,826,332.23, as
against $6,003,737.90 for the preceding year — an increase of only
^882,604.33, though the total sum involved for 1902 was nearly
$72,000,000 greater than that for 1901. That such large amounts were
kept on hand was due to the peculiar conditions existing in the Phil-
ippines, as was explained in my last annual report.

The sum of $1,513.76 cash on hand was held this year by treasurers
of Soldiers' Homes, leaving the net amount of $6,824,818.47 in the
hands of disbursing officers of the Army. The amount for 1902 is
about 0.05 per cent of the entire year's disbursements by these dis-
bursing officers, as against about 0.057 for the fiscal year 1901; and it is
about 60 per cent of the monthly disbursements, as against 145 for
the preceding year and 161 for the fiscal year 1900.

The frequent transfer of money down through a series of officers
instead of directly to the officer disbursing the money, and excessive
amounts of cash or unused balances are more apt to become customary
and lead to irregularities in flush times than hard times, and may now
deserve to be rather guarded against. But nothing in the Army system
deserves greater commendation during the past four years of active
service in the field than the admirable, intelligent, faithful, and honest
handling of its public funds. Such methods deserve the fairest appre-
ciation. Alexander Hamilton, who was Secretary of the Treasurv
before he was Inspector-General of the Arm}r, established our financial
system, and, suiting well our republican and impersonal formNof gov-
ernment, it has worked wonderfully well without undue or any very
beneficial modification.

It has been stated above that there is an increase of $71,962,635.86
in the total amount involved in this year's inspections of money
accounts, as compared with similar transactions in the preceding year.
The following tabulation shows where the increase occurred.

Increased amounts:

Adjutant-General's Department $1, 633. 17

Quartermaster's Department 2, 962, 562. 46

Subsistence Department 1, 077, 785. 77

Pay Department 55, 921, 516. 79

Engineer Department 6, 449, 283. 59

Ordnance Department 8, 668, 040. 93

Recruiting officers 141, 254. 53

Transport service 100, 323. 46

National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers 553, 432. 26

Total increase 75, 875, 832. 96

Decreased amounts:

Medical Department $687, 626. 77

Miscellaneous 3, 225, 570. 33

Net decrease 3, 913, 197. 10

Net increase 71, 962, 635. 86

456 REPORT OF THE TNSPECTOR-GEfTEEAL.

The Army disbursements from the Treasury for the last four fiscal
years, as shown by the inspection reports of the money accounts of dis-
bursing officers, may be designated, in groups, as follows, viz:

Designation.

1899.
1

1900.

1901.

IMS.

1117, BBS, B39. 75

■i 1, 7119, llifi. «1

934.940,968.98
19, 490, 546. W
7,489.074.68

Other civil

7, TOO, 556. 1»

Total

1 "*.*.«■»

ISO, 372, 936. 61

111,820,690.40

189, 70S, 702. 06

During the past eight fiscal years the relations between the total
amount involved and the disbursements, transfers, deposits in the
Treasury, and balances on hand appear as follows:

vm.

»,.

,».

•»

,».

1901.

190-i

0. 76'J

!s)7

0.70P

!oi?

0.527

0.523
.355
.048

0.486
.379
.034
.10'.

0*64

The average monthly disbursements of officers of the Army whose
accounts were inspected during the year was $11,612,225.17, and their
final balances represented 287 per cent of this average, as against 264
in liWl, 161 in 1900, 158 in 1899, 173 in 1898, 118 in 1897, 123 in 1896,
107 in 1895, 88 in 1894, and 90 in 1893.

The subjoined tabulation shows the variation in these percentages
in the principal disbursing departments during ten fiscal years. Are
not the methods indicated ten years ago rather more businesslike and
economical than now?

DfimrUneut.

1898.

law.

1S94. 1890.

1897.

ISM.

,..,.

woo.

in.

1303.

Enfltirrr....

105
SB
90

115

73
83

131
83

lie

170
80

1-4
71

366

31 ;i
HI-.

148

128

is*

14*
128
142

158

at
a
m

112

3*4

3i'l
134

331

i-.

li-7

126

118

,73

]■.■.

li.t

jf.l

The total number of inspections made during the fiscal year, includ-
ing statements made under paragraph 978, Army Regulations, and not
including inspections of insular accounts, was 2,501.

The following tabulation shows the number of these inspections for
four fiscal years — the law requires such inspections to be made fre-
quently; and though the work has been tripled, the record proves it
has been persisently performed and supervised with all the old vigor
and success. Aruiy disbursements are proverbially reliable, as always.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

457

1899.

Offi- i Inspec-
ecrs. tions.

General staff officers

324 497

Post staff officers

217 391

Other line officers

36 46

Soldiers' Home - -

10 i 12

Total

587 i 946

:aff officer ..
officer

Average each general s(
Average each post staff

1.5
1.8

1900.

Offi-

Inspec-

cers.

tions.

301

666

316

554

109

175

737 I 1,40G

2.2
1.7

1901.

Offi- ! Inspec-
cers. ! tions.

283

431

109

458

720

136

1.6
1.7

1902.

350

997

137

836 . 1,239 1,497

838

1,434

216

2,501

2.37
1.45

Major Adams (Texas) says:

Considerable difficulty has l>een experienced in getting the statements of money
accountability of disbursing officers when they cease to act, or their accounts are
closed on change of station. The required statements are in many instances not
made; again, in others, they are forwarded direct to the Inspector-General of the
Army instead of to this office. 1 made an attempt to overcome this by requesting
the adjutant-general of the department to instruct post commanders to forward to
this office copies of post orders relieving disbursing officers from duty. These
instructions have been issued, but have not been strictly complied with and frequently
I am without any information of disbursing officers having been relieved, and conse-
quently not in position to see that the provisions of A. R. 978 are complied with.

The following summary shows the transactions in the
inspection of insular funds by officers of the Inspector-
General's Department and received at this office during the fiscal year
1902. From Cuba there was only one inspection of insular accounts
received during the year; and from the Philippines there were 538 —
a total of 539 inspections of insular accounts received during the year.
The following were the amounts involved, to wit:

Insular funds.

Designation.

Cuban.

Balances taken up \ $2, 236. 10

Received from insular treasury I

Received from other officers j 1, 053. 33

Received from sales and other sources '

Philippines.

Total.

$2, 613,042. 23
2,884,120.11
3, 022, 296. 01
5,833,610.39

Total

3, 289. 43

Disbursements

Transferred to officers

Deposited in insular treasury-
Total

Balance to be accounted for .

2,334.63
384.99
569.81

3,289.43

14,353,068.74

$2,615,278.33
2,884,120.11
3,023,349.34
5,833,610.39

14,356,358.17

5,506,736.19
2,909,936.55
3,834,256.03

12,250,928.77

2,102,139.97

5,509,070.82
2,910,321.54
3,834,825.84

12,254,218.20

2,102,139.97

Distribution of balance, Philippines:

United States subtreasuries $2, 461. 74

Banks, etc 1 , 376, 488. 71

Cash on hand , 723, 189. 52

Total 2,102,139.97

Colonel Burton (Cuba) says:

The accounts of officers of the Army and civilians disbursing insular money were
inspected on an average every three months, necessitating 275 inspections, involving
$34,799,640.60. The only defalcation observed was that of J. B. White, disbursing
clerk of the department of immigration, in the sum of $1,453.98, who absconded and
has not since been apprehended. * * *

The inspection of money accountability and the verification of cash in the treasury
by actual count were made by the inspector-general and his assistants. The frequent
and rigid inspections of all expenditures of insular money required by the military

458 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

governor were unquestionably a bar to peculation and fraud. The one great influence
to honest expenditures arose from the adoption in the early part of 1900 of the
system of payment by check. The custom at one time on the part of a number of
disbursing officers was to draw large amounts of cash to be used from their safes,
drawers, or boxes in liquidation of all kindfr of obligations. This opened the door
to the borrowing from the public funds for private use, to be returned at the end of
the month, and the method was always an inducement to trouble for Cubans, who
had had no experience in the severe methods practiced by American officers.

CONDEMNED PROPERTY.

Monarchs who speak of their loyal subjects or faithful soldiery can
show personal generosity in their gifts, but the rigid accountability
required in an impersonal government has led to perpetual accounting,
even to shoe strings; and responsible officers who found statements of
differences, not only from bureaus but also from auditors and even
comptrollers, must feel surprised now that the Treasury confine their
attention to money.

From an early period in the history of our Govem-
biiityperty accounta" ment the careful supervision of public property, and

vigilance and prudence in the methods of eliminating
it from the service, received thoughtful attention, and was guarded
by law jus well as by regulations and the customs of service. That
this method has saved, through the cumulative years, vast sums of
money to the service, perhaps no one who has given the subject any-
thing like careful study will fail to appreciate or care to deny. It
should be equally apparent that any relaxation in the carefulness and
vigilance of this supervision wrould necessarily result in losses Which
in the aggregate are not inconsiderable. We must rest at the point
where the search is still worth the candle, but carelessness in the care
of Government property can not be encouraged.

Some recent indications of carelessness in this matter may be evi-
denced by a few cases that have actually occurred. For instance, elec-
trical apparatus that cost approximately $400,000, and which the
special inspector thought was still worth $5,000, was recommended to
bo "broken up," without any bureau supervision or even the usual
property returns. Such a precedent might lead to methods much
more expensive than have hitherto prevailed under the principles
established by Congress and maintained by the courts and accounting
officers, that property should always be fully accounted for as ulti-
mately either issued, expended, or sold at public auction; so when-
ever finally eliminated it is clearly recorded, and if not expended as
appropriated for, but condemned, it must be done on the independent
testimony of two officers of different departments after personal scru-
tiny, one of the supply department and the other not, whose reports
are seen by their respective chiefs. Can public property be better
safeguarded in any other way so well entitled to public confidence?

Or if a post quartermaster be permitted to destroy certain property
on his own volition, and without the usual inspection, when in his
opinion it had become unserviceable and worthless, or sell a horse not,
or different from the one, condemned, would it not be questionable?
This unusual proposition, however, like the previous one, was not
favorably received; and the hesitation of higher authority to authorize
an officer accountable for public property to simply drop it, or sell it,
or destroy it ad libitum, is very natural, however appealed to. Evi-
dently the simple verification of stores so disposed of has not proved
unimportant, tnough not always agreeable.

REPOBT OF THE IN8PECTOR-GENERAL. 459

There may be no disposition toward loose methods about public
property, as indicated in the unusual number of such cases cited from
time to time, nor any feeling that the careful supervision of it is unim-
portant. But at present to eliminate property from the public service
without the action of a disinterested inspector seems questionable
public policy and contrary to law. The disposition of public property
is perhaps more difficult to accurately supervise than public money,
and carelessness or unskillf ulnessmay lead to largely increased expense.

If economy is still to be enforced in this matter, the condemnation
of public property becomes an arduous and comparatively unpleasant
task which anyone may prefer to escape. But millions of articles,
valued at millions of dollars, are annually presented for condemnation;
and careful economy andscrutiny seemsoon to effect a saving of hundreds
of thousands of dollars. Is this not well worth while ? It is done quite
incidentally to other work and comparatively without expense.

Under the opinion of the Judge- Advocate-General of February 7,
1895, whose views concerning the act of March 3, 1825, were approved
by the Assistant Secretary of War on February 15, 1895, it seems that
a uniform and correct practice should prevail, and that property can
not be legally or properly sold without the action of an inspector.
Evidently the matter of finally recommending the sale or destruction
of stores is not a duty which should be habitually assigned by law
only to the same officers who are intrusted with the purchase, care, or
use of the stores. It can not be desired that accountability for public
stores should become a farce.

The statistical records of this office show that since 1892 the sum of
about thirty -five millions of dollars was involved in the elimination
from the public service of unserviceable property by condemnation.
How much these figures may be augmented by a departure from the
legal course of authorized inspection by wholly disinterested officers
wno are experienced and expert at such inspection duties may deserve
careful consideration. The old way has proven just, as well as
economical. But a love of novelty may lead in the other direction.

The cost of some thirty articles of subsistence stores
en^rtora!^ 8Ubsist" that were inspected and condemned during the fiscal

year ending June 30, 1902, has been computed from
inventory and inspection reports received in this office, and the total
original cost of these articles for the year is reported as $283,602.23,
as against $308, 520. 69 for 1901, a decrease of $24,918.46, and $290,020. 21
for 1900, a decrease of $6,101.75 from the figures of that year. For
1902 the percentage of these losses geographically were:

Philippine Islands 86

Cuba and Porto Rico 7

Alaska and Hawaii 2. 5

Transports 2. 3

United States 2. 2

Total 100

Combining the percentages of all the tropical isles, the Philippines
and the Antilles, it will be seen that 93 per cent of all losses on the
articles named were in these islands, to which might very properly be
added the transport losses, which would bring the per cent of losses in
the tropics up to 95.3 of the total loss. It is believed that with expe-
rience there and the absence of war conditions this percentage can
hardly continue indefinitely.

4G0 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

In the United States there was a decrease of losses in these articles
during the year, the amount for 1902 being $6,467.37, while in 1901 it
was $11,631.17, and for 1900, $84,814.17. In Cuba and Porto Rico
the losses were $19,412.84 for 1902 and $22,016.02 for 1901. On the
transports the figures were $6,652.61 for 1902 and $20,397.40 for 1901.
In Alaska and Hawaii the losses in 1902 were $7,041.20, as against
$1,500.16 in 1901, a very decided increase, but the sum involved is
comparatively insignificant; and by far the greater part of these losses
was in Alaska, which is an essentially expensive region, where traus-

Ixn'tation adds more than the original cost. In the Philippines the
osses for three vears have been as follows: 1902, $244,028.21; 1901,
$252,916.16; 1900, $113,816.28; and for these years the percent-
ages in the Philippines of the entire condemnation of the named
articles were: 1902, 8t> per cent; 1901, 82 per cent; 1900, 39 percent
So, while during the past fiscal year there was a shrinkage in the
amount of these losses in the Philippines as compared with the pre-
vious year, those islands show an increase of 4 per cent in their per-
centage of the entire value of these subsistence stores condemned, and
here also the cost of transportation always deserves special considera-
tion, making every article, some say, cost a half a dollar a pound
before consumed. In 1897 condemned subsistence stores amounted to
$2,398.66.

The totals for the fiscal years 1900, 1901, and 1902 show an aggre-
gate loss for the three years (this tabulation having been begun in
1900) of almost a million dollars ($882,143.18, to be exact) on the thirty-
three articles of subsistence stores considered. The largest items of
these losses are, for the three years: Issue bacon, $121,524.57; potatoes,
$113,364.89; bread, hardand soft, $83,440.55; plug tobacco, $68,588.01;
smoking tobacco, $56,318.85; onions, $55,618.01; flour, $50,998.04;
butter, $46,363.12; canned tomatoes, $41,887.53; canned fruit, $40,-
747.97; oatmeal, $34,566.19; fresh beef, $33,621.45; sugar-cured ham,
$17,175.54. The smallest loss for the three years on any one of the
articles was $1,203.57, on canned bacon. The particular brand of each
article, which endures best and is the favorite with the consumers, is
worthy of study, but is a detail of administration hardly necessary
to more than refer to now.

No doubt every reasonable effort has been made to prevent or mini-
mize these losses, as well as those of public stores of every descrip-
tion. As has been shown, about 95 per cent of the losses on these
articles occurred in the Tropics and some 8(y per cent in the Philippines
alone; where the reasons assigned for the excessive losses of such
articles are their generally perishable nature, frequent transshipments,
and the very unfavorable climatic and other conditions. Campaign
conditions, in many cases, doubtless caused losses also. The per cent
of loss of the total stores purchased or of those shipped to the Philip-
pine Islands is not excessive, and the improved conditions in every
respect will secure still better results in the future and the purchases
will not be so very large.

The total number of inventory and inspection reports received at

this office during the fiscal vear ending June 30, 1902,

Property eliminated. ^ ? ^ ^ ^-^ ^^ ^ increj|g0 of ^f^Q for

the preceding year, and 3,521 for 1900, and 3,425 for 1899. Before
1899 the number of such reports received annually averaged about
1,700 a year. During the fiscal year 1902, therefore, it seems that

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 461

more than four times as many inventories were submitted than were
submitted then; and about twenty-one such inspections were made
every daj% including Sundays. The excess of reports received over
the largest received in any previous year was 1,334, and the excess
over the average number of such reports received annually before 1899
was 5,802, ana over the average received in the three years 1899, 1900,
and 1901 (4,371), 3,131. And the property reported condemned prob-
ably less fully represents the amount sold or disposed of than has been
the case for some years. If the annual expenses of the Army be kept
down nearer to $900 per soldier than $1,000, the closest attention must
be given to these drv facts relating to the expenditure of money and
property.

Tne reports received during the fiscal year 1902 show that 13,541,545
articles (including units of weight and measure) were inspected, and
that of this number 12,693,1581 were condemned, and 847,864, or about
7 per cent, were retained in service. During the preceding fiscal
year 21,914,832 articles were condemned, and 601,387, or about 2£ per
cent, were retained in service.

Of the articles presented for inspection 11,820,202, or about 80 per
cent, had their original cost price given, as agpinst about 49 per cent
for the preceding year. There was a great improvement in this respect
during the fiscal year 1902, when the reports showed only 1,721,343
articles the cost of which was not given, against 11,914,586 for the
preceding year.

If such accurate information is habitually given, it indicates that care
and attention is being again given to such matters as will naturally
lead to due eeonom}r, so that the money expended will be certainly
needed where applied, and a dollar will habitually buy a dollar's worth,
and full use will be gotten from the articles purchased. Our military
system and supplies must be the best for our purpose and environ-
ment, for military success depends upon it; and that it has been the
best, success has fully proved throughout our history. We have the
best, because we can afford it, and we can make the best use of it.
And in this vein and in calm reliance on our own methods we are
willing to continue steadfast to the end.

By applying the average value of the articles of which the price was
given to those of which the cost price was not given, it is found that
the approximate original cost of all the articles inspected during the
year aggregates the sum of $5,078,079.38, and of these the articles
that were retained in the service cost approximately $544,874.94. This
would make a per capita per enlistee! man of about $75 for articles
condemned, and of about $8 for articles retained in the service. For
thepreceding fiscal year these per capitas were $79 and $7, respectively.

Tnis apparent saving of something like a half million of dollars per
annum by the consistent and conscientious attention to $5,000,000
worth of old junk is not pleasant, but does it pay? If the Govern-
ment does not desire it, every officer would be glad to be excused from
it. It can not be as efficiently done in any other way. Now it simply
comes into the day's work when one has to be on the ground anyway
doing more important things, so whatever the annoyance, the cost is
nil and the saving considerable — indeed, much greater than the entire
cost of the general inspection of the Army in all its ramifications by
this department, so that on proper modern business principles the
Army is fully inspected without any expense, but simply by the sav-
ing effected in this one matter in guarding against undue waste.

462 REPORT OP THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

The following classified tabular statement shows the total amount of

Sroperty inspected and its disposition so far as shown by the re^ ts
unng the fiscal years 1901 and 1902. As compared with 1901, the
last fiscal year shows a considerable falling off in the number of arti-
cles inspected — the difference between 22,516;219 and 13,541,545 — but
the approximate original cost of the articles in 1901 — $6,372,290.35 —
is only $1,294,210.97 greater than for 1902.

FISCAL YEAR 1902.

n.pected and retained In

Number, Number,

Staff 3.999 mi I

tatt. fi.5Cfi.7»9

Antt\ttj..y.'.'.'.'.'.'.y.'.'..y....y.'. 9,420

Infantry 183.677

Publ'.-.;ui I-jn.l 2.744

Miscrllaneoui 1.190

Total

FISCAL YKAR 1901.

■«,S1S90

■v[,«il.51
14,431. *l
50,761.51

■S.'W.-iii

lift A 3,955,016.32

Stuff.

PiwU-

6.B16.70S

■ I.'; 38
135 65

l" 487 18

■ Z13 97
•■ 613.87

■ 131 67
ll.8IS.70

10,611,331
491,378
24,676
9,296
10,239
6.634
4,836
33,323

139,470
127,666

(146,067.00
113, 842.84

17, SH

"108,568

3,851
27,011

6,432
13,823

9,926
290

9,120.00

111,101.93
23,464.11
74,273.68
16,006.84

64 J. 86

5.384
1.8M
941
1,898

Artil.-:. ..

39.886
w,.W»

H.M

2. .'.12. 900. 07

11,721,662

408,438

487,682.41

192,934

Copies of inventory and inspection reports received for file in this .
office since February, 1S92; may be summarized as follows:

Num,ber j Con ol article,
reports. | conoemned.

Cost of article*
retained.

Total coat.

6[l68i 5]830]l28!69
7,602 | 4,533,204.44

93,343.677.13
342,181.78
644,874.94

»», 742, 119.28
8, 879, 290. 86

6,078,079.89

33.517 j 27,261,775.19

4,930,718.81

82,199,489.01

These figures, covering about ten years, may serve to show the mag-
nitude of the interests involved in the inspection of public property,
and how essential it is that such inspections should be made by expert,
careful, and independent inspectors. Nearly five million dollars
worth of stores were continued in the Government service.

The following tabulation from the reports received

h " "" m* *' during the fiscal year 1902 shows the number of public

animals that were inspected, condemned, and retained in the service

BEPOET OF THE INSPECTOB-GENERAL.

463

during that fiscal year; and a similar tabulation for 1901 is added for
purposes of comparison, to wit:

FISCAL YEAR 1902.

Staff

Posts

Cavalry

Artillery

Infantry

Arsenals and armories
Civil fund

Total

FISCAL YEAR 1901.

Staff

Posts

Cavalry

Artillery..':

Infantry

Volunteer troops.

Civil fund

Insular

Inspected and condemned.

Inspected and retained in
service.

Number

COSt

stated.

Money
value.

__ _

$13,827.85

311,863.68

80,204.09

387.50

1.960.00

Cost not
stated.

Number

cost
stated.

Money
value.

Cost not
stated.

120

a 2, 523

690

724

255

242

$437.00

22,353.36

8,872.24

5,236.95

392

151

3 ■ 450.00

3 | 115.00

3,356 1 408,807.12

1,032*

381

36,989.55

560

259

454

550

22,737.02

61,868.94

66,687.76

1,206.50

60.00

425

536

899

135

4,660.00

5,316.70

12, 197. 30

294.00

151

27 2,521.00

M3 ' 362.50

3 300. 00

27
41

8 , 605.00

: 1

Total.

1,315 | 156,743.72

1,992

235

23,073.00

261

a Including 2 Alaskan dogs, 5 bulls, 3 carabaos. b Including 3 carabaos, or water buffaloes.

The total number of public animals presented in 1902 was 5,229, as
against 3,803 in 1901; an increase of 1,426. In 1902, 3,356 animals,
cost $408,807.12, were condemned, against 1,315, cost $156,743.42, in
1901; an increase of 2,041 animals and $252,063.70.

In 1902, 1,032 animals, the cos£ of which was not given, were con-
demned, against 1,992 in 1901; a decrease of 960. And there were
retained in the service 381 animals, cost $36,989.55, against 235, cost
$23,073, in 1901; an increase of 146 animals and $13,916.55. And of
those the cost of which was not given there were retained in the service
560, against 261 in 1901; an increase of 299.

In 1902 the total value of the 3,737 animals, the cost of which was
given (70 per cent, against 55 per cent for the preceding year), was
$445,796.67, an average of $119.29, as against an average of $116.01
for the preceding year. On this basis the total approximate value of
the whole number of animals presented was $635,706.41 and of the
941 retained in the service, $112,251.89. In the preceding fiscal year,
by a similar calculation, the value of all the animals inspected was
$325,756.08 and of those retained in the service, $57,540.96.

Since 1892 the inventory and inspection reports received at this
office relating to public animals may be summarized as follows:

Period.

1892 to 1900, inclusive

1901

1902

Total

Cost of ani-
mals con-
demned.

$1,793,187.48
268,215.32
523,454.52

2,584,857.32

Cost of ani-
mals re-
tained in
service.

8279,711.33

57,540.76

112,251.89

449,503.98

Total cost.

$2,072,898.81
325,756.08
635,706.41

3,034,361.30

464 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

Combining the inspections of public animals and
Gcnemi nummary. other public property for the last ten years, aa shown

}>y reports received at this office, the following results are shown:

Condemned.

Retained. ' Total.

Miscellaneous $27,261,775. 19 $4,930, 713.82 |$32, 192, 489. 01

Public animals 2,584,857.32 1 449,503.98 | 8,084,361.30

Total

29,840,632.51 5,380,217.80 35,226,850.31

So it appears that in the brief space of ten years more than thirty-
five millions of dollars worth of public property has been presented
for inspection, of which more than five millions worth has been
retained in the service, which was practically a saving to that extent.
When judicious inspection, as in this instance, saves the handsome
sum of more than half a million dollars a year in one item alone
through a series of years, it seems to be paying for its keep very
generously indeed. But this may not be popular, or some may claim
it can be clone better amid the castles of Spain.

The pressure to get rid of obsolete and worthless stores, which tend
to fit their place and abide there as easy as an old shoe, it is believed
benefits efficiency as much as it promotes economy under this system
of organized inspections; as some may testify who have seen the I. C.
worn about a garrison on an over-fat old horse still fit for women or
children, but bearing silent witness of unfitness for wrar.

The disease known as glanders seems to have pre-

oianders, etc. vailed to an alarming extent during the past fiscal
year, and especially in the Philippine Islands. The reports received
show that during the year there were presented for inspection a total
of 1,419 animals that nad the glanders, of w^hich 1,311 (nearly 94 per
cent) were in the Philippines, 66 in Cuba, 28 in the United States, 12
in Porto Rico, and 2 in Alaska. There were probably many other
animals presented that had the glanders, especially in the Philippines,
where in many cases it was stated on the reports that the animals were
afflicted with "incurable disease," or "infectious disease," without
mentioning specifically what the disease was. Other diseases that were
more or less prevalent among public animals during the year, and
especially in trie Philippines, wore "surra," farcy, and tetanus, or
lockjaw. The number of public animals stated to be afflicted with the
glanders was 26.6 per cent of the whole number presented during the
year. This condition also suggests how native animals were also suf-
fering, and what a great loss was endured by the death of carabao,
cattle, horses, hogs, etc., by the tens of thousands.

During the year there were also presented for inspec-

Biimi animals. tion W1 anim^\* (}ls lxgA\mt &)+ for tne preceding year)

that were blind in one or both eyes, or were afflicted with diseases
leading to blindness. Those presented for blindness constituted about
8.3 per cent of the whole number presented, as against almost 25 per
cent for the preceding year. For tne two years the animals presented
for blindness may be summarized as follows:

BEPORT OF THE IN8PECTOR-GENERAL.

465

1901.

1902.

Decrease.

Increase.

Cuba

1
484 272

212
46
61

United States

116

Porto Rico

62 | 1
31 1 97

Philippines

fi]mb*

Total 694

Net decrease '

441

319
253

f.6

AUCTION SALES.

During the year 514 reports of auction sales of condemned property
were received,' as against 489 for 1901, 333 for 1900, and 229 for 1899.
The amount of the sales reported for 1902 is $243,412.85, as against
$169,412.61 for 1901, an increase of $74,000.24.

The following tabulation shows in detail, by staff departments, the
number of auction sales reports received and the amounts realized by
the sales they represent during the last two fiscal years, to wit:

Quartermaster:

Supplies

Hones

Mules

Subsistence

Medical

Ordnance

Engineers

Signal

Reports re-
ceived.

1901.

332

57
34
12
53
1

1902.

310

63
48
24
64
5

Total.

4K9

514

Animals sold.

I*rocee<l8 of sales.

1901. ' 1902.

1901.

1902.

1,107
333

1,298

228

$83,408.00

44,384.79

17, 120. 95

5,207.93

5,561.36

5,011.26

8, 668. 32

50.00

$98,304.34

63,507.24

18,779.80

9,341.80

5, 180. 48

24,883.04

23,300.00

116.15

1,440 ' 1,526 i 169,412.61 243,412.85

The sum of about $245,000 a year is a very pretty saving; but the
figures arc really much larger than that sum, since quite a number of
reports of auction sales (mostly in the Philippines) were not received
in time to be included in this report.

It is a question whether property always brings enough to justify
its sale, though in most cases it undoubtedly does. During1 the fiscal
year just closed the property sold (so far as the reports received show)
cost, approximately, $1,083,190.47, and it sold for $243,112.80, or
about 22 per cent of its cost. The total number of articles sold was
3,111,855, and the average cost per article was about 35 cents, and the
average selling price per article was about 7 cents. The matter may
be stated in detail, by staff departments, in the following tabulation:

Department.

Number of

articles. 0ri»iiml cost|

Subsistence ! 510, 464

Engineer ' 1,648,407

Medical I 45,062

Quartermaster ! 825, 2*9

Public Animals

Ordnance

Signal

1,526
66,136
8,972

$27, 954. 65
329,681.40
41,471.19
313, 609. 82
227,236.66
142,916.40
315. 35

Total 3,111,855 1,083,185.47

Per

Sold for.

cent of

cost.

$9,341.80

33.5

23,000.00

5.180.43

12.4

98,304.34

82,287.04

36.2

24,883.04

116. 15

243, 112. 80

*>2

Average
cost per

Average
selling

article.

$0,052
.20
.92
.38
148.91
2. 16
.036

.35

$0.02
.014
.115
.lis

53.80
.37
.012

.07

WAR 1902— VOL 1

466 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

Quartermaster-General Meigs was so decidedly in

Recommendations. fevor Qf ^j^ ^^ than breftking up or destroying

condemned property that he got the principle inserted in the Army
Regulations. 1 his re*sum6 may indicate current results.

The following recommendations have been made by inspectors-
general in their annual reports for 1902 regarding inspection and
condemnation of property, to wit:

Colonel Burton savs:

The inspection of ordnance should be under the same rules as now govern the
inspection of other Government stores and property. There is no apparent good
reason why the disposition of a worthless saddle should require the special action of
the Secretary of War.

Major Irons says:

From communications received at this office, the Inspector-General of the Army
evidently has discovered much negligence on the part of officers who have failed to
submit a copy of the auctioneer's detailed account of the sale oi condemned prop-
erty, as required by paragraph 761, A. R. I am of the opinion that this is caused
by ignorance of the regulations on the part of officers, by its not being indexed in
the regulations under the head of auction sales or Reports, Auction Sales, or Sales —
thus causing more or less obscurity of the regulation. I suggest that a reference to
this paragraph be placed on the form issued by the quartermaster for this purpose;
also that som*» reference l>e made to it on the inventory and inspection report.

Attention is invited to the large number of padlocks condemned. Many of these
are rendered unserviceable by the loss of keys. It is suggested that some special
kind of lock having different combinations might be used, each combination having
a special number. In case a key is lost it might l>e replaced at small cost by requi-
sition, naming the number. The Yale lock has many combinations. In realitv the
party losing tne key should pay for it, but I find on making inquiries on this subject
that no one knows who is responsible for the loss. The majoritv of these keys seem
to be lost bv the members of the guard. Another article whim appears to be con-
demned in large quantities are horseshoe rasps. ^?he life of one oi these appears to
be exceedingly short.

I find at most of the posts there is no method for the surgeons to fix the value of
articles placed on inventory and ins[>ection rejx>rt8. If this information is considered
valuable 1 recommend that the purchasing agents of the Medical Department prepare
a price list of such articles as are issued, or invoice price of articles ue furnished sur-
geons when articles are invoiced. This same trouble exists in all departments, except
Ordnance Department. Quartermasters have price lists furnished by business firms,
and the information is thus obtained. Commissary property also creates some trouble,
and invoice prices should be given with invoices.

SOLDIERS* HOME, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

The annual inspection of the Soldiers' Home, District of Columbia,
required bv law, was made May 27-30 and July 7-10, 1902, by the
Inspector-General, assisted bv Lieut. Col. T. T. Knox, inspector-
general, and Mr. William T. l£ ent, the accountant of the Department.
Since the last inspection the only change in the officers of file Home
was the appointment of Maj. H. M. Kendall, U. S. Army, retired, as
treasurer, vice Capt. Charles W. Taylor, U. S. Army.

The Home was in a most creditable condition throughout. The care
of the old soldiers and the comforts afforded them speak well for the
efficiency of the officers in charge.

The average number of members present during the past fiscal year
was 8iH3, or 32 more than for the preceding year, and is 62 per cent of
the total average meml>ership of the Home. An average of 373 mem-
bers received outdoor relief, or 39 less than for the preceding year.
They received an average of $81.44 each. The average annual per
capita cost of maintenance at the Home was $251.29. The saving

REPORT OF THE IN8PECTOR-GENERAL. 467

effected by the system of outdoor relief is plainly apparent, and that
it is popular is evidenced by the number of members who avail them-
selves of it. Possibly this system might be advantageous at the Vol-
unteer Homes, where the law expressly authorizes it.

The discipline continues to be commendable; 90 per cent of the aver-
age present committed no offense. Drunkenness, as heretofore, con-
tinues to-be the principal offense. This might be lessened by the
establishment of a post exchange. But the organized opposition, as
well as the prejudice against such exchanges, would probably prevent
even a dry one being established.

An examination of the treasurer's accounts, books, etc., since the
last inspection, showed a total expenditure from the Home fund of
$318,496.27, or nearly $30,000 less than for the preceding year. The
cost of construction was $60,926.42, or $44,622 less tnan for the

Previous year. The actual expenses for the year were $257,569.65.
he total credit settlements for the year amounted to $536,045.62, and
with the $90,430.10 interest on deposits, makes the total legitimate
income of the Home, for the year, $626,475.72, which was $306,906.07
more than the actual expenses of the Home. The sum collected from
active soldiers amounted to $465,028.31. At the end of the year a
balance of $3,120,612.71 was left to the credit of the permanent fund,
and this is the largest balance ever yet carried over, and speaks well
for the financial status and management of the Home.

The interest account shows an equally prosperous state, the balance
at the end of the fiscal year being $23,651.94, or $2,768.83 more than
for the previous year.

On June 30, 1902, there were 1,001 pensioners on the rolls, 725 of
whom were present at the Home. During the past fiscal year
$104,892.93 was paid to pensioners, and the balance on hand at that
date was $54,726.81. This is a considerable increase over the large
balance of the pension fund that is habitually kept on hand. It is
believed that it would relieve the Home of much trouble and expense
if pensions could be paid direct from the pension agent to the pen-
sioners at the Home. Or, if this may not be, then it seems only
E roper that the clerk hire required at the Home for this duty should
e paid by the Pension Bureau, to which the work properly pertains,
and which is relieved to this extent by the Home pension clerks.
Also, the pension balance, if treated like soldiers' deposits, and allowed
to go on interest, like the permanent fund, would be equally safe, and
would earn enough to pay the pension clerk hire, or more.

The books, accounts, vouchers, and records seemed neatly and accu-
rately kept, and were altogether very commendable.

The fiscal year of the Home has at last been made to conform to the
Government fiscal year, as has so often been recommended by this
office. It seems that the circle of improvements at the Home is
approaching culmination and completion. There is now less over-
crowding, unproved fare, more abundant walks, hospital elevators,
fresh beading, good beds, more amusements, finer plants, and removed
stables.

The average expense per capita for the year was $251. 28f, which is
an increase of' $39.42 over the per capita cost of the preceding year.
The following tabulation shows the comparison with last year as to the
various subheads for the fiscal years above mentioned,

468

EEPOET OF THE IN8PECTOR-GENERAL.

Subheads.

Subsistence

Clothing

Household

Current expenses

Hospital

Farm .*

Repairs

Total

1901.

1902.

Increase
over 1901.

Decrease
from 1901.

$49.79
20.91
47.85
40.67
24.73
12.31
15.60

$62.2287
22.39
40.2650
93.2412
9.75
13.2025
10.21

$12.4387
1.48

$7.5850

52. 5712

14.98

,8925

5.39

211.86

251.2874

67.3824

27. 9750

From the above table it will be observed that the increased expense
per capita for the fiscal year 1902 over that of 1901 appears to be due
principally on account of current expenses and subsistence, both of
which subheads were considerably in excess of last year.

The following table shows a comparison of the average per capita
cost at this Home with that of the Volunteer Home for the fiscal year
1902:

Subheads.

Subsistence

Clothing

Household

Current expenses

Hospital

Farm

Regular
Home.

Volun-
teer
Home.

$62.2287 ' $58.8887

22.39
40.2650
93. 2412
9.75
13.2025

Repairs • ] 10. 21

11.23
24.40
13.0862
13.73
3. 1437
12.84

Total 251. 2874

137. 3186

C08tS

above
Volun-
teer
Home.

Co*ts be-
low
Volun-
teer
Home.

$3.34

11.16

15.8650

80.1550

$3.98

10.0588

2.63

120. 6788

6.61

From the above table it will be seen that the average cost per capita
at this Home exceeds that of the Volunteer Home by $113.9688, which
was principally due to the unusually heavy cost for current expenses
for the year, the average cost of which, per man, exceeded that at the
Volunteer Home by $80.1550. The per capita excess at the Regular
Home is not double, but is 82 per cent more than that of the Volun-
teer Home.

The hospital was found to be in excellent condition, showing scrupu-
lous care and attention had been paid to all details. It is, however, in
need of some more conveniences tor the sick during the cold weather,
such as inclosing some of the porches with glass or erecting a solarium
on the roof. It has a capacity of 120 beds. The total number of cases
treated during the year was 3,119, and the daily average treated was
103.97, or 4.21 more than last year. The total number who died dur-
ing the year was 102, or 6 more than last year. The average age at
time of death was 56.17 years.

Applicants for admission to the Home, entitled to its benefits, who
are suffering with tubercular diseases, instead of being admitted as
resident members, are granted admission to the general hospital
established at Fort Bayard, N. Mex., for treatment. In such cases
as may be necessary, applicants are provided by the Home with trans-
portation there, the cost of which is refunded from their pensions,
except in special cases. It is stated that the percentage of recoveries

KEPOBT OF THE INSPECTOE-GENEEAL. 469

at this general hospital is large, even among those of the patients who
are in the most advanced stages of tuberculosis. There were 71 mem-
bers reported as being there at the time of inspection, and during
the time of the inspection of the National Home for Disabled Volun-
teer Soldiers they also were visited.

NATIONAL HOME FOR DISABLED VOLUNTEER SOLDIERS.

Since the abridgment by act of Congress approved March 3, 1901,
of the supervision and audit by the War Department, of the accounts
and vouchers of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers,
the latter no longer pass through this office nor here receive the close
scrutiny of past years, but are transmitted direct to the accounting
officers of tne Treasury Department. The annual inspection of the
Home by an officer of the Inspector-General's Department, however,
is still continued, in accordance with the act of August 18, 1894 (28
Stat. L., 412), and under the legal decision of the Judge- Advocate-
General of the Army, dated April 24, 1901, as to the status of the
War Department in view of the new legislation.

This inspection was made for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902,
by Lieut. Col. Thomas X. Knox, inspector-general, accompanied by
Mr. A. B. Horner, clerk inspector-general's office, except the Moun-
tain Branch and the office of the president of the board of managers
and the general treasurers office, to which latter place he was accom-
panied by Mr. D. 0. Spencer, clerk inspector-general's office. During
the year the sudden death on September 29, 1901, of Maj. J. M. Ber-
mingham, the general treasurer of the Home, was a cause of sincere
regret and produced considerable embarrassment in the financial affairs
of the Home, as he was a man of much ability and earnest faithfulness,
and had filled the office from the time of its creation. The vacancy
was filled by the promotion of the assistant general treasurer, Ma].
Moses Harris.

There are at present eight branches of the Home in operation, and
with the addition of the Mountain Branch, which shortly will be in
operation, and of the National Sanitarium at Hot Springs, S. Dak.,
provided for by act of Congress approved May 29, 1902, there will be
ten branches, each located in a different State of the Union, for the
accommodation of its old veterans.

The various Branches were found, on this inspection, to be in
excellent condition generally, as to the buildings and grounds, and the
officers are both efficient and painstaking, with the welfare of the
nation's wards ever in view; and the Board of Managers show marked
zeal and fidelity in their successful efforts to properly perform the
trust imposed upon them.

The constantly increasing population of the Home would appear to
render necessary some system of outdoor relief, as is already author-
ized by section 4833 of the Revised Statutes, mentioned in previous
reports. The success with which the system of outdoor relief has met
at the Regular Home, where it has proved a benefit to the members
and an economy to the Home, would indicate that it would also be a
satisfactory solution of the problem of providing for the increasing
numbers of old soldiers seeking the aid and relief provided for those

470

REPOBT OF THE DJ6PECTOB- GENERAL.

who become members of the National Home for Disabled Volunteer
Soldiers.

The total average population of the Home for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1902, was 27,084, or an increase of 794 over the previous year;
and the average present during the same period was 20,501, or an
increase of 490 over last year. The average absent was 6,583, an
increase of 306 over last year, and should some contingency arise to
cause these absent members to return to the various branches to which
they belong, the advantages of a system of outdoor relief would then
become apparent.

The per capita cost for maintenance for the fiscal year ending June
30, 1902, was $137.3186, or an increase of $3.8856over last year. The
following table, compiled from the reports of the board of managers,
showing the per capita cost of maintenance and the average cost per
capita for general expenditures for the past twelve vears, will illustrate
by the variations the economy maintained during the period from 1893
to 1900, when the accounts and vouchers were supervised by this
Bureau. The saving effected during this period, based on the per
capitacostandthe average number present, was $2,483,308.04, an aver-
age of $354,758.29 for seven years, or a total of $285,866.98 more than
the net expenditures for the whole establishment during the fiscal year
1894, with an average present of 15,601 members:

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REPORT OK THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

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474

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

The following shows the appropriation account for the aid to the
State and Territorial homes for disabled soldiers and sailors.

Appropriations.

Balance in Treasury June 30, 1901

Amount appropriated

Treasury settlements

Unexpended balance deposited

Funds of J. M. Bermingham returned

Total

Remitted to disbursing officers

Paid on Treasury statements

Treasury settlements

Funds of J. M. Bermingham transferred to M. Harris
Covered into surplus fund

Total

Balance in Treasury June 30, 1902.

Total

State or Territorial
home for disabled sol-
diers and sailors.

1901.

$54, 724. 80

184,259.05

1902.

Total.

S950.000.00

238,983.85 i 950,000.00

54,724.80 950,000.00

184,259.05

238,983.85 I 950,000.00

238,983.85 , 950,000.00

$1,004,724.80

184,259.05

1,188,983.85

1,004,724.80

184,259.05

1,188,963.85

1,188,983.85

BOOKS, RECORDS, AND PAPER WORK.

When General Chaffee was detailed on duty in the Inspector-Gen-
eral's Department as a major the reduction of paper work in the Army
was specially invited to his attention, but despite his forcefulness of
character this incubus seems to have grown instead of diminished, and
we find great tomes filled with longhand at almost every military
center, while line officers in the fighting force feel hardly fairly treated
when their clerks are taken to headquarters, and reports and returns
are still demanded ad nauseam. The occasional refusal to furnish
typewriting machines by which duplications might partly remedy the
evil is, perhaps, regarded as not 01 sufficient importance to mention
here. Progressive ideas on the line of clerical economy were evinced
in some of the supply departments, like the ordnance depot at Manila,
where the method of filing returns, use of postal-card reports and
requisitions, and improved forms for invoice and receipt are highly
commendable. I was also much impressed with the business-like
method of copying and filing papers adopted on the cable ship Burn-
side by Captain Squier, and believe that instead of hand copying and
delays some of these modern and accurate methods might well be
adopted by other bureaus. Dispensing with books, as is done in the
War Department, and using modern methods of manifolding ought
to relieve the present burden somewhat and save time and money. It
is believed that the book-record system might well receive the atten-
tion of the board on diminishing paper work of the War Department.

It is suggested that a form of cash book be adopted by the Ordnance
Department as in the Quartermaster's and Pay departments, and its
disbursing officers supplied with them.

Another apparently well-conceived scheme which came under my
observation is that of having all ordnance returns of officers on duty
in the Philippines undergo a preliminary examination before being
forwarded to Washington. Under this system any irregularity or
informality that is possible to correct may be corrected at once, and
thus save much time in the administrative audit and give the account-
able officer an opportunity, while the matter is fresh, to complete his

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 4?5

returns. The advantage of this preliminary examination must be
apparent, and suggests the advisability of its extension to other
branches of the service, while correspondence with Washington re-
quires a quarter of a year for each answered letter.

The descriptive book of public animals is frequently reported to be
incomplete owing to noncompliance with the requirements of A. R.
1146 by the invoicing officer. It is very important that a complete
descriptive list shall accompany every animal transferred for its proper
identification, as well as to complete the required records, ana more
attention should be given this duty by invoicing officers. There should
be no exception in this regard from purchase to final transfer.

The following recommendations are deemed worthy of consideration.
Lieutenant-Colonel Chamberlain (California) says:

In my inspection of money accounts during the past year and a half I have found
that time books are frequently not systematically kept, and they are seldom regarded
as being part of the permanent records. As in many instances they constitute the
only original record of work actually performed, and as large amounts are disbursed
on pay rolls the preparation and payment of which must of necessity at times be
left largely in the hands of employees, there should be of permanent record data for
checking the correctness of the roll*. The time books should, therefore, be systemat-
ically kept, their correctness certified to by the timekeeper, and they should be care-
fully preserved as part of the records. I recommend that instructions to that effect
be issued to all disbursing officers, and that the same be embodied in Army Regu-
lations.

Major Irons (Colorado) says:

Paragraph 229, Army Regulations, requires an order book and a letters-sent book
to be kept at each .post, and paragraph 271, Army Regulations, requires same books
to be kept by each regiment. As all posts and regimental headquarters are supplied
by typewriting machines, I recommend that the system used bv Quartermaster's
(A. K., 1343) and Subsistence Departments (Subsistence Manual) be adopted, viz:
That letterpress copying books be used. Bv this method much clerical work is
avoided ana true and authentic copies of orders and letters, with copy of original
signature, is preserved. „

In many cases the typewritten extra copies being identical with the
original should fairly serve for any temporary record. Greater use
of the quadruplicating processes seems feasible.

UNIFORM.

In view of the publication of the new uniform and equipment regu-
lations in General Orders, No. 81, Headquarters of the Army, July 17,
1902, recommendations or criticisms on the old are not in order, and
are omitted. It may be permitted, however, to remark that the crease
in the top of the campaign hat evidently collects more rain in the
Tropics than when the crown is worn at its full height, either in the
smooth way shown in the pictures of General Mac Arthur and General
Hancock, or of General Fitzhugh Lee and certain cavalry regiments,
which give it four indents at the top, and both these ways give a good
air space upon the head in the hot nours; but both are prohibited by
orders, though both are cooler and drier in the tropical field service.
Why should the street style instead of the fighting style prevail? An
experiment with clinical thermometers indicated that the nat was some
degrees cooler with good ventilation between the sweat leather and hat.

Major Tutherly (Columbia) says:

As soon as the change of uniform is decided upon, every organization serving in the
States and Alaska should have dress uniforms and parade in them at retreat. There
should be an effort made to secure good company tailors and get the fit of clothing
back to what it was five years ago. This pomp and ceremony is necessary to the
service, and when we neglect it the service very quickly shows it.

476 REPORT OF THE IN8PECT0B-GENERAL.

WAR DOGS.

In my annual report for 1900, an excellent description of the annual
trials of the German war dogs for that year was given, which shows
their utility in giving notice of the stealthy approach of the enemy.

The tendency, in the trackless jungle, of the guerrilla enemy to lie
concealed and then spring upon our soldiers unawares with the bolo,
or entirely escape attention, nas been demonstrated in many instances,
and has led to some suggestion that a small, silent war dog, such as
the English lurcher or white Spanish terrier, might be particularly
useful, both to reveal the concealed enemy and to increase security.

HARD WORK IN ALASKA.

Maj. Tutherly (Columbia) remarks:

The stations and sub-stations have been discontinued until there now remain but
six posts in Alaska. These are scattered over such an immense territory that it
takes about all the open season of navigation to visit and inspect them. The means
of transportation and connection are such as to cause delays at expensive places to
live away from posts, making the cost of the trip much more than can be recovered
by mileage.

The work in Alaska has been harder upon the Army than will ever be realized;
not the pure work of soldiering, but that attending the building of posts, roads, and
telegraph lines in this country, near the arctic circle, which a few years ago was
thought to be uninhabitable except by the Eskimos. Troops have lived in tents
while working on the telegraph line when the thermometer was 60 degrees below
zero.

Though I know of no gun having been fired by troops against an enemy, affairs
there have been judiciously controlled through the presence of troops till the Alaskan
code could be put in operation by the civil authorities.

The building of posts, and roads and telegraph lines to connect them, have opened
up the country ana led to such developments that railroads are already contemplated,
if not under way.

Agriculture, to some extent, is practicable in many parts of Alaska. Company
gardens are practicable at all of the posts, and at Skagway and Valdez vegetables
can be raised in abundance; so can they along the Yukon and Tanana rivers. The
Jesuit priests have had good gardens for years along the lower Yukon.

The posts are practically completed, except at Skagway, where a one-company
post should be built at once; and the telegraph line will probably be completed by
January, 1903, connecting all the posts with tlie States and through to Nome, which
is about 125 miles from Benring Straits. Service at these stations will consequently be
different hereafter; still, the isolation and climate require that more be done for sol-
diers than in the States, and the increased allowance of clothing, the 10 per cent
increase of pay, and the liberal commissary sales list should be continued. * * *
I would enjoin upon officers strict compliance with regulations concerning sales to
any outside the Army; there are commercial stores near all the posts where civilians
can trade.

ALASKAN INDIANS.

The following remarks of Maj. W. R. Abercrombie, Thirtieth
Infantry, on an extract from the report of the annual inspection of the
post of Fort Liscuin, Alaska, made September 5, 1901, relative to the
condition of the natives of the Copper River country, may prove
interesting:

So far as my observations extend these Indians were in about the same condition
in 1884 as they were in 1901. Like all other natives of a low degree of intelligence,
they are not thrifty, in so far as providing for their future wants are involved, when
the present affords them an opportunity to provide for the future.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 477

The annual run of salmon is, so far as my memory serves me, just as numerous as
in former years. Game never was plentiful in the Copper River Valley, owing to the
great depth of snow, as compared to the Tanana country.

I have tried during the last four years to make these people understand that if
they want to eat the white man's "grub" they must work for it just the same as he
does. In 1899 and 1900 I issued rations to these people. The first portion they ate
was the sugar, then the other component parts, except the bulkier portion of bacon
and flour. These they took in part, wasted part, and consumed a small portion. I
am positively not in favor of issuing rations, for the reason that only what is necessary
for immediate use will be consumed; the balance will be sold or traded.

The only Indians I know of that are at all thrifty are Gakona Charlie, Evon, and
his brother of the Kulkana branch; Stockman, of the Klutena band, and Etna Billum,
of the Lower River band.

CLERICAL FORCE.

To properly co-ordinate work so widely distributed and concentrate
attention upon the lines most needed for the good order of the public
service, requires alert and constant clerical work as well as the watch-
ful care of the officers. The intelligent and assiduous labors of the
clerks of this Department wherever stationed, so zealously performed
during the past year, as well as for many previous years, deserve and
receive my commendation. In their zeal they have not only wrought
diligently throughout the appointed and prescribed hours, but they
have, with cheerful alacrity, put in very many extra hours of hard
work in order to keep abreast of the increased and increasing volume
of business which new conditions have brought, and which threatened
at times to overwhelm them — for they are too few in number. Per-
haps a similar condition has existed generally throughout the Arm}7,
but probably none have felt the burden greater than these nor have
borne it better.

It is recommended that this office be put on an equality with the
other bureaus of the War Department, which have chief clerks at
$2,000 per annum. The chief clerk of this Bureau is compensated at
the rate of only $1,800 a year, the pay of a clerk of Class IV, and he
is the only clerk of that class in the office. The importance of the
duties, as well as the amount and character of the work performed by
other clerks, some of whom are growing gray in faithful and efficient
service at salaries far below their worth, would certainly justify the
giving to this Bureau a chief clerk at 82,000 per annum, and at least
two additional clerks of Class IV, in order that it may be possible to
compensate clerks of long and able and faithful service with pay some-
what commensurate with their merits and ability and efficiency. The
claim of others, both in the Philippines and America, are also earnestly
submitted for favorable consideration, and will be referred to further
in this report.

The work pertaining to the Soldiers' Home, or to the public prop-
erty, or to hundreds of millions of dollars disbursed would in each divi-
sion of this office deserve fairer compensation for the clerk in charge.

Any movement looking to the retirement of public servants who
have given long and faithful service, when their retirement can be
effected at reasonable rates of pay and without expense to the Govern-
ment, certainly deserves the hearty co-operation of all who can in any
measure assist in bringing it about. No more deserving subject could
engage the attention of our national lawgivers, whose action in the
premises is necessary to make such a system of retirement effective
and uniform.

478 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

CLERKS FOR OUTSIDE INSPECTORS-GENERAL.

The need is as pressing now as ever before for furnishing inspectors-
general at geographical headquarters with skilled and adequate cler-
ical assistance, in order that they may the more fully and more exactly
perform the duties devolving upon them, which seem constantly to
increase from year to year with the growth of the country. To that
end I renew the recommendation in my last annual report that Con-
gress be urged to make provision (as therein set forth) in the next
appropriation bill for the support of the Army for the clerical assist-
ance now so urgently needed by this Department. The legislation
proposed is along the same lines as that which has already been
enacted for supplying clerks for the Pay Department at large. As
the clerks of the inspectors-general are frequently directed to assist
in general inspections, including inspections of paymasters' accounts,
there appears no good reason why tney should not be organized and
provided for on a basis commensurate with the duties they perform.

The following is the proposed bill:

For pay of twenty-five clerks for inspectors-general, thirty-five thousand dollare:
Protected, That hereafter the pay of clerks for inspectors-general who have served as
such over fifteen years shall be one thousand eight hundred dollars per annum; the
pay of clerks for inspectors-general who have served as such over ten years shall he
one thousand six hundred dollars each per annum; the pay of clerks tor inspectors-
general who have served as such over five years shall be one thousand five hundred
dollars each per annum; the pay of other clerks for inspectors-general shall be one
thousand four hundred dollars each per annum.

For pay of fourteen messengers for inspectors-general, eleven thousand seven hun-
dred and sixty dollars.

For traveling expenses of clerks for inspectors-general and expert accountant of the
Inspector-General's Department, two thousand five hundred dollars.

Lieutenant-Colonel Chamberlain (California) says:

Owing to the peculiar technical character of the knowledge which a clerk musf

Jossess to render him proficient in the Inspector-General's Department and in the
udge-Advocate-GeneraPs Department, and owing to the fact that the inspector-
general and judge-ad vocate of a department are seldom allowed more than one
clerk each, it is respectfully urged that each inspector-general and each judge-advo-
cate \ye allowed a clerk under regulations similar to those governing clerks in the Pay
Department.

Major Reynolds (Dakota) says:

I renew the recommendation of my predecessor regarding the clerical work of this
office, and his plea that the inspector's clerk be allowed to accompany him on extended
tours of inspection.

While the need of skilled and competent clerks is
in the Philippines. ger;ousiy f Q\^ everywhere by the officers of this depart-
ment, it is perhaps more badly felt in the Philippines than in the
United States, as was very forcefully impressed upon me daring my
tour of those islands. The need of competent clerks and stenographers
was called to my attention at many places, and was specially mentioned
by brigade commanders, inspectors-general, judge-aavocates, and other
officers. Indeed, General Bell urged upon me as a duty and as a due
relief to the officers facing the enemy and already under the strain of
the deadly character of the duties imposed upon them, to present the
pressing need of stenographers and proper clerical assistance, so that
in such scattered warfare where words were essential, the most rapid
way of expressing, multiplying, and distributing them successfully

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 479

should be furnished as a matter of course to every officer on such
important duty.

Maj. H. K. Bailey, inspector-general, Department of North Philip-
pines, says:

The district and brigade inspectors have been busily engaged in inspecting the
numerous organizations and stations within the limits of the command to which they
are respectively assigned, and have performed their duties satisfactorily. They have
encountered many difficulties in reaching the outlying stations, and have been com-
pelled to avail themselves of all kinds of transportation, and in some instances have
walked from one station to another. While this is one of the greatest obstacles to
the effective and economical performance of their duties, the need of competent
clerical assistance can not be ignored. The inspectors are the only staff officers
dependent upon another department for the necessary clerks, although paragraph
95, Army Regulations, says: "They will each be allowed the necessary clerks and
one messenger, who will be assigned by the Secretary of War." Nearly every
inspector in the department has to do a vast amount of clerical work, which prevents
him from giving the time thus consumed to more important matters.

Since so many officers are found feeling severely the additional strain
of lack of efficient and capable clerks, perhaps consideration will yet
be kindly shown them bv naming for each one or more skilled stenog-
raphers and clerks, of whose services none but himself can deprive the
individual officers, already so overworked. It is understood that Gen-
erals Sackett and Baird at times provided for certain official clerical
work by individually paying for it; but this is not always possible at
the front or outside of headquarters cities, nor is it either wise or fair
to compel individuals to pay for Government work. It may be imprac-
ticable to get anyone who has not experienced the necessity for such
assistance amidst the exigencies of frontier service to fully appreciate
how necessary it is. In civil life one sees such conveniences given to
men with far less responsibilities or difficulties thrown upon them; and
under the appeals made to me by general and other officers I venture
to submit the matter for such favorable consideration as can be granted
to it.

TIME TEST OF COMMUNICATIONS.

During the tour in the Philippines, as a test of the facility and speed
with which communications between various points in the islands are
forwarded by the postal authorities, more than forty communications
were sent, from various points in various islands, to as many officers
stationed in the different islands, with request that the replies be sent
direct to Manila. Forty-one replies were received at Manila, and from
these it is found that an average speed of a little more than 35 miles a
day was made in forwarding the mails throughout the archipelago.
The extremes were — 132£ miles a day for the fastest, and about 5 miles
a day for the slowest. Considering the many unfavorable conditions
prevailing, it may be that an average of 35 miles a day is as good as
can at present be expected, though it is certainly unsatisfactory.

OBSERVATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES.

During my tour in the Philippines it was evident on all sides that
the Army, as a whole, was laboring patiently and faithfully to solve
the many vexing problems continually presented to it. The difficulties
encountered and the hardships endured can never be fully appreciated
by anyone who has not been on the ground and observed the daily
life of officers and men, 7,000 miles from home, cut off from all home

480 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

influences and associations, living in communities either openly or
secretly hostile, depending almost entirely for their subsistence upon
the commissary — where one is always afraid to take even an ordinary
drink of water without ascertaining first whether it has been cooked.

It has been claimed that gross and repeated violations, by the insur-
gents, of the laws and customs of civilized warfare had been put up
with without retaliation, in the hope that they would see the error of
their ways. This, forbearance on the part of the United States Gov-
ernment seemed to lead to a belief tnat we were weak and afraid.
Elections in towns occupied by our troops were dictated by insurgents
in the mountains; laws passed by native municipal authorities con-
demning the insurrection were not sincere; active and open sympathy
with Americans was rarely shown by native officials; presidentes and
their officials and wealthy natives had to be continually watched; local
offices were accepted and used as a means to help insurgents; assas-
sination was resorted to; U. S. Army uniforms were used by the
enemy without distinctive mark; infernal machines and poisoned
arrows were used; operations were conducted by insurgents under the
guise of amigos and without commission; telegraph lines were cut
and bridges destroyed by those who had sought and were enjoying
our protection; and the inhabitants in certain places had risen to
attack towns in which they lived in security. Add to this the contin-
ual "hiking" through the jungle, crossing of swollen streams, absence
of roads and bridges, the steady downpour of the rainy season, and
the heat of the tropical sun, and we will have a partial statement of
some of the things endured. Critics at home may sometimes search
for epithets to apply to our general officers, but these officers are no
less kind-hearted than their critics, and were anxiously mindful of
the sufferings which necessarily fall upon the innocent m warfare as
well as the guilty, and were devising means by which the poor might
ba cared for and fed. There is reason for gratification that our fellow-
countrymen have confidence in their Army, and many know what war
is: and the reaction has not been sluggish.

In addition to the difficulties which surrounded officers and men in
the Philippines, there was the continual anxiety for the health and
happiness of those at home who were dependent on them. And their
own health or protection from nameless sores and odd diseases not
necessarily fatal could be recklessly disregarded like unwonted same-
ness, in food and perpetual heat, but it counts in the day's work. That
the former soldier's hat was 10 degrees hotter than one correctly
ventilated, weighed no more with him than the citizen who in a light
straw saw him march past loaded with ammunition, weapon, and food.

That the Army performed its duties well and bore its hardships
uncomplainingly is well known to all who have kept in touch with it
since the opening of the Philippine insurrection. In fact, it has only
done those things which we expect of it and which we will continue to
expect of American soldiers.

The crying need of the soldiers now in the Philippines is quarters;
and nothing will add more to the comfort, discipline, and efficiency of
officers ana men serving in that division than the construction, as
rapidly as possible, of commodious quarters and barracks for our
troops, on sites which will afford ample room for proper instruction of
large bodies of men in drill and target practice. Tnese barracks are
needed now by the troops. Should the conditions in the islands so

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 481

improve that they will not be needed for troops at some future time,
they would be easily convertible into buildings for the civil govern-
ment or into hospitals and schools, or other necessary public uses
required under our American system, if not when the church was the
center of government, and the largest building in each town was the
church ana the parochial domicile called convent by us.

Any construction undertaken by the Government in the Philippine
Islands should be of such magnitude and architectural beauty as to be
an object lesson to the native to impress him not only with the wealth
and dignity of the United States, but also with the permanency of our
occupation of those islands. We should strive to bring the native up
to our good standard rather than that we should sink to his poor one.
Flimsy nipa barracks should not be constructed except in places where
they are needed for mere temporary shelter. The nimsiness, discom-
fort, vermin, or filth sometimes characterizing such huts to be appre-
ciated must be endured.

The reorganization of the Army in accordance with the provisions
of the act approved February 2, 1901, necessitated the promotion of
many officers to the new regiments who had already served a consid-
erable time in the Tropics. As some of these regiments were organized
immediately in the Philippines and others were sent there shortly after
being organized, it followed that many officers began again a new tour of
tropical service with their new regiments and thus lost the opportunity
of returning to the United States with the old regiment wnen it was
withdrawn. That this condition is unavoidable the officers concerned
well know. It is hoped, now that hostilities have ceased, that some
system may be devised by the War Department which will equalize
the tropical service that may be required of any branch of the service
among the officers of that branch. When each one feels that he is
bearing only his equitable share of the burden he will bear it cheer-
fully, no matter how heavy it may be.

NATIVE SCOUTS (PHILIPPINES). /

The act of February 2, 1901, reorganizing the Army, authorized the
President to enlist natives of the Philippine Islands for service in the
army there as scouts. Under this authority 50 companies of 100 men
each were organized, and substituted to some extent for the squadron
of Philippine Cavalry. There were reported 4 companies of Tagalos,
11 Macabebees, 16 Visayans, 13 Ilocanos, 4 Cagayans, and 2 of Bicols;
numbering at date of inspection 4,140 men, with 4 companies to
hear from.

The reports received show that the service and conduct of these
scouts have so far been satisfactory, with one or two exceptions.
They are said to be, however exceptional to the generality of native
auxiliaries, fairly faithful even wnen operating against their own
people. While not Questioning their loyalty, it is tnought that they
should not, upon sucn occasions, however, be too greatly relied upon,
unless in the presence of an American officer or noncommissioned
officer of some force and discretion.

Colonel Sanger (Division of the Philippines) says:

They are temperate and neat in their habits, and there have been no desertions.
With out one exception, company commanders report them faithful and trust-
worthy, and all but four of the commanders are of the opinion that they have much
military aptitude, and learn rapidly. * * *

wab 1902— vol 1 31

482 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

The army ration is generally recommended with an additional quantity (one-third )
of rice as entirely suitable, as is also the army clothing. The increased clothing
allowance was very much needed. In the field they do not require mess kite or any
clothing except what they wear, and the most appropriate weapons are the carbine
and bolo. The service rifle is considered a trifle too neavy. * * *

Many company commanders report that the scouts have an unmistakable pride in
their vocation, and that under proper management they become excellent soldiers.
These facts suggest future possibilities of organizing a native contingent sufficient to
largely substitute our own troops. By a skillful combination in the same regiment
of three composite battalions, very much as is done in India, under command of army
officers, there would be very little danger of mutiny, and we could maintain a force,
which in conjunction with a reasonable number of regulars, would thoroughly sub-
serve the military purposes of the Government.

Major West (Fifth Separate Brigade) says:

The companies I have inspected have been found to be well disciplined, well
drilled, ana the men proud of their profession. They are apt and efficient, and
willing to drill and to work. * * * I believe the Visayan companies are true
friends of the Americans and can be depended upon when needed.

Major Eastman (Fourth Separate Brigade) says:

I am of the opinion that the natives of these islands will prove to be efficient
soldiers, especially so in this climate and country, if justly used and handled with
patience and firmness. * * * In my opinion the native soldier should have as
much soap and vinegar in his ration as a white soldier. He uses a great deal of
vinegar on his food when he can get it.

The native should not be required to use, under any circumstances, the leather
shoes. Cloth or canvas are more suitable if provided with a flexible sole of felt or
some similar material.

Major Pettit (Seventh Separate Brigade) says:

They learn the mechanical parts of drill instruction quickly, and attached to white
troops in the field, armed with bolos, they are very useful in cutting the way, in pre-

Firing hasty shelter for troops, etc., but as a fighting force against their own people
don't think they have much value.

Is there no suggestion of similar employment for native Hawaiians
in our service, wno are a handsome and soldierly people needing
employment and now under our flag ?

OPERATIONS AGAINST THE MOROS.

Major Pettit (Seventh Separate Brigade, P. I.) reports:

The Lake Lanao expedition was organized at Malabang in March, 1902, Colonel
Baldwin, Twenty-seventh Infantry, commanding. It consisted of 7 companies of
the Twenty-seventh Infantry, 2 troops of the Fifteenth Cavalry, and a detachment
of the Seventeenth Infantry, drawn from Cottabato. Later, May 1, 1 battalion of
the Tenth Infantry, under Major Hoy t, joined at Malabang. A trail was constructed
from Malabang to Gadungan, about 19 miles.

A few unimportant engagements with hostile Moros were had in the vicinity of
Gadungan ana Ganassi on April 19, 1902. Negotiations were opened with the hostile
Moros, but to no effect. The affair culminated in the battle of Bayang on May 2,
1902, beginning at 12 m. and ending with the surrender of Fort Pandapatan at 7 a." m.
May 3, 1902. The troops engaged were 7 companies of the Twenty-seventh Infantry;
Twenty-fifth Mountain Battery, U. S. Artillery, Captain McNair. The troops behaved
with great gallantry under most trying circumstances. About 300 Moros were killed,
and American loss was 1 officer, 8 men killed, 43 wounded. * * * The moral
effect of the shrapnel fire was evidently great, but it did not do great execution.

The question oil supply was difficult. The trail became very bad in places. The
pack trains soon began to suffer, due to long journeys (18 miles), and poor packers.
Many of the mules were in horrible condition from sores and injuries, and will never
he fit for service again as pack mules. Four companies of infantry and many Moros
were constantly at work on the trail to keep it in a passable condition.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 483

Camp Vicars was established the day after the fight, and the wounded were trans-
ferred as rapidly as possible. A new road, known as the Macardar trail, has been
opened from Malabang to Camp Vicars. An inspection of these posts has been
ordered, and will be made in a few days.

As Mindanao may have special interest for some time to come, a few
excerpts from a condensed inspection report maj illustrate certain
phases of the soldierly condition there at that time. Whether the
policy continues as instituted by such excellent soldiers as Generals
Otis and Bates in that region or a more aggressive one be adopted,
evidently the requirements of the scene and character of the inhabit-
ants give marked peculiarities to the problems before us.

TUCURAN.

Second Lieut. W. E. Persons, Twenty-seventh Infantry, is the only officer for duty
at this post. The road from the beach to the post is in very good condition. Some
work has been done on it at intervals, but the heavy rains have washed it out badly.
All of the water used at the post has to be hauled over the road daily, and all of the
supplies also.

The quartermaster's storehouse is a small nipa building and very insecure; one of
the two small houses built for officers' quarters — they were very badly constructed.

The present garrison of 80 men is sufficient. The care of the telegraph line across
the trocha is its most important work. An* ultimate saving of labor and annoyance
would be gained by clearing the line of timber for 100 feet on either side.

PARANG.

The barracks at this post are in very bad condition. The roof is about the only
good part.

The Moro situation is apparently unchanged, and the strength of the garrison is
sufficient. The appearance of the "troops at inspection was not good. They had not
sufficient clothing to keep themselves in presentable dress at formations.

MALABANG.

Harness oil is urgently needed. They have had none since early in May. The
harness and pack-train equipments deteriorate rapidly without plenty of oil.

At least 150 tents will be needed in the next three months.

The ordnance officer at Malabang should have 1,000 each of meat cans, knives,
forks, spoons, tin cups, haversacks, and belts to replace those in the hands of troops
as soon as the road is completed.

A new nipa hospital similar to the one at Parang should be built for the base hos-
pital. This would release valuable space for storerooms in the fort.

The supply of clothing is insufficient, and company commanders complain that
they can not get clothing they need.

Target practice is badly needed. The Twenty-seventh Infantry and Fifteenth
Cavalry have had practically none since their organization.

The fatigue, escort, and guard duty at this post is severe on the men.

TRAIL.

* * * The quartermaster should be able to deliver all necessary supplies, and
at the same time give a fair percentage of his teams opportunity to rest and refit.

The telegraph line is being repaired gradually. As soon as a piece of road is com-
pleted the line is put in shape along that part.

The troops along the trail are generally in good health and spirits. They have not
sufficient tentage, and only old clothing.

The facilities for bathing, except at the river, are very poor. The rainfall for 27
days last month was 41 inches.

CAMP VICARS.

* * * The question of water is the only obstacle, but at present the water is
some distance from the camp and Captain Pershing wants cans and transportation for
hauling water.

484 BEPOBT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

* * * Captain Morrow thinks it worth while considering the question 01 having
Chinese sawyers to move along the trail, leaving the lumber along it for transportation.

The camp has partially recovered from the storm, but the men claim to have lost
a good many articles of clothing and other effects.

The threatened epidemic of dysentery has been averted by boiling the wTater, and
the sick report has been reduced to 32. Two suspect typhoid cases were reported.

Troop A, Fifteenth Cavalry, has 90 serviceable horses; lost 6 from glanders. Troop
L, Fifteenth Cavalry, has 68 horses, 10 unserviceable; lost 8 from glanders, and has
10 suspects now.

In trie infantry battalion no officers appeared with swords.

The company commanders claim that they have great difficulty in getting clothing
for their men under the present system of issue at Malabang.

They have not sufficient kitchen utensils, especially camp kettles for boiling water
and cans for keeping it in after boiling. As yet the hospital has no stove, and two
organizations are without stoves.

Division Orders, No. 183, in respect to uniform (blouses), not carried out at any of
the posts.

AMERICAN TROOPS AND THE FILIPINOS.

There has been a good deal of discussion in the public press and
elsewhere concerning the treatment of the native Filipinos by the
American troops, and some rather serious charges have been brought
against the Army, which, however, have not been substantiated. The
conditions of war in the Philippine Islands have been, perhaps, unusual,
and from reasons arising from the conduct of the Filipinos themselves,
who, as the authorities agree, are sometimes extremely cruel and
treacherous. In the conduct of the American Army toward them the
exercise of unexampled patience is claimed, and the humanity of the
troops engaged has no parallel in the history of dealing with Asiatics.

with what novel duties in both civil and military administration, and
in the terrain and character and environment of the war, on the oppo-
site side of the globe, have our soldiers been brought in contact? The
world has felt the current of those distant affairs, and our nation may
not be fullv conscious of the awakening. Who among us on the day
of the battle of Manila Bay were familiar with the names of men who
had faithfully devoted long lives to our service, not without some dan-
gers b}' land and sea — ana now how the character of the nation has
been weighed in the balance according to their words and deeds.
Merritt, with youthful fame in the Shenandoah and the Great Plains,
appears in his maturity on this last scene; Otis, of honest judgment,
far-reaching insight, and a cormorant for work, tearing his honorable
wounds with all modesty; Bates, the gentleman and soldier, the right
hand of his chief in diplomacy or emergency; Wheaton, the thunderbolt
and embodiment of military ardor; Mac Arthur, judicious, courageous,
masterful, and broad minded; Hughes, acute and resolute amidst an
attempted Moscow and in the rugged places of Samar and the middle
islands; Funston, who won his fame amidst the hardships of the farthest
front; Young, forever in the lead and seeking the vitals of the enemy;
Smith, tireless and aggressive; Bell, courteous and recklessly audacious,
the prince of the advance guard; Lawton, ^ droit et loyale" who bap-
tized that land with his blood, and wrought famously and kindly on
both hemispheres, doing easily and without undue sacrifice whatever
was most needed or most difficult; Chaffee, whose sterling worth has
been displayed in the Old and New Worlds, wherever American arms
have brought her principles, and won success either in the whirl of
repelling deadly tyranny from the Antilles or in bringing safety to
the beleaguered legations from the bloody Manchus of the Forbidden
City; Davis, whose omnivorous industry and knowledge hare wrought

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL. 485

memorable monuments in the form of city government and great
memorial structure, as well as in his profession; Grant carried trom
Porto Rico to the Far East a name Americans regard as the epitome of
unpretentious and admirable service, and has shown unwearied work
ana fairness in every scene; and Baldwin, the last to win a star for
worsting the enemy in fierce fight, in a career filled with such bearing
as brought two medals of honor for soldierly courage to him alone.
When the rewards of service go to men like these the heart of our
Army is elate. These are not half the names, nor are all of them
as well known to their fellow-countrymen as they deserve. But
these are among* those whom I met or the results of whose work
I witnessed during the past year. Famous regiments which fought
or endured amidst those scenes will cherish the occasion in their
regimental traditions. And young men who hereafter take the oath
to serve their country will recall how faithfully and well she was
wont to be served when the old regiment first went down to the sea in
great ships. The Army of the past has again proved here the mettle of
which it is made, where the Navy and civil authorities have writ their
names in bold characters among the immortals, and the Army of the
future is taking step, and the spirit will go marching on still, as always,
loyal and true and "steadfast to the end.'1 There seems to be some-
thing pathetic as well as majestic in the attitude of the Army where
it has done and deserved so well. Unknown it entered upon its duty
there, and but half known it returns, its merits sterling as of yore.

The officers of the inspection corps in the Philippines substantially
agree that extreme and frequent cruelty has not been habitually prac-
ticed, and that all well-founded complaints of excesses have led to trial
and punishment of the offenders. Colonel Sanger (now brigadier-
general of the line), who during the past year was inspector-general of
the Division of the Philippines, says:

I am not inclined to believe that many of our regular officers and enlisted men
have resorted to harshness and cruelty in dealing with the natives.

Major Eastman (Fourth Separate Brigade, Philippine Islands) says:

Judging from careful inquiry at every post in the brigade which I have visited,
except here (Nueva Caceres), the relations between the natives and the troops are
very pleasant. Some complaints have been made of abuse* and assaults and crimes,
but commanding officers, without a single exception, are zealous in investigating all
such complaints, and, when there is a reasonable possibility of a successful prosecu-
tion, charges have been preferred and the accused men tried and severely punished.
In no. case have I heard or known of any disposition on the part of officers to con-
done the offenses of men under their command. On the contrary, they are earnest
in their efforts to prevent and punish all crimes committed against the natives.

Major West (Fifth Separate Brigade, Philippine Islands) says:

The relations (between the Americans and natives) are usually pleasant, and the
people almost invariably desire to have the trooi>s stationed among them to protect
them from ladrones. The money spent in the towns by the army is quite a consid-
eration for the natives. There have been a few isolated cases of abuses of the natives
by enlisted men, for which the latter have usually been tried and punished. Such
occurrences are liable to occur in any country where soldiers are stationed.

INSPECTION.

it is believed that only good and beneficial results can flow or has
proceeded at any time from the establishment by law of every detail
of inspection duty appertaining to the military establishment, and
regularly assigned, under our republican system, to our legally estab-
lished Inspector-General's Department. Surely there can be nothing

486 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

more important than the recognition and encouragement of excellence
and suppression or noting of errors and abuses in the transaction or
administration of military affairs, both during the years of training
and the days of campaign and battle; and this duty has devolved upon
the inspection corps or our Army for more than one hundred and
twenty-five years— since almost the inception of the American Revolu-
tion. The manner, and to a large extent the details, of inspection duty
were recited and imposed in the beginning by specific acts of the Con-
tinental Congress and the results were beneficial beyond question, so
that few names are more familiar in our early military history than
that of Baron Steuben, the Inspector-General during the training and
trials of Valley Forge and a commander in the Virginia campaign pre-
liminary to Yorktown. Indeed, so highly was inspection prized, owing
to what it had indisputably accomplished in the Revolutionary war,
that in 1798, when this country was apparently on the verge of a war
with France and a large army was authorized, Congress provided that
its Inspector-General, Alexander Hamilton, should be a Major-General,
and much that is excellent in our military system is of his devising at
that period.

Our Army antedates the adoption of the Constitution in 1789, the
artillery company, which Alexander Hamilton commanded as captain,
being still in the service; and its inspection department has habitually
existed as a separate corps: though ror a while almost every organiza-
tion disappeared and whimsical experiments were attempted, like
forming a Legion. The most familiar name on the roll of inspectors-
general, when the Spanish and Filipino war broke out, was that of
Gen. Henry Ware Lawton, who was not so fortunate as to be made a
general officer in the Regular Army, but whose indomitable energy
and sterling soldierly character attracted the attention and admiration
of his fellow-countrymen, and enabled him to attain the highest rank
given as a volunteer officer.

That such a cofps of inspectors-general is desirable, and should
always exist, if the best results are to be secured, is doubtless fairly
apparent to all in our country having experience in field service in
war, and therefore are familiar with military affairs. It continues to
perform the inspections of the Army and its affairs and conduct which
were required by law in the Revolutionary war, and those required
in addition by subsequent regulations; as, for instance, the act of
March 3, 1825, which provides for the inspection of property that is
to be eliminated from the public service; and the act of July 28, 1866,
which provides that the Inspector-General's Department shall designate
the articles to be kept for sale by the Subsistence Department; the act
of April 20, 1874:, provides for the frequent inspection of the money
accounts of disbursing officers of the Army; and the acts of March 3,
1888, and August 18, 1S94, which provide for the inspection of the
Soldiers' Homes. The inspection of millions of articles, and dis-
bursements amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars, and the
universality of the inspection of every place, thing, and command may
make these duties important enough in themselves. And all these
inspections have been necessarily left open and elastic enough to meet
every emergency and be felt in every sphere of military activity.
And our remarkably perfect Army demonstrated the excellence of the
inspection. This is believed to be the proper method in a free dbuntry,
ana no other method of inspections can produce better results nor

REPOBT OF THE JNSPECTOR-GENEBAL. 487

better suit the habits of freemen. It has proved, during all the heroic
periods of American history, flexible enough to meet every demand,
as well as possessing intact the impartial inflexibility of a fixed law, as
all army duties do wnich have immemorial precedent to mold and guide
them in peace and war. When the vital and important duties of inspec-
tion are absolutely imposed by law and provided for as the recognized
and only specialty of an established corps, under no circumstances can
they be evaded or rendered nugatory by individual whim or caprice;
as might possibly be the case otherwise, especially at times when cor-
ruption becomes rampant. That they should be and are imposed by
law and the customs of war in like cases seems so axiomatic as scarcely
to require any extended argument. That the Treasury officials also
audit the accounts and the local commanders make weekly or monthly
inspections of the troops but supplements this annual or frequent
work of ours, so that by the mouths of two witnesses every matter shall
stand: nor is there any prospect of the Army being overtasked nor
made too good for our country bv the united efforts of all to perfect it.

Important as it is, however, that inspections should exist as now
provided for by law and orders, this is not more important than that
the inspecting officers should compose a separate and distinct depart-
ment of the Army, as now, tied wholly to neither the line nor staff, so
that inspections may be invariably fairly made, without bias, prejudice,
fear, favor, or undue influences of any kind. Secretaries of War,
commanding generals of the Army, and others in high authority in
military affairs, from the days of Washington until now, have stead-
fastly maintained this view; and what has been said by them has been
sufficiently repeated and accepted by the best of our statesmen and
soldiers. Should, unfortunately, this well-approved method be abol-
ished, it is evident that neglects and abuses now minimized may grow
to impair the efficiency of the service or stain the honor of our arms.
Such is the lesson of experience.

If inspections are to be made with thoroughness and a full and fair

{presentation of the result in all cases, then tnis can not be done more
aithfully and effectually than by the Inspector-General's Department
now, with the duties of the Department as originated under George
Washington and reestablished by Alexander Hamilton and still clearly
recognized by law and orders and by the best and honest interests of
the public service. The effort to keep it in the highest state of per-
fection is constant, and something is pretty widely known as to what
it accomplished in Cuba and in tne Philippines, and in many points
between; so it justly touches both the just and the unjust, as sent by
higher authority. But of course not a moiety of the work done nor
the difficulties of it can be widely known nor fully appreciated. Still,
such as it is and has been, it must speak for itself, and there is a com-
fort in the feeling that the best soldiers have appreciated it best> Have
these soldiers not been worthy 't

In the battles which came upon us from such an unexpected quar-
ter four years ago, and have run their course with the sun, even to
the farthest East, it may be permitted our corps of inspectors-general
to remember that everywhere it had a representative at the farthest
front to share the dangers and hardships and witness the admirable
bearing and heroism of our Army, which occupied the place it did
and performed the work assigned, not from any whim of its own, but
because it was the nation's formally expressed will that we should go

488 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

there in the cause of our country. In the death-roll that ensued no
one found a warmer place in the hearts of his fellow-countrymen or
struck a more responsive chord than the one taken from our list, and
perhaps he may justly lead all others of the Army in that day when,
recalling this epoch, our country counts her jewels. The nation
knows our devotion to her.

Respectfully submitted.

J. C. Breckinridge,

Inspector- General.

The Secretary of War.

APPENDIX.

[Extract* from rrjxirtH of oftie<*rs of the corps.]

POST KXCIIANOK.

Colonel Burton (Cuba) says:

They have been a great comfort to the troops, notwithstanding the adverse criti-
cism of the change wrought by recent legislation in dispelling with the sale of l>eer.

Major Tutherly (Columbia) says:

I think it is being demonstrated that if the present exchange regulations are car-
ried out with the same business energy that was exercised when the sale of beer was
authorized, the exchange will serve a letter purpose than the old regulation pro-
vided. Not only should the sale of intoxicants be prohibited on Government reser-
vations and transports, but also gambling, and I think that paragraph 672, Army
Regulations, relating to gambling by disbursing officers should be strictly enforced.

fl either officers or men gamble outside, it is probably not advisable to take cogni-
zance of it, but in a j>ost or ui>on a transport it is highly demoralizing, and from a
business standpoint it should l>e prohibited.

Major Reynolds (Dakota) says:

I am inclined to the opinion that the abolition of the l>eer feature in post exchanges
has not materially increased the numl>er of trials by courts, nor called for other extra
disciplinary measures. As for the post exchanges, they are fulfilling their purpose
and making money.

Major West (Fifth Separate Brigade, Philippine Islands) says:

The canteen has not been in operation since I have been in the Philippines, so I
have no means of judging the effect of its abolishment here. Beer is sold for 20
cents a bottle here, and the same beer is sold for 10 cents in the United States; wine
is not drunk much by soldiers in any country. There is some drinking of "tube"
and "bino." They are vile liquors. The former produces dysentery and the latter
insanity. There is no opium smoking among soldiers of consequence. To avoid
these habits being fastened on the American troops, short-term service here is the
most effective remedy.

Major Irons (Colorado) says:

The regulations for post exchanges need revision, especially as to the amounts to
be paid on entrance, the amounts due them on dividends, "and amounts due on
withdrawal.

At one post in this department several organizations joined the post exchange,
taking the actual strength of companies at date of entrance, as specified in paragraph
19, poet-exchange regulations. I pon withdrawal they desired the same strength to

489

490 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

be considered as upon entrance, though each of the organizations had lost by dis-
charges about 40 men. It was claimed that the organizations had joined on a basis
of actual strength and should go out on a basis of actual strength.

To avoid any such trouble and to allow the representatives of organizations (who
are personally responsible for debts, etc., due by exchanges) to manage the business,
I would suggest that a paragraph be inserted that would allow of this liberty, and yet
would prevent disagreements such as mentioned above.

The paragraph might read as follows:

"The representatives of organizations establishing a post exchange will make
agreements as to method of entrance and method of withdrawal, and also as to
method of divisions of dividends.

"Any new organization desiring entrance to an established exchange will abide
by these agreements, or, if all owners are willing, will make such agreements as they
deem just and equitable."

Major Eastman (Fourth Separate Brigade, Philippine Islands) says:

"Effect of abolishing the canteen:" It drives the soldier to the outside saloon and
dive. When his money is all gone, he then takes to drinking vino and other native
drinks, and that is fatal to his efficiency as a soldier. He is soon dead or dishonorably
discharged.

Colonel Sanger (Division of the Philippines) says:

Notwithstanding the large number of stations and troops there has not been, as far
as known, a single post exchange in the division. During the year small confection-
ery shops have been established in fifteen companies For the sale of pies, cakes,
cigars, cigarettes, soda water, etc. , and it is presumed they have contributed some-
what to the comfort of the men. The only reason given for not opening post
exchanges generally is the prohibition on the sale of beer, or in other words the
abolition of the canteen, which, as it was the chief source of revenue of the exchange,
is indispensable to its maintenance, at least in the Philippine Islands. Congress
having disposed of this question it seems hardly worth while to discuss it further.
Still as we are not without hope that once the social and professional condition of
our soldiers in the Philippines is thoroughly appreciated at home, Congress may be
induced to again make the post exchange a possibility by removing all restrictions
on the sale of beer and light wines, the following facts are presented:

With the termination of organized opposition to the Government military opera-
tions have also ceased in the Philippines, and from a life of great activity and excite-
ment, the enlisted men in a large majority of stations have entered on a life more or
leas sedentary and only relieved by such professional exercises as the routine of a
garrison life renders necessary, mainly guard duty and drill.

From the monotony of this existence there is no possible escape in 90 posts oat of
a 100, and the enlisted man becomes in a far greater degeee than in the States the
absolute victim of his environment. This it is needless to say is not conducive to
any great display of the more exalted virtues. Rendered more or less indifferent by
the climate, deprived of pleasant or exciting recreations, amusements, or sport, and
without the means of obtaining them, lacking frequent and regular communication
with the outside world, the social life of our soldiers in the Philippines, except in a
fewr places, is absolutely without attraction, and as a result they consort more or less
with the natives and soon adopt some of their habits, with no resulting benefit to the
natives or to themselves. It is not necessary to go into particulars; to the average
person of intelligence who has visited the Philippines they are very well known; they
confront the soldier at all times in what to him seems a very attractive form, and he
yields to their influence, because there is no alternative, save the deadly monotony
of some dilapidated convent or nipa barracks, devoid of everything except the habili-
ments of his profession. 1 1 is idle to speculate on this subject, or to say what he ought
to be; the American soldier requires a healthful outlet for his superabundant energies,
or he will find one of a different kind, and all officers wTho are responsible for his dis-
cipline and training should endeaver to protect him as far as possible against the loss
of those habits of self-respect which have made him well-nigh invincible in battle and
won for bin the admiration of the world.

Until quite recently the post exchange with its well-regulated canteen has been
one of the instrumentalities through which this has been attempted, and if, as is
believed, it has exercised a wholesome influence on our soldiers at nome, in the
Philippine Islands it would no doubt prove to he a mental, moral, and physical
benefaction.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

491

There is no fear that the sale of beer would initiate or induce habits of intemper-
ance, as the following facts obtained directly from the companies serving in the
division, December 18 (1901), will show; nor can the post exchange be maintained
without it:

Number of men who used vinous, malt, or spirit-
uous liquors at date of enlistment.

Number
of com-
panies.

GO
130
58
26
20
12
46

342

Number of men.

100 per cent.

Between 90 and 100 per cent.
Between 80 and 90 per cent.
Between 70 and 80 per cent.
Between 60 and 70 per cent.
Between 20 and 60 per cent.
No data.

Number of enlisted men who used vinous, malt,
or spirituous liquors in moderation at date.

Number
of com-
panies.

38
129
88
43
19

312

Number of men.

100 per cent.

Between 90 and 100 per cent.
Between 80 and 90 per cent.
Between 70 and 80 per cent.
Between 60 and 70 per cnt.
Between 20 and 60 per cent.
No data.

Number of enlisted men who drink to excess jNuinbor of enlisted men wno are total flbsUljIiers

Number of men.

Number
of com-
panies.

71
145
112

342

Between 10 and 35 per cent.
Between 1 and 10 per cent.
None.
No data.

Number
1 of com-
panies.

Number of men.

Between 10 and 35 per cent.
Between 1 and 10 per (tent.
None.
No data.

72
, 173

1 83

l 14

342

From these figures it is quite apparent that a very large proportion of the men
used stimulants when enlisted, and have used them in moderation since, and this is
probably the case throughout the Arm v.

On the other hand, quite a number liabitually drink to excess, and this numlxjr
will probably increase if the men are obliged to resort to native liquors in order to
satisfy what to many of them is a perfectly natural craving. Such a result would
be most deplorable, as is evident from the following report on this subject prepared
by Maj. Charles Lynch, of the Medical Department, who from his long and varied
service in the Philippines may l>e considered a most comi>etent judge:

"The mostused of these drinks is "vino" or "beno," as it is more commonly called.
This is usually made from "tuba," which is the juice obtained from the buds, unripe
fruit of the nipa palm. "Tuba" contains a small proportion of alcohol, is not unwhole-
some, and resembles somewhat the pulque of Mexico. Like that liquor, it rapidly
undergoes an acid fermentation, and can only Ixj drunk or utilized for the production
of "vino" soon after collection. For this reason distilleries are established in districts
where the nipa palm grows, though redistillation is carried on in Manila and other
large cities.

"The primary distillation is performed in a very simple still, consisting of nothing
more than a boiler and worm; in order to obtain the greatest amount of "vino" from
the "tuba," a hot fire is made under this boiler, and the worm is short. Distilling in
this manner, not only the various alcohols are carried over, but also water, so that
the resulting distillation contains not more than 20 per cent of alcohol. This alcohol
consists of ethylic alcohol, which is the alcohol in good liquors, but in addition,
methyl alcohol, amylic alcohol or fusel oil, and furforol, with other alcohols in less
quantities.

"In certain places where "nipa" does not grow, "vino" is made from sugar, or it
may be made from cocoanut juice; practically the same process is adopted, and the
resulting liquor is little, if any better.

* * When the impure * ' vino ' ' is redistilled, a better liquor may be made; that is, a mix-
ture of vino containing better alcohol and water is produced. It is impossible to
make good liquor, nor is any attempt made commercially to produce a very good
mixture. "Vino" is drunk as it comes from the still, or anise may be added to pro-
duce anisado. Some mallorca and carbachal are also made; these two are sweet liq
uors, but do not vary in their pernicious properties from
known to the soldier.

"vino;" they are hardly

492 REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR-GENERAL.

"In Manila "vino" is also used mixed with the extract of juniper to make gin, with
the extract of rum to make rum, with the extract of whisky for whisky. All are
equally injurious, as they contain in large quantities alcohols other than ethylic
alcohol.

"The effect of drinking any of these liquors is much worse than from liquors con-
taining ethylic alcohol. The pleasant effects of good liquors are produced in great part
by the various ethers and esters, which only result from the aging of the* liquors or
some of the well-known processes that produce similar changes. Intoxication is also
different from that produced by good liquor in that in many instances a maniacal
excitement results even with homicidal or suicidal tendencies. The after depression
is much more severe than from ethylic alcohol, and has undoubtedly resulted in
cases of melancholia. In some respects repeated indulgence has an effect more like
morphine than alcoholic intemperance, the drinker seeming to lose all sense of
responsibility and decency; habitual indulgence is also unquestionably followed by
insanity in predisposed cases.

"The effects on the physical condition of the drinkers are severe, usually inducing
inflammation of the stomach and cirrhotic changes in the liver and kidneys.

"There is some difference of opinion as to whether men having? become habituated
to this vice prefer "vino" to beer or other liquors. In my own opinion the reason that
they continue to drink "vino" is its cheapness, from 5 to 13 cents, Mexican, a Quart,
and it is believed that if beer was supplied at a moderate price, not only soldiers
would not acquire this practice, but having acquired it, would generally abandon it
for the use of milder ana less harmful malt liquor."

The average charge for a bottle of beer throughout the provinces is 50 cents,
Mexican, and, like most of the beverages manufactured in the Philippine Islands,
beer is very much ail u Iterated.

Since June 30, 1900, 307 enlisted men have been sent home insane, and Major
Arthur, surgeon in charge of the first reserve hospital, Manila, where they have all
been under observation and treatment, reports that 78, or 25.4 per cent, were insane
from the excessive use of alcoholic liquors.

The habit of opium smoking among our soldiers has also been reported.

It is hardly probable, in view of this information, that Congress will continue the
prohibition against the canteen, when it is evident that the sale of beer would be a
protection against such pernicious habits and their fatal and distressing results.

Captain Erwin (Missouri) says:

At all posts in the Department both officers and men desire that beer be again sold
in the post exchange, to the betterment of the soldier's fare, and furnishing him a
club where, under proper restrictions, the soldier can get beer.

REPORT OF THE JUDGE-ADVOCATE-
GENERAL.

493

R E P O It T

OF TflE

JUDGE- ADVOCATE-GENERAL.

War Department,
Judge- Advocate-General's Office,

Washington, D. C, October 10, 1902.
Hon. Elihu Root,

Secretary of War.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the annual report of the Judge-
Advocate-General\s Department for the year ending June 30, 1902.

The following data are compiled from the records received at this
office of trials completed and published during the year covered by
this report:

Commissioned officers tried by general court-martial:

Convicted (sentences disapproved in two cases) 19

Acquitted 6

Cadets tried by general court-martial (convicted ) 2

Enlisted men tried by general court martial (including a few cases of civilians
serving with the Army in the field, and discharged enlisted men serving as
general prisoners) :

Convicted (sentences disapproved in 158 cases) 4, 854

Acquitted 430

Total trials by general court-martial 5, 311

(Being 754 less than in the preceding year) .

The following table shows, approximately, the number of convic-
tions of different offenses by general court-martial during the year:

Sixteenth Article of War:

Wasting ammunition 2

Seventeenth Article of War:

Losing accouterments 45

Losing arms 15

Losing clothing 21

Losing Government property 1

Selling arms 2

Selling accouterments 5

Selling clothing 99

Spoiling horse, arms, accouterments, etc 7

Nineteenth Article of War:

Disrespectful words against the President 2

Twentieth Article of War:

Disrespect to commanding officer 84

Twenty-first Article of War:

Assaulting superior officer 8

Disobeying superior officer 253

Disrespectful or threatening language to superior officer 8

Twenty-second Article of War:

Inciting mutiny 1

Joining in mutiny 2

495

496 REPORT OF THE JUDGE- ADVOCATE-GENERAL.

Twenty-fourth Article of War:

Disobeying noncommissioned officer when ordered into arrest 3

Thirty-first Article of War:

Lying out of camp or quarters 20

Thirty-second Article of War:

Absence without leave H46

Thirty-third Article of War:

Failure to attend drill, roll call, etc 346

Leaving ranks without permission 3

Thirty-fourth Article of War:

Found 1 mile from camp without leave 1

Thirty-eighth Article of War:

Drunkenness on duty 41 1

Thirty-ninth Article of War:

Quitting post 72

Sleeping on post 263

Fortieth Article of War:

Quitting guard 138

Forty-seventh Article of War:

Desertion 1081

Fifty-first Article of War:

Advising another soldier to desert 6

Fifty-fifth Article of War:

Committing spoil 2

Fifty -eighth Article of War:

Assault and battery with intent to kill 10

Assault and battery with intent to commit rape 5

Larceny 46

Manslaughter 6

Mayhem 1

Murder 12

Rape 12

Robbery 12

Sixtieth Article of War:

Embezzlement 11

Larceny 57

Making false and fraudulent vouchers n . 1

Purchasing Government property 2

Selling Government property 25

Wrongful disposition of property 3

Sixty-first Article of War:

Conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman 7

Sixty-second Article of War:

Absence without leave not chargeable under the Thirty-second Article of

War 85

Abandoning equipment*? 4

Abandoning horse 1

Abuse of authority 1

Abusing noncommissioned officer 5

Abusing public animal 15

Adultery 1

Aiding and abetting desertion 4

Aiding and abetting assault with intent to kill 8

Aiding and abetting larceny .■ 16

Aiding and abetting robbery 1

Aiding prisoner to escape - ." 6

Allowing prisoner to escape 64

Assault 65

Assault and battery 96

Assault upon commissioned officer 3

Assault upon noncommissioned officer 38

Assault upon noncommissioned officer in j>erformance of duty 80

Assault unon sentry 11

Assault with dangerous or deadly weai*m 67

Assault with intent to do bodily harm 30

Assault with intent to kill 36

Assault with intent to rape 7

REPORT OF THE JUDGE- ADVOCATE-GENERAL. 497

Sixty-second Article of War — Continued.

Attempt at blackmail 1

Attempt at burglary 1

Attempt at larceny 12

Attempt at robbery 2

Attempt to commit sodomy 8

Attempt to defraud a private party 2

Attempt to desert 1

Attempt to defraud the Government 5

Attempt to disarm sentinel 2

Attempt to escape from guardhouse or confinement 12

Breach of arrest 140

Breach of trust 1

Breaking open locker 1

Burglary 11

Careless handling of loaded firearms 16

Carrying concealed weapons 7

Committing a nuisance 37

Conduct causing arrest by civil authorities 2

Conspiracy 1

Contempt of court 1

Creating an alarm in camp 2

Creating a disturbance 20

Creating disturbance in guardhouse 2

Damaging public property 3

Defrauding private parties 1

Destroying private property 14

Destroying public property 20

Discharging firearms without cause, endangering life 20

Disobedience of standing orders or regulations 110

Disobeying commissioned officer 87

Disobeying noncommissioned officer 425

Disarming sentinel 7

Disobeying sentinel 24

Disgraceful conduct; indecent, infamous, and unnatural practices 16

Disorderly conduct 65

Disposing of clothing 32

Disrespect to noncommissioned officer 119

Disrespect to sentinel 11

Disrespect to superior officer 37

Disrespect to late President 4

Drunk and disorderly. 294

Drunkenness 174

Drunkenness, etc. , causing arrest by civil authorities 21

Drunkenness incapacitating for duty 26

Drunk on duty 34

Embezzlement 27

Escaping from guard or sentinel 17

Escaping from guardhouse 12

Evasion of duty 8

Failure to pay debts 5

Failure to send correspondence through official channels 1

Failure to return borrowed property 8

False accusation 2

False pass, using 1

False statement or report 133

False swearing 2

Falsifying accounts 2

Fighting 25

Firing on civilians without cause 4

Forcing an entrance into private dwelling 26

Forgery 8

Fraud 8

Fraudulent enlistment 248

Gambling 6

Giving liquor to prisoners 2

Harrassing, annoying, and looting natives and citizens 38

WAR 1902— vol 1 32

498 REPORT OF THE JUDGE- ADVOCATE -GENERAL.

Sixty-second Article of War— Continued.

Having possession of intoxicating liquor 3

Impersonating an officer, sentinel, or patrol 1

Indecent conduct 24

Indecent exposure of person 3

Incendiarism 1

Insubordinate conduct toward commissioned officer 85

Insubordinate conduct toward noncommissioned officer 71

Interfering with n6ncommissioned officer in performance of his duty 7

Interfering with sentinel 5

Intimidation of witness 3

Introducing liquor into camp, quarters, etc 37

Larceny 420

Leaving post 39

Leaving post and abandoning rifle 2

Leaving ranks without permission 8

l^eaving hospital without permission. 1

Losing anus, accouterments, etc., by allowing them to be captured 2

Making indecent proposals 3

Making and causing to lie published a lil>elou8 statement 1

Making counterfeit money 2

Malingering . 2

Manslaughter 3

Misuse of hospital supplies 1

Misappropriating and wrongfully disposing of public property 6

Misappropriating exchange funds 1

Mutinous conduct 2

Neglect of duty 179

Obtaining money or property under false pretenses 9

Out of quarters after taps 3

Pawning borrowed property 2

Pawning Government property 5

Perjury 7

' Permitting member of guard or prisoner to obtain intoxicating liquor 23

Receiving and disposing of stolen property 3

Refusing to perform duty 9

Removing cartridge l>elt without authority 5

Removing rifle or pistol without authority 5

Resisting arrest 73

Resisting arrest by civil authority 3

Resisting being disarmed 3

Resisting noncommissioned officer 5

Resisting sentinel 1

Robbery 30

Selling company property 1

Selling, losing, or wasting Government property 19

Sleeping while on duty ." fc 5

Sodomy 4

Striking noncommissioned officer 35

Striking sentinel 4

Threatening civilian 25

Threatening noncommissioned officer 50

Threatening to kill ' 20

Threatening sentinel 9

Threatening soldier 5

Threatening superior officer 10

Threatening to do bodily harm 9

Trading in stolen goods 3

Unauthorized carrying of arms 1

Using insubordinate language 40

Using disloyal language 1

Using insulting and abusive language 98

Using profane and indecent language 98

Using threatening and abusive language 69

Uttering forged paper 2

Wasting food 2

Disorder, etc., charged as " conduct to the prejudice of good order and

military disci pline ' ' ( not included under previous heads ) 106

REPOBT OF THE JUDGE-ADVOCATE-GENEBAL. 499

The number of men sentenced to dishonorable discharge was 2,645.

Death sentences were imposed by courts-martial in 8 cases of enlisted
men; 4 of these sentences being on conviction of murder, 2 on con-
viction of desertion and of entering the service of the enemy, 1 on
conviction of desertion alone, and 1 on conviction of robbery and lar-
ceny of United States arms and of attempting to steal ammunition after
desertion. The sentences were executed in 3 cases of murder, and in
the other cases were commuted to dishonorable discbarge, forfeiture
of all pay and allowances, and imprisonment at hard labor for life, in
,4 cases, and for the term of three years in the remaining case of deser-
tion only.

The following table shows, approximately, the convictions of deser-
tion, classified according to the limits of punishment prescribed in the
order of the President, published in General Orders, No. 42, Head-
quarters of the Army, 1901:

Surrendered: Months.

After an absence of not more than thirty dayH 67 12

After an absence of more than thirty days 166 18

Apprehended:

In service not more than six months at time of desertion 658 18

In service more than six months 290 30

Limit of

con-
finement.

Total number of convictions

Average limit of confinement 20. 85

In connection with this table it is to be observed that the limits of
punishment are prescribed for " time of peace" only.

TRIALS BY MILITARY COMMISSION.

The records of military commissions received at this office during
the year, covered by this report, show that 720 persons were tried,
being 260 less than in the preceding year. Of this number 576 were
convicted and 144 were acquitted. In 55 cases the sentences were
disapproved. The following table shows, approximately, the offenses:

Abduction 12

Accessories before the fact to murder 5

Accessories after the fact to murder .' • 6

Aiding and abetting public enemy 11

Aiding in murder 1

Arson 21

Assault and battery 31

Assault and battery with intent to do bodily injury 5

Assault and battery with intent to kill 43

Assault and battery with intent to rape 1

Assisting desertion 1

Attempt to rape 5

Being a spy 1

Being a war rebel 12

Being a war traitor 1

Consorting with the enemy 1

Consorting with outlaws 4

Conspiracy to defraud 1

Corresponding with the enemy 8

Deserting from the American Army and entering the service of the enemy ... 5

Disturbing the peace 1

500 REPORT OF THE JUDGE-ADVOCATE-GENEBAL.

Engaging in insurrection against the United States 3

Extortion under color of office I

Giving information to the enemy 1

Guerrilla warfare 14

Inciting natives to treasonable acts 4

Kidnapping 90

Larceny 14

Manslaughter 39

Mayhem 1

Misconduct in office 6

Murder 332

Obtaining money under false pretenses 3

Organizing for robl>ery 14

Rape 9

Receiving stolen property 2

Relieving the enemy 2

Resisting arrest 1

Robbery 105

Threatening to kill 1

Treacherous conduct 3

Treason against the United States 2

Violation of the laws and usages of war 67

Violating oath of allegiance 17

Death sentences were imposed by military commissions in about 235
cases (nearly all natives of the Philippine Islands), on conviction of
the more serious crimes named in the list, and the sentences were exe-
cuted in about 128 cases. In the remaining cases the sentences were
commuted to imprisonment for life or for a term of years.

Upon the recommendation of the Department the Eighty-third
Article of War, which defines the jurisdiction of the several inferior
courts in respect to their power to punish, was amended by the act of
March 2, 1901 (31 Stats., 951), in such a wav as to permit those tri-
bunals to impose sentences of three months' forfeiture of pay, or three
months' confinement at hard labor, or both, at the discretion of the
court. The operation of this enactment has been to simplify the
administration of military justice and to make it unnecessary to refer
a considerable number of cases to general courts-martial for trial
which prior to the adoption of the amendment were exclusively tri-
able by such tribunals. In this resnect it has continued to justify the
expectations which were entertainea as to its necessity and propriety
when the matter was presented to Congress.

In closing this report it gives me great pleasure to recognize the effi-
cient assistance which I have received from the officers of the Depart-
ment in their different fields of endeavor, and from the employees, both
permanent and temporary, who are attached to the Judge- Advocate-
General's Office. Their labors have been zealous and untiring, and
the services rendered by them have been entirely satisfactory.
Very respectfully,

Geo. B. Davis,
Judge- Advocate- General.

REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL

501

REPORT

THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

Quartermaster-General's Office,

Washington, D. C, October 25, 1902.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the annual report of the operations
of the Quartermaster's Department for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1902.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

By acts of Congress approved March 2 and 3, 1901, and February
14 and April 7, 1902, there was appropriated for the regular serv-.
ice of the Quartermaster's Department for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1902, the sum of 157,666,340.00

During the fiscal year there was deposited to the credit of appropria-
tions 1901-2 amounts received from sales to officers, etc 1, 449, 138. 87

Making a total of 59,115,478.87

Of this there was remitted to disbursing officers $31, 366, 379. 20

There was paid out on account of settlements made

at Treasury for claims and accounts 119, 218. 58

31,485,597.78

Leaving a balance on July 1, 1902, available for payment of
outstanding obligations incurred or fulfillment of contracts
properly entered into within the fiscal year of 27, 629, 881. 09

On July 1, 1901, there was on hand from regular appropriations for
the service of the Quartermaster's Department pertaining to fiscal

year ended June 30, 1901, the sum of 19,333,712.01

And from appropriations pertaining to previous fiscal years the sum of. 12, 257, 644. 73
And from appropriations for special and indefinite purposes, certified
claims, etc 441,999.54

Making a total balance on hand of these appropriations of 32, 033, 356. 28

For specific purposes there was appropriated during the

fiscal year ended June 30, 1902 $1,965,269.66

During the year there was deposited and transferred

to credit of appropriations, other than those of 1902,

as shown above, including the sum of $861,436.58

for Pacific railroads for years 1900, 1901, and 1902, .

and also the sum of $142.16 for transportation of

volunteers, war with Spain, and the sum of $154.76

for reimbursement for bringing home remains of

officers and others 3, 874, 707. 80

5, 839, 977. 46

Making a total on hand from these appropriations of 37, 873, 333. 74

503

504 REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

Of said amounts there was remitted to disbursing offi-
cers the sum of $4, 849, 660. 84

There was paid out on account of Treasury settlements . 1 , 447, 995. 01

There was carried to surplus fund r 11, 956, 459. 12

$18, 254, 114. 97

Leaving a balance on hand July 1 , 1 902, of 19, 619, 218. 77

RECAPITULATION.

Remitted to officers and paid out on Treasury settlements from
appropriations for the regular service of the Quartermaster's
Department for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902 $31, 485, 597. 78

From appropriations previous fiscal years and from indefinite and
special appropriations 6, 297, 655. 85

Total 37,783,253.63

Balance remaining in Treasury June 30, 1902, of appropriations for
the regular service of the Quartermaster's Department for the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1902 27,629,881.09

And of appropriations for previous fiscal years and for indefinite and
special appropriations 19, 619, 218. 77

Total 47,249,099.86

Of the $200,000 appropriated by act of May 13, 1902, for "relief of
citizens of the French West Indies," there has been charged against
the same on the books of this office during the fiscal year 1902 the sum
of $22,231.99. Of the $10,000 appropriated by act of February 2,
1901, for "surveys of camp grounds for instruction of troops," there
has been charged against the same on the books of this office during
the fiscal year 1902 the sum of $2,000. Of the $200,000 appropriated
by act of December 18, 1897, for "relief of people in mining regions
oi Alaska," there has been charged against the same on the books of
this office during the fiscal year 1902 tne sum of $1,038.86.

DUTIES OF THE QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT.

Under existing laws the Quartermaster's Department, under the
direction of the secretary of War, provides the Army with militarj'
stores and supplies requisite for its use, such as clothing and equipage,
tents, band instruments, tableware and mess furniture, equipments
for post bakeries, fuel, forage, stationery, lumber, straw for bedding
for men and animals, all materials for camp and for shelter for troops
and stores, furniture for barracks, such as bunks, benches, chairs,
tables, lockers, heating and cooking stoves for use in public barracks
and quarters, tools for mechanics and laborers in the Quartermaster's
Department, furniture, text-books, papers, and equipment for post
schools, reading matter for post libraries, wagons, ambulances, carts,
saddles, harness, water supply, sewerage, plumbing, illuminating sup-
plies, and heating for all military posts and buildings.

The Department is also charged with the duty of providing* trans-
portation, by land and water, for troops, munitions of war, equip-
ments, and all articles of military supplies from the place of purcnase
to the several armies, garrisons, posts, and recruiting places.

Under act of Congress amending section 1061, Revised Statutes, for
arming and equipping the militia, this Department supplies quarter-
master stores, clothing, and equipage to the militia of the several

BEPOBT OF THE QUARTEBMASTER-GENERAL. 505

States and Territories, and transports the same to said States and Ter-
ritories. It also furnishes transportation for ordnance and ordnance
stores issued by the United States to the militia of the several States
and Territories. It also transports the property for other Executive
Departments on requisitions, payments therefor being made by the
respective Departments, to the carriers upon accounts forwarded
through the Quartermaster-General's Office ior that purpose.

This Department prepares the necessary plans and constructs all
buildings at military posts, such as barracks, quarters, storehouses,
hospitals, etc.; builas wharves; constructs and repairs roads for mili-
tary purposes; builds all necessary military bridges; provides, by hire
or purchase, grounds for military encampments and buildings; contracts
for all horses for cavalry, artillery, and for the Indian scouts, and for
such infantry and members of the hospital corps in the field campaigns
as may be required to be mounted; pays for all incidental expenses of
the military service which are not provided by other corps.

The care and maintenance of national cemeteries is an additional duty
of this Department. It also provides suitable headstones to mark the
graves of all soldiers, sailors, or marines who served during the late
war, including those who have been buried in private cemeteries and
other burial places.

Section 1139, Revised Statutes, makes it the duty of the Quartermaster-
General, under the direction of the Secretary of War, to prescribe and
enforce a system of accountability for all quartermaster supplies fur-
nished the Army, its officers, seamen, and marines.

CLOTHING AND EQUIPAGE.

During the last fiscal year the sum of $8,665,794.02 was available for
use in providing clothing and equipage supplies for the Army and
militia. Of this amount 13,695,136.63 was remitted to officers of the
Department and requisition for $23,528.42 issued on settlements made
by the Treasury on account of claims, leaving a balance on hand June
30, 1902, of $4,947,128.97.

There were issued during the year to the militia of the various States
and Territories and of the District of Columbia supplies amounting to
$386,889.07. There were also sold to the militia during the fiscal year,
under the act approved February 24, 1897, clothing and equipage sup-
plies to the amount of $4,122.08.

Under the act of Congress approved May 26, 1900, which provides
for the replacement of such quartermaster supplies as were furnished
by the States and brought into the service of the United States by vol-
unteer troops during the war with Spain, claims for clothing and other
quartermaster stores in kind to the value of $75,066.32 were allowed
by this Department during the past fiscal year. This, added to the
former issues ($293,417.33), will make the total value of the property
transferred up to June 30, 1902, under the act quoted, $368,483.65.

The collections by the pay department from the enlisted men of the
Army from April 1, 1901, to March 31, 1902, on account of clothing
drawn by them in excess of their allowance, amounted to $237,536.20,
all of which was placed to the credit of the appropriation for clothing
and equipage. There was paid by the same department to the enlisted
men during the same period, at time of their discharge from the serv-
ice of the United States, on account of clothing undrawn (savings), the
sum of $1,241,290.51.

506 REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENEBAL.

From the foregoing it appears that the savings are considerable,
showing present allowances to be ample.

Articles of clothing and equipage to the amount of $25,760 were sold
to the division of insular affairs 01 the War Department, under special
authority of the Secretary of War, for the use of the Philippine
constabulary.

MARTINIQUE RELIEF EXPEDITION.

Congress, by act approved May 13, 1902, made an appropriation of
$200,000 for the procurement and distribution of such provisions,
clothing, etc., as the President might deem advisable for tne purpose
of relieving the people of Martinique and other islands in the West
Indies from the distress which followed the volcanic eruptions there.
By 9.20 p. m. May 14, 1902, this Department had placed on board the
steamer 7)ixie at New York, which had been designated for the relief
expedition, supplies to the value of $22,340.62, purchased and issued
from its depots. An officer of the Quartermasters Department accom-
panied this relief expedition. In addition to the supplies forwarded
on the Dixie, clothing and equipage to the value of $20,758.58 were
shipped in charge of an officer of the Quartermaster's Department from
San Juan, P. R., on a naval ship dispatched from that point.

INSPECTION OF SUPPLIES.

Every care is taken to secure supplies fully up to the requirements
of the established standards and specifications, and it is believed that
the present inspection system of the Department is such as to obtain
the best results.

EXPERIMENTS TO OBTAIN FAST COLORS FOR WOOLEN MATERIALS.

Studying the conditions connected with modern warfare, as demon-
strated in the campaigns in Cuba, the Philippines^ and China, this
office has for some tune been engaged in experiments in dyeing to ascer-
tain the color that would be the least visible. Meeting at first with
numerous disappointments, the efforts were finally rewarded with suc-
cess by producing an olive-drab color, which for invisibility, fastness,
and serviceability is believed to be well adapted to the requirements
of the service.

The Department was thus enabled to submit to the board of officers
appointed by paragraph 14, Special Orders, No. 52, War Department,
March 3, 1902, to consider the uniforms and equipments of tne Army,
perfected samples of materials of various shades or color which resulted
in the adoption of the olive-drab mixed shade for the future overcoats
and service winter uniforms.

KHAKI WOOL SHIRTS.

In the last annual report of this office reference was made to experi-
ments being then made with khaki dye for woolen fabrics for shirts.
Reports received at this office upon the trial of 500 khaki woolen shirts
sent to the Philippine Islands for trial show conclusively^ that they
possess all the good qualities of the D. B. flannel shirts and in addition

REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL. 507

are less visible to the enemy. It was therefore decided to place a sup-
ply of these shirts at Manila at the earliest practicable date and steps
were taken to provide sufficient flannel for 30,000 shirts and manufac-
ture them by contract as rapidly as possible.

SHOES.

After thorough consultation with large manufacturers of shoes, who
are in no manner connected with furnishing such articles for the Army,
shoes of an improved pattern have been developed for army use which
it is thought will give greater comfort than those heretofore issued by
this Department. Five hundred pairs were manufactured and tried in
actual service. The result of this trial was so favorable that it was
decided to adopt these shoes as standards for the Army. Standard
samples and specifications conformingthereto were prepared and dis-
tributed to the general depots of the Department.

WATERPROOFING OF WOOLEN GOODS.

Various suggestions for waterproofing the woolen materials entering
into the manufacture of army clothing have been received, and this
office has for some time been engaged in experiments in such line.
No satisfactory results have thus far been reached.

BERLIN GLOVES OF DOMESTIC PRODUCTION.

The Berlin gloves issued to the Army at present are of foreign pro-
duction. A very thorough practical test of gloves of American manu-
facture* was made during the past year. The test demonstrated that
they were not as serviceable, and consequently not as desirable, as
those now furnished the Army, and the Department will be compelled
to continue the purchase of foreign-made Berlin gloves until something
of American make equal to our present standards shall be brought to
its attention.

SHELTER TENTS AND SHELTER-TENT POLES.

The shelter tents have been improved so that hereafter they will
cover 8 feet of ground space instead of 6 feet 10 inches, as heretofore.
Owing to many complaints regarding the shelter-tent poles furnished,
an officer of this office devised a pole which will be issued in the future,
and, it is believed, will satisfactorily meet all requirements.

TELESCOPE PACKING OASES.

A telescope case of substantial waterproof material, 18 inches long,
15 inches wide, and 9 inches deep, is now furnished enlisted men en
route for duty in the Philippines, it having been found that trunks
and boxes were not suited to such service.

508

REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

CAVALRY AND ARTILLERY HORSES AND MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION.

The following statement shows the number and cost of public ani-
mals, wagons, and harness purchased by this Department from Julv
1, 1901, to June 30, 1902:

Cavalry hones

Artillery horses

Riding horses

Draft horses

Draft mules

Pack mules

Spring wagons, Dougherty.
Wagonette, or other kinds .

Trucks, 2 and 4 horse

Dump carts

Dump carts, sanitary

Carts, spring hammock

Express wagons

Water wagons

Spring wagons, delivery

Miscellaneous wagons.

SI "_"

Single sets harness

Harness, cart

A pare joe and parts

j Number.

._ i.

1,746

1,762

102

107

2,219

158

309

Total cost.

1219,241.25

249,746.76

85.00

9,012.98

12,029.00

1,200.00

6,334.65

8,814.86

874.00

6,026.50

6,752.00

36.00

189.00

1,620.00

12,676.86

4,170.76

771.00

61,485.77

4,657.00

13,139.89

Total

606,761.26

Average
cost,
each.

$125.57

141. 17

86.00

180.26

143.20

80.00

213.38

803.96

291.33

49.27

192.91

86.00

189.00

204.00

118.48

160.41

16.40

23.20

89.47

42.62

The total cost of army ranges, ovens, typewriters, and office safes
amounted to $86,323.20.

During the fiscal year forage was purchased and shipped to the
Philippines, Cuba, and Porto Rico as follows:

Pounds.

Hay 69,367,419

Oats 74,527,832

Bran 511,400

Corn 22,820

In the same period 50,435,352 pounds of various kinds of native
forage were purchased in the Philippines, at cost of $252,176.76.

SALE OF SURPLUS AND CONDEMNED ANIMALS.

During the past fiscal year, in the United States, Porto Rico, and
Cuba, there were condemned and sold 1,930 cavalry horses for
$101,718.79, average price $52.70 each; 103 artillery horses for
$4,230.00, average price $41.13 each; 144 draft horses for $10,154.88,
average price $70.52 each. There were also sold 123 surplus horses
for $8,096.03, average price $70.70 each. Six hundred and fifty-one
mules were condemned and sold for $51,889.49, average price $79.71
each; also 352 surplus mules for $30,034.02, average price $87.03
each.

In addition to the foregoing, the following surplus and condemned
animals were sold in the Philippines: Six hundred and twenty-three
cavalr)- horses, 83 draft horses, and 213 mules, but reports showing
amounts received for these animals have not yet been received at this
office.

During the vear there were 2,584 horses and 1,805 mules lost, died,
stolen, etc. Of these, 1,988 horses and 1,705 mules were destroyed
or died of disease in the Philippines, the most common complaints

REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL. 509

being glanders and surra. The latter is reported to be an infectious
disease due to the introduction into the system of a parasite that
propagates very rapidly in the system of different animals, and that
the period of incubation varies according to the condition of the ani-
mals and also the number of parasites which first gain access into the
economy. The disease runs a course of from ten days to two months,
varying with the acuteness of the attack.

There remained on hand at the close of the fiscal year, 20,683 horses
and 7,798 mules.

TRANSPORTATION.

During the last fiscal year transportation was furnished, exclusive
of the army transport service, for 1,012,259 persons, 12,014 animals,
and 274,750 tons of material.

There were transported over bond-aided railroads 23,635 persons,
1,021 animals, and 43,787,162 pounds of freight.

The cost of maintaining the 48 vessels owned by this Department,
exclusive of transports and boats in service in the Philippines, amounted
to $253,012.72.

ARMY-TRANSPORT SERVICE.

On June 30, 1901, the Army Transport service between the United
States and Cuba and Porto Rico was discontinued, and on July 1, 1901,
all of the army transports which had been employed transporting
troops and supplies between the United States and the West Indies,
were placed in New York Harbor and put out of commission, with a
view to their future disposition, with the exception of the array trans-
port McPherson, which had been wrecked on the coast of Cuba in
February, 1901, and which had been raised and temporarily repaired,
and was then en route from Matanzas to New York.

Five of these transports had been employed continuously during the
preceding fiscal year in this service, viz, Crook, McClellan^ McPherson,
liawlins, and Sedgi&ick. In addition to these, the smaller transport,
Ingalls, used as an inter-island boat in the West Indies, was also in
New York Harbor being fitted up for service as an inter-island trans-
port in the Philippines.

In view of the needs of the service on the Pacific, it was determined
to fit up the army transport Crook and send her to Manila, and to lay
up the army transports Sedgwick, McClellan, and Rawlins.

The army transport Rawlins was sold to the Merchants and Miners'
Transportation Company, of Baltimore, Md., on July 27, 1901, for
$200,000.

A contract was entered into with the Morse Iron Works and Dry
Dock Company, of New York, who were the lowest bidders, for refit-
ting and repairing the army transport Crook, at a cost of $92,475.
She sailed for Manila, via the Suez Canal route, on December 5, 1901,
arriving in Manila on February 3, 1902.

August 22, 1901, the transport Ingalls was dispatched from New
York for Manila via the Suez Canal, and arrived in Manila October
10, 1901, where she has since been employed in inter-island service.

The McClellan was fitted up and sailed from New York on July 10,
1901, arriving in Manila on September 9, 1901. This transport
returned to New York, leaving Manila October 18, 1901; arrived
December 23, 1901; she again sailed for Manila on February 23,

510 REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

1902, where she arrived on April 21, 1902; and since that date she has
been continuously on duty in Philippine waters.

The examination of the army transport McPherson on arrival in
New York disclosed that she would need extensive and costly repairs,
and as there was no further need of the vessel in the transport service
she was appraised and offered for sale by public advertisement. No
acceptable bid having been received for her, she was withdrawn from
sale and subsequently re-advertised and sold at auction in November,
1901, to Mr. L. E. Lunt, the highest bidder, for $11,150.

The small army transport Terry under second re-advertisement was
sold at auction in August, 1901, to Mr. M. E. Barry, the highest bid-
der, for $19,600.

Upon the discontinuance of the army transport service between the
United States and the West Indies, the separate office of this service,
which had been established in New York City, was closed, and the
duties pertaining to it transferred to the depot quartermaster there.

June 10, 1902, instructions were given to have the transport Sedg-
wick advertised for sale. Proposals for the purchase of the ship were
not opened until after the close of the fiscal year.

At the beginning of the fiscal year, the folio wing-named tugs, steam
lighters, and other small vessels were in the arm}7 -transport service in
Cuba and on the Atlantic coast, viz: the tugs Ord, Reno, Reynolds*
Richardson, Gibbons, Weitzel; steam lighters Baker, Williams, ana
Kearney; steam yachts Kanawha and Viking ; sloops Esperama and
Miguel, and the flat lighters Mocha and Hartley.

During the year the tugs Reno, Reynolds, (rUibons, and Weitzel, and
the steam lighters Baker and Williams were transferred from the army-
transport service to duty at seacoast posts in the United States.

The tug Richa?'dso?i with the two lighters Mocha and Hartley were
advertised and sold to the highest bidder for $12,045 for the three ves-
sels. The sloop Miguel was also advertised and sold to the highest bid-
der for $500.

The steam lighter Kearney and steam yacht Kanawha, which had
been in service as inter-island vessels in Cuba, were withdrawn and
ordered to the United States, where they are now in service.

The tug Ord and sloop Espera?iza are still in service in Cuba; the
Esperanza has been appraised with a view to her sale. The steam yacht
Viking being no longer required for the -transport service was adver-
tised for sale, but bins for her purchase were not opened until after the
close of the fiscal year.

The army transport Bufnrd, which had been refitted in theprevioos
year and sent to Manila, after making two vovages to San Francisco
and return to Manila, was returned to New York via the Suez Canal
route, carrying 23 officers and 901 enlisted men of the Twenty-third
United States Infantry and a number of other passengers. This trans-
port returned to Manila from New York in January, 1902, and has
since been continuously on the line between San Francisco ana Manila.

At the beginning of the fiscal. year the following-named army trans-
ports were in service on the Pacific, viz: Troopships Buford, Grant,
Hancock, Kilpatrick, Loga?i, Meade, Rosecrans, Sherman, Sheridan,
Sumner, Wright, Thomas, IJvmvw, and Liscum; cable ship Burnstde;
freight ships Dix and Egbert \ and hospital ship Relief. During the
fiscal year there were added, as hereinbefore stated, the transports
Crook, Ingalls, and McClellaiu

EEPOBT OF THE QUARTEBMA8TER-GENERAL. 511

During the fiscal year there was maintained a regular line of trans-
ports sailing semi-monthly between San Francisco and Manila, the reg-
ular sailing dates from San Francisco being the 1st and 16th of each
month.

The transport Dix has also been continuously employed transporting
supplies from the Pacific coast to the Philippines.

Tne troopships being amply provided with accommodations for the
care of invalid soldiers, the Medical Department reported that the
hospital ship Relief was not required for the special service of that
Department, and was accordingly transferred to the Quartermaster's
Department early in the fiscal year for service as a troop and supply
ship, and was retained in service as an inter-island transport.

Six chartered ships were in service on July 1, 1901, 4 of which
were discharged during that month and the remaining tf in August
following. No additional ships were in service under charter during
the fiscal year.

In view of the reduction of the number of troops serving in the
Philippines, steps were taken toward the close of the fiscal year to
reduce the number of army transports running between San Francisco
and Manila. The following-named vessels were designated to be
retained for such service: Troopships Grant, Sherman, Sheridan,
Loqan, Thomas, Kilpatrick, Crook, and Bufrrd; freight ships Dix
ana Warren; the transports Runw'de, Ingalh, Liscum, and Wright
to be retained in the inter-island service.

It was decided to put the remaining transports out of commission in
San Francisco and New York as soon as they cotild be spared, with a
view to their final disposition in the best interests of the ( lovernment.
Of the transports to be put out of commission the Meade, Eyhert,
McCldlan, and Sumner were, when purchased, under foreign registry.
The Hwncock, Roseerans, Relief, and Lawton were under American
registry when purchased.

It was found upon the return of the Grant from her last trip that
very extensive and expensive repairs were necessary to place her in fit
condition for service on the line to Manila, and therefore she was also
put out of commission and the army transport Hancock temporarily
assigned in her stead.

Sealed proposals were invited by advertisement in the large cities
of the East and of the Pacific coast for the sale of the transports Grant,
Rosecrans, and Eglwt. The offers received in response to these adver-
tisements being considered far below the value of the vessels, they
were rejected and these ships still remained in the hands of the Depart-
ment at the close of the fiscal year.

On June 30, 1902, the transports Meade, McVlellan, and Sumner
were still in active service.

REPAIRS TO TRAN8PORT8.

The repairs on the transport Sherman, which were under way at the
close of tne last fiscal year, were delayed on account of a strike, and
were not completed until the spring of 1902, and she was dispatched
for Manila April 16, 1902.

During the summer of 1901 the army transport Seacard was on duty
in Alaska, returning to Portland, Oreg., on October 28, 1901, where
she remained during the winter. There being no further need for her

512 REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

services in Alaska, the transport was fitted up at Seattle as a refriger-
ating ship, at a cost of $52,921, for service distributing fresh meats and
vegetables among the Philippine Islands.

Quite extensive repairs were authorized by the Department during
the fiscal year upon four transports which have for some time been con-
tinuously in service in the Philippines, viz: Sumner, $47,710; Relief,
$36,418; Lwcuv}, $92,000; Wright, $42,650. These expenditures were
authorized after full report to the Department showing the absolute
necessity for them in order to keep the vessels in safe and suitable
condition for the transportation of troops and supplies around the
islands.

No other extensive alterations and repairs were made to any of the
army transports. Each of the transports, however, after making the
long voyage from San Francisco to Manila and return, usually required
on their arrival in San Francisco some repairs to their machinery and
hull. The total expenditure on the Pacific coast for refitting and
repairs on the transports during the year, as reported, was $605,231.47.

ALASKAN SERVICE.

The transport Eghert sailed from Seattle on July 31, 1901, with 3
officers, 129 enlisted men of the Seventh Infantry, 9 men of the Hos-
pital Corps, 1 subsistence department, 4 civilians, and a full load of
supplies.

The Rmvcranx sailed from the same port for Alaska on August 15,
1901, with 3 officers, 156 enlisted men, 5 civilians, and a cargo of sup-
plies.

The transport Seward, which had sailed from Seattle for Alaska on
June 11, 1901, became disabled en route and was returned to Seattle
in tow of the transport Warren. After repairs were made to the ship
she again returned to Alaska, leaving Seattle on August 23, 1901.

On September 30, 1901, the Department of Alaska was discontinued
and the Major-General commanding and staff returned to the United
States on the Seward, arriving in Portland, Oreg., October 28, 1901.

ARMY TRANSPORT SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES.

During the year there were 7 owned transports on duty in the Phil-
ippines transporting troops, animals, and supplies to inter-island ports,
4 steam lighters, 3 cascos, 54 bancos, 52 lighters, 6 lorchas, 2 paras, 2

Eunts, 1 viray, 1 lancan, 9 sailboats, 3 scows, 75 rowboats, and 3 coal
ulks; a total of 222 vessels of various classes.

The expenditures on account of the army transport service during
the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, were very largely reduced from
those of the previous fiscal year.

The chief quartermaster at Manila reports that one of the most
expensive items in the conduct of the army transport service in the
Philippines is lighterage, due to the lack of wharves at ports at which
troops and supplies must be landed. The insular government has,
however, commenced the construction of wharves at various ports,
which when completed will still further materially reduce the cost for
inter-island transportation.

REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL. 513

The following table shows the movement of passengers between the
United States and the Philippines, Honolulu, and Alaska during the
fiscal year:

From the United States to Philippine Islands 15, 863

From the United States to Honolulu 73

From Honolulu to the Philippines 74

From the Philippines to the United States 33, 080

From the United States to Alaska 310

From Alaska to the United States 167

Total 49,557

There were also brought from the Philippine Islands to the United
States for reinterment the remains of 1,096 officers, enlisted men, and
civilian employees.

The shipment of freight and miscellaneous stores between the United
States, the Philippines, Honolulu, and Alaska during the fiscal year
was as follows:

Tons.

From the United States to the Philippine Islands 83, 613

From the United States to Honolulu 427

From Honolulu to the Philippines 28

From the United States to Alaska 2, 750

From the Philippines to the United States 10, 298

Total 97,116

In addition to the above, there were transported from the United
States to the Philippines 860,863 pounds of mail matter, and $2,478,000
in money, and from the Philippine Islands to the United States, 145,474
pounds of mail matter.

There were only 5 horses transported from the United States to the
Philippines during the year.

The total movement during the fiscal year between inter-island ports
of the Philippines by owned transports was 70,169 passengers, 2,109
animals, and 147,972 tons of freight, and by commercial vessels 6,697
passengers and 31,249 tons of freight.

From May 25, 1898, to June 30, 1902, there had been transported
on owned and chartered transports a total of 595,387 persons.

The following is a list of the owned vessels in the army transport
service at the close of the fiscal year, showing their class, tonnage,
capacity for passengers and cargo, and where employed on June 30,
1902:

Name.

Buford

Burnside...

Crook

Egbert

Dix ..
Grant

Hancock...

Ingalls

Kilpatrick .

Class.

Tonnage.

Troopship ' 5,039

Cable ship.... i 2,194

Troopship 1,126

Freight ship.. 2,845

Troopship.,

.do
.do
.do

6,839
5,590

5,164
1,347
5,046

WAJB 1902— VOL 1

Capacity.

Officers.

68
31
91
20

12
82

67
31
68

-33

Men.

984
178
870

1,827

1,062
182
984

Cargo

with

troops.

Tons.
2,764
1,006
2,867
3,237

9,939
1,887

2,160

588

2,764

Where employed.

Pacific fleet.

In Philippines.

Pacific fleet.

Out of commission in San Fran-
cisco.

Pacific fleet.

Out of commission in San Fran-
cisco.

Pacific fleet.

In Philippines.

Pacific fleet.

514

REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

Name.

Class.

Kanawha . .

Transport

Law ton

Troopship

Liscum

, Transport

Logan

Troopship

McClellan..

Relief

8eclgwick . .

Seward Transport

Sheridan . . . = Troop ship

Sherman . . . : do

8umner do

Wright ' Transport

Thomas Troopship —

Warren do

Kearney . . . Steam lighter.

Viking....
Slocum . . .

Ord

Esperanza

Steam yacht.

Tug

Sloop

Capacity.

Tonnage'

127
3,497
1,072
5,672
3,006
5,641
3,094
2,608

4,770 .
2, 100

5,673
5,780
3,458

871
5,796
4,375

185

141
581
21
9.5

Cargo

with

troops.

Tims.

1,288
696
1,766
2,156
1,376
978
2,086

906
740

1,744

1,810

811

154

1,984

1,000

158

Where employed.

Washington, D.C.
In Philippines.

Do.
Pacific fleet.
In Philippines.
Pacific fleet.
In Philippines.

Out of commission in San Fran-
cisco.
Out of commission in New York.
Seattle. Being fitted up as re-
frigerating snip.
Pacific fleet.

Do.
In Philippines.

Do.
Pacific fleet.

Do.
En route from Cuba to Washing-
ton, D.C.
Out of commission in New York.
San Francisco Harbor.
Santiago, Cuba.
Oibara, Cuba.

GENERAL REMARKS REGARDING TRANSPORT SERVICE.

jpon the declaration of war with Spain in April, 1898, the Quarter-
master's Department was called upon to provide means of transporta-
tion for the army to Cuba. The charter of every available steamship
under American registry on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts was consid-
ered in connection with this service. These ships were carefully and
thoroughly inspected to ascertain their seaworthiness and suitability
for transporting troops and supplies on the ocean, and if found suit-
able were chartered and fitted up for service.

The Navy Department had already secured the largest and most
commodious of American vessels for service as auxiliary cruisers, and
those left available for transport service were of the smaller coast-line
steamships used for the transportation of freight, with limited accom-
modations upon them for cabin passengers. From this class of steam-
ships there were chartered the fleet of transports, about thirty in
number, which were hastily fitted up for the transportation of officers.
men, horses, and all the necessary supplies and impedimenta required
for an army in the field.

To provide quarters upon these vessels for the enlisted men to be
transported, it was necessary to build bunks on the main and 'tween
decks of the ships, and to render these quarters habitable, ports were
required to be cut in the ships, and wind sails provided to force air
through these ports while en route.

Upon these hastily fitted up transports, the army of General Shafter
was transported to Santiago, and after its successful mission in Cuba
was returned to the United States, and subsequently the armies of
occupation of that island and Porto Rico were transported from the
United States on some of these vessels.

From these movements it was manifest that such ships were illy
suited for service as troop transports for the Army. The quarters of
the men were crowded, poorly ventilated, and unsanitary, causing more

REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL. 515

or less suffering among the troops, particularly while in the warm
climate of the W est Indies.

The success of the naval fleet in the bay of Manila and the call for
an army to operate on land in that distant archipelago, rendered neces-
sary the charter of a large fleet of ships on the Pacific coast for the
transportation of the army on a voyage of nearly 7,000 miles.

Fortunatelv, on the Pacific coast there were numerous trans-Pacific
steamships 01 large capacity which were available for use of the Gov-
ernment in this emergency. These vessels were fitted up for the
accommodation of men and supplies, and the army of occupation was
successfullv landed in Manila.

Although these ships were commodious and quarters of the enlisted
men upon them not overcrowded, it was not possible to make them
ideal troopships for a long voyage in the Tropics, with their loads of
human freight.

After mature consideration it was decided to purchase steamships
suitable for conversion into army transports. several large steam-
ships were tendered for sale to the Government by the Atlantic Trans-
port Line, which had a fleet of vessels engaged in the transportation
of cattle and dressed meats from the United States to Europe. Seven
ships were purchased from that steamship line. The Department also
acquired, by purchase, seven other steamships. These purchases were
made in the summer of 1898, and the ships were hastily fitted up for
the transportation of troops, animals, and supplies, and the chartered
transports which had been in service between the United States and
the West Indies were discharged.

The owned transports were found to be admirabty adapted for the
service, but there were still lacking in them such accommodations as
would make them ideal troopships for long vo}Tages on the ocean.
Plans and specifications were therefore prepared for the conversion
of these ships into commodious and comfortable transports, and, as
they could be spared from the service, one or more of them at a time,
contracts were made with loading shipbuilding companies to overhaul
and fit them, in accordance with tliese specifications. Upon completion
of three of these ships, viz, Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan, each of
which had been fitted to accommodate over 1,800 enlisted men, the
three ships sailed from New York to Manila in the winter of 1898-99,
each carrying one full regiment, a battalion of another regiment, and
a large quantity of military stores.

Otner transports were subsequently fitted up in similar manner,
every possible care being taken to make them in every sense the most
complete and perfect vessels for the safe and comfortable transporta-
tion of men.

The quarters for the enlisted men were provided with metal berths,
insuring cleanliness, and are amply ventilated and lighted by electricity;
large refrigerating plants were installed upon the ships for the preser-
vation of fresh meats and vegetables for the entire voyage, and ample
galleys provided for the preparation of food in the most approved
manner. Hospitals were also fitted up for the care and treatment of
the sick, with isolation wards for the perfect isolation and treatment
of any contagious disease which may develop upon the voyage.

The representatives of a number of other nations have asked for
and have been furnished with copies of the plans and specifications
under which our transports have been fitted up.

516 KEPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

Nearly every ship sailing from Manila had on board aoout one
hundred sick, who were provided with every attention and comfort
in the transport hospitals that would be found in any well-regulated
hospital ashore.

During the uprising in China in 11)00, the United States was enabled
by the possession of a well organized transport fleet to place its amiy
and supplies in China promptly and in excellent conditon.

Of the many thousands of persons who have been transported on
the vessels of the army transport service since its inception, not one
life has been sacrificed by reason of any fault in the fittings or accom-
modations upon the army transports.

In view of this excellent record, and of the experience of the Depart-
ment in its futile efforts to secure suitable commercial ships for the
transportation of the armies during the war with Spain, and the fur-
ther fact that when withdrawn from active service the transports can
not be advantageously disposed of by sale, 1 am firmly convinced that,
even though circumstances should permit the withdrawal of the trans-
ports from regular line service to the Philippine Islands, it would be
wise policy to retain a sufficient number of transports as a part of
the equipment of the Army, to be economically cared for and kept in
such condition as to be promptly available for any emergency which
may arise requiring the transportation of troops on the ocean.

The army transport service at San Francisco was under the charge
of Maj. O. F. Long to March 31, 15)02, and of Maj. C. A. Devol from
that time to the close of the fiscal year, and at Manila the service was
in charge of Maj. J. B. Aleshire, under the direction of the chief
quartermaster. These officers discharged their responsible duties in
a zealous and efficient manner. The duties of the transport quarter-
masters were also creditably performed.

BARRACKS AND QUARTERS.

In order to meet the needs of the increased Army the Quartermas-
ter's Department has been actively engaged in construction work at
military posts and stations, involving a vast amount of work in the
reparation of plans, estimates, and specifications for buildings and
or water and sewer systems, roads, and walks.

Congress, in the act making appropriations for the support of the
Army for the fiscal year 1901-2, provided, under the heaa of "Bar-
racks and quarters," the sum ot $3,000,000, of which there was
expended during the year $2,934,070.49 for construction and repair
of ouildings, rents, etc., in the United States and insular possessions.
The construction work was carried on at seventy-eight posts and sta-
tions, and comprised the erection of certain of such buildings as quar-
ters for commissioned and noncommissioned officers, barracks for
troops, stables, guardhouses, band stands, wagon sheds, administra-
tion buildings, storehouses, ordnance repair shops, coal sheds, gun
sheds, lavatories, etc. Minor or important repairs were made during
the year at all posts.

MILITARY POSTS.

In the act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the
Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, Congress appro-
priated under the head of "Military posts" $800,000 for the construe-

REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL. 5l7

tion of buildings at, and the enlargement of, military posts; for tne
construction of barracks and quarters for artillery in connection with
the adopted project for seacoast defense, and for the purchase of suit-
able building sites. The sum of Js>829,458.79 of this appropriation was
apportioned during the fiscal year to the following posts: Forts Baker,
Cal.; Casey, Wash.; Getty, S. C. ; H. G. Wright, ^. Y.; Leavenworth,
Kans.; McKinley, Me.; Monroe, Va. ; Myer, Va. ; Preble, Me.; Riley,
Kans. ; Rodman, Mass.; Terry, N. Y.; Williams, Me.; Worden, Wash.;
Wright, Wash.

At the close of the fiscal year a balance of $30,541.21 was available
for extra work on buildings and the purchase of land.

SPECIAL APPROPRIATION'S FOR CONSTRUCTION.

Under the head "Military posts" in the sundry civil appropriation
act for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, Congress also made the
following special appropriations for construction work:

Foi%t D. A. Rnsxell, Wyo. — "For continuing work of rebuilding
quarters and for rebuilding commanding officer's quarters," $35,000,
of which amount the expenditure of $31,801 had been authorized up
to the close of the fiscal year.

Governors Island, New York Harbor. — "For the erection of store-
houses and other necessary buildings," $00,000. No expenditure has
yet been authorized from this appropriation, as these buildings can
not be erected until further progress is made on the general project
for enlarging the island, which is under the charge of the Engineer
Department.

Fort Lincoln (Bismarck), X. I)al\ — "For continuing the work of
constructing the necessary buildings, quarters, barracks, and stables,"
$35,000, of which amount the expenditure of $34,302.24 had been
authorized up to the close of the fiscal year.

Fort Mackenzie (S/oridan), Wyo. — "For continuing the work of
constructing the necessary buildings, quarters, barracks, and stables,"
$35,000, of which amount the expenditure of $34,462.50 had been
authorized up to the close of the fiscal year.

Fort Meade >, S. Dak. — " For the construction of permanent build-
ings and for other necessary improvements," $35,000, of which amount
the expenditure of $33,524.10 had been authorized up to the close of
the fiscal year.

Fort Wright (Spokane), Wash. — "For the construction of buildings
and improvements," " the unexpended balance of the appropriation
made by the sundry civil act approved July 1, 1898, for continuing
construction and improvements at the military post at Spokane, Wash-
ington," was " reappropriated and made available until trie close of the
fiscal year 1902, together with such additional sum out of the amount
appropriated for construction of buildings at and enlargement of mil-
itary posts as may in the discretion of the Secretary of War be neces-
sary." The balance available under special appropriation of July 1,
1898, was $31,145.33, and the expenditure of this sum was authorized
during the past fiscal year.

Under the head of "Armories and Arsenals" there was appropriated
"for the construction of one fireproof building for storage and other
purposes at the fc Schuylkill Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa. '" $75,000, of

518 REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

which amount the expenditure of $73,129.20 had been authorized up to
the close of the fiscal year.

In the deficiency act approved March 3, 1901, there was appropri-
ated "for the construction of buildings at the military post at hort
Des Moines, Iowa, and for grading, water and sewer systems, roads,
walks, gutters, and fences," the sum of $200,000, of which amount the
expenditure of $190,080 had been authorized up to the close of the
fiscal year.

APPROPRIATION FOR HOSPITALS AND HOSPITAL STEWARDS' QUARTERS.

In the act making appropriation for the support of the Army for
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, Congress appropriated "For con-
struction and repair of hospitals at military posts already established
and occupied, including the extra-duty pay of enlisted men employed
on the same, and including also all expenditures for construction and
repairs required at the Army and Navy Hospital at Hot Springs,
Arkansas, except quarters for the officers,'' $100,000, and by the act
" making appropriations to supply additional urgent deficiencies in the
appropriations for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902," Congress
appropriated $10,000 for the same purpose, the total appropriated
being $110,000. In accordance with estimates approved by the Sur-

? eon-General of the Army, the sum of $17,300 was apportioned to the
'hilippine Islands and the remainder for construction or repair of
hospitals at seventy-four posts in the several military departments.

In the army appropriation act for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1902, Congress appropriated $10,000 for the construction of hospital
stewards' quarters at established posts. This sum was apportioned for
construction and repair work at forty -eight posts.

COST OF CONSTRUCTION.

The increased price of building materials, and also of all kinds of
skilled labor employed in the building trades throughout the United
States, has tended to increase the cost of buildings erected under con-
tracts during the period covered by this report, the increase being in
some cases as much as 15 and even 20 per cent over prices prevailing
one and two years ago. There is also a tendency on the part of bid-
ders for construction work to require in their proposals more time for
completing buildings, due, as is stilted by them, to the difficulties they
experience in securing prompt delivery of material. This upward
tendency of prices for material and labor still continues and will mate-
rially affect the cost of construction during the current fiscal year.

SEACOAST LANDS.

Fort Molt, X. J. — The Secretary of War has authorized the acquisi-
tion of about 30i acres at this post, and condemnation proceedings are
still in progress.

.Fort Armlxtcad, M<L — The question of acquiring 31 acres of land at
this post is pending before the War Department in connection with
the acquirement of other adjacent property.

Fort Constitution, X. //. — In the sundry civil acts of June 6, 1900,
and of June 28, 1902, Congress appropriated $60,000 for the acquisi-
tion of land in the squares surrounding Fort Constitution for bar-

&EP0BT OF THE QUARTERMA8TER-GENEBAL. 519

racks and quarters for troops. The necessary title to this land had
not been secured at the close of the fiscal year.

Fort Casey, Wash.— On October 27, 1901, the sum of $16,180.45
was paid into the district court of the United States in the State of
Washington in accordance with judgment rendered in condemnation
proceedings for the acquirement of about 200 acres of land at this post.

Fort Worden, Wash.— On May 15, 1902, the sum of $23,086.45 was
paid into the United States district court in the State of Washington
in accordance with judgment rendered in condemnation proceedings
for the acquirement of about 159 acres of land at Fort Worden.

Fort Preble, Me. — Under the authority of the Secretary of War a
strip of land about 150 by 500 feet was purchased at this post at a
cost of $7,800.

Fort Fremont, S. C. — Efforts are being made, with the assistance of
the Department of Justice, to secure about 120 acres of land at this
place.

Fort Levett, Me. — In the fortification act approved June 6, 1902,
the sum of $225,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is appro-
priated to enable the Secretary of War, in his discretion, to purchase
all the land on Cushing's Island, in Portland Harbor, Maine, necessary
to be used to erect additional batteries and buildings for troops. The
acquisition of this land was receiving the attention of the War Depart-
ment at the close of the fiscal year.

Fort Des Momes, Iowa. — In the sundry civil act approved June 28,
1902, Congress appropriated $27,750 for the purchase of 525 acres of
land near the proposed site of Fort Des Moines, Iowa, for the use of
a target range. Title had not been secured at the close of the fiscal
year.

Fort Leavenworth, Kans. — In the sundry civil act approved June
28, 1902, Congress appropriated $9,300 for the purchase of the small
tracts of land adjoining the military reservation at Fort Leavenworth,
Kans., necessary for trie maneuvering of troops. The title to these
tracts had not been acquired at the close of the fiscal year.

Fort Myer, Va. — In the sundry civil act approved June 28, 1902,
Congress appropriated $4,500 for the purchase of the land forming the
roadway from the Aqueduct Bridge to Fort Myer, Va. This purchase
had not been consummated June 30, 1902.

MILITARY RESERVATIONS DISPOSED OF.

During the year the military reservations, with the buildings thereon,
at Fort Custer, Mont., and Nome, Alaska, were turned over by the
War Department to the Interior Department.

STERILIZERS FOR THE PHILIPPINES.

The question of pure-water supply for troops serving in the Philip-

Bine Islands has always received the most careful attention of the
department. During the past fiscal year 105 sterilizers were shipped
to the Philippines, at an approximate cost of $100 each, making a total
of 704 sterilizers which have been shipped to the archipelago since the
American occupation. These sterilizers are reported to have been
particularly useful during the cholera epidemic, it being necessary, in
addition to having pure water for drinking and cooking purposes, that
dishes, dish towels, toothbrushes, etc., be washed in sterilized water.

520 REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

WATER SUPPLY, SEWERAGE, HEATING, LIGHTING, ETC.

The sum of $1,096,870.44 was expended during the fiscal year -from
appropriation "Army transportation" for plumbing; structural water
supply, including the boring of artesian wells; sewerage: drainage,
etc.; 1(320,807.74 for roads, walks, grading, bridges, etc.; $227,009.62
for wharves, and $75,369.10 for miscellaneous work in connection with
construction and repairs.

The sum of $405,030.24 was expended from appropriation "Regular
supplies" for heating, lighting, cooking apparatus, repairs to bakeries,
construction of bakehouses, etc.

Electric wiring has been installed at the new seacoast posts with a
view of lighting the same from the fortification plants which the Engi-
neer Department is gradually installing.

NATIONAL CEMETERIES.

There are 83 national cemeteries under the control of this Depart-
ment, in which there were interred 1,839 bodies between July 1, 1901,
and June 30, 1902, making a total of 346,202 interments in these ceme-
teries up to the last-mentioned date.

HEADSTONES.

During the year 13,152 white-marble headstones were provided to
mark the graves of known soldiers, sailors, and marines in national,
post, cit}T, and village cemeteries.

OPERATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES BURIAL CORP8.

The permanent burial corps established in the Philippines, referred
to in last annual report, has continued the work of disinterring, rein-
casing in suitable metal-lined caskets, and shipping, to San Francisco,
Cal., the remains of officers, soldiers, and (when specially desired by
relatives) civilian employees of the Army who died or were killed in
these islands. Upon arrival in San Francisco the remains were interred
in the national cemetery at that point or shipped to their former
homes at public expense when applied for by nearest relatives. The
establishment of the burial corps at Manila has enabled the Depart-
ment to return remains to the United States with the least possible
delay, and when death has occurred at places where it is practicable
to do so the remains have been embalmed for immediate shipment.

March 25, 1902, cholera broke out in Manila, subsequently becoming
epidemic throughout Luzon and the Visayas, and the board of health
of Manila refused permission for the burial corps to continue opera-
tions. As it is impossible to say how long this epidemic will last, it
can not be stated when the disinterment of remains will be resumed,
but it is hoped to begin operations in November next. By" that time
another party of undertakers and emhalmers will reach the "Philippines
and, if permitted to proceed with the work, everything possible will
be done to expedite the returning of remains to this country. The
bodies of those who died of cholera can not, however, be disinterred
within two years from date of burial.

Remains have also been returned from China, Hawaii, Japan, Alaska,

REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL. 521

and Cuba, but none from Porto Rico owing to the fact that the period
of three years has not expired, which, under the civil law of Porto
Rico, is required to elapse before exhumation can be made.

Under an arrangement with the Navy Department, the Quarter-
master's Department dis-inters and returns to the States the remains of
persons serving in the Navy and Marine Corps who have died or have
been killed abroad; the Department is reimbursed by the Navy the
expense incurred in doing this. During the fiscal year a total of 27
remains were thus removed and brought to the United States, 18 of
which were for the Navy and 9 for the Marine Corps.

The following statement shows that 1,131 bodies of officers, enlisted
men, and others were returned to the United States during the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1002:

From Philippine Islands 1, 015

From Honolulu, Hawaii 10

From China 8

From Japan 3

From Cuba 30

From Alaska 3

Died at sea 62

Total 1,131

The above remains, together with those at San Francisco at the
beginning of the fiscal year, were disposed of as follows: Seven hun-
dred and sixty were returned to relatives and friends, 534 were interred
in the Presidio of San Francisco National Cemetery, 14 were interred
in the Arlington National Cemetery, and 75 remained at San Francisco,
Cal., June 30, 1002, to lie disposed of.

The Department has suffered some criticism from relatives and friends
on account of delay in shipping remains due to the cholera epidemic,
climatic conditions, and the great difficulties at all times to be contended
with in the proper performance of this important work. The officers
of the Department, however, cognizant of the sacred duty devolving
upon them, have shown all possible consideration for the bereaved
families and extended every available facility for securing the return
of remains with the utmost dispatch, and grateful appreciation of the
efforts put forth by the Department, as well as the exceptional liber-
ality of the Government in returning the remains of our honored
dead, is expressed in many communications received at this office.

CURRENT READING MATTER FOR ENLISTED MEN.

Through this department a large number of newspapers and maga-
zines are furnished for the use of enlisted men of the Army. Last
year the sum of $6,825.81 was expended for this purpose, of which
sum $2,136.30 was for newspapers and magazines for soldiers serving
in the Philippines. As newspapers and magazines are obtained by the
department at specially low rates, it can readily be seen that the
amount expended is sufficient to furnish a very large quantity of read-
ing matter. This reading matter is sent to the post libraries at all
military posts in the United States, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and Alaska,
and to the chief quartermaster for distribution to posts in the Philip-
pine Islands.

522 REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

GENERAL DEPOTS, QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT.

There are six general supply depots connected with this department,
viz. New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Jeffersonville, Washington,
and San Francisco. To the officers in charge of these depots is
intrusted, to a great extent, the important work of procuring for and
supplying to the Army the almost innumerable classes of quarter-
master's stores, the transporting of the stores, and the furnisning of
transportation for the Army. This duty has been performed in a
most efficient and satisfactory manner.

DEPARTMENT OF CUBA.

On May 20, 1902, the Department of Cuba was discontinued, and all
the troops in the island were withdrawn except eight companies of
artillery. Means of transportation and sufficient supplies for the use
of these companies for a limited time were left, and such surplus as
could be utilized and was worth the cost of transportation was brought
to the United States. The remainder was disposed of by sale, under
the general direction of the department commander, and fair prices
were realized, especially for animals.

To Capt. C. B. Baker, chief quartermaster, and the other officers of
the Quartermaster's Department in Cuba much credit is due for
efficient and intelligent performance of duty in connection with the
withdrawal of troops and the disposal of the property on hand when
the Department of Cuba was discontinued.

POliTO uico.

The affairs of the Quartermaster's Department in Porto Rico have
been well conducted during the fiscal year and the troops properly
supplied.

There was some construction and considerable repair work done in
the island, and more is called for.

As stilted elsewhere in this report, the depot at San Juan was util-
ized last May for the shipment of supplies for the relief of the people
of Martinique and other islands of the West Indies.

HAWAII.

Owing to the decrease in the number of troops sent to the Philip-
pines on transports via Honolulu dining the past year and the fact that
no public animals were shipped, thus eliminating the necessity for the
maintenance of the resting corral at that place, the business of the
Honolulu depot has been proportionately decreased, resulting in a
large saving in the expenses of the department here in the way of sup-
plies, civilian employees, etc.

In the act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the
Government, approved June 28, UH)2, the Secretary of War is author-
ized "To acquire leases in such lands in Hawaii as have been set aside
for purposes of a military post." The matter was under consideration
at the close of the fiscal year.

&EPORT OF THE QUABTERM ASTER-GENERAL. 523

NAGASAKI, JAPAN.

The depot office at Nagasaki, Japan, is still maintained, and trans-

Eorts from Manila to San Francisco stop there to take on coal for the
ome trip. When absolutely necessary, transports have had repair
work done at Nagasaki, and, through that office, at other points in
Japan.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

The annual report of Col. C. F. Humphrey, chief quartermaster,
Division of the Philippines, shows that a great reduction in the
expenses of the quartermaster's department in the Philippine Islands
was effected during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902.

CLOTHING AND EQUIPAGE.

The chief quartermaster reports that the clothing and equipage sup-

Elied by this Department for issue to troops in the Philippine Islands
as been ample in quantity and of excellent quality; that great demand
exists for the chambray and khaki woolen shirts; that the light-weight
woolen stockings are considered better adapted to the climate in the
Philippines than cotton stockings; that the light-weight woolen blan-
kets are very popular; that the campaign hats furnished have been
found generally satisfactory, and that slickers are considered prefera-
ble to ponchos.

Many of the enlisted native scouts, being much smaller in stature
than the American soldier, can not be fitted from the usual sizes fur-
nished the Army, and clothing made especially for them is required.

BARRACKS AND QUARTERS.

During the fiscal year there were rented in the Philippine Islands
876 buildings for shelter of officers, troops, and stores; in addition,
there were 59 convents, 20 insular government buildings, and 93 build-
ings belonging to the United States set aside for use of the Army,
under provisions of the treaty of Pari-, occupied as barracks, quar-
ters, and storehouses, for which no rent was paid.

The building operations during the year were extensive, especially
in Manila, where 16 storehouses are under construction, to be completed
by September 30, 1902. These structures are on land adjoining the
new harbor of Manila, loaned for that purpose by the insular govern-
ment. They will be of frame with galvanized iron roofs, the lumber
being Oregon and Washington fir. The sides will be open, surrounded
with a fence, subjecting all parts to observation and supervision at all
times. The chief quartermaster remarks that the concentration of
supplies at this one point will enable the force of checkers, storekeep-
ers, and laborers to be handled to better advantage than when scat-
tered throughout the city, as heretofore, and no doubt will result in
considerable reduction in the number of men required to be employed.
When these 16 new storehouses are completed the rented storehouses
in the city of Manila for the use of the Quartermaster's and Subsist-
ence departments will be given up.

524 REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

Congress having made provision for the construction of a military
post for the accommodation of a garrison of two full regiments of
infantry, two squadrons of cavalry, and two batteries of artillery in
the vicinity of Manila, a site consisting of over 2,100 acres of gently
rolling country was purchased. This property is situated about one
hour's drive from the city, at the confluence of three rivers — the Pasig,
Pateros, and Taguig — and is accessible, besides water routes, by two
roads from Manila, one through Santa Ana and the other via Pasav.
There is deep water at the landing, and a wharf has been constructed
to facilitate building operations, and the handling of supplies after the
post is completed and occupied. Plans for the troop barracks have
been adopted, and the mate rial is being purchased in the United States.
The grounds are being graded, brush cut away, and the roads widened,
preparatory to the commencement of active building operations.

The only other construction at Manila was the building of a power
house for the signal corps at Quartol Infanteria. Considerable repair
work was undertaken, almost every army building in Manila requiring
minor repairs. The material for the most of this work was purchased
in the United States. Construction of frame and Nipa barracks for
troops in the Cagayan Valley, northern Luzon, has been commenced.

WATER SUPPLY.

Water is obtained in Manila from the city waterworks, and is dis-
tilled before issued to troops. The water supply of the new post of
Manila will be procured from wells to be bored, the water to be then
distilled.

At most of the stations outside of the city of Manila, it is necessary
to depend on wells, streams, and rain water caught from roofs in large
tanks and cisterns, for the water supply. Where it is necessary to
bring water from a distance the troops have sometimes built bamboo pipe
lines, saving the expense of hauling. Condensing plants are supplied
at such stations as are recommended by the chief medical officer to be
so equipped, and where the garrison is sufficiently large and the water
so bad as to justify the expense. There are 6 of these plants at Manila,
2 each at Hatangas and the new post of Manila, and 1 each at Aparri,
Iligan, Cebu, Lucena, lloilo, Vigan, Zamboanga, Binan, Cottobato,
Malabon, Davao, Masbate, Pasay, and Puerta Princessa. At other
stations the "sterilizers, of which mention has been made elsewhere in
this report, are furnished.

Col. Charles F. Humphrey, assistant quartermaster-general, was the
chief quartermaster of the Division of the Philippines during the fis-
cal year. His administration of the afl'airs of the Quartermaster's
Department was both efficient and able.

Acknowledgment is also due the other officers of the Quartermas-
ter's Department on duty in that distant archipelago for laborious
services well performed.

TOUR OF INSPECTION BY THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

Under orders from the Secretary of War 1 started, in the early part
of the1, fiscal year, on a trip of inspection which extended via San
Francisco to the Philippine Islands.

Careful inquiry was made into the affairs of the Quartermaster's
Department at Manila, at which point is centered the administrative

REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL. 525

charge of the vast business of the Department throughout the archi-
pelago, including the inter-island transport service.

Every facility was extended to me by the division commander and
chief quartermaster to aid me in my duties, and, based upon full con-
sultation with them and personal insight into matters pertaining to
the Department, steps to be taken looking to the betterment of con-
ditions and reduction in expense where practicable were decided upon.

One of the important conclusions reached was that of concentrating
supplies of the Quartermaster's and Subsistence Departments in ware-
houses to be built on land adjoining the new harbor of Manila, as
hereinbefore alluded to. At the close of the fiscal vear this work was
well under way.

Other points were also visited by me in Luzon, Samar, Panay, Cebu,
Mindanao, and Jolo, at all of which the business of the Quartermas-
ter's Department was carefully investigated.

The result of this tour of inspection was made the subject of a special
report to the Secretary of War.

PERSONNEL.

The following officers are provided by law for the Quartermaster's
Department:

Quartermaster-General, with rank of brigadier-general 1

Assistant quartermasters-general, with rank of colonel 6

Deputy quartermasters-general, with rank of lieutenant-colonel 9

Quartermasters, with rank of major 20

Quartermasters, with rank of captain 60

Total 96

During the fiscal year Col. James M. Moore, assistant quartermaster-
general, Maj. Francis B. Jones, and Capt. Jonathan N. Patton, quar-
termasters, retired from active service; Capt. Nathan P. Batchelder,
quartermaster, resigned, and Lieut. Col. Charles Bird, deputy quar-
termaster-general, was promoted to the rank of br gadier-general,
U. S. Army, on May 5, 1902. This office had the benefit of the valu-
able services of the latter officer up to the time of his retirement,
June 17, 1902.

OFFICERS DETAILED FOR DUTY IN THE QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT.

During the fiscal year, under authority contained in section 36, act
of Congress approved February 2, 1901, 6 vacancies in the depart-
ment were tilled by detail of line officers of the Army. There were
9 detailed officers on duty in this department at the close of the fiscal
year.

POST QUARTERMASTER-SERGEANTS.

Of the 150 post quartermaster-sergeants authorized by law, 146
were in service at the close of the fiscal year. The number of such
sergeants now authorized is found inadequate to supply the require-
ments at posts and stations in the United States, Alaska, Hawaii,
Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islands, and it is recommended that
Congress be asked to authorize the appointment of at least 25 more
post quartermaster-sergeants.

Under the regulations applicants for appointment as post quarter-
master-sergeants must have had four years service in the Army, have

526 REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL.

reached the grade of sergeant, and are subject to examination before
appointment, thereby insuring competent and trustworthy men for
the important duties they are called upon to perform. Moreover, by
their employment the cost of civilian clerical nelp is reduced.

DETACHMENT OF ARMY SERVICE MEN, QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT,

WEST POINT, N. Y.

The quartermaster commanding this detachment reports 150 enlisted
men in service at the close of the year, all of whom performed their
work satisfactorily.

CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES, QUARTERMASTER^ DEPARTMENT AT LARGE.

The number of employees has been adjusted to the lowest limit con-
sistent with the best interests of the service.

CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES, QUARTERMASTER-GENERAL'S OFFICE.

There are 220 clerks and other employees authorized for this office.
The temporary emergency force was brought into the classified service
under authorit}r of Congress, approved April 28, 1902.

1 take pleasure in acknowledging the faithful and efficient services
of the clerical force in this office, to whom credit is due for successful
efforts to prevent the great volume of work from falling in arrears.

CONCLUSION.

In concluding this report I desire to express my full appreciation of
the zealous and helpful cooperation extended to me by all the officers
of the corps in the administration of the affairs of the department.

The officers associated with me in this office during all or part of
the fiscal year were Lieutenant-Colonels Bird and ratten; Majors
Ruhlcn, Martin, Long, Hodgson, and French; Captains Carson, Baker,
and Dare. 1 am indebted to them for faithful and efficient assistance
in conducting the business of this office.

M. I. LUDINGTON,

Quartermaster- General^ U. S. Army.
The Secretary of War.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSARY-GENERAL

52;

REPORT

THE COMMLSSAKY-GENERAL.

War Department,
Office Commissary-General,

Waxhiiu/ton, I). C, Octofter 11, 1908.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the opera-
tions of the Subsistence Department for the fiscal year ending June
30, 1902:

RESOURCES, expenditures, and balances.

The following statement exhibits the aggregate fiscal resources and
expenditures of the department and the balances at the close of the
fiscal year 1902:

529

war 1902— vol 1— 34

530

REPORT OF THE COMMISSARY -GENERAL.

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632 REPOBT OF THE COMMISSABtf-GENEBAL.

In the expenditures above reported for the fiscal year 1902, the
following items of disbursement are included: Commutation of rations
to enlisted men on furlough, $44,621.11; to ordnance sergeants of
posts not garrisoned, $3,24!). 20; to enlisted men on duty where rations
could not be issued conveniently, $102,776.88; to enlisted men while
traveling, $48,719.40; commutation of fresh vegetables, $5,895.55;
special diet for enlisted men in Army and Navy General Hospital. Hot
Springs, Ark., $8,220.80; meals for recruiting parties and recruits
and troops moving, $227,284.98; liquid .coffee for troops traveling,
$26,902.15; salaries of civil employees of Subsistence Department at
posts and stations, including wages of laborers and mechanics, fees
of inspectors, and miscellaneous small employments, $366,749.72;
wages paid civil employees of Subsistence Department on transports,
$304,092.59; hoard wages of civil employees of transports while ashore,
$21,667.80; extra duty pay, $19,769.21; advertising and commercial
newspapers, $4,491.34; printing, $2,125.33; rent of telephones,
$1,595.81; ice for issue to troops and for refrigerating purposes
(45,596,645 pounds), $233,569.07.

The following items of disbursement were made in the fiscal year
1901, but could not be included in the report for that year by reason
of the delay in receiving the accounts at this office: Commutation of
rations to enlisted men on furlough, $3,875.05; to ordnance sergeants
at posts not garrisoned, $121.20; to enlisted men on duty where
rations could not be issued conveniently, $7,249.45; to enlisted men
while traveling, $230.75; special diet for enlisted men in Army and
Navy General Hospital, Hot Springs, Ark., $910.40; meals for recruit-
ing parties and recruits and troops moving, $5,157.S3; liquid coffee
for troops traveling, $184.29; salaries of civil employees of Subsist-
ence Department at posts and stations, including wages of laborers
and mechanics, fees of inspectors, and miscellaneous small employ-
ments, $10,947.52; wages paid civil employees of Subsistence Depart-
ment on transports, $18,774.46; board wages of civil employees of
transports while ashore, $J .608.25; extra-duty pay, $73.85; adver-
tising and commercial newspapers, $726.09; printing, $234.57; rent of
telephones, $61.10; ice for issue to troops and for refrigerating pur-
poses (1,740,452 pounds), $14,622.28.

HOSPITAL ISSUES.

The supplies purchased and issued from stock on hand during the
fiscal year for enlisted men in hospital, too sick to use the army
ration, amounted in value to $436,255. 28.

Like issues were made in fiscal year 1901, amounting in value to
$12,255.63, but not included in said report, owing to the delay in the
receipt of the accounts and returns in this office.

Issues of articles, differing from those of the ration, to enlisted men
in camp in the United States during periods of recovery from low
conditions of health, consequent upon service in unhealthy regions or
in debilitating climates, aggregated in value $22,900.86.

REPORT OF THE COXMiaSARY-GEHKRAL. 533

Statement of the value of subsistence supplies issued to FWpmo convict*, civil scout*, ■native
scouts, destitutes, civil employees {linemen of the Signal Corps), during the fiscal year
1908, and of the amounts reported as collected from public civil funds of the Hiilip/rhie
Islands by Cot. C. A. Woodruff, A. C. O., chief commissary. Division oftlie Philippines.

When tinned.

Vilne.

ilt'I-irli'd in i-nlieirled iiii ui'i'niiiit uf

E1.W3.M

M, 00.95

ii.02i.av

li.'i ■!,■■. ■■!.. -.11. .;:.!■ o-.l '..i-iU. :,■

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Salancedii i? mi (litiic. lite it- Hor [[«■»]

,.,,,.,

C1VII, lidOI'TH.

July. 1901

Sepu-m'otr. 1-jiil
Nov. :::I..V Y»i"

January. 1902

H9S ot " July. 1901

and uncollected foril

NATIVE SCO ITT

,™TT,„,

tIl.18S.t7
1.S91.W

rS.V£.'-'.W

ivirti.il t" 'Int.' fin i-mutti in Itscal

Fi.-I.rui.rv, 1!»J

lioliiriri' .Ii." mill m llnitrd fur tis-

iil.nu.iT.

61, 002.96

lC,3R!.i)0
I-. -.;'■:_■;■,
17. hit. 72

Fucai l/car JUttd.

fi.MB.M

."iiSSS.:-i

.tt.:W,;.a

li» luii. ■■■ .hiu and uncollected tor fls-

534

KE^OfcT OF THE COMMISSA&Y-GrENEBAt"

Statement*)/ the value of subsistence supplies issued to Filipino convicts, etc, — Continued.

DESTITUTES.

When issued.

Fiscal year 1901.

Balance due and uncollected for fiscal
year 11)01

Delayed statement of issues in fiscal
year 1901

Value.

$1,081.15
488.91

1,520.06

Balance due and uncollected for fiscal
year 1901

Fiscal year 1902.

1,468.82

Reported as collected on account of
issues.

February, 1902.
Uncollected ...

July, 1901

919.53

August. 1901 ; 1,054.27

September, 1901
October, 1901 . . .
November, 1901
December, 1901.
January, 1902...
February, 1902 .
March, 1902 ....

April, 1902

May, 1902

June, 1902

558.97
240.04
367.03
262. 18
112. 75
149.30
240. 93
238.64
123. 93
11.37

4,278.94

Balance due and uncollected for fiscal '
year 1902 3,913.83

July. 1901

August, 1901

, September, 1901
i October, 1901 . . .

Uncollected

Amount.

$51.24
1,468.82

1,520.06

48.81

215.67

82.37

18.26

3,913.83

4,278.94

CIVIL EMPLOYEES (LINEMEN OF 8IGNAL CORPS).

January, 1902 .
February, 1902 .
March, 1902

April, 1902

Mav, 1902

June, 1902

Balance due and uncollected for fis-
cal year 1902

$73.93
10.84
515.77
766.07
838.63
455.59

2,660.83

2, 660. 83

Uncollected

£2,660.83

2,660.83

Statement of the value of subsistence stores issued to sailors and others and transferred to
officers of the United States Navy, and of amounts of same that hare been collected.

Issued and transferred.

Issued on transport —

Hancock

Kilpatrick

Logan

McClellan

Sheridan

Thomas

Warren

Transferred to Asst. Paymaster P. W. Delano, U. 8. Navy, Guam.
Transferred to Asst. Paymaster F. G. Pyne, U. S. Navy, Guam...
Uncollected

Balance due and uncollected for fiscal year 1902

Value.

Collected.

$577.75

5.40

5.94

45.00

21.25

21.00

151.26

1,881.92

8,923.34

11,632.85

8,280.08

$577.76
5.40

45.00
2L25

68.76

1,881.92

752.75

8,280.03

11,682.86

Claims have been made on the Navy Department for such of the
above sums as have not yet been settled.

BEPORT OF THE COMIC 188 ABY-GENEBAL.

535

Statement of the value of subsistence stores issued to marines, and transferred in bulk to
officers of the Marine Corps for issue to marines, and of amounts collected on account
of same.

Issued and transferred.

Marines at —

San Juan, P. R U,

Balangiga, P. I 4,

Bacoor, P. I 6,

Balabac, P. I

Basey, P. I ! 7,

Cavite, P. I 43,

Isabela de Basilan, P. 1 4,

Laman^, P. I

Malabngo light-house, P. I

Olongapo, P. 1 11,

Parang, P. I

Pambujan, P. I

Pollok.P.1 1,

Tacloban, P. I

Marines on island of Guam

Marines on transport —

Hancock 1,

Logan

Sheridan I 1,

Sherman

Warren 3,

Uncollected

686.47
092.85
141.37
143.97
301.01
114. 17
510.53
106.04

8.99
094.86
422.92
156.59
508.69

3.60
956.34

069.25
.70
094.75
650.00
179.45

90,242.55

Balance due and uncollected for fiscal year 1902 49, 055. 45

Collected.

$3,882.77

76.56

2,924.45

225.88

28,697.62

2,595.34

1,338.36
'i*438.*63

8.50
'49,'055*46

90,242.56

Claims have been made on the Navy Department for such of the
above claims as are still due.

Issues to Indians.

Value. •

Apache Indians at Fort Sill, Okla $11,956.68

Chiricahua Indian at Fort Grant, Ariz 62. 87

Seminole Negro Indian 62. 03

Indians in Alaska 407. 56

Visiting Sioux Indians at Fort DuChesne, Utah 2. 30

Issues to chit employees.

Civil employees (Quartermaster, Commissary, and Ordnance depart-
ments, and the Signal Corps) 324,370.67

Miscellaneous issues.

Military prisoners at posts (general prisoners) 78, 633. 97

Filipino insurgent prisoners deported to Guam 1, 114. 89

Filipino insurgent prisoners captured and in arrest 90, 467. 23

Filipino military convicts 3, 270. 78

American civil prisoners in the Philippines 54. 13

American civil prisoners in Alaska 6. 93

Destitute citizens in United States 8. 44

Destitute citizens in Alaska 158. 17

Sufferers bv storm in Louisiana in August, 1901 25. 88

The following issues were made in fiscal year, 1901, but not included in

said report, the returns of subsistence stores being delayed in arriving

in this office:

Filipino insurgent prisoners deported to Guam 372. 22

Filipino insurgent prisoners captured and in arrest 8, 607. 73

536

BEPORT OF THE COMMISSARY-GENERAL.

SALES OF SUBSISTENCE STORES.

The amounts received from sales of subsistence stores during1 the
fiscal year are classifiable as follows:

Subsistence of the Army,

From whom or on what account received.

1900.

1901.

1902.

For relief of citizens, French West Indies

To officers

To enlisted men, companies, detachments, and hospitals

To civilians

At auction

$299.37

1,767.39

3.00

$557.37
5,186.05
669.69 I

To Quartermaster's Department

To post exchange ,

To Indians ' ■

To Indian agents and employees

To meals on transi>orts • 1, 614. 35

To naval officers and enlisted men of Navy i

To post bakeries

To natives (Filipino)

To post laundry . . ^

To Department of Agriculture

To court officials, Alaska

To special sales

To transport Iroquois

To United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, Pathfinder

$3,124.59

777,260.38

1,646,670.90

276,347.70

31,275.46

2,503.98

78,146.31

122.91

3,226.56

221,061.15

13,064.83

29.88

128,625.67

241.54

81.00

1, 113. 51

168.36

2,565.14

70.25

Total

2,069.76 ; w, 027. 46 3,184,640.12

The accounts containing reports of amounts received for sales of
stores in the fiscal years liJOO and 1001 were not received in this office
in time to appear in the annual reports of those years.

SALES ON CREDIT.

Sales on credit to officers of the Army during the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1902, as shown by the accounts of that year thus far received,
amount to $21,538.22, and the sums thus far reported as collected
through the pay department, and otherwise settled, amount to
$17,737.20, leaving the sum of $3,801.02 yet to be collected.

The sales on credit to the enlisted men of the Army amount to
$65,177.01; the collections by the pay department, on muster aitd pay
rolls and on final statements, on account of credit sales, amount to
$52,007.75, leaving still to be collected $13,169.80.

Sales on credit to enlisted men of both the Regular and Volunteer
Army during the previous fiscal year, not heretofore reported by reason
of delav in receipt of accounts, amount to $886.74, and the collections
through the pay department amount to $12,005.32, leaving still to be
collected on account of credit sales in that year, $1,179.22.

SALES OF CONDEMNED STORES AND PROPERTY.

From the returns thus far received and examined, the stores con-
demned and sold in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, are shown to
have been as follows:

Original cost of stores condemned

Realized from sale* of such stores (also including property) ordered sold.

Lobs '

Subsistence
stores con-
demned and
sold.

»M0, 750. 23
81,275.46

800,488.77

REPORT OF THE COMMISSARY-GENERAL.

537

No separate statement of the value of subsistence property con-
demned naving been kept, the amount realized for such as was con-
demned and ordered sold is merged in above sum of $31,275.46.

The value of stores condemned in previous fiscal year, which was not
included in the annual report of that year, by reason of delay in receipt
of returns showing same, was $26,544.01, and the amount realized
through sale of such as was ordered sold was $1,256.58.

POST COMMISSARY SERGEANTS.

The number of post commissary sergeants in the service at the begin-
ning of the year was 187, although 189 was the number stated in my
last annual report, which discrepancy is due to the fact that two were
discharged, but the information was not received at this office in time
to be considered. During, the period of this report 31 were appointed,
15 were discharged, 3 retired, and 3 died, leaving 197 in the service at
the end of the year.

Number of claims on hand, received and disposed of during the fisctd year ending June SO,

1902.

There were on hand June 30, 1901
Received during the fiscal year . .

Total

Disposed of during the year

On hand June 30, 1902

Claims for commuta-
tion of rations.

While held
as prisoner

of war in
rebel States.

While on
furlough,
and miscel-
laneous
claims.

5
272

4
221

277
270

225
215

Total.

9
493

502

485

The number of letters, indorsements, and postal cards written dur-
ing the year in connection with the above claims was 1,225.

Statement of accounts current and returns on hand June SO, 1901, received and examined
during fiscal year ending June 30, 1902, and on luvnd at the close of that fiscal year
awaiting examination.

On hand June 30, 1901

Received during fiscal year 1902 ,

Total

Examined during year >

On hand June 30, 1902 ,

Accounts
current.

Returns
of stores.

1,576
4,948

6,524
5,743

Returns

of
property.

Total.

790
6,403

261
2,089

2,627
13,440

7,193
6,520

2,350
1,941

16,067
14,204

673

781

409

1,863

The examination of the accounts current required the verification of
116,829 vouchers; the returns of subsistence stores, 84,850; and returns
of subsistence property, 5,513 vouchers.

In connection with the examinations, 7,137 postal cards were used,
and 7,824 letters and 6,488 indorsements written and recorded, 8,052
papers copied, and 793 days of time on unclassifiable work consumed.

538 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSABY-GENEBAL.

Contracts for subsistence to the number of 467 and for meals for
recruiting parties and recruits to the number of 493, total 960, were
acted on and disposed of during the year.

Certificates of service as acting commissary were issued to the
number of 770, and certificates of nonindebtedness to the number of
1,608.

WITHDRAWAL FROM CUBA.

The closing days of the fiscal year marked the withdrawal of the
United States from Cuba and the recall of the military forces of the
Government with the exception of small garrisons which" were intended
to remain and be attached to the Department of the East. While the
event of withdrawal was anticipated and largely discounted, still there
were vexatious questions and details to be settled, and the Subsistence
Department was fortunate in having as chief commissary of the Depart-
ment of Cuba an officer of the wide experience and sound judgment of
Lieut. Col. W. L. Alexander to deal with the situation.

Under the provisions of General Orders, No. 31, A. G. O., 1902,
the troops which were to remain in Cuba were to be provided with
three months' rations and stores for sales, with the necessary amount
of commissary property. All other stores and property not needed
or provided for were to be sold at auction after due advertising of not*
less than ten days in the island.

Lieut. Col. W . L. Alexander, chief commissary of the Department
of Cuba, under date of May 16, 1902, in submitting his annual report
stated:

In anticipation of the withdrawal of the troops from the island, supplies have been
so shifted about during the year as to place all posts as nearly as possible on an
equality as to the stock on hand. By doing this, making the requisition period as
short as it could be made with safety, and carefully cutting down all calls lor stores
to the lowest limit possible, the Department was in good condition for the work to
be done when the order came directing the withdrawal of the troops on May 20.

The wisdom of the provisions of U. (). 31, II. Q. A., A. G. O., 1902, directing the
sale of stores and property belonging to the Subsistence Department was fully demon-
strated by the results. There were supplies on the island that came here in 1898
and 1899, brought when purchases were large, deliveries were required in great haste,
and conditions not favorable for the careful inspection usually given by purchasing
officers. The continual withdrawal of troops from the island in 1899 and 1900 made
it difficult to estimate what would be required. Notwithstanding these conditions, a
comparatively small amount of supplies remained to be sold at auction. * * *
My experience in closing out the stock in Cuba convinces me that it would be most
advantageous to the Government if a similar disposition could be made of subsistence
supplies that from legitimate causes accumulate at any army post. It would, of
course, have to be done under rigid rules formulated by the Commissary-General,
and never without his specific authority.

The posts remaining on the island, and that will hereafter form part of the Mili-
tary Department of the East, have been supplied — either in kind or by orders for
shipment made on purchasing commissary, New York City, to include August 81,
1902 — in all except fresh beef and fresh vegetables. These are covered by contracts
up to and including June 30, 1902, and after that date the commissaries of the sev-
eral posts are authorized to purchase these articles monthly in such quantities as
may be required. The chief commissary, Department of the East, has been advised
of the action taken in the matter.

The total amount realized from the above-mentioned auction sales,
which were made at Baracoa, Guantanamo, Hamilton Barracks,
Habana, Holguin, Camp Mackenzie and Manzanillo, was $14,526.10,
being about 50 per cent of the invoice price, which was an excellent
realization when it is considered that the per cent in all cases was mate-

feEPORT OF THE COMMISSARY-GENEBAL. 539

riaiiy reduced by articles that were entirely worthless and that had
been on the island since 1898-99. Comparatively nothing was sold
that was fresh and from recent purchases, stores of this description
being left for the current supply of the artillery that remained on the
island.

RELIEF OF CITIZENS OF THE FRENCH WEST INDIES.

On May 8, 1902, an earthquake and volcanic eruption occurred in
the island of Martinique, in. the French West Indies, and resulted in
an appalling loss of life and rendered thousands homeless and destitute,
with the direful threat of famine impending.

Upon the prompt recommendation of the President of the United
States the Congress appropriated (by act approved May 13, 1902) the
sum of $200,000 to procure and distribute among the suffering and
destitute people of the French West Indies provisions and necessary
articles, and to take such other steps deemed advisable for the purpose
of rescuing and succoring the people imperiled and threatened with
starvation. Of the total amount appropriated, the sum of $75,000 was
allotted to the Subsistence Department to procure food supplies for
the sufferers.

The U. S. S. Dixie was designated to transport the supplies and
Capt. H. J. Gallagher, of the Subsistence Department, was selected to
take charge of the supplies aboard and make the distribution of them.
Below are the full instructions to Captain Gallagher:

Office of the Commissary-General,

Washington, May 13, 1902.
Capt. H. J. Gallagher,

Commissary,
(Care of Purchasing Commissary), New York, N. Y.

Captain: It is the wish of the Secretary of War that in the performance of the
duty to which you have been assigned, viz, the distribution of stores to the afflicted
in the French West Indies, you proceed with the ship from place to place and trans-
fer the stores to the local authorities for distribution, you remaining with the ship
and returning thereon. Take receipts from local authorities for stores transferred,
and expend such moneys as may be necessary in the delivery of the stores.
Very respectfully,

John F. Weston, Commissary- General.

Maj. D. L. Brainard, the purchasing commissary at New York, was
charged with the purchase of these supplies. He was directed to pro-
cure $70,000 worth of bacon, hard bread, codfish, rice, tea, coffee,
sugar, salt, pepper, vinegar, condensed cream, canned chicken soup,
etc., and to furnish Captain Gallagher with $5,000 in cash, to be used
by him for incidental expenses in delivering these stores to the proper
parties at the different ports where the Dixie might touch.

Major Brainard proceeded to procure the supplies. The following
are the quantities and their value:

Bacon, 65,375 pounds $7, 502. 54

Codfish, 171,100 pounds 7, 520. 94

Flour, 85,000 pounds 1, 776. 50

Hard bread, 214, 433 pounds 9, 123. 52

Baking powder, 3,024 pounds 555. 66

Rice, 995,500 pounds 34, 238. 61

Coffee, 16,000 pounds 2, 125. 00

Tea, 4, 008 pounds 1,402.80

Sugar, 80,000 pounds 2,992.00

Vinegar, 516 gallons 61. 92

Salt, 4,000 pounds 16. 20

540 REPORT OF THE COMMISSARY-GENERAL.

Pepper, 250 pounds $57. 50

Matches, 14,400 boxes 55.00

Can openers, 1 , 468 30. 68

I Tam, 6, 1 64 pounds 644. 84

Jelly, currant, 1 ,440 cans 360. 00

Milk, 9,600 cans 724.00

Soup, 4,800 cans 750.00

The total cost of which amounted to 69, 936. 71

Major Brainard was also designated to take charge of the Citizens'
Relief Association contributions for the sufferers in the French West
Indies, and Capt. H. G. Cole was ordered to report to him to assist in
the performance of the work.

Under date of May 16, in a memorandum to the Secretary of War,
I had the honor to state:

At 1 o'clock on the 12th instant I received instructions from the Adjutant-General
of the Army to purchase $70,000 worth of stores for the sufferers at Martinique. At
1.30 o'clock Major Brainard, the purchasing commissary at New York, had these
instructions by telephone, was buying at 2.80, and the whole shipment of commis-
sary stores, over 900,000 pounds, was aboard the Dixie at 8.53 p. m. on the 14th.
Captain Gallagher, in charge, took with him $5,000 to defray incidental expenses.
There were also put aboard 25,000 pounds medical stores, 115,000 pounds quarter-
master stores, 14,950 pounds food stuffs from the New York Journal, and 14,000
same from the New York World. Allowing 1 pound to the ration, the subsistence
stores l>elonging to the Government, at 1 pound per day, will subsist 50,000 people
for better than thirty-six days.

Statement.

Total amount of appropriation allotted to the Subsistence Department . . $75, 000. 00

Amount of stores sent from New York $69, 936. 71

Payment for hire of labor at New York 119. 56

Payment for labor, transportation, and telegrams by Captain

Gallagher 527.29

70,583.66

Balance 4, 416. 44

Leaving a balance on hand of $4-,416.44, from which sum the Sub-
sistence Department is to be reimbursed for the amount of subsistence
stores sent from San Juan, P. R. ($1,948.01), and which, owing to
the extreme urgency of the case, had been ordered by the Secretary
of War hurried forward from San Juan to the scene of disaster and
suffering.

The following are the quantities referred to which were placed
aboard the lT. S. collier Sterling by Capt. J. T. Crabbs, assistant quar-
termaster and acting depot commissary at San Juan, and were among
the first stores to reach their destination:

5,038 pounds bacon, issue $553. 68

1 ,632 1-pound cans salmon 175. 44

20,000 pounds flour, issue 446.00

900 | >ounds hard 1 >read 49. 50

3,000 ]K>unds lx»ans 89. 70

3,000 pounds rice 172.50

5,050 pounds sugar, issue 200. 99

500 jK)unds salt, issue 2. 20

528 cans milk, condensed . 62.04

480 cans milk, evaporated * 33.60

1,980 pounds coffee, ground, issue 162.36

The total cost of which amounted to 1,948.01

REPORT OF THE COMMISSARY -GENERAL, 541

Captain Gallagher was directed by the Secretary of War to report
by cable upon the condition of affairs in the islands, and to state
whether the supplies taken were sufficient to meet wants and for how
long. He replied by cable from Fort de France under date of May 21:

Effects of eruption confined to North American portion of island. St. Pierre and
neighboring villages totally destroyed. Thirty thousand a fair estimate of loss of
life of zone of destruction. Physical condition normal but people Danie stricken.
This condition was increased fey yesterday's eruption, which was quite severe, but
did not materially add to desolation. Supplies of all kinds sufficient for eight weeks.
What has been done was just what the emergency demanded, and nothing further
can be suggested. Government and jieople most grateful. Dixie now discharging
part of cargo. Will proceed with what remains to St. Vincent.

Gallagher.

Captain Gallagher, in the course of a detailed report, dated June
13, 11)02, to the Adjutant-General of the Army, in regard to the mis-
sion with which he was charged, said:

I wish to invite special attention to the willing and energetic manner in which the
sailors aboard the Dixie labored in loading and unloading the stores on this expedi-
tion. They labored unceasingly when there was anything to do, without a murmur,
and the rapidity with which the stores were handled was due to their energy and
willingness. Their hearts seemed to be in their work, and, encouraged by their
splendid officers, nothing seemed to tire them. The stores were well selected, and met
the needs of the people. By the destruction of St. Pierre, Martinique, the great store-
house and source of supplies of the island was lost, consequently many of the neces-
saries of life were not available for the people, and nothing could have been more
opportune than the arrival of the Dixie. The wants of the needy people were
promptly and efficiently relieved, and on all sides I heard the people murmur their
blessings on the American Government for sending assistance to them in this emer-
gency. The same can l>e said of St. Vincent, where perhaps there were more people
thrown upon the public, because many in the area of devastation escaped with their
lives, while but few escaped at St. Pierre. From its conception to its conclusion the
expedition was one in which the American people may feel a pardonable pride; it
was a noble and generous thought that conceived it; it was timely in reaching its
destination; it was most gratefully received by officials and i>eople; and I hope 1 will
be pardoned when I say that the officers appointed to carry out the will of the Gov-
ernment on this occasion, while performing their duty as ordered, could not help
being filled with an extraordinary pride in the fact that they had been chosen to per-
form duty in connection with this completely successful and most humane expedition.

Great credit is due Captain Gallagher for the manner in which he
discharged the humane and delicate mission with which intrusted, and
demonstrates, as other occasions have gone to prove — Cuba and China —
that he is notably a man for emergencies.

The following is an extract from a letter of thanks from his excel-
lency R. B. Lewelyn, governor of the Windward Islands, to W. R.
Corwine, esq., of the associated charities, New York, for the relief of
the West Indian sufferers:

May 1 beg you to convey to Maj. David Brainard, commissary, United States Army,
who so kindly collected the articles, my most cordial thanks to him and all who
contributed on behalf of the sufferers from the eruption, who should ever gratefully
remember the very generous and liberal help given to them at this time by the
inhabitants of the United States of America.

ESTABLISHMENT OF PURCHASING DEPOT AT KANSAS CITY.

During the fiscal year a new subsistence depot was established at
Kansas City for the purchase of subsistence stores, and especially with
a view of securing a larger market for the supply of salt meats and
meat products for the Army, which articles had been largely purchased
in Chicago, particularly those for the supply of the Philippines.

542 REPOBT OF THE COMMISSARY-GENERAL.

In order to still further widen the field of competition and give the
Government the benefit of the best market and prices, purchases of
these articles were also authorized to be made at Omaha, especially
those intended for consumption in the Philippines. By this means the
Government is assured of the keenest competition in the three largest
packing centers in the world — Chicago, Kansas City, and Omaha, in
the order named.

Experienced officers with a practical knowledge of meats and meat
products, and with special training in methods for curing them, were
assigned to duty in this connection, which affords security to the Gov-
ernment against any mistakes which officers without special training
in this most important wrork are liable to make.

DEPOT AT HONOLULU.

This depot has furnished supplies for the troops stationed in the
Hawaiian Islands. Maj. W. W. Kobinson, jr., quartermaster, and for
a time acting depot commissary at Honolulu, states in a letter of
November 14, 1901, addressed to Maj. W. H. Baldwin, purchasing
commissary at San Francisco, who filled the requisitions for this depot:

I desire to express to you my appreciation of the efficient and considerate manner
in which this depot has been supplied with commissary stores during my administra-
tion as depot commissary since the 9th of last February. 1 am glad to be able to
say that not a single complaint has ever been made to me regarding the quality and
sufficiency of commissary stores required here, either for issue to troops or sales to
officers or men.

Due also to your kindly spirit of accommodation in the matter of exceptional stores.
our messes have l>een constantly well supplied with fresh vegetables, fruit, etc., and
I have never seen better service since I have been in the Army than we have been
able to have here under your administration of the Subsistence Department in San
Francisco.

Great credit is due Major Baldwin for the very satisfactory manner
in which he has discharged the arduous and exacting duty of purchasing
commissary at San Francisco during the year, while his management
of the transport service has been all that could be desired.

TOUR OF IN8PKCTION OF GEN. JOHN F. WESTON.

Instructions contained in the letter of the honorable Secretary of
War of Juno 18, W01, modified by letter of July 24, 1901, directed me
to proceed to Manila and such other points in the Philippines as 1 might
deem necessary to carry out such instructions. I had the honor to sub-
mit, under date of August 23, 11)01, from Manila, a special report deal-
ing with subsistence affairs in the Philippine Islands. Among other
features recommended were consolidation of warehouses at Manila, the
abandonment of outlying subsistence depots, the transfer of surplus
stores to the general supply depot at Manila, the sale of a lot of sur-
plus stores at public auction, and that certain others be returned to the
United States. My aim was concentration and reduction all along the
line. The recommendations made have, as far as practicable, neen
carried out. Better but not sufficient storage facilities are now avail-
able, labor has been saved, expenses curtailed, the stores returned to
the United States have nearly all been disposed of by issue and sales,
and efforts are still proceeding along the general lines of consolidation
and retrenchment indicated.

REPOBT OF THE COMMI8SABY-GENERAL. 543

DIVISION OF THE PHILIPPINES.

I. GENERAL REMARKS.

Subsistence affairs in the Philippines have presented at all times
complex and difficult problems, but the present period has been one of
extreme difficulty to meet satisfactorily. New and shifting conditions
have arisen at every step, and what is wisdom to-day becomes a futility
to-morrow, so that it has been impossible to map out any definite plan
or make a provident recommendation; but it is expected that a settled
and satisfactory basis will soon be reached, and upon which intelligent
action may be founded. The policy of concentration which has resulted
in large reductions in military forces and posts, and by which troops
are to be stationed at seacoast points and along the railroad, all make
toward an early and satisfactory solution.

Col. Charles A. Woodruff, chief commissary of the Division of the
Philippines, commenting on this unsettled state of affairs, says:

On July 1, 1901, there were 554 posts in this division; these have been constantly
reduced until May 31, 1902, there were 250, and on June 30, 1902, there were about
200. This constant and at times rapid reduction of posts necessitated a great deal
of extra work and care in order to reduce many stores to a proper amount and pre-
vent an accumulation. Many of the posts that wrere abandoned were in almost
inaccessible localities and most of the transportation available was necessary for the
removal of the troops, and the stores brought from these abandoned posts to depots
and other posts were often in poor condition and unfit for reissue or sale without a
great deal of rehandling and the condemnation of large quantities. Then, too, the
active operations, especially in the provinces of Batangas and Laguna and in the
islands of Samar and Mindanao, necessitated the shipments of large quantities of
stores to these points in order that at all points there should be an abundance of
supplies for the troops operating in those districts.

Then, too, the constant movement of troops from these islands to the United
States and from the United States to these islands, 28,591 having been returned to
the United States during the year and 15,392 having been brought to these islands,
and 16,128 troops were transported from Manila to interisland ports, and 17,534
brought from interisland ports to Manila, and other thousands from one interisland
port to another without coming here; with the consequent changes of garrisons and
the natural variations in the appetites and desires incident to such changes; also the
abolition of the right to purchase by the employees of the insular government,
which reduced the sales to civilians in this city (Manila) from $15,335.10 in August,
1901, to $3,277.60 in September, 1901, all combined to render the problem of supply
a difficult one.

Maj. James N. Allison, chief commissary of the Department of North
Philippines, is not less pointed and emphatic in the course of his inter-
esting annual report regarding such a condition:

As long as this transition state exists little progress can be made toward uniform-
ity, proper system, or economy in the administration of affairs; and things may only
be done as they can be done, not as they should be.

II. SOURCES OF SUPPLY.

The bulk of the ration articles, and many of those for sales to officers
and enlisted men, were drawn from San Francisco, owing to its favor-
able location and market, which insured reasonable prices, and afforded
a short route to the Philippines. New York was drawn upon for the
bulk of articles intended for sales, while from Chicago, Kansas City,
and Omaha, the three largest packing centers in point of production
in the world, salt meats and meat products were procured. St. Louis
supplied a limited number of articles which were produced there, or
which that city could economically furnish.

544 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSARY -GENERAL.

Instructions have been given that whenever supplies can be pro-
cured at reasonable rates in Manila they are to be purchased in that
market, which is now a point of supply for fresh beef, fresh mutton,
potatoes, onions, rice, issue and granulated sugar, ice, butter, cheese,
cigars, Australian milk, tansan water, stewards' stores for use on
transports, and for exceptional articles.

III. TRANSPORTATION, COLD STORAGE, ICE, FRESH MEAT, AND FRESH VEGETABLES.

The most vital questions which concern the Subsistence Department,
and now engaging its attention, are adequate transportation facilities
to insure speedy delivery of perishable and essential articles, cold
storage, ice for issue and for the preservation of meat, butter, lard,
and other delicate4 and perishable stores, and the supply of fresh meat
and fresh vegetables, and their prompt and satisfactory distribution.

TranxjMtrtatlon. — The question of transportation is the most difficult
and important one which has to be dealt with just now, and this is
particularly true with regard to the Department of South Philippines.
While it is recognized that there are difficulties incident to the situa-
tion, the fact remains that lack of adequate and satisfactory trans-
portation facilities is the cause of just and endless complaint, and
brings criticism and odium on the Subsistence Department for failure
in a matter over which it has no control but which so vitallv concerns
it. Troops in many places are whollv dependent upon the Subsistence
Department for their food supply and they complain of being deprived
of supplies not only absolutely essential to health, such as beef, fresh
vegetables, and ice, but others required for their wants and comfort.
Large losses are entailed by delays in shipments of perishable stores.
The chief commissary of the division of the Philippines says:

The officer in charge of water transportation established several routes of supply
that were satisfactory to the Sulwistenee Department, but many of these would
scarcely be in working order before, owing to accident to some of "the vessels or the
fact that it was necessary to put some of the vessels out of commission for needed
repairs, the schedule was broken; and this, with the further fact that the number of
vessels with refrigerating capacity was small, has rendered this service unsatisfactory
to this office.

It is earnestly recommended that two light-draft boats, with a
ref rigerating plant of about 75 tons refrigerating capacity, be provided
for the Subsistence Department, to be used exclusively for carrying
fresh meat, fresh vegetables, ice, and also the mail if it shall be deemed
desirable. This transportation would permit of the speedy delivery of

Eerishable articles of subsistence stores, which are very essential to the
ealth and comfort of the troops, and would result in preventing enor-
mous losses of stores, reduce labor and expense materially, ancTin the
course of a few years the boats would almost save the Government
what it costs to provide and operate them.

Cold storage and ice. — It is strongly urged that wherever perma-
nent posts are built in the Philippines that cold storage be provided
and ice-making plants constructed. 1 quote from the report of the
chief commissary of the Division of the Philippines:

Cold storage is absolutely necessarv to secure an abundant supply of beef, and is
of great benefit in preserving vegetables, butter, lard, etc., and ice is almost a neces-
sity for the comfort of the strong as well as the sick; and while a limited amount of
ice is issued to the troops, officers and families should l>e able to obtain it at a reason-
able rate. As it is now, many exi>eiid nearly or quite as much for ice for domestic
use as the extra pay they receive fur foreign service.

BEPOBT OF THE COMMI8SABY-GENEBAL. 545

The chief commissary of the Department of North Philippines in
his report says:

Under authority of the commissary-general ice in liberal quantities is shipped to
all points supplied with beef, and has proved of great value in the preservation of
this, as well as a luxury to the troops and a godsend to the sick in hospital.

During the fiscal year 11,253,980 pounds of ice have been issued to
troops and used for preserving fresh meat in the butcher shops and dur-
ing shipments. The average cost of ice was about one-halt cent per
pound.

Fresh meat. — There has at all times been an abundant supply of
first-class refrigerated beef, which was procured in Australia at rea-
sonable prices — averaging 6.68 cents per pound for beef and 5. 50 cents
per pound for mutton, increased by 2 cents per pound for delivery.
The meat was brought by vessels of the Navy (which has rendered such
efficient service in this respect) to Manila, where it was placed in cold
storage. The prices paid with all expenses included have been very
reasonable, and are in wide contrast with those paid for the British
army in South Africa, where the cost of a ration of beef alone deliv-
ered to the British army in that section has equaled the cost of our
entire ration of beef, flour, fresh and dried vegetables, fruit, coffee,
sugar, etc., delivered in Manila. There were 8,574,972 pounds of
beef and mutton supplied of a most excellent quality. It was neces-
sary to procure this beef from Australia, as the ravages of rinderpest
has almost totally destroyed the cattle, carabao, and swine in the archi-
pelago. It is feared now that on account of the drought in Australia
that the price of fresh meat will advance, and with this prospect in
view steps have been taken to obtain a new market and the delivery of
fresh meat by mercantile vessels.

While the procurement of an ample supply of fresh meat has up to
the present time presented no difficult features, the matter of its distri-
bution to distant and isolated stations is a serious problem. It is shipped
from Manila by transport, coast lines, launch, and rail; and the Cjuar-
termaster's Department has placed a number of ice chests with a capacity
of several thousand pounds of beef and ice on transports, commercial
liners, and steam launches. Large quantities of fresh beef have been
shipped by this method, but it is expensive, and is very unsatisfactory
unless delivery can be made in a few days. To interior points meat
is shipped by casco, wagon, bull cart, and pack mule. The value of
fresh beef as an article of diet is inestimable and has at all times given
this Department the greatest concern, and the problem can only be
fully solved when the transportation problem is solved.

tresh vegetables. — Fresh vegetables, like fresh meat, present much
difficulty in handling. The islands are capable of producing nearly
all kinds of vegetables, but owing to the unfavorable conditions which
have existed for several years production has been at a minimum.
The supply for the Philippines has been procured in the United States,
Australia, New Zealand, China, and India, and the vegetables have
cost 2.7375 cents per pound, though the contract for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1903, is at 2.6 cents per pound. In this connection
the chief commissary of the Division of the Philippines remarks:

The supply has generally been ample and the qualities good and, except in iso-
lated cases, the losses small. Thirteen million seven hundred and fifty-one thousand
and one hundred and sixteen pounds of potatoes and 2,693,809 pounds of onions have
been supplied to troops in this division during the year ending June 30, 1902. Vege-

WAR 1902— vol 1 35

546

REPORT OF THE COMMISSARY -GENERAL.

tables are received from the contractor, picked over, assorted by hand (the contractor
stands all loss due to sorting), recrated, and shipped to their destination, and, while
losses an high as 50 per cent and even 90 per cent have occurred, the average loss on
the total vegetables handled has been about 5 per cent. The large losses mentioned
have l>een generally due to changes of destinations of vessels after loading or to
unforeseen delays in delivery.

When it was impracticable to send fresh vegetables to distant and
inaccessible points, desiccated vegetables were furnished as a substi-
tute, but they have not in many instances given satisfaction. . When
neither fresh nor desiccated vegetables could be furnished troops,
commutation of the fresh vegetable ration has been authorized.

IV. TnK RATION AND HALES ARTICLES.

The utmost care has been exercised to supply the best quality of
stores for issues and sales, and the chief commissary of the Division of
the Philippines says on the subject:

The ration has given excellent satisfaction to the troops. The native scouts, etc,
prefer the components of our ration to their ordinary nee and fish diet, which was
forced upon them by their poverty, and officers have reported that when liard work
or marching was required from the natives, a diet containing meat was a necessity
in order to secure the best results. The troops still continue to prefer the army
bean rather than rice for the principal portion of their dried vegetable ration; bacon
and beef are desired here as much as they are in the United States, and sugar is
used to a much greater extent, and this office has been informed by medical officers
that the go<xl physical condition of the troops in these islands has been due largely
to the abundance and the good quality of the subsistence stores.

By authority of the Secretary of War, and in accordance with the
provisions of section 1144 of the Revised Statutes of the United States
and paragraph 1351 of the Army Regulations, the following list of
stores to be Kept on hand for sales to officers and enlisted men in the
Philippines was established and published in Circular No. 6, Office of
the Commissary -General, 1901:

Articles.

Varieties.

All articles which arc
components of the ra-
tion, and thefollowing:

Apples

Asparagus

Bacon, breakfast, dry-salt
cure.

Basins, hand

Beans

Beef

Beet extract

Blacking, shoe

Blanco

1'nit of weight Kinds or sixes of pac

preferred"

or measure.

Canned Can. . .

do do

Sliced -....' do

Bluing

Brooms, whisk

Brushes, blacking.

Brushes, hair

Brushes

Butter

Buttons, bone

Buttons, collar

Candy

Can openers

Chamois skins

Cheese

Cherries

Chocolate

Cigars

Granite ; Number

St riiigless \ (!an

Chipped do . .

I Jar

I American Box

/Khaki

;\White

Powdered

Medium size

1 Nn '1

Medium ,

Nail

Shaving ,

Tooth, assorted

}•

.do
.do

Number

do ..

....do..
....do..
....do..
....do..
Pound . .
Number
....do..
Pound

'21-pound cans.
2-pound cans.
1-pound cans.

2-pound cans.
1-pound cans.
4-ounce Jan.
4-ouncc boxes.

K-ounce boxes.

2-ounce boxes.

L. andS

No hinge

Three varieties

Plain ' Number

2 to 2\ feet square do . .

(American ; Pound..

Number
Can

\Edam
j Canned.

Kfa.:::::::;;::::;::::::>«'«n<>

Three brands Number

3-pound cans.
1-pound packages.
Boxes; | boxes.

REPOBT OF THE OOMMI88ABY-GENEBAL.

547

Articles.

Cinnamon

Clothespins ,

Cloves

Cocoa ,

Coffee, extra

Coffee, roasted

Combe

Corn

Crackers

Currants

Electro silicon

Envelopes, letter .
Envelopes, note . .

Flavoring extract

Gelatin

Ginger ale

Ham

Handkerchief, linen
Handkerchief, silk .

Ink

Jam .

Jelly
Lard.

Listerine
Lobster . .

Lye

Macaroni
Matches .

Milk.

Mushrooms.

Mustard

Needles .
Nutmegs
Oatmeal.

Oil

Olives . . .

Pipes, brierwood
Plum pudding . .

Polish, shoe

Preserves

Raj si an

Razors

Razor strops
Salt, table . .
Sardines

Varieties.

Ground.

Ground

Breakfast

Java

Mocha

Fine, rubber

Pocket, rubber . .
Rubber, medium

Green

Ginger, soda

Best....

do..

/Lemon .
\Vanilla.

Oystere

Paper, letter

Paper, note

Paper, toilet

Peaches

Pears

Peas, green

Pencils, lead

Penholders

Pens

Pepper, red

Pickles

Pineapples

Pins

Imported

I/Deviled

\Dry-salt cure

Medium size and quality. . .

White

/Black

(Indelible

Assorted blackberry and
strawberry.

Currant

Choicest

Canned

Concentrated.

Unit of weight
or measure.

Pound . .
Number
Pound . .

Tin

Pound . .

do..

Number

do..

Can ....
Pound..

Tin

Box

Number
do..

Kinds or sizes of packages
preferred.

}

Bottle . .

Packet .
Bottle . .

Can

Pound . .
Number

do..

Bottle . .

do..

Can

Safety

{Condensed " Eagle "
Evaporated "Highland
Cream."

Australian, condensed

Canned

("French

\Ground

Nos. 3to9

Whole, 65s to 70s

Rolled, compressed

Olive

do.

/ do.

\Pail ...
Bottle
Can...
....do
Pound ,
Box ..

i-pound tins.
6-gross boxes.
4-pound tins,
i-pound tins.
Commercial packages.
Do.

2-pound cans.
5-pound tins. *
2-pound tins.
8-ounce boxes.
Boxes of 250.
Boxes of 125.

2-ounce bottles.

2-ounce packets
Pint bottles,
i-pound cans.
Tierces.

3-ounce bottles.
2-ounce bottla«.
2-pound cans.

Do.
5-pound cans.
5-pound pails.
14-ounce bottles.
1-pound cans.

Do.
1-pound packages.
60*s.

lea

n ! 1-pound cans.

Canned

Best

Flat

Canned

American, 1 variety

American, black, No. 2

Rubber

Coarse, fine, stub

Cayenne

Chowchow.gherkins.mixed
Canned

Nos. 1 and 4.

fWhittemore's black

\Whittemore's russet

Damson, raspberry, and
strawberry.

Boxed

Gallon or can. I

Can

Bottle !

Pound

Papers

Pound

Bottle

Can

Quire

Package

Can

Number

Gross

Pound

Jar

Can

Pyramid

Number

Can

Ibox or bottle.

Reppenhagen

Boxes

o^ /Tomato catsup

bauce \ Worcestershire

Sauerkraut

Sausage f Vienna

Shoestrings.

Soap.

Soup

Sponges

Linen and porpoise

Cuticura, glycerin (Pear's) .

Lettuce

Oatmeal

Shaving

White floating

Sapolio

Beef, chicken, clam chow-
der, mock turtle, oxtail.
Large ,

Can.

Pound . .
Number

do..

Bottle . .

Bottle
....do.
Pound .
Can ...
Pair...

lcake ..

Stick

ake

Can .

i cans.

8-ounce bottles,
i-pound tins.

2-pound tins.
Quart bottle*.
Pint bottles*.
2-pound cans.
5-quire packages.
Do.

3-pound cans.

Do.
2-pound cans.
12 to carton.

2-ounce bottles.
Pint jars.
2-pound cans.
12 to carton.

2-pound cans.

Do.
Boxes.

2i-pound bottles.
a boxes.
Pint bottle,
i-pint bottles.
10-gallon kegs.
2-pound cans.

Number,,,,,,

Quart cans.

548

BEPOBT OF THE C0MMIS8ABY-GENEBAL.

Articles.

Varieties.

Starch

Sugar, white.

Com

Laundry

Cut loaf, hard

Granulated, line.

(Powdered

Tablets, letter and note i Best

Talcum powder Small tins

Tansan wa^er ,

Tapioca

Thread .
Tobacco

Granulated

Cotton (black, white, kha-
ki).

Linen (black, white)

Silk (black)

/Plug (Climax )

| Smoking (Durham)

Toilet water , Colgate's

Tongue | Beef

Tooth powder

Unit of weight Kinds or sizes of packages
or measure. I preferred.

f Pound.
do.

.do

do..

Number

do..

Bottle . .
Pound . .

Towels No. 2 huck. and cotton bath.

Toweling Unbleached

Witch-hazel

Wheat, rolled

-Spool.

Pound.

Bottle

Can

Box. bottle,

tube.
Number.
Yard.

Bottle

Pound

1 pound packages.

Barrels; i barrels; 50-
pound boxes.

Barrels; i barrels; 100-
pound double Hacks.

k barrels; 50-pound boxes.

1-pound packages.

Pint bottles.
2-pound cans.

Pint bottles.
2-pound tins.

At one time as many as 300 different articles of stores for sales was
authorized and supplied, but the number is now limited to about 150.
During the year the sales throughout the archipelago reached the
grand total of $2,022,122.09.

V. GENERAL DEPOT OF SUPPLY.

The general depot of supply is at Manila and under the charge of
Maj. Barrington K. West.

Some idea of the magnitude of its transactions can be realized when
it is considered that all subsistence stores and property received and
distributed in the Division of the Philippines are handled by this depot.
It has received and supplied as high as 300 different articles during the
year; and the stores snipped, issued, and sold, for the use of officers,
enlisted men, and the sick, amounted to a total money value of
$5,125,070.58, and special steward stores amounted to $20,835.78.
The monthly average of stores received, shipped, and handled was
about 16,000,000 pounds, and a total of 187,528,372 pounds, net, was
handled for the year.

A loss of only $627.35 was incurred in unloading $1,906,902.25
worth of cargo, transporting of same 2 miles in cascoes, and placing
the supplies in storehouses, which is most creditable to the depot com-
missary, the officer in charge of water transportation, and those con-
nected with their offices.

One of the pressing needs of the Subsistence Department in connec-
tion with the snipment from the depot of stores of a perishable nature,
such as fresh meat, fresh vegetables, and ice, is two light-draft
steamers with ice plant, and arranged especially for the delivery of
these articles. While the greatest care at the depot is observed in
handling such stores, }Tet owing to the lack of speedy transportation
large losses are sustained on these very perishable articles, due to
deterioration en route on commercial vessels, which are delayed or
diverted from their courses long enough to cause the loss of all the
vegetables and possibty the meat, and at the same time the troops are
deprived of these highly appreciated articles so essential to their health
and comfort.

BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSAR Y-GENEBAL. 549

Tremendous responsibilities have devolved upon Major West, which
he has been equal to in every way. He has carefully guarded the pub-
lic interests, systematized the work, reduced expenses, and labored
incessantly. Col. J. P. Sanger, inspector-general of the Philippines,
in his report of an inspection of the depot, stated:

Major West is an excellent officer in every respect and a model commissary, and
the condition of the depot reflects great credit on nim and his assistants.

VI. SALES DEPOT AT MANILA.

This depot is in charge of Capt. Douglas Settle, and practically fur-
nished the food supply of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and civil-
ians authorized to purchase, stationed in and about Manila. On an
average about 5,000 persons were supplied from this depot.

Stores to the value of $480,609.31 were handled at an expense of
5i per cent, which includes salaries, rent, ice, forage, etc. ; and losses
from condemnation on this total was only 1^ per cent, which is a most
creditable showing when it is considered that business houses usually
count upon 10 per cent and more for expenses in the transaction of
business.

There was in addition to all other items stores valued at $185,443.20
transferred to the Navy from the depot, besides large quantities sup-
plied vessels at Cebu, Candon, lloilo, Zamboanga, Tacloban, and other
points.

VII. SUPPLY OF CONCENTRATION CAMPS.

Among other factors which have helped to swell the vast volume of
labor performed by the Subsistence Department has been the supply
of concentration camps.

The chief commissary of the Division of the Phlippines has the fol-
lowing remarks touching the supply of enormous quantities of rice to
these concentration camps, which involved a large amount of gratui-
tous labor by the Subsistence Department:

When it was decided to concentrate the inhabitants of Batangas and Laguna in
camps, where they could be protected from the insurgents, General Bell made
arrangements with this office to supply these people through officers, designated by
himself, an abundance of food to prevent any suffering. The method was to collect
from the wealthy classes a percentage more than the rice cost, yet less than they
have been in the habit of paying for it; the middle classes were supplied at cost and
the poor classes were supplied from a surplus resulting from sales to others, and these
poor people, if able to work, were placed at road building and other public improve-
ments, and paid with this surplus rice. Under this arrangement 14,000,000 pounds
of rice have been supplied to the natives of these two provinces, besides a quantity
of sugar and salt. The natives have received the rice for less than they would have
had to pay in times of profound peace, and the Subsistence Department has not been
called upon to reduce its appropriation one dollar. I inspected several of the con-
centration camps where there was peace, plenty, comfort, and apparently happiness,
and am satisfied that while they were originally intended for protection to the natives
and assistance to the military authorities, they really became to the natives of the
country camps in instruction and sanitation, and the poorer people were better off in
every way than ever before.

VIII. LOSSES.

A variety of causes led to large losses during the year. These losses
resulted in the main from conditions which could not be foreseen or
provided against. Among the prolific sources was a lack of adequate
and proper transportation facilities; quarantine regulations which
were established on account of Asiatic cholera, and necessitated perish-
able articles like fresh vegetables remaining in quarantine for at least
five days; the lack of proper cold-storage facilities, fire, theft, and the
condemnation of large quantities of old stores accumulated throughout

550 REPORT OF THE COMMI8SARY-GEKEBAL.

the islands, which surplus was, as the chief commissary of the Division
of the Philippines states:

Due to the reduction in the number of troops, reshipment here of stores intended
for China, to military necessities occasioned by the rapid concentration of troops for
active operations in the field, then their withdrawal or movement to other points,
and the difficulty, owing to lack of mail facilities and inexperience of many post com-
missaries, of getting full and prompt reports; but as far as practicable these stores
have been issued or sold. The fact that some of these have been on hand for a long
time, and, in some cases, shipped and reshipped, has been the cause of many
condemnations.

The total amount of losses for the entire archipelago during the
period was:

Damaged $277,156.90

Shortages 33,160.92

Stolen 1,876.61

Lost in transit 12, 873. 82

Lost by fl re 29, 146. II

Grand total 354, 214. 41

And Colonel Woodruff in commenting on this still further remarks:

This grand total of losses pertains not only to the $5,125,070.58 shipped, but to
$1,548,765.05 value of stores in depot June 30, 1902, and to $2,000,000 approximate
value of stores on hand at the various posts June 30, 1901, or to stores of a total
value of $8, 673, 8r 5.63, making the total losses from all causes about 4 per cent, not
taking into consideration the amounts received from sale of damaged stores, for
shortages when responsibility was fixed, and for collection from contractors for those
lost in transit, the exact amounts of which are not known at this office.

IX. LIST OP OFFICERS.

The list of officers named below were on duty in the subsistence de-
partment in the Division of the Philippines at the close of the fiscal year:

Col. C. A. Woodruff, A. C. G., United States Army, chief commissary, Division
of the Philippines.

Lieut. Col. Henry B. Osgood, D. C. G., United States Army, chief commissary,
Department of South Philippines.

Maj. James N. Allison, commissary, United States Army, chief commissary,
Department of North Philippines.

Maj. George B. Davis, commissary, United States Army, chief commissary, Sixth
Separate Brigade.

Maj. Barrington K. West, commissary, United States Army, depot commissary,
Manila.

Capt. William H. Hart, commissary, United States Army, assistant to the' depot
commissary, Manila.

Capt. Alexander M. Davis, commissary, United States Army, chief commissary,
Seventh Separate Brigade.

Capt. Douglas Settle, United States Infantry, commissary, sales commissury,
Manila.

Capt. Harry E. Wilkins, commissary, United States Army, assistant to the chief
commissary, Division of the Philippines.

Capt. Arthur M. Edwards, commissary, United States Army, assistant to the
depot commissary, Manila.

Capt James A. Logan, jr., commissary, United States Army, assistant to the depot
commissary, Manila.

Capt. Julius N. Kilian, commissary, United States Army, chief commissary, Fifth
Separate Brigade.

Capt. Salmon F. Dutton, commissary, United States Army> chief commissary,
First Separate Brigade.

The following-named officers of the Subsistence Department were on
duty in the Division of the Philippines during the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1902, but were relieved prior to that date:

Maj. A. D. Niskern, commissary. United States Army, chief commissary, Depart-
ment of Southern Luzon, relieved from duty in the Division of thePhilippniea, (Octo-
ber 21. 1901.

REPOBT OF THE COMMIS8ABY-GENERAL. 551

Maj. R. L. Bullard, commissary, United States Army, chief commissary, Depart-
ment of Northern Luzon, granted sick leave of absence with permission to visit the
United States, August 23, 1901.

Capt. Charles P. Stivers, commissary, United States Army, chief commissary,
Department of the Visayas — chief commissary, Fifth Separate Brigade — relieved from
duty in the Division of the Philippines, May 15, 1902. •

Capt. H. G. Cole, commissary, United States Army, depot commissary, Department
of Southern Luzon, assistant to the depot commissary, Manila, relieved from duty in
the Division of the Philippines, November 2, 1901.

Capt. F. H. Lawton, commissary, U. S. Army, sales commissary, Manila, P. I.;
granted leave of absence with permission to visit the United States, September 25,
1901.

Capt. Thomas Franklin, commissary, U. S. Army, assistant to the depot commis-
sary, Manila; relieved from duty in the Division of the Philippines, November 2,
1901.

Capt. T. B. Hacker, commissary, U. S. Army, chief commissary, Department of
Mindanao and Jolo; depot commissary, Zamboanga, Mindanao; relieved from duty
in the Division of the Philippines, October 21, 1901.

Capt. S. B. Bootes, commissary, U. S. Army, assistant to the chief commissary,
Department of Northern Luzon; relieved from duty in the Division of the Philip-
pines, August 22, 1901.

Capt. F. H. Pomroy. commissary, U. S. Army, depot commissary, Department of
Northern Luzon; chief commissary, Fourth District of Northern Luzon; chief com-
missary, First Separate Brigade; relieved from duty in the Division of the Philip-
pines, May 8, 1902.

Capt. William Elliott, commissary, U. S. Army; assistant to the depot commissary,
Manila; relieved from duty in the Division of the Philippines, May 15, 1902.

All the officers mentioned in the foregoing lists have rendered effi-
cient and meritorious service, and Col. Charles A. Woodruff, the chief
commissary of the division, deserves special mention. His administra-
tion has been characterized by rare judgment and energy, zeal for the
Eublic service, and indefatigable labor. Whatever he has done has
een admirably conceived and successfully carried out, and he has
added to his already enviable record by his splendid, service in the
Philippines.

X. CLERICAL FORCE.

The chief commissary of the Division of the Philippines in his
annual report says of the clerical force in the Philippines:

I desire to invite attention to the clerks in the Subsistence Department. But few
of them are under the civil service rules, but I think every deserving one should
be so placed. They have worked early and late, and many of them nave loyally
remained with the department when they could have secured more lucrative posi-
tions elsewhere. As conditions are, there is no incentive for them to remain; if ill,
they must be discharged, and it is thought it would be just to give them an opportu-
nity to enter the civil service list and then be interchanged with clerks of the depart-
ment now in the United States.

The chief commissary of the Department of North Philippines says
on the same subject:

Provision should be made toward placing the clerks in the Philippines on a basis
at least approaching that of employees of the same character in the States. These
men are doing valuable and necessary work, and as a rule are intelligent, energetic,
able, faithful, and hard working. Most of them are discharged soldiers of excellent
character and record of service. They are held as "temporary" employees, and
under existing conditions there appears to be no way in which, whatever their merit,
they can gain access to the civil service, while many of them are thoroughly compe-
tent and experienced clerks.

The depot commissary at Manila also states in the same connection:

There are a number of temporary clerks in this office whom I would specially
commend to your favorable consideration. These men have stood by us during the
heat and burden of the day; they are men of high character, and are experts in their

552

REPORT OF THE COMMISSARY -GENERAL.

lines of work. Most of them have served as soldiers, either Volunteer or Regular,
and they now desire to enter the civil service, but there seems to be no way of thus
rewarding these faithful public servants.

XI. COMMISSARY SERGEANTS.

With reference to the commissary sergeants serving in the Philip-
pines, the chief commissary of the division makes the following com-
mendatory mention of them:

We have in this division 61 commissary sergeants, and their faithful and intelli-
gent services have been of inestimable value to the Government in handling, caring,
and accounting for stores.

NEW SUBSISTENCE MANUAL.

So many changes have occurred since the publication of the first
Subsistence Manual, which appeared in the year 1896, that a new
edition was prepared and received the approval of the Secretary of
War on April 7, 1902. If nothing else were required to emphasize
the absolute need of such a book, the difficulties experienced during
the Spanish war from lack of such a manual were amply sufficient.

The principal idea in its preparation was to have it embody in a
condensed form all essential regulations of the Subsistence Depart-
ment, thereby affording a ready reference and guide for the use of
officers doing subsistence duty, without necessitating a search through
an undigested mass of regulations, orders, circulars, decisions, and
rulings scattered through a period of years. Such a slow, tedious,
and laborious plan renders a diligent dispatch of business impracticable.

FILIPINO RATION AND COMMUTATION THEREOF.

By virtue of General Order No. 24, Adjutant-General's Office, March
12, 1902, all the provisions of Article LXXIX of the Regulations of
1901, relating to the subsistence of enlisted men of the Armv were
extended to the enlisted men of the Philippine Scouts, except that the
ration for them for garrison or field service (to be known as the Fili-
pino ration) and commutation thereof are as indicated below.

The kinds and quantities of articles of the Filipino ration and the
quantities computed for 100 rations are as follows:

Articles.

Quanti
rat

Ounces.
12

ties per
ion.

Quantities per 100 rations.

Meat components:

GUIs.

Pounds.
75

37i

100
100
175

25
12|

24
6*

Ounces.

Quarts.

Or bacon

Or canned roast beef

Or canned corned beef

Or canned salmon

Or codfish, dried

Or fresh fish

12
16

Bread components:

Flour

Or hard bread

Vegetable components:

Potatoes

i
r

Or onions

Coffee and sugar component*:

Coffee

■

Sugar

Seasoning components:

Vinegar

Salt

8
S

Soap and candle components:

Soap.

Candles - *--*

«:::::*™

REPORT OF THE COMMISSARY-GENERAL. 553

COMMUTATION OF RATIONS.

Commutation of rations to Philippine scouts, under clauses 1, 3, 4,
and 5 of paragraph 1410 of the Regulations, will be at the following
rates per day: Under clause 1, 25 cents; under clause 3, 50 cents;
under clause 4, 75 cents; under each of tne subheads of clause 5, 75
cents. No commutation will be allowed under clause 2.

. EMERGENCY RATION.

The emergency ration has been very generally used in the Philip-
pines, though it has not proved wholly a success, but experiments are
still in progress, and it is expected that in due time a ration of this
character will be evolved which will prove satisfactory in every respect*

ISSUE BACON.

After investigation and exhaustive experiments for several years
the production of this article under specifications prepared by this
Department has reached as nearly as possible to perfection. Much
of the credit for this successful outcome is due to the intelligent and
laborious effort of Maj. Charles R. Krauthoff, purchasing commissary
at Chicago, 111.

FRESH-BEEF HASH.

Experiments are being conducted with the aim of producing a sat-
isfactory fresh-beef hash, consisting of fresh beer, potatoes, and
onions, to be used as a substitutive issue for all other components of
the fresh meat and vegetable ration when troops are operating in the
field and war conditions exist.

DETAILS FROM LINE OF THE ARMY UNDER ACT FEBRUARY 2, 1901.

It is recommended that all details to the Subsistence Department
under the act of February 2, 1901, be from first lieutenants or the line
to the grade of captain, and while performing such duty the officers so
detailed to receive the pay and emoluments of a captain.

SUBSISTENCE FUNDS HELD IN HAND FOB READY DISBURSEMENT.

I again submit to the honorable the Secretary of War, and urgently
request his endeavors to have embodied into law, a bill to give authority
to all officers intrusted with the disbursement of subsistence funds to
hold restricted amounts of such funds in their personal possession.
The exigencies of the public service require an open disregard of the
restrictions of the existing law in cities where the treasurer or an
assistant treasurer is located.

A bill which was intended to meet .the necessities of the case passed
the Senate March 24, 1900 (S. 2870), a copy of which is appended:

AN ACT concerning disbursing officers of the Subsistence Department of the Army.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That officers intrusted with the disbursement of funds for the
subsistence of the Army are hereby authorized to keep, at their own risk, in their
personal possession for disbursement, such restricted amounts of subsistence funds
for facilitating payments of small amounts to public creditors as shall from time to
time be authorized by the Secretary of War.

554 BEPOBT OF THE 0OMMI88ABY-GENEBAL.

AUTHORITY FOR DISPOSITION OF SUBSISTENCE STORES NO LONGER

NEEDED.

In my annual report of last year I had the honor to submit the fol
lowing for the consideration of the honorable the Secretary of War:

I have the honor to again urge upon the Secretary of War the need of legislation
authorizing the sale at public auction of subsistence stores in good condition which
may at any time accumulate in excess at any depot or point of supply and which
can not advantageously or economically be transported to other points for issue or
sale to troops. The draft of a bill to accomplish the object desired heretofore sub-
mitted by this office is as follows:

"BeU enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of tlie United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of War may cause to be sold at public sale,
under regulations to be prescribed by him, such subsistence stores in good condition
intended for issue or for sales to officers and enlisted men as may from time to time
accumulate at any subsistence depot, military post, or in the field, in excess of
amounts required for use and which can not, with economy and advantage, be shipped
to other subsistence depots, posts, or places for military use, the proceeds to be
immediately available for general disbursement, under the appropriation for subsist-
ence of the Army current at the time of sale, for any of the objects contemplated by
that appropriation."

As the proceeds of all sales of subsistence supplies are, by the act of March 3, 1875
(18 Stat. L., 410), now "exempt from being covered into the Treasury," and are
made "immediately available for the purchase of fresh supplies," the above pro-
posed legislation is in exact accord with existing law as to disposition of proceeds of
authorized sales of subsistence supplies. There is no law, however, authorizing the
sale to the public of subsistence supplies in bulk which are in good condition, the
only legislation bearing on the subject of sales of military supplies (sec 1236, Rev.
Stat. ) being general in its nature and providing only for the sale of stores which,
upon proper inspection or survey, appear to be "damaged" or "unsuitable for the
public service." As all public sales of subsistence supplies in good condition in bulk
now taking place are being made under the guise of the stores being "unsuitable,"
and such an appropriation of the wording of section 1236 to cover transactions which
would else be without even the color of authority of law is strained and unsatisfac-
tory, I earnestly recommend that the above draft of law be pressed upon the attention
of Congress.

As illustrating the wastefulness which is consequent upon the absence of a law
authorizing the public sale of subsistence stores in good condition which in the vicis-
situdes of service have been left as surplus at distribution points in spite of all reason-
able foresight, it may be stated that, m order to avoid total loss to the Government,
valuable stores which had been purchased for sales to officers and enlisted men
under section 1144, Revised Statutes, have been issued to enlisted men in place of
equal weights of the authorized articles of the ration. A law authorizing the public
sale of such stores would have saved the necessity of resorting to such extravagant
issues in order to avoid a total loss. The same conditions exist in all sections where
rapid removals of troops take place, or where throughout extensive regions troops
are withdrawn or discharged.

ARMY BAKERS.

I again reiterate the recommendation that has been made in seven-
teen annual reports by Commissaries-General since 1877 for the enlist-
ment of bakers in the service.

TRAINING SCHOOL FOR ARMY COOKS.

I also renew my recommendation of last year for the establishment
of one or more schools for the training of cooks and bakers for the
service. The Medical Department has established a school for teach-
ing the art of cooking to tne Hospital Corps, and was given an appro-
E nation in the army appropriation act for the purpose. A competent
nowledge of the art of cooking is as necessary for those who cook
for well men as for those who cook for the sick. It is hoped that the

REPORT OF THE COMMISSARY-GENERAL.

555

Secretary of War will urge the Military Committee of the House to
favorably consider the above proposition and request that committee
to recommend to the Appropriations Committee the insertion of an
item in the army appropriation bill authorizing and appropriating for
the training schools proposed. An appropriation of $25,000 would be
sufficient for preliminary preparation and equipment. '

CLERICAL FORCE, OFFICE OF THE COMMISSARY-GENERAL.

Under the provisions of the act of April 28, 1902, clerks and other
employees on the temporary roll were transferred to the classified
service, and the regular and temporary clerical forces are now merged.

There is no employee in this office below a fair standard of efficiency,
or permanently incapacitated for the discharge of duty. Thev have
all performed their duties diligently and faithfully, many having
worked beyond office hours in order to bring their work up to date
and keep it up. While no extra compensation can be allowed by
executive authority for this extra work, it is but justice to deserving
employees to give this praiseworthy conduct and spirit mention here.

ROSTER OF OFFICERS OF THE SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT.

The following list shows the officers of the Subsistence Department
and their duties on July 1, 1902:

Name and rank.

Dutv and Htation.

Assigned to
present
station.

COMMIS8ARY-<JENERAL.

With rank ofljriijadier-ycnrral
John F. Weston

ASSISTANT COMMISHA K I US-
GENERA L.

With rank of voUmrl.
Charles A. Woodruff

Henry G. Sharpe

Frank E. Nye

DEPUTY COMMI8SARIE8-
(JENERAL.

With r<nik of lieutenant-colonel

William L. Alexander

Henry B. Osgood

Edward E. Dravo

Abiel L. Smith

COMMISSARIES.

WUh rank of major.

Tasker H. Bliss

James N. Allison

Commissary-general Dee. 13, WOO

Chief commissary, Division of the Philippines, Manila,

P.I.
Under orders to return to the United States, per S. 0.,

106, Headquarters Army, May 6, 1902.
En route to Manila, P. I,, for duty as Chief Commissary,

Division of the Philippines, per S. O., 106, Headquarters

Army, May 5, 1902.
Chief commissary, Department of the Columbia, and

purchasing commissary, Vancouver Barracks, Wash.
In charge of matters connected with the Subsistence

Department on the transports sailing from Portland or

Puget Sound ports.

Assistant to the Commissary-General, Washington, D. C .
Chief commissary, Department of South Philippines,

Cebu, Philippine Islands.
Chief commissary, Department of the East, Governors

Island, N. Y.
Purchasing commissary, St. Louis, Mo

Assigned to station in Washington, D. C, until further
orders, per S. O., 128, Headquarters Army, May 31, 1902.

Chief commissary, Department of North Philippines,
Manila, Philippine Islands.

July 17,1900

Aug. 19,1901
Aug. 19,1901

June 13, 1902
Dec. 16,1901

Oct. 17,1900

8ept. 17, 1901

Dec. 1,1901

556

BEPOBT OF THE COMMISSARY-GENERAL.

Name and rank.

Duty and station.

commissaries— continued.
With rank of major— Cont'd.
William H. Baldwin

David L. Brainunl.,

George B. Davis

Karrington K.West
Albert I >. Niskern .

Robert L. Bullard

Charles R. Krauthoff

With rank of captain.
William H. Bean

William H. Hart

Alexander M. Davis

Douglas Settle, V. S. Infantry

Hugh J. Gallagher

George W. Rut hers

Harry E. Wil kins

William L. Geary

Charles P. Stivers

Henry G.Cole

Arthur M. Edwards

•

Jacob E. Bloom

Frank H. Lawton

Thoma* W. Darrah, l'. S. In

fantry.
Thomas Franklin

Frank A. Cook

William R. Grove

Purchasing commissary, San Francisco, Cal

Subsistence superintendent, Army transport service,

par. 5, A. T. K.
Under orders for duty as chief commissary. Department

of California, per 8. 0. 143, Headquarters Army. June

18, 1902.

Purchasing commissary, New York, N. Y

Granted leave of absence for one month and eleven days,

1>er S. 0. 129, Headquarters Army, June 2, 1902. On
eave from June 24, 1902.
Chief commissary. Sixth Separate Brigade, and depot

commissary, Tacloban, Philippine Islands.
Under orders to return to the United States, per S. O.
143, Headquarters Army, June 18, 1902.

Depot commissary, Manila, Philippine Islands

Chief commissary, Department or the Missouri, and pur-
chasing commissary, Omaha, Nebr.
Temporarily chief commissary, Department of the Lakes,

Chicago. 111.
Granted leave of absence for 1 month, to take effect
about June 1, 1902, with permission to apply for an ex-
tension of 1 month, per S. 0., 106, Headquarters
Army, May 3, 1902. Leave extended 1 month per
i S. O., 143, Headquarters Army, June 18, 1902. On leave
I from May 30, 1902.

. I Granted leave of absence for 3 months on surgeon's

certificate of disability, with permission to visit the

| United States, per S. O., 224, Headquarters Division of

; the Philippines, Aug. 23, 1901. Leave extended 8

months on surgeon's certificate of disability, per 8. O.,

22. Headquarters Army, Jan. 27, 1902; leave further

, extended 1 month on surgeon's certificate of disabil-

I ity, per S, O., 94, Headquarters Army, Apr. 21, 1902; leave

further extended 1 month on surgeon's certificate of

disability, per S. O., 105, Headquarters Army, May 3,

1902. On leave since Oct. 2, 1901. En route to Manila,

P. I.: sailed June 16. 1902.

Purchasing commissary, Chicago, III

Acting chief commissary, Department of the Lakes, dur-
ing the absence of Major Niskern, on leave.

Assigned to
present
station.

Jan. 22, 1897

Sept. 1, 1900

Nov. 28.1901

Mar. 7.1901
Dec. 11,1901

Jan. 81,1902

Purchasing commissary, Kansas City, Mo

Granted leave of absence for 1 month, per S. O., 144,
Headquarters Army, June 19, 1902. On leave from
June 2ft. 1902.

Assistant to depot commissary, Manila, P. I

Chief commissary, Seventh Separate Brigade, Zambo-
anga, P. I.

Depot commissary, Zamboanga. P. I

Sales commissary, Manila, Philippine Islands

Assistant to the Commissary-General, Washington, D. C .

Chief commissary, Department of California, San Fran-
cisco, Cal.

Under orders for duty in the Philippine Islands; to pro-
ceed on transport sailing about July 15, 1902, per S. O.
143, Headquarters Army, June 18, 1902.

Assistant to chief commissary, Division of the Philip-
pines, Manila, Philippine Islands.

Assistant to purchasing' commissary, San Francisco, Cal .

Commissary of camps, Presidio of San Francisco, Cal

Under orders to return to the United States, per 8. 0. 59,
Headquarters Army, March 11, 1902. Awaiting trans-
portation at Manila, Philippine Islands, June 14, 1902.

Assistant to purchasing commissary, New York, N. Y....

Acting purchasing commissary, New York, N. Y., daring
absence of Major Brainard. on leave.

Assistant to depot commissary, Manila, Philippine
Islands.

Assistant to purchasing commissary, Chicago, 111

Assistant to chief commissary, Department of the East,
Governors Island, N. Y.

Chief commissary, Department of Dakota, and purchas-
ing commissary, St. Paul, Minn.

Treasurer U. S. Military Academy and quartermaster
and commissary of cadets, West Point, N. Y.

Chief commissary, Department of the Colorado, and
purchasing commissary, Denver, Colo.

Assistant to chief commissary. Department of the Mis-
souri, and purchasing commissary, Omaha, Nebr.

Acting purchasing commissary, Kansas City, Mo., dur-
ing the absence of Captain Bean, on leave.

Aug. 28,1901
May 80.1902

Oct. 29,1901

Oct. 31,1901
Dec. 1,1901

Nov. 1,1901

Oct. 1, 1901

Sept. 9,1901

Nov. 7,1901

Apr. 20,1902

May 27,1901
Aug. 81,1901

June 24,1902

Oct 21,1901

June 6,1902
June 80, 1902

Nov. 8,1901

Jan. 8,1902

Not. 1,1901

Jan. 24,1902

Jane 26, 1902

KEPOBT OF THE COMMISSARY -GENEBAL.

557

Name and rank.

commissaries— continued.
With rank qf captain— Cont'd.

Theodore B. Hacker

Morton J. Henry

Samuel B. Bootes

Duty and Rtation.

Frederic H. Pomroy.

David B. Case . .
William Elliott.

James A. Logan, jr
Julius N. Kilian
Salmon F. Dutton .
Michael 8. Murray.

Post commissary, Fort Leavenworth, Kans

Purchasing commissary, Boston, Mass

Chief commissary. Department of Texas, and purchas-
ing commissary, San Antonio, Tex.

Under orders to return to the United States, per S. 0. 69,
Headquarters Army, Mar. 11, 1902. Awaiting trans-
portation at Manila, Philippine Islands, June 14, 1902.

Assistant to the purchasing commissary, New York, N. Y.

Under orders to proceed to St. Louis, Mo., for duty as
assistant to the purchasing commissary, per S. 0. 147,
Headquarters Army, June 23, 1902.

Assistant to depot commissary, Manila, Philippine Is-
lands.

On duty in the Division of the Philippines. Arrived at
Manila. P. I., May 12, 1902.

On duty in the Division of the Philippines. Arrived at
Manila, P. I., May 1, 1902.

Assistant to the Commissary-General, Washington, D.C..

Assigned to
present
station.

Feb. 6, 1902
Mar. 14,1902
Mar. 17,1902

Mar. 24,1902

May 17,1902

Apr. 17,1901

Note.— The names of officers detailed from the line under section 26, act of February 2, 1901, are
printed in italics.

Respectfully submitted.

The Secretary of War.

J. F. Weston,

Co nun luxury- Genera!.

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

559

REPORT

THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

Wak Department, Surgeon General's Office,

Washington, D. (?., September tf, 1902.

Sir: In rendering this report 1 have the honor to submit first, a
statement of disbursements made during the fiscal year ended June 30,
1902.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT, 1902. «

Medical and hospital department, 1902,

Appropriated by act approved March 2, 1901 $2, 000, 000. 00

Sales to Quartermaster's Department $588. 00

Sales to civil government, Philippine Islands 23, 206. 69

Sales to States and Territories for use of National Guards 2, 266. 64
Other refundments during the year (including transfer
settlement by Treasury Department to adjust appro-
priations, $619.31 )....* 902. 59

26, 963. 92

Total to be accounted for 2, 026, 963 92

Disbursed during the year:

Expenses of medical supply depots $493. 02

Medical supplies 286, 804. 37

Medical attendance and medicines 11, 240. 50

Medical expenses of recruiting 48, 875. 64

Pay of nurses 3, 975. 95

Pay of other employees 122, 170. 48

Washing of hospital linen 40, 960. 43

Expressage 127.60

Notary fees 93.90

514, 741. 89

Transferred by Treasury settlements to adjust appropriations 333. 54

Balances on hand June 30, 1902:

In United States Treasury and in transit thereto. . &$1, 436, 615. 30
In hands of disbursing officers —

New York City 30,701.85

Washington, D. C 11, 661. 20

St. Louis, Mo. (and in transit thereto ) 13, 862. 83

San Francisco, Cal 7, 551. 57

Havana, Cuba 676. 81

Manila, P. 1 10,737.94

Iloilo,P.I 64.92

Pekin, China 16. 07

1,511,888.49

Total accounted for 2,026,963.92

« The disbursements in this statement include settlements with public creditors
made by the accounting officers of the Treasury and charged by them to thsee
appropriations.

&Of this amount $1,000,000 was transferred July 1, 1902, to the appropriation
"Medical and hospital department, 1903," by virtue of the act approved .Tune 30,
1902.

war 1902— vol 1 36 561

562 BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

Medical and hospital department, 1901.

Balances on hand July 1, 1901, acts of May 26, 1900, and March 3, 1901 . $343, 031. 78

Sales to States for use of National Guards $148. 08

Other refundments during the year (including transfer set-
tlements by Treasury Department to adjust appropria-
tions, $333.54) 777.95

926.03

Total to be accounted for 343, 957. 81

Disbursed during the year:

Expenses of medical supply depots $91. 92

Medical supplies 99,983.27

Medical attendance and medicines 2, 869. 56

Medical expenses of recruiting 4, 662. 50

Pay of nurses 569. 70

Pay of other employees 6, 412. 55

Washing of hospital linen 6, 314. 25

120,903.75

Transferred by Treasury settlement to adjust appropriations 619. 31

Balances on hand June 30, 1902:

In United States Treasury $219,232.22

In hands of disbursing officer, Washington, D. C 3, 202. 53

222, 434. 75

Total accounted for 343,957.81

Medical and hospital department, 1900.

Balances on hand July 1, 1901, acts of March 3, 1899, and February 9,

1900 $110,222.28

Refundments during the year 77.07

Total to be accounted for 110,299.35

Disbursed during the year:

Medical supplies $5. 37

Medical attendance and medicines 192. 31

Medical expenses of recruiting 172. 55

Pay of employees 431. 00

Washing of hospital linen 22. 35

Exchange on funds to island possessions 28. 65

852.23

Carried to surplus fund 109, 447. 12

Total accounted for 110,299.35

Medical and hospital department, 1899 and prior years.

Refundment during the year $15.00

Carried to surplus fund 15.00

Medical and hospital department, certified claim*.

Appropriated by act approved February 14, 1902 $662. 01

Appropriated by act approved Julv 1, 1902 4, 226. 66

$4,888.67

Disbursed 4,888.67

Appropriation for national defense, certified claims.

Appropriated by act approved July 1, 1902 $70.50

Disbursed TO. 50

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 568

Reimbursement to contract nurses (traveling expenses) .

Balance on hand July 1, 1901, act of June 6, 1900 $3,322.66

Disbursed during the year 19. 88

Balance in United States Treasury June 30, 1902 3, 302. 68

Total accounted for 3,322.56

Artificial limbs, 1902.

Appropriated by act approved March 3, 1901 $125, 000. 00

Disbursed during the year 116, 185. 00

Balance on hand June 30, 1902 8, 815. 00

Artificial limbs, J 901.

Balance July 1, 1901, act of June 6, 1900 $16,185.39

Disbursed during the year 5, 482. 58

Balanceon hand June 30, 1902 10,702.81

Artificial limbs, 1900.

Balance July 1, 1901, act of March 3, 1899 $36,334.00

Disbursed during the year 991 . 85

Carried to surplus fund 35, 342. 15

Total accounted for 36, 334. 00

Artificial limbs, 1899.

Balance July 1, 1901, act of July 1, 1898 $4.68

Carried to surplus fund 4. 68

Artificial limbs, certified claims.

Appropriated by act approved —

February 14, 1902 $121.96

July 1, 1902 41.76

Total to be accounted for 163. 72

Disbursed 163.72

Appliances for disabled soldiers, 1902.

Appropriated by act approved March 3, 1901 $2, 000. 00

Disbursed during the year 1, 375. 35

Balanceon hand June 30, 1902 624.65

Appliances for disabled soldiers, 1901.

Balance July 1, 1901, act of June 6, 1900 $545.48

Disbursed during the year 63. 00

Balance on hand June 30, 1902 482.48

Appliances for disabled soldiers, 1900.

Balance July 1, 1901, act of March 3, 1899 $905.25

Carried to surplus fund 905. 25

564 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

Army Medical Museum, 1902.

Appropriated by act approved March 2, 1901 $5, 000. 00

Disbursed during the year . . ; 2, 838. 44

Balance on hand June 30, 1 902 2, 161. 66

Army Medical Museum, 1901.

Balance July 1, 1901, act of May 26, 1900 $2, 110. 30

Disbursed during the year 1, 550. 16

Balance on hand June 30, 1902 560.14

Army Medical Museum, 1900.

Balance July 1, 1901, act of March 3, 1899 $660.43

Carried to surplus fund - 660. 43

Library, Surgeon- General1 s Office, 1902.

Appropriated by act approved March 2, 1901 $10, 000. 00

Disbursed during the year 7, 110. 57

Balance on hand June 30, 1902 2, 889. 43

Library, Surgeon- General1* Office, 1901.

Balance July 1, 1901, act of May 26, 1900 $3, 324. 13

Disbursed during the year 3, 260. 64

Balance on hand June 30, 1902 63. 49

IAbrary, Surgeon- Gen era I1 s Office, 1900.

Balance July 1, 1901, act of March 3, 1899 $11. 21

Carried to surplus fund 11. 21

Furnishing trusses 1o disabled soldiers (seel ions 1176, 1177, and 1178, Revised Statutes^

and act of March 8, 1879) .

Expended during the year $7, 016. 66

Relief of citizens of the French West Indies (act apitrored May IS, 1909),

Drawn by the Medical Department of the Armv $5, 000. 00

Balance on hand June 30, 1902 ." 5,000.00

ARTIFICIAL LIMBS AND THEIR COMMUTATION.

Under the provisions of law relating to artificial limbs there were
furnished during the year ended June 30, 1902, 39 artificial legs, 1
arm, and 1 foot. Commutation certificates were issued for 138 cases
of amputated leg, 79 of amputated arm, 12 of amputated foot, and for
2,029 cases of the loss of the use of a limb. These cases involved an
expenditure of $116,185.

For the year ending June 30, 1903, the sum of $514,000 was esti-
mated for and appropriated June 28, 1902.

During the year ending June 30, 1904, the cases which matured
during the year ending June 30, 1901, and were paid out of the appro-
priation for that year will again require to be met. The disbursements
from that appropriation amounted to $162,297.19. It is calculated
from an examination of the records that about 7 or 8 per cent of the
men on whose behalf this money was expended will have died before

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 565

the time when another benefit would become due, but this reduction
in the number of beneficiaries will be in part offset by claimants dis-
abled in the Spanish-American war and in the Philippines. In view
of these considerations, it is estimated that the sum of $152,000 will
suffice to cover disbursements under the laws relating to artificial
limbs during the fiscal year 1904.

APPLIANCES FOR DISABLED SOLDIERS.

During the past year the sum of $1,438.35 was expended for 182
appliances issued to disabled soldiers.

TRUSSES.

The number of trusses issued and fitted during the year was 911, at
a cost of $7,016.66.

CARE OF DESTITUTE PATIENTS IN THE PROVIDENCE HOSPITAL,

WASHINGTON, D. C.

The act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, appropriated $19,000
for the support and medical treatment of destitute patients in the city
of Washington, D. C, under a contract to be made with this hospital
by the Surgeon -General of the Army. The relief afforded under this
appropriation was as follows:

Patients in hospital July 1, 1901 102

Admitted during the year 1, 215

Total number treated 1, 317

Average number admitted per montu 1 10

Number remaining in hospital June 30, 1902 101

Total number of days' treatment afforded 43, 649

Average number of days' treatment per patient 31

Average number of patients treated per day 120

Longest term of treatment (days) 365

Shortest term of treatment (day ) 1

Number of patients in hospital auring the whole yru:- 9

ARMY MEDICAL MUSEUM.

The total number of specimens in the Army Medical Museum at the
end of the fiscal year, June 30, 1902, was 35,516. The following state-
ment shows, in detail, the additions and changes in the different sections:

Pathological section :

In museum June 30, 1901 12, 153

Discarded 2

12, 151

Transferred from provisional pathological sect ion 4

Received during the year 287

In museum June 30, 1902 12, 442

Anatomical section:

In museum June 30, 1901 1, 552

Discarded 1

1,551
Received during the year 82

In museum June 30, 1902 1, 633

566 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

Section of comparative anatomy:

In museum June 30, 1901 1,432

Discarded 2

In museum June 30, 1902 1, 430

Microscopical section:

In museum June 30, 1901 12, 891

Added during the year 25

In museum June 30, 1902 12, 916

Miscellaneous section:

In museum June 30, 1901 2, 534

Received during the year 71

In museum June 30, 1902 2, 605

Provisional pathological section:

In museum June 30, 1901 1, 326

Discarded 20

Transferred to pathological section 4

Donated to physicians 30

— 54

In museum June 30, 1902 1,272

Provisional anatomical section:

In museum June 30, 1901 678

Donated to physicians 19

In museum June 30, 1902 659

Photographic series:

In museum June 30, 1901 2, 422

Returned to contributor 4

2,418
Received during the year 141

I n museum June 30, 1 902 2, 559

RECAPITULATION.

Specimens in museum June 30, 1901 34, 988

Discarded, donated, and returned to contributor 78

34, 910
Added during the year 606

Specimens in museum June 30, 1902 35, 516

The following are some of the more interesting specimens added to
the museum collection during the past fiscal year:

EMBRYOLOGY.

3815 (anat. ser.). Twenty-two models showing cleavage of ovum and formation of

gastrula.
3816, 3817 (anat. ser. ). Two models showing development of human embryo.
3919, 3920 (anat ser.). Two models showing development of human skull.
3830-3838 (anat. ser.). Nine models showing development of vertebrate eye.
3821-3828 (anat. ser.). Eight models showing development of urogenital apparatus

and perineum.

REPORT OF ?HE 8URGEON-GENERAL. 567

ANOMALIES, DISEASES AND INJURIES.

3840 (anat. ser.). A scapho-cephalic human skull, with metopic suture.

12294 (path. ser.). Prehistoric human bones from a grave in France. Donated by
Dr. C. V. Du Bouchet, Paris, France.

12396-12399 (path. ser.). Three specimens of healed fractures of long bones and one
of arthritis deformans of hip joint, from an Indian mound in Florida.
Donated by C. B. Moore, Philadelphia, Pa.

12335 (path. ser.). Exfoliation of cuticle from use of quinine. Presented by Dr.
E. W. Reisinger, Washington, D. C.

12388 (path. ser.). Fatal gangrene m acute pemphigus in a child. Contributed by
Dr. 8. S. Adams, Washington, D. C.

12400-12449 (path. ser.). Fifty models illustrating the rarer forms of diseases of the
skin. Made by Baretta, Paris.

12365,12366 (path. ser.). Two cases of cerebral hemorrhage, and one of cerebral
meningitis, which affected only the convexity, and was due to diplococcus
lanceolatus. Contributed by Dr. D. S. Lamb, Washington, D. C.

12326 (path. ser.). Tubercular tumor of cerebellum in a child with general tubercu-
losis. Contributed by Dr. G. N. Acker, Washington, D. C.

12369 (path. ser.). Hydrocephalic dilatation of back part of brain of child. * Con-
tributed by Dr. D. S. Lamb, Washington, D. C.

12376 (path. ser.). Congenital stenosis of pulmonary artery in a child. Contributed

by Dr. D. 8. Lamb, Washington, D. C.
12309 (path. ser.). A case of stab wound of heart in which the wound was sutured;
patient died. Contributed by Dr. G. T. Vaughan, U. 8. M. H. S.

12313 (path. ser.). A case oi fatal shot wound of heart. Contributed by Asst. Surg.

W. P. Chamberlain, U. 8. Army.

12373 (path. ser.). Aneurism of abdominal aorta; death from rupture. Contributed
by Dr. G. N. Acker. Washington, D. C.

12332 (path. ser.). Excision of varicose veins; recovery and return to duty. Con-
tributed by Surg. C. F. Mason, U. 8. Army.

12380 (path. ser. ). Rupture of spleen from a kick; splenectomy; death. Contributed
by Dr. E. A. Balloch, Washington, D. C.

12273 (path. ser.). Leukemic spleen removed from a woman, aged 40; death. Con-
tributed by Dr. W. A. Warfield, Washington, D. C.

12390 (path. ser.). Rupture of adrenals with hemorrhage; unilateral hydronephrosis

in a child ; sudden illness and death. Contributed by Dr. J. Ford Thomp-
son, Washington, D. C.
12383 (path, ser.) . Tongue removed for carcinoma; death. Contributed by Dr. E. A.

Balloch, Washington, D. C.
12325 (path. ser. ). stricture of oesophagus from drinking lye; artificial gastric fistula;

death one year afterward. In a child. Contributed by Dr. J. Ford

Thompson, Washington, D. C.
12375 (path. ser.). Primary sarcoma of omentum; woman, aged 55. Contributed by

Dr. J. Preston Miller, Washington, D. C.
12385 (path. ser.). Fatal volvulus; man, aged 35. Contributed by Dr. G. T.

Vaughan, U. S. M. H. S.
12334 (path. ser.). Sudden fatal hsematemesis in cancer of stomach; man, aged 70.

Contributed by Dr. T. C. Smith, Washington, D. C.
12272 (path. ser.). Perforating ulcer of duodenum; fatal peritonitis; man, aged 38.

Contributed by Asst. Surg. G. M. Wells, U. S. Army.

12377 (path. ser.). Typhoid lesions of ileum, limited to the last 2 feet; perforation;

fatal. Contributed by Asst. Surg. J. H. Ford, U. 8. Army.
12337, 12338 (path. ser. ). Two cases of fatal subcapsular hemorrhage in the new born.
Contributed by Drs. W. C. Woodward and D. 8. Lamb, Washington, D. C.

12391 (path. ser.). Cancer of liver. Contributed by Dr. D. C. Huffman, Dayton,

Ohio.

12392 (path. ser.). Large biliary cysts of liver. Contributed by Dr. H. L. E. John-

son, Washington, D. C.
12305 (path. ser. ) . Primary carcinoma of lungs. Contributed by Dr. C. W. Franzoni,

Washington, D. C.
12329 (path. ser.). Pneumonia, with endocarditis of right side. Contributed by

Dr. D. S. Lamb, Washington, D. C.

12314 (path. ser.). Encysted bullet. Contributed by Dr. J. Ford Thompson, Wash-

ington, D. C.
12330,12331 (path. ser.). Two cases of fatal shot fractures of thoracic vertebrae.
Contributed by Surg. William Stephenson, U. S. Army.

568

BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

12386, 12387 (path, ser.). Two amputations for sarcoma of bone — one of the femur
and the other of the nbula. Contributed by Drs. G. T. Vaughn, U. S.
M. H. S., and V. B. Jackson, Washington, D. C.

12208 (path. ser.). Model of the mouth of the dwarf "Prince Tinymite." Con-
tributed by Dr. W. H. Steeves, Frederickton, New Brunswick.

12282 (path. ser.). A soft gold filling 52 years old. Contributed by Dr. C. W.
Barnes, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Specimens showing anomalies of the roots of teeth; germinate teeth; supernumary
teeth; impacted teeth; enamel nodules; odontoma; hypercementosis;
misplacement of teeth; erosion of teeth; obliteration of pulp cavity; wear;
tartar; absence of teeth; caries; narrow dental arch; abnormal depression
of palate; nonocclusion of teeth; abnormalities of gums; crown work.
Donated by Drs. W. C. Ac-hard, Zurich, Switzerland; F. E. Buck, Jack-
sonville, Fla.; T. T. Fauntleroy, Staunton, Va.; A. H. Fuller, St. Louis,
Mo.; J. M. Henriques, Buenos Avres; T. S. Hitchcock, Oswego, N. Y.;
E. W. Murlless, Sidney, Nebr.; Z. I. Nutt, Washington, D. C.; F. B.
Oliver, Hammond, Ind.; J. T. Orozeo, San Salvador, C, A.; H. W. Par-
sons, Wamego, Kans.; M. C. Smith, Lynn, Mass.; T. Siqveland, Brooklyn,
N. Y. ; T. C. Triggert, St. Thomas, Canada.

12283,12284 (path. ser.). Isative artificial dentures from Ceylon. Contributed by
Dr. K. M. Caina, Colombo, Ceylon.

12295-12297 (path. ser.). Artificial dentures of hippopotamus ivory. Contributed
by l)r. C. V. Du Bouchet, Paris, France.

Forty-three wax models, showing smallpox in progressive stages, chicken pox, and
vaccination. Made by B. E. Dahlgren, Philadelphia, Pa.

12395 (path. ser.). Suprapubic lithotomy ; man, aged 72; recovery. Contributed by
Dr. B. (J. Pool, Washington, I). C.

12384 (path. ser.). Prostatectomy for hvpertrophy; man, aged 60; death. Contrib-
uted by Dr. E. A. Balloch, Washington, D. C.

12382 (path. ser.). Epitheloma of penis; amputation; recovery. Contributed by
Surg. W. D. Crosby, U. S. Army.

12394 (path. ser.). Tuberculosis of uterus and tubes; girl of 12. General tuberculo-
sis. Contributed by Dr. J. Ford Thompson, Washington, D. C.

LIBRARY OF THE SURGEON -GENERAL'S OFFICE.

The following table shows the additions made to the library during
the fiscal year 1901-2:

Description.

MedPlral journals

Medical transaction**.

Hound theses

Bound pamphlets

Other medical books .

Total

On hand
June 80, 1901.

Volumes.

41,881

6,659

2,184

2,805

87,060

Medical theses

Medical pamphlets.

Total

Added dur-
ing fiscal
year.

140,589

63,637
172,834

286,471

Volume*.

1,894

818

2,478

4,261

1,
7,144

8,690

Total Jane
80,1902.

Vol

43,275
6,972
2,154
2,868

89.688

144,800

65,028
179,978

245,001

Of the total number of theses on hand June 30, 1901, there were 257
bound in 20 volumes during the year.

There were presented to the library during the year 686 books and
9,542 pamphlets and journals.

Volume Vll, second series, of the Index Catalogue includes the let-
ters H and I, from "Hernia" to "Inquiry," and forms a volume of
1,003 pages. It will be ready for distribution at the usual time. The

BEPOBT OF THE 8UBGEON-GENEKAL. 569

appropriation for Volume VIII, second series, having been made, the
manuscript is in course of preparation for the printer.

HOSPITAL CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR.

During the past fiscal year modern hospitals were completed at Fort
Robinson, Nebr.; Fort Mason, Cal.; Fort Getty, S. C, and Fort
Leavenworth, Kans. The hospital at the latter post was paid for from
a special appropriation of $60,000 authorized by Congress and is
equipped with all modern appliances, thus forming a general model
for large military posts.

Additions to the hospitals at Forts Hancock, N. J.; Screven, Ga.,
and Morgan, Ala., have been completed. Temporary buildings were
erected at Fort Riley, Kans., to increase the hospital accommodations,
and Congress was asked for a special appropriation of $100,000 to
erect a modern hospital for 100 beds at this post.

A mortuary was erected^ for use in connection with the hospital at
Fort Screven, Ga., and plans have been prepared for new hospitals to
be erected at Fort Miley, Cal.; Fort Banks, Mass., and Fort Greble,
R. I. Plans have also been prepared for additions to the hospitals at
Fort Robinson, Nebr.; Fort Meade, S. Dak.; Fort Snelling, Minn.;
Fort Wadsworth, N. Y. ; Fort Hunt, Va. ; Fort Washington, Md., and
Fort Hancock, N. J. Some of these hospital buildings and additions
are in course of erection and others are being figured on in the market.

Repairs and improvements have been made to all hospitals requiring
them in the United States; also to the hospitals in Porto Rico and the
Philippine Islands.

MEDICAL OFFICERS, UNITED STATES ARMY.

The number of medical officers allowed by the act approved Febru-
ary 2, 1901, is 321. The number in service on June 30, 1901, was 272,
leaving on that date 49 vacancies to be filled. During the fiscal year
ended June 30, 1902, the following changes occurred in the personnel:

Appointrnents. — First lieutenants, assistant surgeons, 39.

Pt%omotions. — One colonel, assistant surgeon-general, to be brigadier-
general, Surgeon-General; 5 lieutenant-colonels, deputy surgeons-gen-
eral, to be colonels, assistant surgeons-general; 7 majors, surgeons, to
be lieutenant-colonels, deputy surgeons-general; 8 captains, assistant
surgeons, to be majors, surgeons; and 5 lieutenants, assistant surgeons,
to be captains, assistant surgeons.

Resignations. — Two first lieutenants, assistant surgeons.

Retirements. — One brigadier-general, Surgeon-General; 1 colonel,
assistant surgeon-general, and 2 lieutenant-colonels, deputy surgeons-
general, all by operation of law, together with 1 colonel, assistant
surgeon-general, at his own request after forty years of service; 1
colonel, assistant surgeon-general; 1 major, surgeon; and 1 lieutenant,
assistant surgeon, on account of disability.

Wholly retired. — One lieutenant, assistant surgeon.

Died. — One colonel, assistant surgeon-general.

Army medical boards for the examination of candidates for appoint-
ment in the Medical Corps of the Army have continued in session dur-
ing portions of the fiscal year in Washington, D. C, San Francisco,

570 BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

Cal., and Manila, P. I. The following is a summary of the work
performed by each board:

Board at Washington, D. C. —

Number of candidates invited to appear 202

Declined to appear 17

Failed to appear 38

Number of candidates examined 147

Approved 28

Physically disqualified 46

Rejected 39

Withdrew 34

Board at San Francisco, Cal. —

Number of candidates invited to appear 17

Failed to appear 4

Number of candidates examined 13

Approved 4

Physically disqualified 3

Withdrew 6

Board at Manila, P. I. —

Number of candidates examined 32

Approved 8

Physically disqualified 6

Rejected 8

Withdrew 10

Of 192 candidates examined by these boards 55 were rejected as
disqualified physically, 97 withdrew in the progress of the examination
or were rejected on its conclusion, and 40 were approved and recom-
mended for appointment.

The candidates appearing before the board in Washington con-
sisted almost entirely of young medical graduates, very few having
been in service as volunteer officers or contract surgeons. It is quite
gratifying to note that while the standard of examination has been
maintained the percentage of those approved has increased during the
year ended June 30, 1902, to 19.05 per cent from 16.67 per cent dur-
ing the previous fiscal year. A large proportion of the candidates
examined by the board in San Francisco nad been or were at the time
in service as medical officers, and all of those who came before the
board at Manila were in service at the time of examination. As those
in service had been required to pass a more or less rigid examination
Tbefore appointment, the percentage of those approved is naturally
somewhat higher than among the candidates appearing before the
board in Washington.

THE ARMY MEDICAL SCHOOL.

The fifth and last session of the army medical school began Novem-
ber 4, 1901, and ended April 4, 1992, with a class of 23 students, all
of whom were young assistant surgeons recently appointed in the
Medical Corps of the Kegular Army.

During the three years that have elapsed since the close of its fourth
session in 1898, the operations of the school have been suspended

BEPOET OF THE 9UBGEON-GENEBAL. 571

owing to the exigencies of the service, and some changes have occurred
in the personnel of the faculty, as shown in Special Orders, No. 140,
Headquarters of the Army, June 17, 1901, paragraph 12; Special
Orders, No. 238, October 16, 1901, paragraph 27, and Special Orders,
No. 255, Novemoer 4, 1901, paragraph 19.

The personnel of the faculty during the fifth session of the school
was as follows:

Col. William H. Forwood, assistant surgeon-general, U. S. Army,
president of the school.

Col. Charles Smart, assistant surgeon-general, U. S. Army, pro-
fessor of military hygiene and director of the chemical laboratory.

Col. Calvin De Witt, assistant surgeon-general, U. S. Army, pro-
fessor of military medicine.

Lieut. Col. J. Van R. Hoff, deputy surgeon-general, U. S. Army,
lecturer on the duties of medical officers in war and peace.

Maj. Walter Reed, surgeon, U. S. Army, professor of clinical and
sanitary microscopy, and director of the pathological laboratory.

Maj. L. A. La Garde, surgeon, U. S. Army, lecturer on gunshot
injuries. (Auxiliary course in clinical optometry.)

Maj. William C. Borden, surgeon, U. S. Army, professor of mili-
tary surgery, demonstrator in operations on the cadaver and surgical
clinics.

Capt. F. P. Reynolds, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, instructor in
hospital-corps drill and first aid to the wounded.

Capt. E. L. Munson, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, assistant to the
professor of hygiene.

The following auxiliary lectures were given by courtesy, at the invi-
tation of the Surgeon-General, for which the thanks of the faculty and
the student officers are hereby most cordially tendered:

By Brig. Gen. George B. Davis, Judge-Advocate-General of the
Army, on medical jurisprudence, military law, and courts-martial.

By Prof. C. W. Stiles, Ph. D., Agricultural Department, Bureau of
Animal Industry, on parasites in man.

By Dr. Robert Fletcher, F. R. C. S., England, assistant librarian,
on the great library of the Surgeon-General's Office and its uses.

The hours of instruction were daily, except Saturdays, Sundays, and
holidays, from 9 to 12 a. m. and 1 to 4 p. m. On Saturdays, from 9
to 12, instruction in first aid, hospital corps drill, and equitation at
Washington Barracks and clinical surgery at the general hospital.

Meetings of the faculty were held regularly for the consideration of
business pertaining to the school, but no resolution involving any
change in the course of instruction or expenditure for material, except
a few small items in connection with tne graduating exercises, was
adopted.

Examinations began March 22, 1902, and continued daily to include
April 2, 1902, and after due consideration by the faculty the relative
proficiency of the student officers in each branch was determined.

The general deportment of the student officers was most exemplary
throughout the five months' course. They devoted themselves dili-
gently and attentively to the duties of the school and worked with
zeal and energy to improve the splendid opportunity offered and joined
heartily in the competitive struggle for graduating honors.

"The Alexander H. Hoff memorial gold medal, founded by Lieut.
Col. John Van R. Hoff, in memory of his father, a former member of

572 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

the corps, was offered to the student who should receive the highest
average markings at final examination, and in this instance was awarded
to First Lieut, and Asst. Surg. James M. Phalen, U. S. Army.

It was reserved for those who should attain a standing" of not less
than 90 per cent in the total markings to receive the distinction of
" honor graduate," and this was gained by three members of the class
in addition to the winner of the medal — Lieu tenants Koerper, O'Connor,
and Patterson. These honorary inducements held out as an incentive
to competitive effort produced a marked effect in arousing the energy,
holding the attention, and maintaining the interest of the class in a go<xl-
•natured rivalry for preferment, which prevailed from the beginning to
the end of the session.

An average of 70 per cent was fixed as the minimum for graduation
with a diploma, and this was attained by all, as will be seen by refer-
ence to the table of markings, where the relative standing of each stu-
dent is given.

The graduating exercises were held in the hall of the National
Museum, at 3 p. m. on April 4, and I desire to express the thanks of
the faculty ana the student officers to Secretary Langley and the Board
of Regents for their courtesy in extending to us the privileges of tbe
hall for that occasion, and also to the commanding officer of the Engi-
neer Battalion, Washington Barracks, who kindly sent us the band
which furnished excellent music to enliven the proceedings.

The diplomas were presented with some eloquent and appropriate
remarks by the honorable Secretary of War and the memorial medal
by its founder, after which an address of much force and permanent
value was delivered to the class by Surgeon-General Sternoerg, and,
finally, the Lieutenant-Gencral of the Army made an able and earnest
appeal to the student officers of an advisory character as to their future
career in the militarv service.

MEDICAL OFFICERS, VOLUNTEERS.

The act of February 2, 1JKML, reorganizing the Army, authorized
the appointment of 50 surgeons of volunteers with the rank of major,
and 150 assistant surgeons of volunteers with the rank of captain, all
for service in the Division of the Philippines. On June 30, 1901, the
full complement authorized by law was in commission. During the
year ended June 30, 1902, i) majors, surgeons, were discharged from
service, 1 died, and 1 was killed in action, making a loss of 11 majors,
surgeons, which was repaired by the appointment of 2 majors, sur-
geons, and the promotion of \) captains, assistant surgeons. The loss
among the captains, assistant surgeons, during the year consisted of 28
discharged from the service, 1 died, and 9 promoted, making a total of
32 replaced by new appointments, leaving in service June 30, 1902, the
full complement of 50 majors, surgeons, and 150 captains, assistant
surgeons, allowed by law.

CONTRACT SURGEONS, UNITED STATES ARMY.

There were in service June 30, 1901, 387 contract surgeons. During
the year ended June 30, 1902, contracts were madb with 60 physicians;
172 contracts were annulled and 2 terminated by death, leaving 273
under contract. No contracts are now being made and a gradual

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

573

reduction in the number of these surgeons is being effected by natural
causes.

The two who died during the fiscal year were: Conn R. Ohliger,
August 20, 1901, drowned in the Islana of Samar; Guy S. Dean, Sep-
tember 15, 1901, pulmonary tuberculosis, at Santa Mesa Hospital,
Manila, P. I. The following tabulation shows the number of contracts
made with physicians from April 17, 1898, to December 31, 1901,
classified by length of service; also, the number serving each year:

Length of service.

Dec. 31, 1901.

Not in
service.

In service.

Total.

Under 1 month . . .

36
350
176
240
153

144

1 to 6 months

352

6 to 12 months

209

1 to 2 yean

384

2 to 3 years

189

Oyer 3 years

Total

976

273

1,249

Year.

Whole ) Average

number in number in

service. service.

1898
1899
1900
1901

763
674
657
594

343
416
482
394

Average service of the 976 out of service, 12 months 11 days.

Average service of the 273 in service, 23 months 5 days.

Average service of the 1,249 contract surgeons, 14 months 22 days.

CONTRACT DENTAL SURGEONS.

The organization of the Corps of Dental Surgeons authorized by the
army reorganization bill approved February 2, 1901, is still in prog-
ress. On December 31, 1901, the corps was composed of 28 appoint-
ees. Of this number, 3, employed as examining and supervision dental
surgeons, constituted the board of examiners for this service. Twenty
candidates had passed the examinations of the board of examiners and
5 were appointed from the Arimr under the provisions of the act without
examination by the board.

The report of the examining board shows that up to December 31,
1901, 87 candidates had been invited from the various States and Ter-
ritories to take the examination. Six of these declined to appear, 10
accepted the invitation but failed to report, and 71 reported for exam-
ination. Of the 71 who reported for examination, 20 were found
qualified and approved, 8 were physically disqualified, 3 failed in both
the theoretical and practical examinations, 7 failed in the theoretical
examinations, and 33 withdrew before completion of the theoretical
examinations. Of the 43 who failed or withdrew, 15 requested and
were accorded a second examination, 5 of whom passed. The number
of candidates who passed upon their first examination was 15, those
who passed upon the second examination were 5. Of the 28 dental
surgeons appointed, 1 was assigned to duty in the Department of Cuba,
1 to the island of Porto Rico, 17 to the Division of the Philippines,
and 9 to stations in the United States. The following tabulation shows

574

REPORT OF THE 8URGEON -GENERAL.

the distribution of the dental surgeons and the date of arrival at their
first stations:

United
States.

February

Philip-
pines.

1901.

March
April

Cuba.

Porto
Rico. !

Total.

May

June

July

August

September.

October

November .
December .

Total

2
4

6
3
3
2
1

6
6
8
2
1

Upon the adjournment of the examining board, which held continu-
ous sessions at Washington, D. C, from February 18 to July 31, 1901,
the members of the board were assigned to duty, one to the Depart-
ment of Cuba, one to the Division of the Philippines, and one to the
Department of California.

To facilitate the work of the corps each dental surgeon is provided
with at least one assistant, who is detailed from the privates or acting
stewards of the Hospital Corps. In some instances, as at the Unitea
States Army general hospital, Presidio of San Francisco, Cal., where
the amount of dental service required is very great, extra details were
made from the Hospital Corps of such men as showed aptitude for or
had had experience in this line of work before entering the Army.

The energies and resources of the Dental Corps have been taxed to
their fullest extent in caring for those officers and enlisted men who
have sought their services for the relief of suffering, and this has made
it necessary in some instances for the dental surgeons to operate daily
from 8 a. m. to 5 or 6 p. m. The great amount of service that has
been rendered by the dental surgeons could not have been accomplished
but for these long hours of work and the assistance accorded them
thiough the extra details of members of the Hospital Corps.

The whole number of patients, regulars and volunteers, that have
been treated during the period covered by the reports of dental sur-
geons in this office are 9,148.

Rftgulan.

Volun-
teers.

United States 2, 872

Philippine Islands 6, 174

Cuba and Porto Rico 1,079

Total 9,125

7
16

The reports from the Philippine Islands were still incomplete when
this r£sum6 was prepared, some stations being two and three months
behind, and as a consequence it does not show the actual amount of
service rendered by the dental surgeons in the Philippine Division.

The services of the dental corps, however, made a highly creditable
showing when the facts are taken into consideration that the corps
was not fully organized at the close of the year; that much delay was
experienced in transporting them to their first stations and equipping
them for service. The reports in this office cover the period from
June 1 to December 31, 1901, but a reference to the table of distribu-

BEPOBT OF THE 8UBGEON -GENERAL. 575

tion of dental surgeons and date of arrival at first station will show
that active work did not begin in the United States, Cuba, and Porto
Rico until July and August, while in the Philippine Islands, although
several dental surgeons reported for duty in Manila in June and July,
active work was delayed until a still later period on account of the
difficulties experienced in transporting supplies over so great a dis-
tance and the obstacles which always surround the launching of a new
enterprise or a new line of service.

The character of the service so far rendered by the dental surgeons
has, by reason of the great number of patients who have applied for
treatment, been largely of an emergency nature, and the constant
effort has been made to so treat the cases as to return the men to duty
with the least possible delay and loss to the service.

The tabulations'2 of diseases and injuries of the mouth and jaws, of
the teeth and gums, and of operations and treatment which follow,
show that a large part of the tune and skill of the dental surgeons was
expended in giving relief from the suffering caused by dental caries,
pulpitis, pericementitis, alveolar abscess, pyorrhea alveolaris, and
gingivitis. The comparatively large number of teeth extractions is
due to the great prevalence 01 dental caries of a severe type among
the enlisted men who are serving or have served in Cuba, f*orto Rico,
or the Philippines. Instructions were issued to the dental surgeons
to conserve as far as possible all teeth that could be placed in a healthy
condition by appropriate treatment, so as to reduce the loss of teeth
to the minimum, ana these instructions have been generally carried out.

It seems to be an established fact than dental caries takes on more
active symptoms among our troops after a few months' residence in a
tropical climate, but whether this is due to neglect of a proper hygienic
care of the teeth during active campaigning or to the depressing effect
of a tropical climate upon assimilation and vital resistance in individ-
uals going from a temperate zone, or to the necessary changes in the
character of the food, remains to be demonstrated. It would seem
more than probable, however, that it is due to the effects of all these
conditions combined.

A reference to the statistical tables will also show that pyorrhea
alveolaris and inflammatory and ulcerative conditions of the gums and
oral mucus membrane are very prevalent among the officers and enlisted
men who have served or are serving in the tropics. These conditions
are more noticeable in those who have been in the Philippines for a
considerableperiod and in those who have suffered from certain forms
of illness. These conditions seem to be largely due in the former to
the enervating and debilitating effects of the hot climate, etc., and in
the latter to such wasting diseases as gastritis, diarrhea, dysentery, and
the continued fevers.

Total number of treatments and operations, medical, surgical, and
mechanical:

United States 4,766 88

Philippine Island* 6,959 49

Cuba and Porto Rico

Total 13,416 82

■
a Not printed.

Volun-
teers.

576 BBPOBT OF THE SUBGEON-GENEBAL.

The following tables,* compiled from 8,408 cases of dental caries
treated by filling or extraction, shows the susceptibility of the individ-
ual teeth to this disease in the troops stationed in the United States,
the Philippine Islands, Cuba, and Irorto Rico:

The percentage of caries is considerably higher for the central and
lateral incisors and cuspids, both upper ana lower, than is usually given
in published statistics, being in some instances more than double. In
the bicuspids, upper and lower, the percentage agrees very closely
with published statistics, while in the first molars, both upper and
lower, it is about 4 per cent less. The latter variation may be accounted
for from the fact that the first molars are very frequently lost from
caries before the individual reaches the legal age for enlistment. In
the second and third molars the variation in the percentage is not very
different from published statistics. The comparatively low percentage
of dental caries in the bicuspids and the second and tnird molars may
also be accounted for by ihe fact that it was not a bar to enlistment
during the Spanish- American war if the applicant had only two oppos-
ing molars, one above and one below, upon opposite sides of the mouth.
Many men were therefore enlisted who had already lost the bicuspids
and the other molars.

In view of these facts it would seem advisable to raise the require-
ment of the number of opposing molars that should be possessed by
the recruit and that the general condition of all of the teeth should be
taken into account before accepting him. Applicants who show signs
of extensive dental caries should not be accepted for service, as such
men are constantly being carried upon the company sick book on account
of incapacity for duty resulting from dental diseases or have to be dis-
charged on account of their inability to properly masticate the army
ration.

The services of the Dental Corps have been highly appreciated by the
officers and enlisted men of the Kegular and Volunteer Armies and nave

E roved very satisfactory to the Medical Department, because they have
een able to relieve a great amount of acute suffering and to conserve
a large number of teeth and restore them to a healthy condition, thus
almost immediately returning to duty many cases that were previously
carried for several days upon the company sick report. This has
resulted in greatly reducing the loss of valuable time to the service,
incident to diseases of the mouth, teeth, and jaws, and relieving and
hastening the cure of such gastric and intestinal disorders as were due
to defective mastication and infective and suppurative conditions of
the teeth and oral cavity.

The cost of maintaining the Dental Corps is small when compared
with the relief from suffering obtained and the greater efficiency of the
officers and men who have received the service of the dental surgeons.
Good teeth are an essential factor in maintaining the general health of
our troops, and consequently their efficiency, and on account of the
increasing prevalence of dental caries and the abnormal condition
growing out of the disease the dental surgeon has become a necessity
to the Army. Early provision should therefore be made for the
establishment of a permanent corps of dental surgeons attached to the
Medical Department.

a Not printed.

REP0BT OF THE SURGEON-GENEBAL. 577

H08PITAL CORPS.

At the date of last report, June 30, 1901, the total strength of the
corps was 4,336 men, viz:

Hospital stewards 246

Acting hospital stewards 388

Privates 3, 702

4,336

Since then it gained, up to June 30, 1902 —

By enlistment and reenlistment 1, 282

By transfer from the line 548

From desertion 18

1,848

Total 6,184

And lost during the same period —

By discharge per expiration of service 1, 772

By discharge by order 112

By discharge by sentence of general court-martial 34

By discharge on surgeon's certificate of disability 66

By retransfer to line 17

By retirement 6

Killed in action 1

By death due to disease. 32

By death due to drowning 2

By death due to suicide 2

By death due to accident 6

By desertion 92

2, 142

Leaving in service June 30, 1902, a total of 4, 042

Hospital stewards 1 271

Acting hospital stewards 405

Privates 3, 366

4, 042

Hospital stewards. — The number of hospital stewards allowed by
law is 300. Forty -four vacancies existed on June 30, 1901; 15 men
were appointed during the past fiscal year, leaving 29 vacancies June
30, 1902, which were filled September 1 as the result of the examina-
tion held in May. The reports of the examining boards, together
with written examination, were received at this office from the Division
of the Philippines August 20, 1902.

The total number or applicants in the Division of the Philippines
for the examination for tne position of hospital steward held at this
time was 42. Two of these were disapproved. Of the 40 approved
applicants 2 were discharged prior to examination, 3 reported too late
for examination, and 13 withdrew from examination, leaving 22
who were fully examined. Of these 22, 13 were recommended and 9
not recommended for appointment by the local boards. Of the 13
recommended 5 averaged in the written examination between 80 and
90, 7 between 70 and 80, and 1 failed.

Forty-five applications were received from acting hospital stewards
serving in the United States, Alaska, and Cuba, 2 acting stewards
withdrew, and 4 were not examined, 1 being at sea and 3 in Alaska.
Of the 39 examined 8 were not recommended by the local boards, 5

war 1902— vol 1 37

578 REPOBT OF THE 8UBGEON-GENKBAL.

failed to reach the minimum (70 per cent), and 26 made over 70 per
cent, 8 over 90 per cent, 11 from 80 to 89, and 7 from 70 to 79 per
cent. Of the 8 who made over 90 per cent, 7 have been appointed
hospital stewards and 1 is awaiting for a few days completion of his
twelve months' service as acting hospital steward, as required by law.

The questions for this examination were prepared in the Surgeon-
General's Office, each set inclosed in a separate envelope, carefully
sealed with wax, and forwarded to the respective chief surgeons, with
directions that the president of each of the different examining boards
should retain the envelope in his personal possession, open it only on
the day of the examination, and certify that it was received in good
condition.

During the year 207 acting hospital stewards have been detailed, 46
by the Surgeon-General and 161 by chief surgeons, the latter as
follows:

Department of California 9

Department of the Colorado 1

Department of the Columbia 6

Department of Dakota 3

Department of the East 24

Department of the Missouri 12

Department of Texas 1

Department of the Lakes 7

Department of Cuba 6

Division of the Philippines 92

Total 161

Within certain limitations the number of promotions to the grade
of acting hospital steward is an excellent inaex of the results of the
systematic instruction of the Hospital Corps now being carried on
throughout the Army. The regulation proportion of one noncommis-
sioned officer to four privates has not yet been attained, but it is
believed that in a short period it will be.

In order to increase the efficiency of the Hospital Corps and give the

I)rivate soldiers the same opportunity as that enjoyed by those of the
ine, the Surgeon-General recommended in August, 1901, the addition
of a paragraph to the regulations authorizing the appointment of lance
acting hospital stewards. This authority was granted in General
Orders, No. 139, Adjutant-General's Office, November 2, 1901. This
affords an opportunity to test the men as to their qualifications for the
position of noncommissioned officers and has worked very well up to the
present time. Ninety lance acting hospital stewards have been detailed,
of which number 12 were ultimately promoted to the grade of acting
hospital steward.

Recruitment. — In September, 1901, the commanding general, Divi-
sion of the Philippines, reported by cable that no more enlisted men
of the Hospital Corps were needed in that division. In consequence
thereafter recruiting for the coips was, for a short time, confined to
soldiers who had been discharged with excellent character, or to
recruits who possessed special qualifications.

In November, nothing further upon this subject being heard from
the Division of the Philippines, the Surgeon-General invited the atten-
tion of the Adjutant-General to the fact that a large number of dis-
charges by expiration of term of service would occur in the Hospital
Corps during the next four months (about 1,275), which would materi-

BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON-GENEBAL. 579

ally reduce the strength of that organization in that division, where
most of the men enlisted late in 1898 and early in 1899 had been sent.
As it was not believed that any considerable number of these men
would reenlist in the Philippines, and as there was no reserve in the
United States at the time beyond 200 men at the utmost to replace the
above-mentioned losses, it was believed that a very considerable number
of men, including noncommissioned officers, would be needed for the
Division of the Philippines, the strength of the corps in the division
being then 2,500 men.

In view of the fact that recruits for this branch of the service should
be given not less than four months' instruction in the rudiments of
their work, preferably with a company, it is suggested as important
that general recruitment be begun at the earliest possible moment.

In response to the inquiry from the War Department General Chaf-
fee, commanding the Division of the Philippines, on November 12
cabled to the Adjutant-General that with the present number of sta-
tions in his division the chief surgeon required 2,400 men of the Hos-
pital Corps and asked that 300 leave the United States December 1,
1901, and 110 each succeeding month for six months. He also stated
that he could not fill the vacancies already caused by the departure
of men for the United States.

The commanding general. Department of California, was thereupon
ordered to resume the transfer of men of the Hospital Corps from the
United States to the Philippines, so far as practicable to replace, man
for man, the losses in that division, and the Adjutant-General invited the
attention of the general recruiting officers to the fact that recruits were
now urgently needed for the Hospital Corps, and directed them to report
all applicants who were suitable and desired to enter this corps. He
advised them that it was not absolutely necessary that applicants should
have had previous service in the Army, or preliminary training as
druggists, pharmacists, nurses, etc., since any bright, healthy, active
young man could be enlisted, provided he had a good common school
education and was of good moral character, as evidenced by recom-
mendations. The enlistment of minors for the corps was not desired.

Under these instructions the recruitment has progressed very satis-
factorily during the past year, and much credit is due to the officers
of the general recruiting service for the zeal they have displayed in
obtaining recruits for the Hospital Corps. A considerable number of
enlistments from civil life were also made by chief surgeons to fill
vacancies within their departments up to the quota allowed by existing
regulations. The authority heretofore granted to chief surgeons to
make enlistments without reference to this office and recommend
transfers from the line to the Hospital Corps within their departments
has worked admirably, saving much clerical labor to this office. It
also enabled chief surgeons to meet emergencies immediately, without
the former circuitous requisition upon the War Department for addi-
tional assistance.

In the Department of the East, for example, there were 154 trans-
fers from the line to the Hospital Corps and 35 enlistments; in that
of the Missouri, 20 transfers from the line and 43 enlistments and
reenlistments, and in that of Texas, 30 transfers from the line and 5
enlistments. In California 276 men were transferred from the line
and 187 were enlisted.

REPORT OF THE BURGEON -GENERAL.

Distribution of Ike Hotpita

Corpi, United States Army, May 31, 190t,
information on file in tkU office.

a* tfoton 6y /a J« rf

IIos|iilnl

Ih-']i][ilI

Lines

(,r,-|.il„!

„„.«,.

Total.

!lei«[.illll

1:1,010

2.-RI
1,760

13
41
10
22

209

w
so

MO
71

131
78

toe

71
00

i ■■■»: ' ■ 1. -1 -nl. ■

:h;,;ihi
1,800

' in

142

' 27

IS
1,702

' 08
37
21

2.123
SO

4. 04

210

8.807

4.016

The number of posts and stations (including United States army
transports) was during the last quarter of the fiscal year nearly as fol-
lows:

In the United States (including Alaska, Porto Rico, and Hawaii) 156

In Cuba 4

In China 1

In the Philippine Islands 333

Total m

According to the reports of chief surgeons and inspectors the effi-
ciency, discipline, and instruction of the Hospital Corps are constantly
improving, the liest evidence of which is the number of noncommis-
sioned officers who have passed the really severe examination required
for promotion. The instructional work of the various posts has gen-
erally been well done.

Owing to the reduction of the strength of our forces without the
United States and the increase of the home garrisons, causing the
reoccupation of abandoned posts, the demands upon the departments
to supply men for the Hospital Corps has been great, but were very
generally met without calling upon this office for assistance. As a
result of these demands it nas been found impracticable to always
maintain the detachments of instruction at the prescribed strength, or
to keep the recruits under instruction long enough to fit them to under-
take the practical work of a Hospital Corps man. Nevertheless the
requirements have been very well met. It is believed that with the
final determination of the strength of the Army and its distribution
the detachments of instruction will prove an important adjunct to the
medical service in the departments.

The company of instruction at the general hospital, Washington
Barracks, has been maintained at the highest state of efficiency, in
which connection attention is invited to the following excerpt* from a
report by its efficient commander, Capt. F. P. Reynolds,
surgeon, U. S. Army.

« Hot printed.

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

581

Organization of the Hospital Corps company of instruction. United Stales Army, general

hospital, Washington Barracks, D. C.

NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICERS.

First sergeant 1

Property sergeant 1

Mess sergeant 1

Company clerk 1

Stable sergeant 1

Police sergeant 1

Head cook 1

Instructors and assistant instructors. . 10

Total

PRIVATES ON SPECIAL DUTY.

Second cook 1

Kitchen police 2

Dining-room attendant 1

Diet kitchen police 1

Orderlies' room 3

Stable police 1

Ambulance driver 1

Night watchman '. 1

Company clerks 2

Trumpeters 2

Mail orderly 1

Property attendant 1

General police 5

Total 22

At the request of the military authorities of Pennsylvania, this com-
pany, Hospital Corps, took part in the mobilization of the National
Guard of that State at Gettysburg, with results as set forth in a
valuable report by Capt. F. P. Reynolds, assistant surgeon, United
States Army, commanding the company.

During the year 337 men have been instructed in the company at
Washimrton Barracks, of which number 283 were distributed: chiefly
to the Philippines, 4 were promoted while with the company to the
grade of hospital steward and 33 to the grade of acting hospital stew-
ard, and 9 were detailed as lance acting hospital stewards.

Capt. John S. Kulp, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, assumed com-
mand of the company of instruction, Hospital Corps, at Fort McDow-
ell, Angel Island, Cal., March 19, 1902, and with his well-known
energy nas devoted himself to advancing its efficiency. It is regretted
that the dearth of regular medical officers has been so great that thus
far it has been found impracticable to assign another officer to assist
Captain Kulp in his really arduous task. Nine hundred and sixty-one
noncommissioned officers and men have passed through this organiza-
tion during the year.

The company of instruction at Manila, which had attained a high
degree of efficiency, was disbanded by order of the division com-
mander August 13, 1901.

Uniform, and equipment. — The uniform of the Army, including, of
course, the Hospital Corps, was changed in General Orders, No. 81,
Headquarters of the Army, Adjutant General's Office, July 17, 1902.
The changes made in the uniform of enlisted men of the Hospital
Corps consist principally in the substitution of maroon for the emer-
ald green heretofore prescribed for stripes, chevrons, etc., and of the
caduceus in the place of the maltese cross, both for cap and collar
ornaments and tor chevrons. The modified maltese cross in green
heretofore worn by privates on both sleeves is substituted by a cadu-
ceus in maroon silk, having a white border, to be worn on the dress
coat and overcoat only. The overcoat is the same as for all enlisted
men of the Army, viz, of olive drab wool material.

582 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

The equipment consists of fair-leather belt, shelter half, shelter poles,
canteen complete, haversack complete, and tin cup for all enlisted men
of the Hospital Corps. In addition to this, privates curry Hospital
Corps poucn and litter sling.

Tne esprit de corps, which has never failed to actuate the members
of this fine organization, which bears not only its full share of the
hardships and dangers of the campaign and the battle, but the stress
and dangers of epidemics as well, has lost nothing of its fervor durinj
the last year. The following named have been especially commend*
since the date of last report:

Private Milton McCoy, Hospital Corps, was granted a certificate of merit in Feb-
ruary, 1902.

The following-named members of the Hospital Corps have been recommended for
certificates of merit during the past fiscal year:

Private Thomas Hamilton, for distinguished services in the attack on Tientsin,
China, July 13, 1900, for succoring the wounded under a most severe fire of all arms.

Private David L. Van A man, for the high order of courage and devotion to duty
shown by him throughout the campaign against the insurgent mountain stronghold
near La Paz, and especially during the tight on April 26, 1900.

Private Archie I). McMurdo, for rescuing a companion from drowning in the Poto-
mac River at Washington Barracks, I). C, July 4, 1901.

Acting Hospital Steward Walter K. Barnes, for going forward to the firing line
June 3, 1900, in an engagement with insurgents and rescuing Private Perry G. Eth-
ridge, Company A, Twenty-second Infantry, having to pass over completely exposed
ground ancT through an intense fire.

Private George Metzger, for distinguished services in the face of and in action with
the enemy.

Private William H. Phelps, for distinguished services in action at Maincling, Luzon,
on the night of July 4, 1900. Under a terrific fire he left the dressing station and
went to the trenches to administer to the wounded.

Private Earl W. Kitchen, for conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in caring
for his comrades when almost exhausted.

Private Jesse Rut ledge, for gallant and meritorious services in rendering first aid
to the wounded at Lubao, Luzon, October 29, 1899. Private Rutledge was shot
immediately after contact was made with the insugente, but he continued to fight
and render first aid for about 6 miles from Lubao.

Private Edward C. Knox, for faithful devotion to duty during an epidemic of
smallpox at Bangar in July and August, he having contracted the disease at that
time.

Private Louis Bertrand, for conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in caring
for his comrades when almost exhausted and while under a heavy fire, June 19, 1899.

Private Julius Heinze, for bravery in action and meritorious conduct in attending
to other wounded after he had been shot through both arms, and was severely cat
acro&s the back by native riflemen and' bolomen, in Samar, and for distinguished
services in the attack on Tientsin, July 13, 1900, in succoring the wounded under a
a most severe fire of all arms.

Private Lewis Hansen, for volunteering and nursing two very severe cases of con-
fluent smallpox.

Hosp. Steward Adolph K. Bernes was appointed second lieutenant, Philippine
Scouts, in October, 1901.

Hosp. Steward Paul Weyrauch appointed second lieutenant of cavalry in May,
1902.

Private Jason M. Walling appointed second lieutenant, Nineteenth Infantry, In
Julv, 1901.

Hosp. Steward Charles G. Sturtevant, having passed the preliminary examination,
was ordered, in August, 1902, to appear before the board at Fort Leavenworth lor
examination for promotion to second lieutenant, U. S. Army.

Private Graham L. Milligan was admitted to the preliminary examination at Fort
Columbus, N. Y., also Acting Hosp. Steward John E. Williams.

Private Norman E. Williamson was discharged in November, 1901, to accept a
position in the government biological lalK>ratory at Manila.

It is possible that not all arc mentioned in this list that are entitled
to be, as copies of reports of this character are not invariably furnished
this office.

REPOBT OF THE SUBGEON-GENERAL. 583

From the organization of the Hospital Corps, and especially during
and since the Spanish-American war, the country is especially indebted
to that splendid body of noncommissioned officers, the hospital stew-
ards of the Army, whose intelligent devotion to duty under the most
trying circumstances has contributed no little to whatever success has
attended the accomplishment of the herculean tasks which have fallen
to the Medical Department.

I take pleasure in beating testimony to the invaluable work done by
these devoted servants of the Government.

ARMY NURSE CORPS.

On June 30, 1901, there were in service 178 nurses. During the
fiscal year 1902, 38 nurses were appointed and 97 discharged, leaving
119 in service at the end of the year. Sixteen of the discharges in
Manila were granted at the request of the nurses themselves, who
desired to accept civil positions there.

Of the 119 now in service, 63 are in the Philippines and 56 in the
United States. Of those in the Philippines, 34 are on duty at the First
Reserve hospital, 6 at Corregidor Island, 5 at Dagupan, 6 at Calamba,
and the same number at Iloilo and transferred from Vigan. Of those
in the United States, 39 are on duty at the general hospital, Presidio
of San Francisco, Cal., 9 at Fort Bayard, K. Mex., and 8 awaiting
orders.

The desirability of a place in some army hospital in or near Wash-
ington where nurses could serve a probationary period is fully realized.
The advantages of such an arrangement would be manifold. The
superintendent would have an opportunity to personally observe each
candidate before making recommendations for her permanent appoint-
ment, the examinations required by law could be made more thorough,
and the risk of assigning unqualified or undesirable nurses to distant
hospitals, involving a long and expensive journey, would be minimized.

Tne nurses seem to have made a place for themselves in army hospi-
tals, and chief surgeons and commanding officers speak in high com-
mendation of their services and conduct. One of the latter writes that
"The nurses are entitled to the greatest praise and consideration."

MEDICAL AND HOSPITAL SUPPLIES.

The operations of the supply department have been continued in the
same manner as submitted in the annual report for 1900-1901. When-
ever surplus appeared in the depots in Porto Rico, Cuba, and the
Philippines, owing to reduction in the military occupation of those
islands, the stores were returned to the depots in the United States
and applied to the ordinary issues.

A medical board was convened to revise the supply table of the
Medical Department in order to give it the benefit of the experience
gathered during the late war in the composition, allowance, methods
of supply, and equipment. Those articles which require considerable
time n>r manufacture, such as medical and surgical chests, and the
medical equipment of field hospitals, with the exception of perishable
articles, have been manufactured on the improved models, and there
are now stored in the supply depot of the fireproof army museum
building complete outfits tor 100 regiments, in the supply depot at
San Francisco the equipment of a division, and in New Y ork that of a
brigade. The perishable articles are omitted, but can be added in a

584 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

few days in case of mobilization. In addition to this there is a large
amount of medical equipment distributed at the military posts, sufficient
for supply to respective garrisons.

The equipment of three modern field hospitals on the basis of the
new supply table, 1902, is about being assembled, one to be issued to
Fort Riley for trial during the autumn maneuvers, one to the San
Francisco supply depot for possible emergency or use in the contem-
plated camp, and one at the medical supply depot in Washington for
possible emergency.

It is proposed later on to assemble those of the imperishable parts
of field hospital equipment which consume much time in manufacture,
so as to have a number of field hospitals sufficient for any emergency
for which the regimental equipments are in stock.

It is believed that the Medical Department is now better prepared
than ever to meet any demands called for by sudden emergency.

RECRUITING.

The total number of men examined for enlistment during the year
1901 was 58,782, of whom 56,894 were white and 1,888 were colored.
The number accepted was 36,721, or 624.70 out of every thousand
examined. The ratio of accepted men was 623.93 for the white and
647.78 for the colored. White men to the number of 86.67 and col-
ored men to that of 69.38 per thousand declined enlistment. The rate
of rejection on primary examination was 289.40 among the white and
282.84 among the colored candidates, giving a mean of 289.19.

Of every thousand examined 64.76 were rejected on account of
imperfect physique, including overheight, underheight, overweight,
ana underweight?; 41.14 for diseases of the eye; 38.74 for diseases of
the circulatory system; 28.51 for diseases of the geneto-urinary sys-
tem; 20.74 for venereal diseases; 19.96 for diseases of the digestive
system; 13.00 for hernia, while 10.55 were rejected as generally unfit
or undesirable; 6.80 were rejected as minors; 5.48 as unclassified;
5.12 for diseases of the integument and subcutaneous connective
tissue; 4.27 for diseases of the muscles, bones, and joints; 3.10 on
account of bad or doubtful character, while only 2.35 were rejected
on account of illiteracy, imperfect knowledge of the English language,
or mental insufficiency.

Of every thousand of the accepted men 884.97 were natives of the
United States, 33.44 were born in Germany, 24.78 in Ireland, 12.50 in
England, 10.81 in Canada, 5.28 in Sweden, 4.49 in Russia, 3.70 in
Austria, the remainder in various other countries.

In addition to the foregoing, 29 Indians were examined, of whom 27
were enlisted as scouts and 2 for regular service.

IDENTIFICATION OF DESERTERS AND OTHER UNDESIRABLE MEN.

From July, 1890, the time of the first identification, to June 30,
1902, 2,827 cases have been reported to the Adjutant-General of the
Army. In 29 of these cases the indentification was not verified because
sufficient evidence could not be obtained or because the individual died,
escaped, or deserted before his case could be investigated.

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 585

Of the 2,030 cases identified up to the end of 1900, 489 men were
held to service, 990 were dishonorably discharged, 300 deserted, and
251 were reported for the information of the Adjutant-General, the
men haying gotten out of the service before the case was reported.

HEALTH OF THE ARMY.

The rates of admission to sick report for disease and injury, the
rate of discharge for disability, and the mortality rate for the calen-
dar year 1901 all agree in being considerably less than the correspond-
ing rates of the year 1900. This shows the gradual improvement in
the condition of the troops, notwithstanding the fact that many of
them were subject to the exposures of the tropical service in the
Division of the Philippines. That the rates continue to be higher than
the average rates of the previous decade, 1890-1899, is to be expected,
for during eight of those ten years the Army was on home service in
time of profound peace, and, owing to the great attention paid to sani-
tary conditions, had lower rates than at any time in its previous his-
tory. A gradual approach to the lessened rates of the decade may be
seen in each of the items of the record of morbidity. Thus, the
admissions to sick report in 1901 constituted 1,791.59 per thousand of
the strength as compared with 2,311.81 in 1900 and with 1,502.47, the
mean annual rate or the previous ten years. The rate of discharge
for disability was 19.95 in 1901 as compared with 22.60 in 1900 and
with 16.69 for the decade, and the death rate from all causes was 19.94

gir thousand men as compared with 22.74 and 11.91, respectively,
eaths from disease constituted 9.58 per thousand of mean strength as
compared with 15.79 in 1900 and with 8.49 during the years of the
decade, and deaths from injury 4.36 as compared, respectively, with
6.95 and 3.42.

During the year the mean strength of the Army consisted of 92,491
men, of whom 81,885 were regulars and 10,606 volunteers.

The admission rate for troops serving in Porto Rico was 1J367.74
per thousand of strength, in the United States 1,550.25, in Cuba
1,557.49, and in the Pacific islands and China, 1,928.14 The death
rate from all causes was 5.29 per thousand of strength in Cuba, 6.90
in the United States, 7.81 in Porto Rico, and 17.96 in the Pacific
islands and China. Deaths from disease constituted only 3.21 per
thousand in Cuba, 4.68 in the United States, and 12.40 in the Pacific
islands and China. The mean strength of the commands were: In
Porto Rico 1,153, in Cuba 5,297, in the United States 26,515, and in
the Pacific islands and China 59,526.

At the beginning of the year the Division of the Philippines was
made up of the departments of northern and southern Luzon, the
Visayas, and Mindanao and Jolo. These departments were subdivided
into districts, and the troops in Manila constituted a separate brigade.
In July, 1901, the military designation of this separate brigade was
changed to the Post of Manila, and it was made a part of the Depart-
ment of Northern Luzon. In December, 1901, the departments of
northern and southern Luzon were consolidated into the Department
of North Philippines and the departments of the Visayas and Mindanao
and Jolo into the Department of South Philippines. The districts had
been abolished a month previous to this, brigades taking their place.
Since then the organization has been: Department of North Pnilip-

586 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

Eines, headquarters, Manila, composed of four separate brigades, with
eadquarters at Dagupan, Pangasinan; San Fernanda Pampanga;
Batangas, Batangas; Nueva Caceres, Camarines Sur, and Department
of South Philippines, headquarters, Cebu, Cebu, with three brigades,
headquarters, respectively, at Iloilo, Panay; Tacloban, Leyte, and
Zamboanga, Mindanao.

During the fiscal year many changes have taken place also in the
number of troops in the division and in the stations occupied. Both
of these last have been greatly reduced. Regiments, too, have been
greatly changed, nearly all those which arrived in 1899 having been
transferred to the United States.

The character of service in the different parts of the archipelago has
varied more during the year than in any similar period since American
occupation. Although a great deal of hard field service has been done
and much new country occupied, tlu re has been a decrease in sick and
mortality rates, for improved conditions in peaceful provinces have
more than counterbalanced any local increase caused by arduous field
service. Campaigns carried on during the year have not, however,
been less trying to the stamina of troops than former ones; rather the
reverse, as most of the more accessible points were already occupied
by our forces at the beginning of the year and the necessity for fol-
lowing insurgents, hiding in tne fastnesses of inaccessible mountains,
added much to labors performed in the sweltering heat of the Tropics,

Col. C. L. Heizmann, assistant surgeon-general, U. S. Army, in an
admirable report covering the period of his service as chief surgeon
of the division, has given an interesting account of the medical and
sanitary conditions affecting the troops and the civil population.

Prior -to turning over the government to the civil authorities in
July. 1901, a great deal had been done under military administration
for tne sanitary improvement of the Philippines. At that time the
control of sanitary matters passed from a military board of health in
Manila and from individual medical officers in the provinces, who
acted in all stations as sanitary officers, to an insular board of health.
This board was made up in great part of medical officers of the Army
regularly detailed thereto under a member of the Commission. In
provinces still under military control medical officers have acted as
sanitary officers, as heretofore, and under their direction towns were
cleaned, the inhabitants were vaccinated, venereal diseases controlled,
contagious diseases isolated, and all necessary sanitary measures taken.

In Batangas especially, the policy of campaign pursued of gather-
ing together inhabitants within certain zones into designated towns
allowed such strict supervision by medical officers of the Army that
the conditions under which the natives lived were better than ever
before in the history of these islands. The natives were fed and clothed
and compelled to observe sanitary laws; in consequence the death
rates were much lower in the so-called reconcentration towns than in
any other part of the archipelago.

Although the civil board of health as organized was intended to
exercise general control of sanitary matters throughout the islands,
their efforts were necessarily restricted to a great extent to the city of
Manila. Provincial and municipal boards were organized, but neither
a sufficiently intelligent personnel nor interest could be commanded to
accomplish great results and outside of Manila, except in provinces
under military control, sanitary conditions gradually grew worse until

REPORT OF THE SURGEON -GENERAL. 587

cholera appeared in March, 1902, when, at the request of the civil gov-
ernor, medical officers of the Army were given practical control of
sanitary matters outside of the city at all stations of troops and in
towns adjacent thereto. This work was generally entered into with
the greatest enthusiasm and effects were soon seen in improved con-
ditions.

In the past stations for troops have been determined wholly by mili-
tary necessity and it has not been possible to avoid unhealthy locali-
ties. Stations, too, have been in towns, where there have been any
towns which could be occupied, both as towns were centers of insur-
gent activity and because of tne shelter afforded, so necessary in a
land of tropical sunshine and rain. Individual stations have varied
greatly from a sanitary standpoint, the comparatively clean and well-
built cities of Manila, Cebu, and lloilo being infinitely better than
the nipa villages in the country or temporary camps in unpacified
provinces.

All native towns are insanitary in many respects, but as affecting
the health of soldiers the miserable methods in use for the disposal of
excreta and garbage by their native neighbors are most important, as
in other respects troops can be safeguarded by their own officers by
providing them with good food, water, etc. In the larger cities gar-
bage is now regularly collected for cremation or removal to a safe dis-
tance for buried, but foul cess pits still exist, even in the city of Manila,
where the few so-called sewers are no more than porous drains.

Other factors which render towns unsuitable for occupation by
soldiers are the close intimacy into which they are thrown with
natives, with consequent danger from contagious diseases, including
venereal affections and those diseases resulting from drinking bad
water and eating contaminated native foods, and the ease with which
vino can be procured.

Structures occupied by troops as barracks varjr greatly, but are
nearly all convents or private houses, only a few barracks having been
constructed. Of buildings not specially erected, convents are much
the best, and in some towns are very satisfactory. The greater num-
ber of structures are not so, and are gradually growing worse, as no
money can be spent on buildings not belonging to the Government.
Nipa buildings are not regarded as sanitary; nipa roofs harbor ver-
min, and split bamboo floors can not be cleaned, retaining all filth
except that which drops through to soil the ground beneath. The life
of even a small nipa building is short, and when size is increased
sufficiently for barracks stability is much decreased.

Tents should be used in this country only as the most temporary
emergency shelter; they are very hot in the dry season and unpleas-
antly and injuriously light, and in the wet season do not keep out the
rain, and become mud holes under foot unless floored. Canvas, too,
rots rapidly, and conditions, bad enough when tents are new, are
decidedly worse after they have been in use a short time. Always a
costly shelter here on account of the poor lasting qualities of canvas
the expense of using them is enormously increased.

Station hospitals nave been established in the same class of buildings
as barracks, but old dwelling houses, while not desirable for barracks,
are naturally worse for hospitals. Specially constructed station hos-
pitals will be needed as well as barracks as soon as permanent stations
are established. The pavilion plan should be adopted for those where
size warrants such method of construction.

588 BEP0BT OF THE SUBGEON-GENEBAL.

Drainage is entirely natural in the great majority of stations. The
larger towns have open drains, some built of stone or brick, but no

feneral system has been followed, and the fall is usually insufficient,
iven in Manila the connection of stable drains and overflow pipes from
cess pits, with insufficient flush and fall, makes them very insanitary.
There are practically no sewers in the islands, the pervious brick or
tile-closed drains in the city of Manila hardly meriting the name. The
drains empty into the moat, the Pasig River, on the bay shore, or in a
blind extremity. Some of the barracks are connected with them. The
odorless excavator is used with general satisfaction, although if cess
pits are properly constructed without overflow, with water-closets
attached, they require very frequent emptying. The Smith Crema-
tory was tried at Hospital No. 3, Manila, but was a failure, not only was
the odor almost unbearable in the closet building, but residents within
a mile circle complained bitterly. Outside of Manila dry earth closets
have proven satisfactory. Earth is often obtainable in small quanti-
ties only, but in those cases frequent cleansing has obviated that diffi-
culty to a great extent. In Manila night soil is deposited at places
designated by the board of health and at other stations is buried at a
distance or thrown into streams or the sea.

This archipelago is one of the homes of foul water, the natives using
the streams for drinking, washing of clothes and animals, bathing, and
defecation. With very few exceptions no water should be drank
before sterilization. The conformation of the country makes it prob-
able that artesian wells would be successful, which is to be earnestly
hoped, as by any system of sterilization occasional accidents occur,
while nature's methods are sure. A good artesian well is now furnish-
ing water at San Fernando, Pampanga, and another at the cold-storage
and refrigerating plant, Manila, supplies a good water, but not in great
quantity.

Chemical sterilization of water has hardly been attempted, all puri-
fication methods depending upon heat applied in different ways. A
great deal of distilled water is furnished Dy Medical Department ice

Elants and by distilling plants belonging to the Quartermaster's
department, much water is boiled, and a considerable amount obtained
from Forbes- Waterhouse sterilizers. There is much difference of
opinion as to the value of the last-named method of sterilization, and
there can be no Question that the first statements made as to the abso-
lute safety of this process were premature, the operation of these
sterilizers requiring intelligent supervision, without which simple
boiling is preferable.

The greater number of water-borne diseases in soldiers are now
contracted on active field service, when so much water is demanded
by free sweating, induced by exertion, and the great thirst is generally
assuaged with any obtainable water; nor is it easy to boil sufficient
water; and water thus sterilized remains hot for so long a time that
it is difficult to make men drink it, demanding the greatest watchful-
ness on the part of officers. In the young and inexperienced soldier
there is too often found a spirit of bravado which prompts him to
drink any water, with the idea that to take precautions denotes phys-
ical weakness.

The clothing supplied has generally been of good quality and fairly
well adapted to the climate, although much of the khaki fades, and in
consequence bodies of men look badly.

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 589

For field uniform the present campaign hat is the most satisfactory
head gear yet devised. The light-weight flannel shirt is also excellent,
but should be made of khaki color, both as leading to decreased visi-
bility and because the lighter color would be cooler. Khaki trousers
are also good, but should be made loose around the hips and tight at
the ankles. The present shoes furnished by the Quartermaster's
Department are of good quality, but another style of shoe is needed
of the high hunting-shoe type with tongue sewed on both sides, so as
to be practically waterproof. Into this shoe the trousers should be
tucked, the tongue ana lacing being adjusted over them. Such shoes
would be much better than leggings, which on muddy roads do not pro-
tect the legs and feet. That these shoes are practically useful has
been demonstrated many times, officers who have worn them being
free from dhobie itch on the feet, while at the same time men wearing
the present shoes and leggings were universally infected. The organ-
ism of dhobie itch is undoubtedly present in the mud, and in coming
in contact with the almost unprotected feet of men is practically sure
to set up the disease. The conditions of service is sucn that this shoe
is required for cavalry as well as infantry. If drawers are provided,
they should be loose and short, little more than trunks. The English
do not use them in hot climates, and there is no uncleanliness in dis-
pensing with them when the outer clothing is washable. The blouse
is purposely omitted from this uniform. For station use clothing is
needed which by its color and light weight will minimize the effects
of high temperature. The material for this might be white cotton,
but tne blue checked cotton which the Spaniards employed is rather
better, in that it is nearly as cool and does not soil so readily. A cap
of the present shape, with removable covers of the same material, is
recommended. The present chambrav shirt is good, and the present
styles of blouse and trousers, but all should be made on the same
model and not, as at present, with differences in the number of pockets,
etc. The collar of the blouse would preferably be a low standing one
fastened with two removable buttons, as are officers' blouses, suffi-
ciently snug not to require a white collar; all buttons and buckles
should be removable in order that the garment will not be stained by
rush in washing. White canvas shoes would be an excellent foot gear.

The method of carrying ammunition in a belt around the waist is an
injurious one, especially here, where so large a proportion of march-
ing commands suffers from diarrheal diseases. The method adopted
by so many soldiers of their own volition of wearing the belt over one
shoulder is preferable.

The habits of the men may generally be considered as good, although
long distance from home and family and national ties tends to encour-
age a certain recklessness in behavior and a loss of fear of conse-
quences. The lack of rational amusement and the inability to give
vent to the natural activity of young men in athletic pursuits also
have a bad effect.

Except when engaged in actual campaigning the greater part of a
soldier's duties are performed in the cooler morning and evening, leav-
ing the middle of the day free, which is as it should be. The deadly
monotony of unoccupied hours can only be realized by one who has
passed a season in a small Filipino town. Some organizations are fortu-
nate in having libraries of their own; a good deal of much appreciated
literature has been supplied by a society in Manila devoted to that

598 BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON-GENEBAL.

An inspection made at 2 p. m. today, October 6, 1901, of the dining rooms, kitchens,
and earth closets, shows that they are all swarming with flies. The screen doors and
windows are badly fitted and broken, and one troop (C) has no window screens at
all to the dining room and kitchen. The dry-earth closets are about 30 yards from
the kitchens and dining rooms, and here flies are again in swarms. The majority of
fecal deposits were not covered, or only partially so. The experience of the summer
of 1898 in the different camps makes it plain that this is the greatest source of infec-
tion, for the conditions are analogous. It is recommended :

1. That the dining rooms and kitchens be properly screened at once and every
precaution taken by company cooks and dining-room men to keep the flies out and
away from the food.

2. That instead of using the dry-earth closet the troughs be filled with a solution
of lime to the depth of 4 inches, and that the present urinal be done away with and
the men made to pass their urine into the lime solution in thetroughs.

3. That these troughs be emptied daily. It is further recommended that the odor-
less excavating tank wagon with detachable pump be obtained to facilitate the daily
removal of trough contents.

The above recommendations in regard to the latrines are the best practicable that
can be carried out at once, but should be used only during the time necessary for
the Quartermaster's Department to place a well-constructed water-closet and sewer
system in the post.

As part of the odorless extraction apparatus was missent and did not reach this
post till some time in January, 1902, it was not till cold weather killed the flies that
the disease stopped. The middle of December, 1901, the weather was quite cold for
two or three days, averaging 18 degrees, and the last case of typhoid entered the
hospital December 20, 1901.

From October 1 to December 20, 1901, there wrere treated 33 undoubted and well-
marked cases of typhoid fever, with 5 deaths, a mortality of 15.1 per cent. This
rather high mortality can only be accounted for by the fact that many of the cases
came to sick call, recruit like, only after they had been sick a week or ten days.
Two of the worst cases came in from a ten days' practice march. The following
table shows the number of cases in each organization :

Troop A, Twelfth Cavalry 6

Troop B, Twelfth Cavalrv 6

Troop C, Twelfth Cavalry 5

Troop F, Twelfth Cavalry 9

Twelfth Company, Coast Artillery 2

One hundred ana twenty-fifth Company, Coast Artillery 2

Detachment Hospital Corps 1

Prisoners 2

Total 33

No case has occurred since December 20, 1901, up to the present time, March 24,
1902, with one exception, and he came to the post sick from a month's furlough;
consequently not considered a case originating at Fort Clark.

Three of the fatal cases died of exhaustion, their systems not being able to hold
out longer against the typhoid intoxication, notwithstanding great stimulation with
whisky and strychnine. Two died of intestinal perforation and its consequences.
One case developed orchitis of the right testicle during convalescence. The testicle
suppurated and was enucleated. Three cases suffered with swollen lower extremi-
ties (phlebitis) during the latter part of the disease and convalescence. Epistaxis
occurred in 8 cases during the disease. One case developed a lobar pneumonia dur-
ing the height of the disease, but recovered from the pneumonia, and about ten
days later passed through the critical stage of the typhoid fever and recovered. This
case was one of the three of phlebitis mentioned above. The phlebitis of the left
leg began during convalescence.

Purulent otitis media of both ears, with perforation, occurred in one case. This
case wras particularly severe in its infection. The patient came to the hospital at 10
o'clock in the morning. He said he did not know what was the matter, but that he
felt so weak he could not get on his horse to drill. Temperature and pulse
were normal, but the man had a distressed expression, and his hands were cola and
blue. His tongue was coated white, but he had no pain in the abdomen. He was
placed in bed, where he wrent to sleep almost at once. At 6 p. m. his temperature
was 105° F., and at this time he complained of considerable pain in his chest
and cough. This pain and cough were due to a slight bronchitis. He was given
Dover's powder and phenacetine. The next two days quinine in large doses was
given without any effect whatever on the temperature. The case was men consid-

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 599

ered one of typhoid* fever and put on the cold-bath treatment. This did well till
about the fifteenth day of the treatment, when it was found that he did not react
well. His skin would stay cold and blue from one bath till the temperature indi-
cated another, notwithstanding whisky was given after each bath. The baths were
stopped and whisky and strychnine were given instead, and the amount of whisky
ana strychnine this patient took with greatest benefit, which was quite perceptible,
was something astonishing. For ten days he took 30 cubic centimeters of brandy
every two hours, night and day, with 2 milligrams of strychnine every three
hoars.

The majority of the cases on entering the hospital complained of pain in the chest
and had a slight cough — a slight bronchitis. This is interesting, since several
writers insist that the lungs are the seat of initial infection.

One case developed abdominal ascites after the patient had been to duty several
weeks, and also showed albumen and hyaline and granular casts in his urine. Under
proper treatment the albumen and casts disappeared. The ascites also disappeared,
bat the liver, however, was found hypertropnied.

One case g^ve marked symptoms of cholecystitis during the height of the disease.

It was noticed that those cases that had diarrhea did badly; in fact, two of them
died, and, on the contrary, those that were more or less constipated did well.

Early in July, 1902, on account of the reported prevalence of typhoid
fever at Camp Thomas, Ga., a board consisting of Maj. Jefferson R.
Kean, surgeon, U. S. Army, and Contract Surgeon James Carroll,
U. S. Army, was appointed to make a thorough sanitary inspection of
the camp and submit a report to the Adjutant-General of the Army,
through the Surgeon- General. Major Kean was directed also to make
such suggestions and recommendations to the commanding officer of
the camp and the medical officers on duty thereat as seemed to him in
the best interests of the service to maintain the health of the troops
and eradicate epidemic disease. Action was promptly taken on this
order, as shown by the report of the board.

With a view to improving the sanitary conditions of this camp
Major Kean made the following recommendations to the commanding
officer:

1. That the screening of the mess rooms and kitchens to exclude flies be made
complete and efficient. The construction of these buildings was so poor in this
respect that they are at present large fly traps. Measures should also be taken to
destroy the flies in them, as required by post orders.

2. There are six houses occupied by park employees in the immediate vicinity of
the camp. These have all open and offensive privies, except one, which has none
at all. A closed fly-proof privy of approved pattern should be constructed at each
of these houses and they shoulcl be regularly inspected. As this is a measure for the

Srotection of the health of the command, it seems that it might very properly be
one by the Quartermaster's Department, and this would be the quickest and most
satisfactory way of remedying a serious sanitary evil.

3. The sanitary conditions of the post exchange affect the entire command and
should be perfect. Its present condition is far from satisfactory. It should be
efficiently screened against flies; the kitchen and pantry being screened separately
from the dining room. Flies now swarm there, and the standard of cleanliness is low.

4. In a permanent camp it is recognized by all sanitary authorities to be of the
utmost importance to prevent in every way pollution of the soil. In spite of the
admirable police of the camp it is inevitable that men will, during the night, urinate
near the tents rather than walk a hundred yards to the sinks. The only way to pre-
vent this is to provide urine tubs, which may be placed in the company streets at
dark and removed at reveille. These may be conveniently made of half barrels,
tarred inside, and should contain some antiseptic solution. This arrangement is
common in the English service. Another reason for it is the fact that the urine in
walking cases of typhoid and after convalescence often contains millions of typhoid
germs.

5. The milk supply of the camp should be under medical supervision, only those
dealers being licensed to sell who will comply with the rules recommended by the
post surgeon.

600 BEPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

6. As typhoid fever is prevalent in the village of Rossville, And its sanitary condi-
tion is bad, the men should be, as far as possible, kept from visiting it.

7. The command should be instructed that they may safely drink the water from
the bored wells, having pumps, in the park, but the other waters should be avoided,
and especially the unsterilized water piped from Chickamauga Creek. It is believed
to be a very valuable sanitary precaution to wash the hands Defore eating. If in the
opinion of the commanding officer it is deemed practicable to enforce this precaution
it would be desirable to do so.

The camp surgeon, Maj. W. D. Crosby, and Dr. James Carroll, U. S. Army, concur
in these recommendations.

Under date of August 6, 1902, Contract Surgeon James Carroll
reported the result of an examination of the soil taken from the cov-
ered-up sinks of the encampment in Chickamauga Park in 1898.

I have the honor to submit the following report of the examination of eight speci-
mens of soil taken from some of the sinks used by the troops encamped in Chicka-
mauga Park during the summer of 1898, while typhoid fever was prevailing. The
sites visited were those of the Ninth and Tenth Pennsylvania and Twelfth New York
Infantry regiments.

The object of the examination was to determine whether the typhoid bacillus
could be recovered, after the lapse of four years, from the earth with wnich the sinks
had been filled. It was impossible to ascertain to what extent disinfectants had
been used, and many of the sinks had been heavily covered with lime.

Samples were taken from a depth of only a few inches because it is said that the
typhoid bacillus when buried deeply in the soil grows toward the surface, where it
can obtain the largest supply of oxygen.

In making the cultivations the method used was that of Parietti, as follows: To a
number of tubes containing 10 cubic centimeters of sterile bouillon there was added
from 3 to 9 drops of a mixture of 5 parts of carbolic acid and 4 parts of hydrochloric
acid in 100 of distilled water. Five inoculations were made from each sample,
adding about 1 gram of the soil to each of five bouillon tubes containing 3, 5, 6, 7, and
9 drops of the acid solution respectively. A growth developed in all the tubes but two,
and after forty-eight hours plate cultures werv prepared. These were found to contain
practically pure cultures of common saprophytic and putrefactive bacteria, mostly of
the B. mbtilitt and H. proteus types. In no instance could the typhoid bacillus or the
colon bacillus be obtained.

In July, 1902, 4 cases of typhoid fever were reported as under
treatment in the general hospital, Presidio of San Francisco, Cal. An
investigation into the history of these cases showed that the infection
was not conveyed to these men while on the reservation. In one case
the disease was probably incurred while the soldier was absent on pass.
The three other cases were received from the transport Logan, the
infection having probably been acquired at Nagasaki, Japan.

MALARIAL DISEASES.

In the Army as a whole during the calendar year there were reported
35,180 cases of malarial disease, with a death rate of only 0.59 per
thousand of strength. The following shows the character of these
diseases:

Intermittents: 29,498 cases, equivalent to 318.93 cases per thousand
men, with no deaths and no discharge for disability.

Remittents: 4,615 cases, equivalent to 49.90 cases per thousand of
strength, with 7 deaths, and no discharge for disability.

Pernicious fever: 73cases, equivalent to 0.79 per thousand of strength,
with 33 deaths, equivalent to 0.36 per thousand.

Malarial cachexia: 994 cases, equivalent to 10.75 per thousand men,
with 14 deaths and 18 discharges for disability.

These records give a total of 35,180 cases, or 430.37 per thousand of
strength.

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 601

At posts in the United States a great deal was done during the
course of the year for the protection of the troops against bites of the
Anopheles, but that this did not suffice to offset the malarial diseases
brought home by men returned from the Philippines and Cuba may
be seen by comparing the statistics" submitted above with the mean
annual rates of the decade 1888-1897, during which period the strength
of the Army, all of which was in garrison in the United States, was
27,117.

At the Pan-American Sanitary Congress held in the city of Habana,
Cuba, February 15-20, 1902, a resolution was adopted recommending
that in all countries suffering from malarial fever a campaign of edu-
cation be instituted in order to popularize the recently acquired
knowledge concerning the transmission of this fever; that for the

Surpose cards written in simple, clear language and illustrated with
rawings of Anopheles mosquitoes be properly distributed among the
people.

As compared with the mean admission rate of 113.33 for malarial
fevers per thousand of strength for troops serving at posts in the
United States, Capt. George M. Wells, assistant surgeon, IT. S. Army,
called attention to the high rate of 326 admissions per thousand at
Fort Wadsworth, N. Y. The mean strength of the command was 445
men. The number of admissions for malarial fever varied from none
in February to 46 in September, giving a total of 145 wises for the
calendar year.

There was but one month in the year during which no case was
admitted, while the period of greatest prevalence was from July to
October.

This would appear to show that malaria is most prevalent at this post during the
months when mosquitoes are most numerous, as the latter did not make their appear-
ance in great numbers until the latter part of May or the 1st of June, hut it would also
show that a not inconsiderable number of cases occurred in midwinter, when the
mosquitoes are supposed to be dead, or if not actually dead, in such a stupid condition
that they would be harmless through inability to bite. This brings up the interest-
ing question of when the cases admitted in winter were really infected with the Plas-
modium, and the still more important question of how long the parasites may retain
their vitality in the blood without producing an outbreak in the form of a fever of
some type or other. In this connection I would state that in most of these cases the
blood was examined under the microscope and the presence of the Plasmodium
demonstrated beyond question, while in a limited number of cases there was some
doubt as to whether the plasmodiuin was or was not present. Some of these latter
cases, as well as others in which repeated examinations failed to disclose anything
even resembling the malarial parasite, presented a tynical clinical picture of malarial
fever, and yielded promptly to the action of quinine in do^es of 10 to 15 grains three
times a day. That the parasite was present in each case I have no doubt, although
I was not always able to demonstrate it either in the fresh or stained specimen.
Out of a total oi 373 cases of all kinds taken up on sick report during the entire year,
145 were malarial, making considerably more than one-third of all cases treated. But
when the number of days lost in hospital is taken into consideration the same ratio
does not hold, for out of a total of three thousand four hundred and three days
lost from all causes only seven hundred and twenty were from malaria, making
approximately one in five. Of the 145 cases of malaria actually treated in hospital,
58 were of the intermittent tyj>e, while S7 were remittent. This does not show
the exact ratio that actually existed between the two types of fever, for there
were a great many mild cases that were never taken up on the sick report, and
of these the intermittent were much more numerous than the remittent. From
the 58 cases of intermittent fever two hundred and eighteen days were lost, making
an average duration of three and seventy-six one-hundred ths days for each case, while
the 87 remittent cases caused a loss of five hundred and two (fays, making an aver-

« Not printed.

594 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

done by myself, and I am sure of asepsis; the bichloride solution is omitted and the
arm scrubbed only with alcohol after the soap.

When a number are to be vaccinated at one time a reliable Hospital Corps man does
this preparation. His hands are prepared as for an abdominal section, and he wears
freshly Dotted rubber gloves when they are available. Two or more brushes are
alternately used, and the one not in use is kept in boiling water on a coal-oil or other
stove. The scrubber is careful not to " dip oack " from dirty arms to sterile water;
he also avoids catching hold of arm or otherwise contaminating his hands. The man
to be vaccinated, after being scrubbed and cautioned to keep his hands off the area,
passes to the alcohol or bichloride solution and sterile- water stand, where sterile
hands scrub the part with a piece of sterile gauze wet with the solution. One piece
of gauze is used for each man. The man is now ready for vaccination. A tube of
glycerinated virus is cut with sterile scissors and the contents distributed at four
points about 2 cm. apart. The sterile needle of a hypodermic syringe is then in-
serted through each drop separately, into the skin — not underneath — and pushed
along nearly parallel with the surface until the hole at the end of the needle is well
out of sight. After each case is vaccinated the syringe, which has previously been
filled with sterile water, is emptied of a few drops to clean the needle and placed
with the needle suspended in boiling water. A retort stand, ring, clip, and alcohol
lamp are used for this purpose, and when these are not available a tin can with a
hole in the top small enough to prevent the guards of the syringe from passing
through is usea. Two or more syringes are used to avoid wasting time. Steriliza-
tion by passing the needle through the flame has been recommended. The steriliza-
tion is efficient, but the needle will not stand it. The temper is taken out of the
needle and it bends. As'soon as each case is vaccinated an assistant applies a sterile
pad of several thicknesses of gauze and keeps it in place over the wound by two strips
of adhesive plaster around the arm over the gauze, above and below, not directly
over wound.

The man is instructed to keep this dressing dry and in place, and to report at once
if the dressing gets wet or becomes displaced. He reports in five days for inspection
of the arm. Recruits are faced to the rear in line, as in this formation they do not
see what is being done to other men and are not so apt to faint as when they see what
is going on.

The time consumed by this method is insignificant, and much time and labor is
saved by the few redressmgs required. I believe field service is no excuse for failure
to apply aseptic technic to this operation. The Seventeenth Infantry was vaccinated
at Tarlac, P. I., November 17, 1899, during active operations and soon after we arrived,
by two acting assistant surgeons and myself in this cleanly manner.

I have record of 320 cases vaccinated since August, 1899, and histories of 3 cases of
vaccinia during that time. One of these cases lost one day of duty, 1 three, and 1 five;
total of nine days lost. The hypodermic method seems to me to possess certain
advantages over the abrasion method, but I believe that there would be little trouble
after any method if properly done. Vaccination should be considered a surgical oper-
ation, not a medical procedure to be done by people not familiar with aseptic technic

INFECTIOUS DISEASES ON TRANSPORTS.

Although the infections of scarlet fever, mumps, and measles were
auite prevalent and that of smallpox not infrequent in the United
States during the year, it is gratifying to record that few of the trans-
ports carrying troops from San Francisco, Cal., to Manila became
infected. Great care was taken in the examination of troops before
embarkation, but nevertheless cases of disease were occasionally
embarked. The transport Kilpatrick was the most unfortunate of
these vessels. On her voyage from San Francisco, Cal., to Manila.
April 5 to May 12, 1901, she had 3 cases of variola, 32 of mumps, ana
31 of measles, and on her corresponding voyage January 16 to Feb-
ruary 17, 1902, she had 7 cases of mumps and 40 of measles. On the
transport Meade, which sailed from San Francisco, Cal. , March 2,
1902, there was discovered on the following morning a case of scarlet
fever, with exudation in the throat, and a case of smallpox fully devel-
oped. The vessel put back into port and went into quarantine for

disinfection,. In the case of the JCilpairick the chief surgeon of the.

REPORT OF THE BURGEON-GENERAL. 595

•

Department of California reported that in his opinion it was practi-
cally impossible to prevent the occurrence of minor eruptive diseases
among the recruits en route to the Philippines. All reasonable pre-
cautions were taken and the system of inspection prior to embarka-
tion was rigid. In addition to those mentioned, the Sheridan arrived
at Manila, P. 1., January 26, 1902, with 23 cases of measles; the
Thomas March 3, with 48 cases; the Grant March 12, with 7 cases;
the Warren April 2, with 31 cases of measles and 9 cases of mumps;
the Hancock April 12, with 2 cases of mumps. On the Sheridan,
which arrived May 1, 1 case of smallpox occurred before reaching
Honolulu, H. I., and was transferred to the quarantine station at that
port. There was no spread of the infection from this case.

INFLUENZA.

Of this disease 2,608 cases were reported from the Army, equivalent
to 28.20 cases per thousand of strength. Only 1 of these cases was
fatal. Most of the cases, total number 2,295, equaling 86.56 per
thousand of the strength, occurred in the United States.

DENGUE.

Dengue, on the contrary, was almost absent from the United States,
Cuba, and Porto Rico, but quite prevalent in the Philippines, giving
31.67 cases per thousand of strength in the division.

DIPHTHERIA.

This disease was not prevalent in the Army during the year. The
total number of cases was 27, 2 of which were fatal. Sixteen of the
cases occurred in the Unitad States, and 11, with the 2 fatal cases, in
the Philippines. No case occurred in Cuba or Porto Rico.

YELLOW FEVER.

In the Army as a whole only 14 cases, 1 of which was fatal, were
reported during the year. All of these occurred in Cuba prior to the
precautionary measures taken in consonance with the important dis-
covery made by Maj. Walter Reed, surgeon, U. S. Army, and his asso-
ciates, concerning the propagation of the disease by the bites of infected
mosquitoes. Since prophylactic measures based on Major Reed's dis-
covery have been instituted no case of this dread disease has been
reported from the army in Cuba, and the reports from the civilian
population have been equally satisfactory. The importance of Major
KeedV work can not be overestimated. He has shown how the human
race may be freed from the scourge of yellow fever as Jenner showed
how it might be freed from the deadly ravages of smallpox.

At the ran-American Sanitary Congress Held in the city of Habana,
Cuba, February 15 to 20, 1902, the Army Medical Department was
represented by Lieut. Col. Valery Havard, deputy surgeon-general,
Maj. William C. Gorgas, and Maj. J. R. Kean, surgeons, U. S. Army.

The American republics represented by duly accredited delegates
were the United States (delegates from the Army and the Marine-
hospital Service), Cuba, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica*

596 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

Santo Domingo, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Paraguay,* and Uruguay. Besides
the official delegates, the congress was also attended by many of the
best representatives of the profession in Cuba, as well as by several
architects and sanitary engineers.

The papers read and discussed during the sessions covered a large
field of interesting and fruitful subjects and testified to the earnestness
and thoroughness with which, in spite of many difficulties, the work
of the congress was organized and carried out by the executive
committee.

The most interesting and important session was doubtless that of
February 19, devoted to the history of yellow fever and especially the
recent discoveries concerning the nature and mode of transmission of
the disease. It soon appeared that the experiments carried out by
Major Reed's commission and subsequently by other distinguished
physicians in the city of Habana, were known to all the delegates and
that the inevitable conclusions would be accepted. Colonel Havard,
after his paper on the transmission and prevention of yellow fever
had been read and discussed, presented in open session, so that all
present — delegates and others — might vote upon it, a resolution on the
mosquito as causative agent of yellow fever. All voted in the affirma-
tive with only two exceptions — two negative votes cast by physicians
(not delegates) of obscure standing in the community. The resolution
was as follows:

Accepting as an established fact that the mosquito (Stegomyia fasciata) so far as
known is the only agent capable of transmitting yellow fever, and that consequently
the prophylaxis should consist in the destruction so far as possible of the mosqui-
toes of that species and the use of the most effective means to prevent their access to
yellow-fever patients.

In the evening of that day the delegates met to consider the official
resolutions prepared by an especial committee. The resolution just
cited having been adopted without a dissenting voice, a motion was
made to add to it a clause embodying the practical deduction naturally
flowing from it, namely, that quarantine regulations in their applica-
tion to yellow-fever cases should be based upon the doctrine wnich it
enunciates. This motion was combated by the delegates from the
United States Marine-Hospital Service as well as by Dr. Porter, sec-
retary of the Florida board of health, and lost, a result as illogical as
it was unexpected.

TYPHOID FEVER.

Of this disease 594 cases were reported during the year, with 78
deaths and 5 discharges for disability. The cases were equivalent to
6.42 and the deaths to 0.84 per thousand of the strength of the Army.
The admission rate for this disease in the United States, 9.43, was
higher than in the Philippines, where it was 5.29 per thousand men,
and in Cuba, where it was only 3.21. In Porto Kico it was 10.41.
During the decade 1890-1899 the mean annual rates of admission and
death per thousand of strength were respectively 20.49 and 2.29, but
these rates are excessively high, as they include the great prevalence
of the disease in the camps of the Spanish-American war in 1898.
Going back to the decade 1888-1897 we find the mean annual admission
rate 4.95 and the death rate 0.55 per thousand of strength. During
the past year, therefore, the disease was considerably more prevalent
than during the years of peace prior to 1898.

BEPOBT OF THE 8UKGEON-GENERAL. 597

It is probable that the records give an underestimate of the number
of cases of typhoid, as 1,805 cases of fever, equivalent to 19.52 cases
per thousand men, were reported as undetermined. None of these
undetermined cases proved fatal. In the Philippines the rate of admis-
sion was 25.38 per thousand men, and in the United States 8.22, the
higher rate in the Pacific islands being probably due to a want of facili-
ties for making use of the Widal reaction.

An epidemic of typhoid fever occurred at Fort Clark, Tex., Octo-
ber 1 to December 20, 1901, and was reported by Caot. T. S. Bratton,
assistant surgeon, U. S. Army. On reporting for duty at this post
October 1, 1901, Captain Bratton found on sick report 7 cases in vari-
ous stages of a continued fever, which had been recorded as continued
malarial fever. On October 2 three other cases entered the hospital,
and next day a fourth case. These cases he regarded from the clinical
records as all cases of typhoid fever. In the absence of means to
detect the plasmodium, the administration of quinine in large doses
was relied on to differentiate. All the suspected cases gave negative
results with large doses, but gave positive reactions with the Widal
test when samples of blood were sent to the Army Medical Museum
for examination. Dr. Bratton continues:

It was reported, and the register confirmed it, that this epidemic of continued
fever has existed all summer with more or less intensity, which gradually increased
as the fall advanced.

On looking for a cause it was found, first, that the water supply was excellent, being
obtained from a large spring 50 feet in diameter and 17 feet deep in the center and
supplying at least 8,000 gallons per minute. The intake pipe was in the center of
the spring and 10 feet under the surface. It would t>e impossible to contaminate
this spring for any length of time on account of its large flow. However, the troops
were afraid of it and were using distilled water from the ice plant for drinking
purposes.

Next the sinks were examined. They consisted of earth closets, the contents being
removed nightly. Some deposits were covered, many not at all, and others imper-
fectly so. The urinal consisted of a trough that ran into a tub without cover. This
tub was also emptied every night.

The usual number of flies were found around these sinks, but it was in the kitchens
and dining rooms of the barracks that they actually swarmed over everything. The
kitchens and dining rooms were furnished with screens, but these were badly fitted
and full of holes in many places; in fact, worn out.

No case of fever had occurred among the officers nor their servants, and no case,
so far as I could learn, had occurred in the town of Brackettsville, though the people
were using the water obtained from the stream about a hundred yards below the
spring, this being hauled to them in barrels. It was believed that the disease was
originally brought to the post by recruits, as part of the Twelfth Cavalry was organ-
ized here during the summer. With these facts at hand, a special sanitary report
was sent to the adjutant. * * *

An examination of the spring shows that the fence inclosing it is inadequate and
in several places broken down, thus allowing cattle and other animals to enter the
inclosure and defile the watershed, if not the spring. The margins are overgrown
with water lilies, which in themselves are not harmful, except that they allow
trash and detritus to collect on the surface of the water and prevent proper drainage
at the outlet, where they are especially luxuriant. It is recommended:

1. That the fence be extended so as to exclude cattle from all portions of the spring
and that the broken portions be repaired.

2. That the watershed be thoroughly and frequently cleaned, and that neither
man nor beast be allowed within the inclosed shed.

3. That the lilies around the margin, and especially at the outlet, be cleaned away
so as to allow free drainage of the spring water and the surface accumulations.

4. That the tanks in the water tower be cleaned at frequent intervals. With the
above procedures carried out, I can not believe that distilled water is either necessary
or advisable at this post. The spring is a large one and of great volume, and with
the infrequent rain prevailing here should not l>ecome contaminated by surface
drainage. Theoretically distilled water is quite pure, but practically much distilled
water is quite impure when it reaches the consumer.

598 BEPOBT OF THE SURGEON-GENEBAL.

An inspection made at 2 p. m. to-day, October 6, 1901, of the dining rooms, kitchens,
and earth closets, shows that they are all swarming with flies. The screen doors and
windows are badly fitted and broken, and one troop (C) has no window screens at
all to the dining room and kitchen. The dry-earth closets are about 30 yards from
the kitchens and dining rooms, and here flies are again in swarms. The majority of
fecal deposits were not covered, or only partially so. The experience of the summer
of 1898 in the different camps makes it plain that this is the greatest source of infec-
tion, for the conditions are analogous. It is recommended:

1. That the dining rooms and kitchens be properly screened at once and every
precaution taken by company cooks and dining-room men to keep the flies out and
away from the food.

3. That these troughs be emptied daily. It is further recommended that the odor-
less excavating tank wagon with detachable pump be obtained to facilitate the daily
removal of trough contents.

Prom October 1 to December 20, 1901, there were treated 33 undoubted and well-
marked cases of typhoid fever, with 5 deaths, a mortality of 15.1 per cent. This
rather high mortality can only be accounted for bv the fact that many of the cases
came to sick call, recruit like, only after thev hacf been sick a week or ten days.
Two of the worst cases came in from a ten clays' practice march. The following
table shows the number of cases in each organization :

Troop A, Twelfth Cavalry 6

Troop B, Twelfth Cavalrv 6

Troop C, Twelfth Cavalry 5

Troop F, Twelfth Cavalry 9

Twelfth Company, Coast Artillery 2

One hundred ana twenty-fifth Company, Coast Artillery 2

Detachment Hospital Corps 1

Prisoners 2

Total 33

Purulent otitis media of both ears, with perforation, occurred in one case. This
case was particularly severe in its infection. The patient came to the hospital at 10
o'clock in the morning. He said he did not know what was the matter, but that he
felt so weak he could not get on his horse to drill. Temperature and pulse
were normal, but the man had a distressed expression, and his hands were cola and
blue. His tongue was coated white, but he had no pain in the abdomen. He was
placed in bed, where he went to sleep almost at once. At 6 p. m. his temperature
was 105° F., and at this time he complained of considerable pain in his chest
and cough. This pain and cough were due to a slight bronchitis. He was given
Dover's powder and phenacetine. The next two days quinine in large doses was
given without any effect whatever on the temperature. The case was then consid-

REPOBT OF THE SUBGKEON-GENERAL. 599

One case gave marked symptoms oi cholecystitis during the height of the disease.

It was noticed that those cases that had diarrhea did badly; in fact, two of them
died, and, on the contrary, those that were more or less constipated did well.

Early in July, 1902, on account of the reported prevalence of typhoid
fever at Camp Thomas, Ga., a board consisting of Mai. Jefferson R.
Kean, surgeon, U. S. Army, and Contract Surgeon James Carroll,
U. S. Army, was appointed to make a thorough sanitary inspection of
the camp and submit a report to the Adjutant-General of tne Army,
through the Surgeon- General. Major Kean was directed also to make
such suggestions and recommendations to the commanding officer of
the camp and the medical officers on duty thereat as seemed to him in
the best interests of the service to maintain the health of the troops
and eradicate epidemic disease. Action was promptly taken on this
order, as shown by the report of the board.

With a view to improving the sanitary conditions of this camp
Major Kean made the following recommendations to the commanding
officer:

2. There are six houses occupied by park employees in the immediate vicinity of
the camp. These have all open and offensive privies, except one, which has none
at all. A closed fly-proof privy of approved pattern should be constructed at each
of these houses and they should be regularly inspected. As this is a measure for the

5. The milk supply of the camp should tx» under medical supervision, only those
dealers being licensed to sell who will comply with the rules recommended by the
post surgeon.

600 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

6. As typhoid fever is prevalent in the village of Rossville, And its sanitary condi-
tion is bad, the men should be, as far as possible, kept from visiting it

7. The command should be instructed that they may safely drink the water from
the bored wells, having pumps, in the park, but the other waters should be avoided,
and especially the unsterilized water piped from Chickamauga Creek. It is believed
to be a very valuable sanitary precaution to wash the hands before eating. If in the
opinion of the commanding officer it is deemed practicable to enforce this precaution
it would be desirable to do so.

The camp surgeon, Maj. W. D. Crosby, and Dr. James Carroll, U. S. Army, concur
in these recommendations.

Under date of August 6, 1902, Contract Surgeon James Carroll
reported the result of an examination of the soil taken from the cov-
ered-up sinks of the encampment in Chickamauga Park in 1898.

I have the honor to submit the following report of the examination of eight speci-
mens of soil taken from Home of the sinks used by the troops encamped in Chicka-
mauga Park during the summer of 1898, while typhoid fever was prevailing. The
sites visited were those of the Ninth and Tenth Pennsylvania and Twelfth New York
Infantry regiments.

In making the cultivations the method used was that of Parietti, as follows: To a
number of tubes containing 10 cubic centimeters of sterile bouillon there was added
from .3 to 9 drops of a mixture of 5 parte of carbolic acid and 4 parts of hydrochloric
acid in 100 of distilled water. Five inoculations were made from each sample,
adding about 1 gram of the soil to each of five l>ouillon tubes containing 3, 5, 6, 7, and
9 drops of the acid solution respeoti vely. A growth developed in all the tubes but two,
and after forty-eight hours plate cultures were | >rej wired. These were found to contain
practically pure cultures of common saprophytic and putrefactive bacteria, mostly of
the B. xuUiUx and II. proteus types. In no instance could the typhoid bacillus or the
colon bacillus be obtained.

MALARIAL DISEASES.

Intermittents: 29,498 cases, equivalent to 318.93 cases per thousand
men, with no deaths and no discharge for disability.

Remittents: 4,615 cases, equivalent to 49.90 cases per thousand of
strength, with 7 deaths, and no discharge for disability.

Pernicious fever: 73cases, equivalent to0.79per thousand of strength,
with 33 deaths, equivalent to 0.36 per thousand.

Malarial cachexia: 994 cases, equivalent to 10.75 per thousand men,
with 14 deaths and 18 discharges for disability.

These records give a total of 35,180 cases, or 430.37 per thousand of
strength.

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 601

At posts in the United States a great deal was done during the
course of the year for the protection of the troops against bites of the
Anopheles, but that this did not suffice to offset the malarial diseases
brought home by men returned from the Philippines and Cuba may
be seen by comparing the statistics0 submitted above with the mean
annual rates of the decade 1888-1897, during which period the strength
of the Army, all of which was in garrison in the United States, was
27,117.

Surpose cards written in simple, clear language and illustrated with
rawings of Anopheles mosquitoes be properly distributed among the
people.

As compared with the mean admission rate of 113.33 for malarial
fevers per thousand of strength for troops serving at posts in the
United States, Capt. George M. Wells, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army,
called attention to the high rate of 326 admissions per thousand at
Fort Wadsworth, N. Y. The mean strength of the command was 445
men. The number of admissions for malarial fever varied from none
in February to 46 in September, giving a total of 145 cases for the
calendar year.

There was but one month in the year during which no case was
admitted, while the period of greatest prevalence was from July to
October.

This would appear to show that malaria is most prevalent at this post during the
months when mosquitoes are most numerous, as the latter did not make their appear-
ance in great numbers until the latter part of May or the 1st of June, but it would also
show that a- not inconsiderable number of cases occurred in midwinter, when the
mosquitoes are supposed to be dead, or if not actually dead, in such a stupid condition
that they would be harmless through inability to bite. This brings up the interest-
ing question of when the cases admitted in winter were really infected with the Plas-
modium, and the still more important question of how long the parasites may retain
their vitality in the blood without producing an outbreak in the form of a fever of
some type or other. In this connection I would state that in most of these cases the
blood was examined under the microscope and the presence of the Plasmodium
demonstrated beyond question, while in a limited number of cases there was some
doubt as to whether the Plasmodium was or was not present. Some of these latter
cases, as well as others in which repeated examinations failed to disclose anything
even resembling the malarial parasite, presented a typical clinical picture of malarial
fever, and yielded promptly to the action of quinine in doses of 10 to 15 grains three
times a day. That the parasite was present in each case I have no doubt, although
I was not always able to demonstrate it either in the fresh or stained specimen.
Out of a total oi 373 cases of all kinds taken up on sick report during the entire year,
145 were malarial, making considerably more than one-third of all cases treated. But
when the number of days lost in hospital is taken into consideration the same ratio
does not hold, for out of a total of three thousand four hundred and three days
lost from all causes only seven hundred and twenty were from malaria, making
approximately one in five. Of the 145 cases of malaria actually treated in hospital,
58 were of the intermittent type, while 87 were remittent. This does not show
the exact ratio that actually existed between the two types of fever, for there
were a great many mild cases that were never taken up on the sick report, and
of these the intermittent were much more numerous than the remittent. From
the 58 cases of intermittent fever two hundred and eighteen days were lost, making
an average duration of three and seventy-six one-hundredths days for each case, while
the 87 remittent cases caused a loss of five hundred and two days, making an aver-

« Not printed.

602 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

age duration of five and seventy-seven one-hundredths days for each case, or two
days more than the intermittent cases. The average duration of all malarial cases
was four and ninety-seven one hundredths days. Of the 145 cases of malaria, 85 were
from men admitted but once, 19 from men admitted twice, 4 from men admitted
three times, and 2 from men admitted four times, making a total of 110 men that
were treated in hospital during the year for this affection. Two hundred and
twenty-eight cases, admitted for all causes except malaria, caused a loss of two thou-
sand six hundred and eighty-three days, making an average of eleven and thirty-
three one-hundredths days for each case. Most of these cases were short cases,
but there were a few, especially venereal cases, that lasted a long time, one having
spent no less than one hundred and fifty days in hospital, while some others lost as
much as two to three months. The total disability of the command from all causes
amounted to a trifle over 2 per cent of the mean strength, while the disability from
ail causes, exclusive of malaria, amounted to 1.6 per cent of the mean strength.

Latent and masked malaria. — One of the most important results
arrived at from the examination of the blood for the malarial parasite
by ContractSurgeon Charles F. Craig, U. S. Army, in the general hos-
pital, Presidio of San Francisco, Cat., has been the great number of
cases of latent and masked malarial infections discovered in soldiers
returned from the Philippines. Although the fact is well known that
malarial infections may remain latent for a long period in some
instances, the percentage of cases exhibiting this latency, so far as
reported, has not been as large as the results obtained at this hospital
seem to show. Of the 1,082 cases in which malarial parasites were
demonstrated in the blood, 219 were cases of masked or latent malaria.
Thus of the 1,082 cases, 20 per cent were of this class of infections.

In 20 cases diagnosed as chronic diarrhea malarial parisites were
demonstrated, anain all these cases the infection was latent. Symp-
toms of diarrhea were present in all, but there was no rise in tempera-
ture and no symptoms which could be interpreted as being malarial in
character. Treatment by quinine in these cases quickly caused the
disappearance of the parasite from the blood, and, as a rule, resulted
in the general betterment of the patient's condition, so that, as the cases
have to be classed as latent on account of the absence of symptoms,
the improvement in the patient indicates that the malarial infection
has some influence in the progress of the diarrhea.

Sixteen cases diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis showed the pres-
ence of malarial parasites, 10 cases being due to infection with the
estivo-autumnal parasite, 4 with the benign tertian. From a study
of the clinical histories and temperature charts in these cases, the infec-
tion in every case was masked by symptoms which suggested pulmonary
disease. Perhaps in no class of cases is the diagnosis of pulmonary
tuberculosis made so often as in cases of malaria showing quotidian
elevations of temperature. Such cases are often accompanied by a
cough, great emaciation, profuse perspiration, and present the picture
of pulmonary tuberculosis.

This is especially true of cases originating in the Tropics, the
emaciation in these cases being more extreme and the pulmonary
symptoms more apparent than in cases originating in the Temperate
Zone. In all the cases diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis the para-
sites were present in considerable numbers, and treatment by quinine
showed in a few days that the infection was purely malarial. The
examination of the sputum in these cases for the tubercle bacillus
always resulted negatively.

From the brief analysis of these cases of latent fever it will be
seen how important an examination of the blood is in all cases of dis-

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

608

ease originating in the Tropics or in localities which are known to be
malarious. It is an undoubted fact that a malarial infection compli-
cating any disease process invariably injures the patient's chances of
recovery, and its elimination, as proven by numerous cases observed
at the general hospital, Presidio of San Francisco, Cal., greatly
facilitates recovery. Not only is this so, but cases have been

observed in which the discovery of the malarial infection undoubtedly
saved the patient's life. The discovery of the cases of estivo-autumnal
malaria is especially important, as it is this form of the disease that
may become at any time pernicious and may cause death within a few
hours.

consumption.

Four hundred and fifty-two cases were reported from the Army
during the year, equivalent to an admission rate of 4.89 per thousand
of strength. The rate of discharge was 2.16, and of death 1.03. The
rates in the United States were: Admission, 4.76; discharge, 3.06, and
death, 0.64. In the Philippines: Admission, 4.94; discharge, 1.75, and
death, 1.26. In Cuba: Admission, 4.91; discharge, 2.27, and death,
0.57. In Porto Rico: Admission, 4.34; discharge, 2.60, and no death.

As the mean annual admission rate for the decade 1888-1897 was
only 2.72 per thousand of strength, a circular was issued from this
office February 24, 1902, inviting the attention of medical officers to
the increasing prevalence of pulmonary consumption, and enjoining
them to see that all apartments which have been occupied by cases of
tuberculosis are thoroughly disinfected.

No case of tuberculosis should be treated in quarters; and in the case of officers or
enlisted men, as soon as positive diagnosis is made, recommendation should be made
for transfer to the United States general hospital, Fort Bayard, N. Mex. In all dem-
onstrated or suspected cases the sputa should be promptly destroyed or disinfected.

At the Pan-American Sanitary Congress held in Havana, Cuba, in
February, 1902, a resolution was unanimously adopted recommending
the establishment of antituberculosis leagues, similar to those already
existing in several American Republics and the island of Cuba, in the
conviction that international collective efforts will more surely result
in a marked and permanent decrease of the disease.

Tlte United State* general hospital, Fort Bayard, N. Jfex. — During
the year 439 cases were under treatment at this hospital.

From the opening of the hospital, October 3, 1899, to June 30, 1902,
686 cases have been admitted, with results as follows:

Discharged 431

Died (27 in less than one month) « 105

Remaining June 30, 1902 150

Total 686

Results in those discharged.

Clinically cured

Convalescent

Improved

Unimproved Q8 discharged in less than one month) .

Average
residence.

Mos. Days.
8 24

6 5

5 28

Number.

214

124

Percent.

6.7
10.6
39.9
23.1

a Or 19.7 per oent.

604

BEPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

Results in the three stages of the disease.

Stage.

First

Second

Third

Total

Clinically
cured.

Convales-
cent.

27 !
8 i

1 i

Improved.

Unim-
proved.

Died.

101
67
46

18
38
68

10
94

214

124

105

Total.

186
135
216

536

The death in the first stage was due to tuberculous appendicitis. Of
the 10 deaths in the secona stage, 5 were from laryngeal or intestinal
tuberculosis, 3 from empyema, 1 from rupture of an aortic aneurism,
and 1 from acute tuberculous pneumonia.

While ordinarily sanatoria for the treatment of pulmonary tubercu-
losis admit only about 25 per cent of cases examined as being suitable
for admission, patients are sent to the Fort Bayard hospital regardless
of the extent of their lesion or their desire to come. They are not
selected for treatment in a high altitude, and perhaps a few would do
better at a lower elevation. Many do not realize the gravity of their
affection and the importance of remaining after discharge from the
service until clinically cured. Sixty-two have returned after their dis-
charge with their pulmonary lesion much advanced and their general
condition much worse.

Nearly 80 per cent of the patients come from the Tropics, and in
many of these, owing to the enervating effects of the tropical climate,
the disease has made rapid progress before admission.

The following is a table of comparative weights on discharge of
those who have improved under treatment:

Improved

Convalescent . . .
Clinically cured

Dis-
charged.

214
57
36

Gained.

Average
gain.

Average
low.

160
51
30

Pounds.
10.1
12.6
15.5

No
change.

14
2

The three largest gains were 7fi, 58, and 45 i>ounds.

Maj. I). M. Appel. surgeon, U. S. Army, commanding the hospi-
tal, states that the longer he observes the effects of treatment in a high
altitude the more he is convinced that a larger variety of cases are
amenable to its beneficial influence than is commonly believed. Cases
with extensive excavation in both lungs, and in which pyrexia con-
tinued for several months after admission, have finally improved to
such a degree that ultimate recovery is probable, nor can emaciation,
hemoptysis, or old age be considered contraindications.

The following report by Contract Surg. J. J. Curry, U. S. Armv,
on the effects of altitude on the blood is submitted as of interest. It
is dated Julv 22, 1902.

The results of ray observations to date on the nature of the changes in the blood
of both normal individuals and of those suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis are
shown in the following tables. The valuable blood counts at sea level were made
through the courtesy of Col. A. C. Girard, assistant surgeon-general, U. 8. Army,
formerly commanding the general hospital at the Presidio of San Francisco, Oal., by
Contract Surg. C. F. Craig, CJ. S. Army, pathologist of that hospital.

The following report, dated November 14, 1901, on consumption in

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

605

France, forwarded by John C. Covert, United States consul at Lyons,
was received from the State Department:

At a former session of the French Parliament, a commission consisting of 32 mem-
bers was appointed to investigate the subject of pulmonary tuberculosis, its ravages
in France, trie causes of prevalence, and the progress that has been made toward its
cure. The report of this commission, which has just appeared in the Journal Official,
treats the subject very elaborately, covering 25 quarto pages of solid minion. I trans-
late in part and condense from it.

Mr. Amordu, the author of the report, says that 150,000 people die of consumption
in France every year. It is among the young, adults, rjeople from 30 to 45 years of
age, in the prime of life, who seem to be the special victims of this scourge. Under
such circumstances consumption can not be regarded as merely one of the incidents
of life; it is a dreadful enemy, which is constantly extending its ravages and daily gain-
ing ground, with no opposition to its contagious action. It can be said that in regard
to France, where population is almost at a standstill, it is more than a menace to
individuals; it constitutes a real national peril.

CAN BR CURED.

"If tuberculosis is a disease that is widespread and contagious, it is also a disease
that can be avoided and that can be cured.

"No one now questions the truth of this proposition, and it is such fundamental
truths that inspire me to set forth the ravages caused by tuberculosis, to make known
the means by which it is propagated, and to indicate in a general way the methods
to extirpate it."

IN AUSTRIA AND GERMANY.

Tuberculosis has its victims to-day in all countries and in all climates. Professor
Leyden, in his lecture on September 7, 1894, at the Congress of Budapest, established
the annual number of deaths in Germany from consumption at 170,000, 4,500 of
which are charged to the single city of Berlin. He concluded that the aggregate
deaths in the German Empire were from 1,000,000 to 1,300,000.

Kuty estimates the deaths from consumption in Austria at 25 per every 10,000
inhabitants. In Vienna, where this disease is called the Vienna malady ("Morbus
Viennensis") the average annual deaths from consumption during the five years
from 1889 to 1893 was 8,356.2. For every 1,000 deaths 232 were of consumption.
For every 100,000 inhabitants 540 die of consumption. In Hungary the number of
consumptives reaches over 400,000. In Budapest, in a population of 492,237, during
a perioa of five years statistics report 3,179 deaths per year from consumption.

In twelve cities in Italy, the most populous of the Kingdom, the average annual
number of deaths from consumption is 337 per 100,000 inhabitants.

In England, according to Mr. Loch, there are 150,000 to 200,000 persons sick with con-
sumption and 41,000 deaths every year. In Switzerland, with 2,800,000 population,
the number of consumptives reaches 50,000. The average for the three years 1895-
1897 was 23.8 deaths from tuberculosis per 10,000 individuals. According to Dr.
Knopf, of the 4,500,000 population of Portugal, 20,000 die from tuberculosis every year.

The following table from the office of the German imperial board of health gives
the number of deaths for each 10,000 population from tuberculosis and pulmonary
inflammation in the different nations mentioned:

Countries.

Russia . . .
Austria ..
Hungary.

France.

Sweden

Germany . . .
Switzerland.

Ireland

Denmark . . .
Netherlands

Italy

Belgium

Norway

Scotland

England

Deaths.

From

Pulmonary

tubercu-

inflamma-

losis.

tion.

39.8

42.1

36.2

22.8

31. 8

24.4

30.2

30.4

23.1

27.2

22.4

26.5

20.3

21.3

20.3

27.7

19.1

23.2

18.8

40.1

18.7

47.9

17.6

46.8

17.4

17.6

17.3

31.7

13.6

31.5

606 KEPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

MORTALITY IN FRENCH CITIES AND TILLAGES.

" Pulmonary morbidity and mortality are very general in France. If it is true, as
contended by the imperial board of health of Germany, that the average duration
of the disease is three years, which is rather below than above the truth, we can
approximate of our people sick with that disease at about 500,000. In our cities
having over 50,000 inhabitants the proportion of deaths from consumption and
chronic bronchitis is 49.9 for every 10,000.

"In cities having from 10,000 to 50,000 inhabitants the proportion is 39.8 per
10,000.

"In cities of from 5,000 to 10,000 the proportion is 35.7. In cities of less than
5,000 the proportion is 33.8."

Paris is one of the great centers of tuberculosis. From 12,000 to 14,000 consump-
tives die there annually and the patients number about 40,000.

Many of the consumptives of Paris leave that city before they are far advanced and
die in the country or in small towns, at the home of relatives. Some of them have
come from the country to Paris, where they receive the first taint of consumption
and bear the germs back with them to the old homes. If exact figures could be
given of the number of persons thus leaving Paris it would materially raise the total
number of deaths from that disease which should be charged to that city.

Monsieur Amodru gives elaborate statistical tables of the ravages of the disease in
Paris, by wards or arrondissements, showing that the deaths are more numerous in
proportion to population among the poor than among the rich. He quotes from the
report of the extra-parliamentary commission, made to the ministry of the interior,
that in towns of less than 5,000 inhabitants the number of consumptives increases in
proportion as the population is lowered. It is true that this report applies to only
89 towns — insufficient to establish a precise rule. They give merely an indication,
but until it is controverted it will remain a very disquieting indication.

Unfortunately, the observations thus far indicate that the disease is much more
prevalent in the country than was supposed. Professor Brouardel, in his report to
the extra-parliamentary commission, says that this question of the " progressive inva-
sion of the country by tul>erculosis has occupied my mind for several years. I have
questioned many physicians on the subject, and their observations all tend to the one
conclusion of the marked invasion of the country districts of France by this disease."

Dr. Ricochon, in speaking of an epidemic of consumption in a village, attributed
its constant increase to the presence of the large barracks filled with soldiers. Com-
pulsory military service causes the presence in the barracks of a constantly increasing
number of consumptives, who are sent back yearly to die in their homes. Every
one of them may create a center of tuberculosis contagion, all the more dreadful
because military tuberculosis seems to be of exaggerated virulence. I could cite
many cases of soldiers rejected as unfit who have communicated the disease in so
short a time that they lived to see a brother or sister die from it.

In Paris and the Department of the Seine, in a given space of time, consumption
each year caused 38 times more deaths than varioloid and scarlatina combined, 16
times more than typhoid fever, and 8 times more than diphtheria.

Statistics prove that consumption is increasing in France and Italy and is decreas-
ing in England, Germany, and other countries. Its home is in all countries, and it
attacks people of all ages, but statistics establish that it is between the age of 15 and
60 years that a person is inont exposed to contract it and die from it. Men are more
subject to it than women. The statistics of Wurzburg, Bavaria, establish the pro-
portion of 35.48 among men and 28.55 among women.

According to the Bertillon statistics the mortality in Paris is the same for the two
sexes up to 15 years of age. After that the greater increase is among men.

During the six years from 1892 to 1897, 29,476 persons died of consumption in
Paris, 17,006 men and 12,470 women.

Dr. Mingot, in report presented January 9, 1901, to the minister of the poet-office
and telegraph, says that among the 71,000 employees of the department the deaths
from tuberculosis amount to 40 for every 10,000. For the Department of the Seine,
Paris, this proportion increased to 62 for every 10,000, while in the general popula-
tion of Pans the proportion is 49 for every 10,000. One of the great railroad com-
panies reported that out of 40,000 employees 271 died of consumption in 1896 and
257 in 1897. In 1898 the number of employees was 41,800; deatns from consumr*
ifion, 285.

BEPOBT OK THE 8UBGEON-GENEBAL.

607

The following table gives the losses in the army from tuberculosis during the ten
years mentioned:

Yean.

1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1898
1894
1896
1896
1897
1898

Invalided

Deaths per

per 1,000. .

1,000.

4.30

1.18

4.94

1.06

6.70

1.08

6.10

1.33

6.66

1.04

6.33

.94

6.66

1.01

8.34

1.14

7.34

.94

7.84

.96

7.13

.78

Total losses
per 1,000.

5.48
5.99
6.78
7.48
7.59
7.27
7.66
9.48
8.28
8.79
8.01

The number of persons rejected from the Army as consumptives increased very
materially from 1888 to 1898. It passed from 4.30 per thousand to 7.13 per thousand.
The number of deaths from the same cause diminished during that time from 1.18 to
0.88 per thousand. The total losses from deaths and rejection rose from 5.88 to 8 per
thousand.

The armies of other countries also pay a heavy tribute to tuberculosis. A table is
given which shows that the losses by death or rejection on account of tuberculosis
are increasing in all the armies of Europe except that of England, where the mor-
tality from consumption is diminishing.

Dr. Vincent affirms that of all diseases it is tuberculosis which causes the greatest
ravages in the fleet. Jules Richard says that in 1855 "tuberculosis moves rapidly
on board ships. Nothing is more true, and this is due in the first place to the close
contact of men with each other, which increases the chances of contagion. But
fatigue, overwork, the variations of temperature to which the men are exposed in
going from one climate to another, are so many causes which explain the rapid
development of consumption in the marine service."

From 1888 to 1897 the statistics of the marine hospital at Brest report 1,119 deaths,
of which 501, 46.8 per hundred, that is to say almost half, were from consumption.
In 1893 for the five marine hospitals in the ports of Brest, Cherbourg, Lorient, Roche-
fort, and Toulon the statistics report 35.5 per hundred deaths from consumption.

In 1898 the total number of deaths in our fleet rose to 2,176. Of this number 635,
that is, more than one-quarter, were from consumption.

The army, the marine, and the railroads are not the only conglomeration where
tuberculosis develops readily. Professor Brouardel says that wherever a man in
his work, in the pursuit of pleasure, or while sick, is compelled to live part or all of
the time among other people where habitations are overcrowded or even unhealthy
the conditions necessary for imparting the disease exists. If he is well, his compan-
ions are a danger to him; if sick, he is a danger to them. The conditions of modern
society oblige men to live together. As a child he is exposed in school; as an adult
in the barracks, a workmen in the workshops; as a student in the schools, libraries,
and laboratories. If he travels, he is exposed in carriages, railroad cars, too often
dirty, in the hotels where patients have often preceded him, and insufficient pains
have been taken to protect the new guest from possible contagion. Poor and sick,
he enters a hospital where all the environments menace him. This peril from the
crowding of people together is inherent in the very progress of civilization. It is
the tribute we pay and it explains the constantly increasing menace of tuberculosis.

The following are a number of places which may become centers for breeding
tuberculosis: Lyceums, colleges, ana all kinds of schools, post-offices, courts, prisons,
factories, hospitals and asylums, railroads, street cars, hacks, boats, stores, theaters
and concerts, churches, libraries, convents, monasteries, restaurants, and saloons.

It was in 1865 that Villemain, in a celebrated letter to the Academy of Medicine,
first declares that tuberculosis was contagious. The powers of resistance of the tuber-
culosis bacilli is very great. After heating them three hours at 100° they were found
to retain all of their virulence. Moist heat, sunshine, and fresh air are the best
known agents for the destruction of the bacilli. Savinski, after many experiments
with tuberculosis sputum, concluded "that these expectorations could retain their
virulence indefinitely while they remained in darkness, but that they lost it when
exposed to the action of sunlight," Other authorities are here quoted in support of
the sunlight cur^t .

608 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

It is not the breath of the consumptive which is contagious; the air which he
expels does not contain the germs; it is the spittle, dried and reduced to dust, which
is generally the agent of contagion. This dust coming from the dried spittle, and in
which there are thousands of bacilli, arises in the atmosphere, enters the respiratory
organs, infecting the bronchial tubes and lungs. Heller calculates that the bacilli
expelled by a consumptive in one day number not less than 7,200,0 0,000.

The writer cites a number of cases of the disease caused by inhaling the bacilli
expelled from consumptives.

Hypollite Martin has made many interesting experiments, in which he reports the
inoculating of guinea pigs and rabbits with milk bought here and there in Paris.
Since the discoveries of Dr. Koch there is no essential feature of the tubercular
bacilli with which we are not familiar, and so widespread and numerous have been
the experiments regarding its vitality and its resistance to physical and chemical
agencies that it is now thoroughly understood.

THE CONSUMPTIVES BREATH NOT CONTAGIOU8.

All agree that the air expelled by the patient does not contain the bacilli, and
that it is the same in regard to the physiological secretions. Only the spittle is dan-
gerous, and even there the liquid must be dried so that the bacilli can float in the
air in the form of dust. It is demonstrated also that this dried spittle clings to the
wall, the furniture, and the floor of the patient's room for months and even years.
It is shown, on the contrary, that sunlight very speedily — in a- few hours, in fact —
destroys the bacilli. It is also demonstrated that consumption is contracted through
the respiratory organs, but also and much less often by milk, and perhaps by meat
of consumptive animals.

In short, we know that there is one kind of tuberculosis called "closed," very fre-
quently ganglionary, osseous, and viscereal; but in such cases the bacilli are prisoners
and consequently inoffensive. Such consumptives offer no danger of contagion.
We know also that the consumptive that expectorates the bacilli is dangerous and
that we must protect ourselves against him. "Open" tuberculosis is the enemy
which must be constantly combated.

NOT NECESSARILY CONTAGIOUS.

Consumption is by no means necessarily contagious. A healthy man, not predis-
posed, possesses a power of resistance to the bacilli, a natural immunity, which
permits him to escape the contagion.

Although tuberculosis may not l>e hereditary, it is certain that the children of
consumptives, bv the mere fact of their birth in a state of organic weakness, are
predisposed to the bacilli. In the same manner, children and adults who are char-
acterized by what Lorraine and Brouardel call "infantilism" are more subject to
consumption than others.

AIX'OITOL TnE GREAT ALLY OF CONSUMPTION.

General debility, overwork, every kind of excess, predisposes one to that disease.
The influence of alcohol in developing consumption is denied by no one to-day.
All clinicians have recognized this fact, and Professor Landouzy, in a resume" of his
observations, used the picturesque expression that "alcohol makes the bed for
tuberculosis."

Tuberculosis produced by alcohol generally occurs at an advanced age and its
progress is very rapid. Of 252 patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis Jacquet
found 180 caused by alcohol. Mr. de Lavarenne, in his report to the extra-par-
liamentary health commission, after having demonstrated that the deaths from con-
sumption are increasing in France, proved that the increased mortality is in exact
proportion of the increased consumption of alcohol.

The departments which are the greatest centers for tuberculosis are almost alwayB
those where there is the greatest consumption of alcohol. It is therefore of the first
importance in the war against consumption to also combat drunkenness. Consump-
tion is avoidable. Brouardel says that if a person is predisposed to it from birth, he
may escape it by living in a healthy locality, in an apartment exposed to air and
sunshine. On the contrary, a strong and vigorous man, with no hereditary or
acquired predisposition, may not escape the contagion if he lives in unhealthy sur-
roundings. It is in dark, closely packed abodes that this disease in cultivated.

BEPOBT OF THE 8UEGEON-GENEBAL. 609

TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF THE DISEASE.

It should be thoroughly understood that the spread of this disease can be pre-
vented. People must be prohibited from spitting on the floors, and the dried aust
from expectoration must be rendered harmless. It has been proposed that the act
of expectorating upon the ground or floor anywhere should be made a crime 'and
punishable as such. Without going so far, for it seems to us it would be very diffi-
cult to prevent spitting in the street, it would suffice to confine the prohibition to
buildings under the control of the State, (Jepots, museums, etc. "We should recall
that this prohibition exists in America and has never called forth much criticism.
Knopf reports that a few years ago in San Francisco a well-known millionaire, Mr.
B , was condemned to twenty -four hours in prison for violation of this law."

Another precaution is profuse sprinkling before sweeping. This should apply to
streets and sidewalks as well as to the interior of houses. Houses and the apart-
ments of consumptives should be thoroughly cleaned and ventilated after the depar-
ture of the patient.

In its general conclusions the report recommends careful inspection of meat and
milk; the organization of a veritable crusade against tuberculosis in the barracks;
the prohibition of the use of alcohol among soldiers; a ration of 360 grams of meat
daily; the placing of large hygienic spittoons everywhere, raised 3 feet from the
ground, and improved ventilation. The use of metallic spittoons containing anti-
septic solution is recommended and the floors to be well sprinkled before being swept.
These recommendations also apply to the marine, with the addition that all con-
sumptives should be kept isolated. The use of disinfected metallic spittoons and the
recommendation in regard to sweeping applies to all public buildings, depots, saloons,
schools, places of amusement, etc.

CONSUMPTION 18 CURABLE.

The report declares that consumption is curable at all stages. Professor Bouchard
is quotea as saying, "This disease, which is cruel to mankind, is curable in the
greater number of cases." All medical action should be constantly inspired on the
belief that the disease is curable. The contrary idea is nothing more than an histor-
ical souvenir."

Mr. Darenberg says that during the last ten years he has cured a number of con-
sumptives, who nave resumed their active occupations, have married, and now have
healthy children. "I can even say," says he, "that I myself am the consumptive
that I know the best of those I have cured. I am therefore able to confirm that con-
sumption is curable."

Pure air, such as is found on the seashore and on high mountains, is the best
remedy for consumption. That air, free from microorganisms and dust, smoke, the
numerous adulterations engendered by human activity, far from the industrial cen-
ters and the numerous fermentations of decaying substances in the large cities,
contains all the necessary aseptic qualities. However, in order that this remedy
should be effective, this pulmonary asepsis should be continuous — that is to say,
that the patient should not only keep his windows and doors open night and day,
but that he should persevere in this air cure for a long time.

He should have plenty to eat, and eat often, and should enjoy absolute physical
and mental repose. Sanatoria for consumptives should be constructed in a place
sheltered from unfavorable winds; in a healthy locality, in the neighborhood of pure
water, where the air is free from dust and poisonous emanations; in an isolated spot
at a good distance from any large population — if possible, on the southern slope of a
wooded hill or mountain, where the summit of the hill and neighboring trees pro-
tect it from strong winds.

DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY 8T8TEM.

These diseases gave an admission rate of 79.58 for the Army as a
whole: 50.30 in Porto Rico, 62.19 in the Philippines, 71.93 in Cuba,
and 121.40 in the United States.

war 1902— vol 1 39

610 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

RHEtTMATIC AFFECTIONS.

There were recorded in the Army during the year 366 cases of
rheumatic fever, or 3.96 cases in every thousand of the strength. One
death occurred, the fatal case being reported from the Philippines.
The admission rate did not vary much in the different commands. It
was 4 per thousand in the garrisons of the United States, 4.34 in
Cuba and Porto Rico, and 3.90 in the Philippines and China.

In addition to these, muscular rheumatism, chronic articular rheu-
matism, and other diseases of the muscles, bones, and joints gave an
admission rate of 58.98 with 1.60 discharges for disability per thou-
sand of strength in the Army as a whole: 71.36 with 2.90 discharged
among the troops serving at the home stations, 53.94 with 1.08 dis-
charged in the Philippines, 54.37 with 1.14 discharged in Cuba, and
54.64 with 1.74 discharged in Porto Rico.

INTESTINAL DISEASES.

During the calendar year 1901, 28,918 cases of intestinal disease
were reported, equivalent to 312.69 ca,3es per thousand of the strength,
with 0.75 per thousand discharged for disability and 3.64 deaths.

According to a report from Col. A. C. Girarcl, assistant surgeon-

§eneral, U. S. Army, commanding the general hospital, Presidio of
an Francisco, Cal., there were 837 cases diagnosed as chronic dysen-
tery admitted to the hospital during the year, of which 279 were due
to ameba of dysentery, the remainder being divided between the
ordinary catarrhal form of dysentery and the chronic specific form.
Of the amebic cases 9 died; of the chronic specific form, 12. One
case died which showed the characteristic lesions of marked catar-
rhal dysentery. The small rate of mortality shown in the cases of
dysentery admitted to the hospital during this year is due to two
factors: First, that the cases admitted were not in as advanced a stage
of the disease as those admitted in previous years, as a rule. Second,
that the experience in treatment of dysenterv cases at this hospital for
three }Tears has resulted in a better Knowledge of the therapeutics of
the disease, and consequently better success in its treatment. In the
amebic cases the injection of a strong solution of quinine has been
pursued as a routine measure. This treatment has proven most satis-
factory, as shown both by the physical condition of the patient
after commencement of the treatment and by examination of the
stools in the laboratory. The ameba quickly disappeared from the
feces, as did also blood and mucus; the patients gained in flesh,
and in the majority of cases rapidly convalesced. Some of the
patients, however, after treatment has been discontinued, relapse, and it
is again necessary to resume the treatment. Taken all in all, the treat-
ment by quinine injections in amebic cases has proven the most satis-
factory that has yet been tried at this hospital. In the cases which
were not amebic various therapeutic procedures have been tried, but
in all these cases the element or diet seems to play a more important
part in the recovery of the patients than anything else. No routine
diet has been found to be satisfactory, each case having to be treated
separately. A strict milk diet in some cases rapidly promotes con-
valescence in the patients while in others it has been found necessary
to give some solid food. A thorough study of the cases of dysentery,

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 611

aside from those due to anieba, but proves the fact that each case
must be judged separately and studied thoroughly. Routine treat-
ment in these cases is unsatisfactory. Injections have been used some-
what extensively. Those containing nitrate of silver have in a few
cases proven very beneficial, but in most cases the severe pain caused
by the use of this solution has precluded its employment.

CHOLERA.

No case of cholera was reported from the Army during the year
1901, but on the afternoon of March 20, 1902, two suspicious cases
were reported to the board of health of Manila as being present in
the San Juan de Dios Hospital. Lieut. R. P. Strong, assistant sur-

feon, U. S. Army, was sent to investigate these cases, but before he
ad concluded his inquiry two other cases were reported. As the
result of his examination of these four cases he reported to the board
that cases of Asiatic cholera were present in Manila, and that the
spirillum of Koch had been isolated from these cases. Orders were
immediately issued from headquarters of the Division of the Philip-
pines containing instructions to all officers for the protection of their
commands, of themselves, and their households; and Colonel Sanger,
inspector-general and chief of staff, was directed to visit all barracks
ana camps, corrals, and other places pertaining to the administration
and command of the army in Manila, and to ascertain whether the
orders were thoroughly understood and in course of execution. Two
days later orders were issued announcing that at the request of the
civil governor all medical officers were made members of boards of
health and required as such to take charge of the sanitation of the
towns in which they were stationed. On the same day the chief
surgeon issued a circular with regard to the use of disinfectants.

Tnese instructions and requirements were promulgated in the
departments of the division. Later, on April 11, a circular was
issued from headquarters of the division giving a very thorough dis-
cussion of the cause, prevention, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment
of Asiatic cholera, compiled by Maj. Charles Lynch, surgeon, U. S.
Volunteers. As the result of the carrying out of the measures
required by these orders and circulars the troops in Manila and other
infected towns suffered little from the disease, while the native and
Chinese residents suffered severely. In his report for the month
ending May 15, 1902, the chief surgeon reported that in ^Manila,
which was the focus of the disease, no case had occurred among the
troops, but that Pasay, Santa Mesa, and the transports Warren and
Hancock, in the harbor, each had a case or two. Outside of Manila,
however, 51 soldiers had been affected and 31 had died. The disease
first appeared in soldiers in the Camarines, 14 cases having been
reported from that province, the other 37 having occurred in small

? laces near Manila, especially on the lake, in men who had drank
asig River water while en route to their stations. With a view to
fuarding against infection from this cause in the future, a recommen-
ation was made to include in orders for the movement of troops in
cholera territory a paragraph requiring the providing of distilled
water and cooked food in sufficient quantity, and the presence of a
commissioned officer on each casco or other boat.
In the city of Manila at this time the cases numbered 1,005 and the

612 REPORT OF THE 8URGE0N-GENEBAL.

deaths 800. Twenty-three Americans and 13 Europeans had been
attacked, with 18 and 10 deaths, respectively. In the provinces 3,210
cases, of which 2,522 were fatal, had been reported, but it is probable
that a moderate estimate of unrecognized, unreported, or concealed
cases would add 20 per cent to these numbers.

A report written about this same date by Capt. Thomas R. Marshall,
assistant surgeon, U. S. Volunteers, in charge of the Santa Mesa and
the San Lazaro cholera hospitals, shows 186 admissions, of whom 4
were Americans, 4 Europeans, 157 Filipinos, 20 Chinese, and 1 Japa-
nese. The mortality among these patients wras 82.16 per cent, but of
these 4.33 per cent died en route to the hospital, and 18.37 per cent
were practically dead on arrival and expired shortly after admission,
notwithstanding vigorous stimulation. If these deaths en route and
cases admitted in collapse are deducted from the total mortality, the
death rate of those who really underwent medical treatment is reduced
to 59.46. Rice water stools, vomiting, suppression of urine and bile,
shrinking of the soft spots, fallen cheeks, pinched nose, sunken eyes,
shriveled fingers, cold body surface bedewed with a clammy sweat,
rapid and shallow respiration, thready, weak, and rapid pulse, with
voice sunken to a whisper or entirely lost, and subnormal temperature
were the characteristic symptoms. The definite lines of treatment
advocated from time to time proved of no material service. These
included the climinative treatment of Johnson, the ice-bag treatment
of Chapman, the various antiseptic methods directed to the destruction
of the vibrios in the intestinal canal, and the drugs designed to coun-
teract the physiological effect of the cholera toxines. Benzozone
(benzoyl acetyl peroxid) was administered in capsules as a germi-
cide in doses from 0.065 to 0.32 cubic centimeter, out it was found to
be a gastric irritant, producing almost invariably retching and fre-
quently vomiting. When the capsule was ruptured by the teeth in
the act of administration, which was frequently the case with natives
and Chinese, the drug produced excoriation of the mouth and tongue,
gums and lips, so that nourishment by mouth was seriously interfered
with, necessitating nutrient enemata and a discontinuance of the
drug. When this drug was administered in solution (1: 1000) by rectal
injection beneficial results were claimed. The injection of 237 cubic
centimeters of normal salt solution with 30 cubic centimeters brandy
into the lower bowel of all adult cases on admission, and a proportion-
ate quantity for children, proved stimulating and advantageous. The
transfusion of normal salt solution into the larger veins in from 30 to
6() cubic centimeters was resorted to in a large number of cases, and
in collapse it gave the most gratifying results. The use of strych-
nine* hypodermically proved more advantageous than digitalis, nitro-
glycerin, or whisky. Opium, catfein, chlorodyne, and brandy were
used with good results. Concentrated liquid nourishment only was
employed, and this in quantities of from 30 to 100 cubic centimeters,
as indicated by gastric toleration. Milk, milk punch, eggnog, soft-
boiled eggs, wine, and beef extract were best retained, but gastric
intolerance was so common a symptom that rectal enemata had fre-
quently to bo employed.

A report from Ibaan, Batangas Province, by Capt. L. B. Sandall,
assistant surgeon, U. S. Volunteers, shows the difficulties encountered
by medical officers in their efforts to combat the disease among the
natives. In anticipation of an invasion of cholera from Manila, aiocal

BEPOET OF THE SURGEOK-OENEBAL. 613

board of health was organized and held regular meetings. Twelve
inspectors and 45 subinspectors were appointed. Cholera, with the
methods by which it is spread, was thoroughly explained to them and
the best means for its prevention were discussed in detail, with the rea-
sons for each precaution taken. Each inspector visited his district
once every day and the post surgeon visited all the districts twice a
week. A great deal of cleaning up was done and a quarantine against
other towns was established. After these precautions were taken the
first case of cholera was reported by an inspector. The surgeon found
the patient dead on reaching the house. He found also mat all the
neignbors had visited the sick man before his death. That same after-
noon another case, also fatal, wus reported. All the neighbors had
been present at the patient's death and the children of the household
were scattered in several different places. Next day cholera was
reported in three barrios, and on the day after in two more. The sur-

feon found that the people would not keep out of the cholera-infected
ouses nor follow instructions in any way. Soiled clothing, which, in
accordance with orders, should have been burned, was washed in the
river for future use. Regulations required infected houses to show a
red flag, but the natives gave no heed to this warning and to them the
presence of the flag was seemingly only a kind of a joke.

In his report for the month ending June 15, 1902, the chief surgeon
gives the following statement of the cholera situation:

Cholera has attacked 2 officers, 62 American and 1 native soldier. The greater
number of cases in troops has occurred in Laguna and Batangus. The cause in the
majority of instances has been the drinking of infected water. A few cases have
been due to food contamination, either by handling or by flies. A total of more
than 150 places has been attacked, extending from Laoag on the north (1 case in
the harbor), or Lingayen (3 cases among natives in the town), to Dulag, Lcyte,
on the south. A few cases nave appeared in Samar and Leyte, but the disease has
not spread widely. In the Camarines Sur the epidemic seems to have been stamped
out, but in Laguna and Batangas and the adjacent part of the province of Tayabas
cholera has spread in virulent epidemic form, hundreds of cases probably having
occurred without report.

Outside of Manila a total of 5,967 cases have been reported, with 4,290 deaths.
In the city, 1,350 cases, with 1,100 deaths.

Cholera work, as reported in April, is carried on by the insular board of health in
the city of Manila and by army medical officers acting as health officers at nearly all
places in the provinces. The additional demand on medical officers has been met
in the most satisfactory manner. Commerce is extensive between points on the lake
in Laguna Province and Manila. As long as the ports of that province were closed
no cholera appeared, but immediately on opening them the disease attacked first the
ports and thence spread back into the country, invading nearly every town in its
course. ^ It is here especially where many cases die without bemg reported. The
people in the small towns are very ignorant, consider cholera as a visitation from
Providence, and can not be induced to take proper precautionary measures. There
have been no rains during the month which have particularly affected the cholera
situation.

Later informatipn indicates a greatly increased prevalence of this
disease. The chief surgeon, in his report for the month ended July
15, 1902, states that—

Cholera has spread widely through Luzon during the month, and has appeared in
the island of Cebu. In Samar and l^eyte the disease is still present, but has attacked
comparatively few people in the small number of towns invaded. The contrary has
been true in the recently infected sections of Luzon. In Pangasinan especially
cholera has been extremely virulent, spreading rapidly from town to town, with great
numbers of deaths. Witn the increase of the epidemic the proportion of recorded
cases has very much decreased, and it is probable in the whole archipelago not more
than one-fourth or one-fifth of the cholera cases are now being reported. The insular

614 REPORT Off THE 8URGEOK-CEKERAL,

board of health is almost entirely confining its efforts to the city of Manila, and such
sanitary work as is done in the provinces is carried on by medical officers of the
Army, but inasmuch as many towns are not now occupied by troops, cholera rages
in them unchecked. A total of 25,000 cases is thought to be a conservative estimate
for the archipelago. Quarantine regulations have become very irksome to natives
generally. This, combined with the apathy of the people, makes the outlook
extremely serious. In former epidemics cholera hac always increased with the first
rains. This is due to the fact that infected material deposited on the banks of streams
is carried down to be drunk by the inhabitants on the lower reaches. Very heavy
typhoons have, on the other hand, so increased the volume of water ac to appar-
ently sweep clean the banks of all streams, with the consequent subsidence of cholera
epidemics. Such storms do not occur every year. Until a heavy typhoon comes,
the disease may be expected to gradually spread from place to place and from island
to island.

Among the troops 2 officers and 75 men have been attacked during the month,
both officers and 52 of the men fatally. Nineteen men and the 2 officers belonged to
native companies, though one of the latter was detached from his command. Several
cases have occurred in Manila, but the majority of cases in troops have been in
Laguna and Batangas.

ASIATIC CHOLERA.

Definition. — An acute infectious, epidemic disease, caused by the presence of the
spirillum of cholera, the so-called comma bacilhx of Koch, in the intestines, and
characterized clinically by profuse purging and vomiting of a colorless, serous
material, rapid collapse, and a high mortality.

History of the disease. — Although cholera hae probably been endemic for hundreds
of years in Lower .Bengal and other Eastern localities, the great epidemic of 1817 first
attracted serious attention from European observers. That epidemic did not, how-
ever, invade Europe, but spread widely over the East.

Europe was first attacked in 1830; the disease followed the trade route through
Persia, entered Russia, and finally reached the British Isles in 1832. The same year
cholera attacked the United States, the infection being carried by way of emigrant
ships through Quebec, to extend as far west as the military posts on the Upper Mis-
sissippi; New York was also infected direct from England.. The epidemic traveled
all over the continent of Europe, where it lingered to 1839.

In America cholera recurred in 1835-36. The disease again invaded Europe in
1840, to remain until 1851, being carried to America througn New Orleans in 1848,
to spread widely in the Mississippi Valley, extending west even to California. The
third European invasion, or possibly recrudescence of the preceding epidemic, cov-
ered the period from 1848 to 1857. In America it again appeared in 1849.

Other epidemics occurred in Europe in 1863-1867, 1870-1873, 1879, to linger to
1887, and 1891 to 1895; in America in 1854, 1866, 1867, and 1873.

Because of modern means of communication the disease has traveled much more

rapidly westward in the more recent epidemics. This was especially noticeable in

* the European attack in 1891-1895, which is so well remembered on account of the

severe visitation at Hamburg. This epidemic did not enter the United States,

though cases were brought to the port or New York.

While iTie western spread of the disease from India has attracted more attention
from the medical profession in America, eastern diffusions have also occurred to the
Straits Settlements, Siam, China, Japan, and the Philippine Archipelago. It has
been observed that preceding spread of the disease from its habitat in India that
country has alwayc suffered from an unusually violent outbreak.

Cholera has probably existed for many years in endemic form in China as well as
in India, though lack of investigation of nealth matters in the former country has
led to few reports of the disease.

The history of cholera in the Philippine Islands is rather meager. Two epidem-
ics have occurred in recent years, the details of which have been obtained from
native physicians who were practicing their profession in the islands at the time the
disease appeared. The first and most serious was in 1881 and 1882, and is said to
have caused some 34,000 deaths in Manila alone. The disease was not recognized as
cholera, or at least was not officially announced as that disease, until a major of engi-
neers died in August, 1882. It had then been so widely spread that more than 1,5%)
deaths occurred in one twenty-four hour period. This epidemic entered by way of
Manila and extended thence into the provinces. It terminated after a severe
typhoon late in 1882. In 1887 the second Philippine epidemic entered by way of
Tawi-Tawi, gradually extended north, killing about 50 per cent of the population

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 615

of Zamboanga, attacked the islands in turn, at last reaching Manila, to linger during
March, April, and May, 1888.

The late history of cholera is as follows: The disease was reported from India
alone in January, 1900, but on January 1, 1901, had extended to Madras and the
Straits Settlements. Between November 8, 1900, and March 16, 1901, 272 deaths
occurred in Singapore. Buenos Ayres had 2 cases between February 1 and February
28, 1901, while in the weekly report of March 9, from Hongkong, 7 deaths were
recorded. In India, from November 18, 1900, to March 18, 1901, 1,150 deaths
occurred; 68 wTere reported from March 22 to March 28, Madras during the same
time reporting 4. The disease attacked Batavia on June 2, 1901, and gave a total
of 538 cases with 451 deaths up to September 28. Yokohama was attacked the same
summer, but from July to August had but 8 cases and 3 deaths. A few cases also
occurred in Formosa, while at Suez, in September, there were 6 cases and 1 death
on a ship from Java. In the cities of Soerabaya and Samarang, of this island,
nearly 3,000 cases were reported in the month of August. Borneo also showed 100
cases during the same penod, and Sumatra about 90. Singapore, from October 1 to
November 23, had 34 cases. These records are of interest in snowing the gradual
extension of the disease to points having commercial relations with this archipelago.

Exactly by what route the present epidemic entered Manila is not known. Tne
disease Has been ravaging Canton during the first part of 1902; thence it spread to
Hongkong. Numerous other Chinese cities were undoubtedly affected. No vege-
tables were permitted imported from infected Chinese ports after March 5, 1902,
but large quantities of sucn vegetables were thrown from ships in the harbor, and it
is believed by the Manila board of health that natives living on the water front
became infected from vegetables which they picked up on the shore. The other
possible means of infection were by Chinese smuggled into the city, infected cloth-
ing from Hongkong, or possibly by persons who had entered legally, and while
not apparently affected by the disease nad the spirilla in their stools.

The district first attacked was a small barrio called the Farola, immediately above
the light-house at the mouth of the Pasig River. This is a typical plague spot, the
houses being built partly over the water, with no means of disposal of excreta,
which, with garbage, is left on the shore by the receding tide. The greater part of
the drinking water of the inhabitants was obtained from the Pasig River, which is
foul with the drainage of the entire city.

The first case was reported at 2.30 p. m., March 20, 1902; before midnight that
same night four cases had been found. A gradual increase has occurred to March
27, 1902, a total of 63 cases and 48 deaths having been discovered. The manner of
the attack shows that there can be no general infection of the municipal water sup-
ply, but that some other cause must be in operation.

Cause. — Asiatic cholera is caused by the comma bacillus of Koch, the spirillum of
cholera, which, growing in the intestines, gives rise to the characteristic symptoms
of the disease, both by the production of toxins and by local action. Koch investi-
gated the comma bacillus in Egypt in 1883, and in India the next year, fully con-
firming his former observations, nor could he find the bacillus in other diseases or
in healthy stools. Koch's researches have been verified by numerous observers,
though on account of variation in the character of the spirillum and the fact that
spirilla closely resembling those of cholera have been found in other diseases consid-
erable controversy has arisen.

The cholera spirilla are small organisms, 1.5 to 2 micromillimeters in length and
a little less than 0.5 micromillimeters in thickness. They are curved like a comma;
hence the name. Two attached may give an S shape. Longer forms occur, though
more commonly in cultures than in the intestines.

In films from the intestinal contents, in typical cases, organisms are found in almost
pure culture, all with their long axes in the same direction, to which characteristic
arrangement Koch called attention, comparing it to fish heading up a stream.

Cholera spirilla are flagellated, usually having but one delicate flagellum, and are
actively motile. They do not possess spores. In old cultures there is much varia-
tion from the typical form, the so-called involution forms.

The spirilla stain readily with the basic aniline stains; Loeffer's methylene blue
or weak carbol-fuchsin being especially satisfactory. They are decolorized by Gram's
method.

In the body they are found only in the intestines and are never present in the
blood or internal organs. The lower part of the small intestines is their favorite
habitat. While, as stated, they are never found in the blood or internal organs,
thev do penetrate the intestinal wall, oven to the connective tissue. Coincident
with such penetration, the mucosa becomes congested, especially around Peyer's

616 BEPOBT OF THE SUBGEON-GENEBAL.

patches and the solitary follicles, which are swollen and prominent. In the chronic
cases there may be extensive necrosis of the mucosa, hemorrhage, and the formation
of false membrane.

The comma bacillus grows freely on all ordinary media, the body temperature
being the most favorable; below 16° C. death usually follows.

A fairly characteristic appearance is given on gelatin plates. Minute white points
are visible in twenty-four to forty-eight hours; these under low power show an
irregularly granulated or furrowed outline, becoming larger, they give an appear-
ance which has been compared to pieces of broken glass. Later liquefaction occurs
and the colonies sink into the cup so formed. The outline of the cup is sharp; the
liquefied portion within forms a ring which is granular, while the mass of growth in
the center is irregular and broken at the edges. Later, with the continued liquefac-
tion, the characteristic appearance is lost.

Another characteristic reaction, though unfortunately not pertaining solely to the
cholera bacillus, is the so-called cholera red. To obtain this add a few drops of pure
sulphuric acid to a twenty-four-hour culture, at 37° C, in peptone bouillon or solution
of peptone 1 per cent; a pinkish red color results by the reaction of the sulphuric
acid with the indol and nitrite formed in the medium, giving a nitroso-indol body.
It has been found that all peptone will not give the reaction, and it is advisable when
possible to try the peptone with a known cholera culture before using. The sul-
phuric acid must also be pure. This test is important, is always given with the
comma bacillus, and the other organisms which also give it are few in number.

The spirilla grow best in the presence of oxygen, but will grow more slowly with-
out it.

The rapidity of the growth of the cholera organism on all media is of importance
in separating it from other bacteria which somewhat resemble it. This growth is
especially rapid in alkaline bouillon and peptone solution. In the former at 37° C.
in twelve hours the medium becomes turbid and a thin pellicle forms on the surface.

The powers of resistance of cholera spirilla correspond closely to those of other
spore-free organisms; they are killed within an hour by a temperature of 66° C and
more rapidly at higher temperature; neither are they resistant to antiseptics, lime (1
per cent in water) destroying them within the same period. Their resistance to cold
is greater, although a few days in ice kills them.

In sewage water they do not increase, but live for some time; in distilled water
they may live for several weeks, but do not multiply unless considerable organic
matter is added; on moist linen they multiply rapidly. Experiments show that in
fluids generally when grown with other bacteria, although they increase at first, they
are finally overcome by the other organisms.

The conditions governing their saprophytic existence are of great importance from
a hygienic standpoint, and as a general statement a warm temperature, moisture,
oxygen, and a supply of organic matter may be said to favor their growth, and there
can be no doubt that they can and do exist for a considerable time outside the body,
thus keeping up and spreading cholera epidemics.

Cholera is not a contagious disease any more than is typhoid fever, which is spread
by the same means, and therefore in cnolera, as in typhoid fever, in order to study
means of infection it is necessary to examine solely agencies by which the bacillus
is conveyed to the well from the dejecta of the sick. Transference by means of dust
is, however, more unlikely in cholera than in typhoid, as the cholera spirillum is
more easily killed by drying than is the typhoid bacillus, and can not be carried
through the air. while cholera and typhoid are thus compared and the statement
made that cholera is conveyed from sick to well by practically the same means as
enteric fever, familiarity with the latter disease should not minimize in thought the
danger of infection in the presence of cholera, which is considerable.

Cholera is spread by drinking water infected with cholera excreta; the use of in-
fected water for diluting milk, for washing cooking utensils or dishes, etc, on which
food is served, or for washing clothes by which such utensils, dishes, etc, are wiped;
flies which carry the spirilla from infected dejecta to food (the organism has been
found in flies twenty-four hours after contact with such dejecta); in nurses and wash-
erwomen, direct conveyance of dejections from the patient or his clothing to the
mouth; food accidentally contaminated by handling; vegetables and fruits sprinkled
with infected water or manured with human excreta; shellfish taken from infected
waters.

The home of cholera is also the home of poor water, and in India there is unques-
tionably repeated infection of water supplies.

It must not be thought, however, that every person who drinks infected water or
injests the spirilla is attacked by the disease, for this is far from the truth, as indi-
vidual susceptibility varies within wide limits. A comparative immunity is enjoyed

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 6l7

by those who have an active gastric digestion and a healthy intestinal mucous mem-
brane, and all factors which tend to interfere with this healthy condition just so
much make persons more liable to cholera infection. These factors may be heavy
drinking, the eating of indigestible foods or overripe fruits, or the use of inordi-
nately large quantities of ice water, etc. As in many other diseases, the resident
possesses a certain immunity over the new arrival in an infected locality.

While methods of infection in cholera are the same in these islands as elsewhere,
some knowledge of local conditions is necessary in order to effectively combat the
disease. As is well known, the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands universally
drink impure water; there are no municipal water systems except in Manila ana
Jolo, ana the numerous streams of the archipelago serve all purposes, the population
utilizing them for defecation, washing of bodies and clothing, and for drinking
and washing of cooking utensils; nor are the municipal water supplies much less
dangerous. The whole drainage of the Mariquina Valley is into the river which
supplies Manila, not less than 10,000 people living on that stream above the intake.
The water is not purified by filtration or other method, and has been found to con-
tain 800,000 colonies per c. c. a' short distance above the intake. This number is
somewhat diminished by the time the water reaches the city. It is stored for a short
time in the reservoir at El Deposito, and in that way loses some bacteria by sedi-
mentation.

Vegetables growrn in the islands are necessarily sprinkled with contaminated water,

Serhaps in addition fertilized with human excreta, and in the presence of cholera are
angerous.

Locally, aerated waters and sorbete, of which the natives are so fond, are also very
likely to convey cholera infection. Aerated waters are prepared from any water
which is not too dirty to affect the appearance of the product. Since American
occupation the factories in Manila have improved, and were at one time provided
with filters, either the Berkefeld or Pasteur, nut as obtaining water from such filters
is rather a slow process, it is believed that they are generally used only during visits
of inspection. Moreover, they are not cleaned frequently, thus giving an opportunity
for the spirillum to grow through them.

It is not generally appreciated what a large business aerated-water manufacture is
in the city of Manila. There are over 20 firms engaged in making such water, and
the capacity of the largest concern is some 20,000 bottles per day.

Sorbete, the native ice, is made from well water, or, more commonly, since the
Government ice plant, around which venders congregate, has been in operation, from
either city water or that of the Pasig River. As soon as the ice is prepared it is
peddled through the streets and is unquestionably dangerous.

From an infected locality cholera may be carried to another place by cholera-
infected rags, cholera-infected food, or by man infected with cholera.

The first two methods need no further discussion, but man may undoubtedly carry
the disease, although he himself may not be affected by it, or apparently not
affected, as a man from an infected area may present no symptom of cholera clinically,
though on bacteriological examination the spirillum may be found in the feces, and
will just as surely infect a water supply as though from the feces of a person with a
typical attack.

Two different manifestations of the disease occur. If a public water supply is
infected, a widespread epidemic may be looked for among those who drink the
water. If, on the other hand, the organisms do not gain access to the public water
supply, they may be deposited near the habitations of the people and give rise to
small, confined outbreaks of the disease, so-called cholera nests. Some only local
cause is in operation in this variety of the attack; it may be a certain. well, infected
vegetables only consumed in the locality affected, etc.

The predisposing causes of the disease are not notable; places near the sea are
more liable to attack, and high temperature favors development, but any factor which
favors the infection of water, foods, or clothing favors the disease, and the better the
sanitary condition of the city is, especially in regard to water supply, the less likely
it is to be attacked. This was clearly shown in the Hamburg epidemic, when within
three months that city had 18,000 cases of cholera, while Altona, separated only by
the width of a street, practically escaped. Both cities derived their water from the
Elbe, but Altona had in operation a modern scientific system of municipal filtration,
while the inhabitants of Hamburg were supplied with unfiltered water.

No age is exempt from cholera, but hard drinkers, the inadequately fed, and those
debilitated by bad surroundings are more liable to attack. Fear has also a great
influence, probably by diminishing the amount and acidity of the gastric juice. One
attack does not secure immunity.

618 REPORT OB* THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

Prevention. — If the dejections and vomit of every cholera patient could be thor-
oughly disinfected, the disease would be soon stamped out; either a 4 per cent of
chloride of lime solution or 5 per cent pure carl>olic acid solution is effective, being
put in the vessel before the stool is received, in sufficient quantity to cover it.

The vomited matter does not contain spirilla in large numbers, but should receive
the same treatment. Clothing which has been in contact with the patient must also
be disinfected with the carbolic solution, as infected matter may be conveyed to the
mouths of those handling it. The hands of nurses and washerwomen should not be
introduced into the mouth, and before eating or smoking should be washed and dis-
infected for five minutes in a 1 to 1,000 solution of bichloride.

Practically it is impossible to disinfect all excreta containing the cholera spirillum,
cases escaping such disinfection just as typhoid cases do, and water supplies should
be carefully protected from accidental contamination, or if this be impracticable,
systems of municipal filtration installed or other means taken to render the water
safe when supplied to the consumer.

Great Britain has been successful in protecting herself from inroads of cholera by
general sanitation, especially looking to protection *of water and food supplies. The
measures put in operation by that country have practically done away with the
necessity for quarantine, with consequent loss and inconvenience to merchants and
travelers, and constant danger from evasion of quarantine regulations. Onlv ships
which have or have had cholera on board are detained, and then only for disinfection;
cholera cases are isolated in hospitals especially set apart; the rest of the passengers
are given free practique, though they are kept under supervision during the period
of incubation. A careful watch is also kept, especially in seaport towns, for sus-
picious cases, which, when found, are isolated with disinfection or destruction of
foraites. At the same time no articles which may have been infected with cholera
are permitted imported, except after efficient disinfection. An attempt has been
made to institute like measures in India, with some benefit in certain localities.

While there can be% no doubt that the English methods are effective and can be
practically carried out in civilized communities, the time is not yet ripe for depend-
ing solely on such measures in this country, and for protection of jthe inhabitants
strict quarantine measures against infected localities are imperative.

All passengers from infected ports should be detained at least five days in Quaran-
tine, separating all suspicious cases and disinfecting their excreta as though they
were surely cases of cholera; passengers' effects should be disinfected, vegetables
which afe not thoroughly cooked in preparation for the table destroyed or returned,
without allowing them to l>e landed, and all rags or worn clothing which have been
shipped for import burned. For other articles discretion should be used; if they can
be satisfactorily disinfected without question they may be admitted, otherwise ex-
cluded, as sanitary conditions here are such as to demand that no risks be taken.
If cholera has occurred on the vessels anything which may have been infected must
be disinfected and practically the measures al>ove specified carried out. Intercourse
between infected and uninfected towns should be governed by the same rules.

All towns in the archipelago should be at once put in good sanitary condition,
and the natives instructed as far as possible in the necessity for boiling their water.
It is regarded as hopeless to obtain a pure water supply in any great number of places,
but if tnat can be done immediate advantage should be taken of the fact.

On the appearance of the first case of cholera in a town, by careful disinfection of
dejecta, clothing, etc., as noted above, it should be made sure that at least there is no
further spread from that case. All water consumed in the town must absolutely be
boiled to insure safety, as well as all vegetables not cooked in preparation destroyed
to prevent infection. The patient should be isolated in his nouse with necessary
attendants, and the rest of the contacts placed in a detention camp for five days, as
must the attendants after the recovery or death of the patient. If death occurs the
body should be buried far from a water course in chloride of lime.

It is not necessary to establish cholera hospitals at a great distance from other hos-
pitals or habitations, simply far enough so that persons in the vicinity can not infect
themselves directly from the dejecta or vomit or cholera patients.

In the presence of cholera, individuals should protect themselves by correcting anv
sanitary faults about their own dwellings, by removal of any accumulations of organic
matter, or disinfection by 4 per cent chloride of lime, if they are not removable; by
disinfection of all privy vault*? and cesspools with the same solution in the propor-
tion of 10 parts to every 100 parts of the contents of such vaults; by exclusion of
flies from vaults. The scattering of chloride of lime on the ground is of little or no
value; it must be used in the form of a solution, and in quantities sufficient to come
in contact with all infected material. Of the first importance, however, are measures
to prevent any infected matter from l>eing taken into the mouth. No water which
has not )>een boiled or distilled should be used, nor vegetables which are not

REPORT OF THE BURGEON-GENERAL. 619

thoroughly cooked when served, and all kitchen dishes and clothes should be washed
in boiling water or t>oiled, and all food should be protected from flies.

As further measures everything which tends to keep the individual in most healthy
condition is demanded. The danger of heavy drinking, etc., has been alluded to.
Exposure to the tropical sun, overfatigue, etc., are important, as is also immediate
treatment of a slight diarrhea.

The well-to-do in the Philippines, including most of the Americans and Europeans,
are protected from cholera in a measure by the better sanitary conditions under which
they live. Danger for them lies mainly in the carelessness of ignorant or irrespon-
sible native or Chinese cooks and servants, and personal supervision of their kitcnens
is necessary if they do not wish carefully boiled water cooled by the addition of
unboiled, the exposure of food to flies, the use of infected water in washing dishes,
and the wiping of dishes with infected rags.

The prophylactic value of Haffkine's anticholeraic inoculations has not been proved,
although extensive use in India has, on the whole, been attended by favorable
results. The method of preparation is by passing a culture through a series of guinea
pigs by intra-peritoneal injections, in this way increasing the virulence of the cul-
ture until such virulence can be no further augmented. An agar slant is then inocu-
lated with the virulent culture, which is allowed to grow at 40° C. for twenty-four
to thirty-six hours, the tube being used when the whole surface of the slant is uni-
formly covered with the growth, a solution being made by filling the tube one-third
the height of the agar with sterilized water and shaking until all the growth is washed
from the agar and suspended in the water. Half a cubic centimeter of this suspen-
sion is used for the injection.

Considerable edema and tenderness are produced at the site of the injection; the
constitutional effects are marked by fever and general indisposition, the fever lasting
about thirty-six hours, while the local effects do not disappear for four or five days.

Morbid anatomy and pathology. — There are no characteristic pathological changes
in cholera. From the profuse diarrhea and the consequent loss of water, the body
is shruken, with all its structures very dry. Rigor mortis is early and gives rise to
displacements of the limbs, which during cholera epidemics have oeen taken as indi-
cations that persons have been buried alive; the fact that there is not infrequently a
post mortem rise of temperature going to confirm this belief. The heart is flabby,
the right chamber distended with dark blood, while the left is empty; the lungs are
collapsed with some congestion at their bases. No special changes are noted in the
stomach, but the peritoneum is sticky. The small intestines contain the characteristic
rice-water material loaded with the spirilla.

The coils of the intestines are shrunken, while, as before stated, the mucous mem-
brane is congested. The spleen is not changed, except in being somewhat smaller
than normal, but the liver and kidneys are both affected with cloudy swelling, the
kidney showing in addition coagulation necrosis and loss of epithelial cells. The
pathological changes given are those of the ordinary rapidly fatal case of cholera. In
those who die after the stage of collapse the inflammation of the intestines is more
marked, as are the changes in the liver and kidneys.

Symtoms. — The incubation period is short, from two to five days. Cholera attacks
in one of two ways, either with a premonitory diarrhea or suddenly without prelimi-
nary symptoms.

Three well-marked stages are usually observed: Premonitory diarrhea, stage of col-
lapse, and reaction period.

Diarrhea is common during cholera epidemics — whether it exists in those cases
which are followed by cholera, as a preliminary stage of true cholera, or whether the
existence of the diarrhea induces cholera by impairing the resistance of the intestinal
mucous membrane, is not evident. There may be other prodromata, such as head-
ache, malaise, depression of spirits, etc. There may or may not be fever.

In any event, with a premonitory stage of one or two days, or suddenly the sufferer
enters into the stage of collapse; profuse liquid passages follow each other with great
rapidity, painlessly or with griping and tenderness. These passages at first contain
fecal material, but soon assume the characteristic rice-water appearance, consistingof
a serous fluid with white flocculi in suspension; accompanying these passages, which
are very large in amount, there is a sense of exhaustion, and the thirst becomes
extreme, while from the loss of water in the muscles cramps occur, especially in the
legs and feet. Early, or sometimes not until a few hours have passed, vomiting sets
in, first of the contents of stomach, but afterwards of the same serous material passed
by the bowels.

With the continued diarrhea and vomiting the muscular cramps become more
severe, the muscles of the abdomen and limbs becoming rigid or thrown into knots.
The patient now passes into collapse; he is hardly recognizable, the cheeks falling in,
the nose becoming pinched, and the eyes sunken ; at the same time the body becomes

620 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

cold and livid with clammy sweating, the secretions, especially bile and urine, are
suppressed, the respirations rapid, and the voice almost inaudible; the pulse begins
to fail, becoming thready, weak, and rapid, even to be entirely lost at the wrist.
The surface temperature is much reduced, 93° to 94° F., while at the same time in
the rectum it may be elevated to 101° F. to 105° F. That restlessness so often seen
in severe hemorrhage from lack of blood supply to the brain is marked, the patient
throwing himself from side to side. Thirst is intense, the cramps become more
severe, and there is a burning pain in the chest. The mind may remain clear, may
wander, or the patient may become comatose. This is the so-called algid stage of
cholera and may terminate in death, rapid convalescence, or the reaction stage.

When death occurs it may be within two hours from the onset of the disease, or
the sufferer may linger for thirty hours, though ten or twelve hours is the usual
duration of cholera.

When the patient enters into the convalescent stage there is an abatement of all
symptoms, with the return of the secretions, and in a few days the patient may be
practically well. However, the typical case which recovers enters into the reaction
stage. At first this is characterized by the same symptoms as the stage of rapid con-
valescence, but with the subsidence of the alarming symptoms of the stage of collapse
fever develops. This fever may be transient, disappearing in a few hours, or cholera
typhoid may supervene. The duration of this cholera typhoid may be from four or
five days to two weeks. This state in cholera is as seen in other diseases — sometimes
there are severe hemorrhages from sloughing of tho mucous coat of the intestines.
During the stage of reaction death not infrequently occurs, sometimes from asthenia,
but often from such complications as pneumonia, enteritis, or uraemia.

Many variations occur from the typical case described.

Very high temperatures are occasionally noted, even to 109° F., in the rectum.
All such cases die.

Ambulatory cases are not uncommon and are characterized merely by diarrhea and
malaise, often without cramps and without the development of a stage of reaction.
Cholerine is somewhat more severe in its symptoms, the diarrhea being more acute,
the stools having the true rice-water appearance, but without any suppression of urine
following or other dangerous symptoms.

The term cholera sicca has r>een applied to those very severe cases where death
occurs from the overwhelming of the organism by toxins before diarrhea begins;
collapse sets in very early, and such cases are likely to be mistaken for some other
disease — as, for example, bubonic plague, when thatdisease coexists in a locality — but
on post-mortem the characteristic; rice-water material, swarming with the cholera
organism, is found in the intestine, whence from the rapidity of me attack it has not
been voided during life.

Sudden death occurs not infrequently in typical cases of cholera from asphyxia,
caused by the coagulation of blood in the right heart or by spasms in the pulmonary
arteries, the weak heart not being able to force the thick blood through the narrow
arteries.

Cholera has important sequela*: Anaemia, mental and physical debility, chronic
entero-colitis, nephritis, pneumonitis, parotitis leading to abscess formation, ulceration
of the cornea, bed sores, localized gangrene, etc.

The occurrence of jaundice is almost invariably fatal; pregnant women nearly
always miscarry, the fetus having cholera. Like other epidemic diseases, cholera
varies greatly in severity in different cases and different epidemics. Fifty per cent
is the average mortality, but in the beginning of an epidemic it is usually much
higher.

Differentinl diagnosis. — During an epidemic of cholera diagnosis does not usually
presentgreat difficulty except in atypical cases of cholera sicca or ambulant cases. The
first cases of cholera appearing in a town, however, are frequently not recognised as
that disease, thus leading to infection of water supplies, food products, etc. It is
therefore necessary for every physician to examine carefully all cases of diarrhea when
cholera is present in the vicinity.

The diseases most likely to be mistaken for Asiatic cholera are cholera nostras,
diarrheas, mushroom poisoning, poisoning by arsenic, the early stage of trichinosis,
and pernicious malarial fever. Cholera nostras not infrequently can not be differ-
entiated symptomatically from the Asiatic variety, occasionally cases dying in as brief
a period as from true cholera, with identical symptoms, nor is the examination of a
slide from the dejecta always conclusive, although the diagnosis of Asiatic cholera
may he made from such examination in 50 per cent of all cases, the comma bacillus
being found in the usual arrangement. The presence of the proteus vulgaris indicates
cholera nostras. If this examination of the dejecta does not establish the diagnosis,
resort must be had to cultures, and an absolute diagnosis can not be given for about

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 621

twenty- four hours. Cultures should be made both on gelatin and for the cholera red
testj both of which have already been described. Diarrheas due to ptomaine poi-
soning, unripe fruits, and other intestinal irritants simulate Asiatic cholera and may
even require differentiation by cultures.

Examination of the stools is of the first importance in differentiation from the other
affections mentioned, with cultures when necessary. Moreover, the blood serum of
cholera possesses agglutinative properties even up to a dilution of 1 to 120. This test
is made exactly as Widal for typhoid and is equally conclusive, but is not usually
given until the second or third day of the disease.

The stools in mushroom poisoning show often pieces of the mushroom. In trichi-
nosis the adult trichina may be found; also a noticeable increase in eosinophiles in
the blood.

In arsenic poisoning the usual chemical tests for arsenic are easily made, and the
Plasmodium can be found in the blood in pernicious malarial fevers. A fact already
mentioned should not be lost sight of in examinations in the dejections of persons
in a cholera district, and that is that spirilla may be found in normal stools of
healthy persons. As far as sanitary measures are concerned, these must be treated as
cholera.

Treatment. — All cases of diarrhea should have appropriate treatment in the pres-
ence of cholera. In India it has been found of value to establish dispensaries, where
medicines for diarrhea are gratuitously distributed. In this way cases of true chol-
era are likely to be discovered. In these islands as a further measure house to
house inspection must be made, as the indifference and ignorance of the population
will lead to concealment of the sick.

The drugs used in the treatment of preliminary diarrhea, may be left to the indi-
vidual preferences of the physician. Chlorodyne, or chlorodyne and brandy have
been found especially useful; lead and opium pills, chalk, catechu, dilute sulphuric
acid, etc., have all been used. With marked abdominal pain and little diarrhea mor-

Ehine should be given hypodermatically, and when true cholera is established drugs
y the mouth should be avoided as they are likely to increase the vomiting. Ice
and brandy, or hot coffee, may be given in small quantities, and water in small sips
may be drunk when they do not appear to increase the vomiting, which is extremely
difficult to check, cocaine and calomel in minute doses — one-third grains — every two
hours having been used with benefit in some cases.

The patient should be kept warm in bed and absolutely allowed to do nothing for
himself; a warmed bedpan should always be used to receive the stools, and hot
water bags packed around the sufferer; on failure of the pulse, hypodermic injections
of ether, brandy, or strychnine should l)e given.

From the great loss of fluid, its replacement with normal salt solution by intrave-
nous or interstitial injection is indicated. This solution is useless in small quantities;
from 1 to 3 quarts should be given at a temperature of 100° F. Care should be
taken that the solution does not become reduced in temperature before the last of
it is injected, as is very likely, as it must be given slowly. The normal salt solution
tablets may be used, or a 0.6 per cent solution of common salt in sterile water. The
bag in interstitial injections should be elevated about 3 feet above the point of
injection. The abdominal wall, flanks, or the loose tissue under the breasts are the
best sites for such administration. Irrigations of the bowel have been recommended;
as the seat of the disease is in the small intestines, a long, soft tube must be used,
passed in gently as far as possible; 2 per cent tannic acid has supporters, as have
also very weak solutions of permanganate of potassium.

In the reaction stage, if diarrhea persists, intestinal antiseptic with opium are of
value, and tannin in rectal injections is also useful. For suppression oi urine, hot
cloths or dry cups over the loins and bland diuretics may be resorted to. The bladder
must be watched and the catheter employed when necessary.

For some time after an attack of cholera the diet must be regulated just as after
typhoid. Cholera typhoid is treated as is the typhoid condition due to any other
disease.

VENEREAL DISEASES.

In the Army as a whole, with a mean strength of 92,491 men, there
were reported during the calendar year 1901 13,911 cases of venereal
disease, equivalent to an admission rate of 150.41 cases. per 1,000 of
strength. These cases furnished 1G1 discharges for disability, equaling
1.76 per 1,000 men. and 8 deaths, equaling 0.08 per 1,000. These
rates are exceedingly high when we compare them with the mean

622 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

annual rates of the decade 1888-1897: Admission 70.60, discharge
1.71, death- 0.03. The rates in the Philippines and in the United
States during the past year did not differ much, but those in Cuba
were high and those in Porto Rico very high, as may be seen from the
following tabulations."

The chief surgeon of the Division of the Philippines reported that
during the year:

The bimonthly physical examination has limited spread of venereal affections and
its continuance should he enforced. Regulation of prostitution has been taken from
the hands of the army by the establishment of civil government. While the segre-
gation of syphilis is more necessary than the segregation of lepers, familiarity with
the former disease has so much minimized the fear of it in the public mind and in
America distaste to recognize the existence of the prostitute is so great, that little
will probably be effected. Any fine or decrease of pay in a soldier suffering from
venereal disease is to be deprecated as leading to concealment of such disease, which
is most undesirable. If a soldier contracts syphilis the question becomes much more
difficult than if he suffers from other venereal disease. The long period required for
cure, danger to his companions and their fear of him, and not infrequent difficulties
in the way of treatment necessitated by a soldier's duties, making it doubtful if it is
worth while to retain him in the service. In fact, such a man seldom gives value
received for the money the Government spends on him, and it would be better after
treatment of the earlier lesions, but without return from the hospital to his company,
to discharge him for disability not in the line of duty and give him transportation to
his place of enlistment. As an alternative special hospitals may be established for
such cases, but it is not fair to the well men of an organization to allow a syphilitic
to return to them, living as they do so close together as to give countless chances for
extragenital infection. Treatment for a sufficient period in the ordinary station hos-
pital is impracticable.

ALCOHOLISM.

During the calendar year 1901, 2,018 cases were reported from the
Army, with a strength of 92,491 men. This is equivalent to 21.82
admissions per thousand of strength, with 10 discharges for disability,
equaling 0.1 per thousand, and 26 deaths, equaling 0.28 per thousand.
This record compares favorably with that or the Army during the ten
years 18SH-1897, when the mean annual admission rate was 32.06, the
discharge rate 0.04, and the death rate 0.21.

In the Tnited States there were 696 cases, equaling 26.25 per thousand
of strength, with 7 deaths and 7 discharges for disability, equaling a
rate for each of 0.26 per thousand men. The admission rate in the
Philippines was only 18.48, notwithstanding the sensational reports
concerning the use of vino by our troops, the discharge rate 0.05, and
the death rate 0.32. In Cuba the admission rate was 35.87, and in
Porto Rico 27.75, but there was no death nor discharge from this cause
in these islands.

The Chief Surgeon, Department of the Columbia, Maj. R. G. Ebert,
surgeon, U. S. Army, states in his report that the habits of the men
are not up to the standard which existed prior to 1898 nor to what
they were under the old status of the post exchange.

The form in which alcohol is most commonly taken bv natives of
the Philippines is as vino or vino flavored with anise, tne so-called
anisado. Natives are rarely drunkards, and comparatively few of them
take a great deal of alcohol, their indulgence being limited to an occa-
sional liqueur glass of this vino or anisado. This moderation is prac-
tically never seen in soldiers, those who drink vino at all becoming

« Not printed.

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 623

slaves to the habit. Consumption of this liquor has somewhat increased
during the year.

Intemperance generally is somewhat more common than before the
post exchange was abolished, the greatest amount being seen in men
in Manila awaiting discharge or on their way home.

Vino is generally made from tuba, the juice obtained from the buds
(unripe fruit) of the nipa palm. Tuba somewhat suggests pulque, and,
like the Mexican drink, rapidly undergoes an acid fermentation, so
that it must be used soon after collection, whether for drinking or for
distillation. The majority of distilleries are therefore located in dis-
tricts where the nipa palm grows, though vino is made to a less extent
from sugar or cocoanut juice. Whichever is used the distilling process
is the same and the resulting liquor is a bad one. Stills are of a primi-
tive pattern, consisting of nothing more than a boiler and short worm.
Under this boiler a very hot fire is built, bellows not uncommonly
being employed to increase the heat. This heat is so great as to not
only carry over all alcohols but steam, and the distillate contains less
than 20 per cent of alcohol of a bad quality, as it is composed not only
of ethyl alcohol, but the lower and higher alcohols — methyl, amylic
alcohols, furfurol, etc. This crude product sometimes undergoes a
further purification in Manila by redistillation, but while a good
alcohol can be made in this way this is not done commercially, and
time is never given for changes which age or the various artificial
processes simulating age cause.

Since American occupation a number of mixtures made from this
impure alcohol have been manufactured with the various essences of
brand}% whisky, rum, gin, etc., in numerous establishments, many being
made actually while you wait. That these liquors are injurious, both
from a physical and mental standpoint, needs no further proof. Vino
causes a maniacal acute alcoholism, in which any crime may be com-
mitted, and after recovery from a debauch depression is greater than
from ethylic alcohol. Repeated overindulgence may act as an excit-
ing cause of insanity in those with a proper predisposition. Melan-
cholia is more common than mania. Practically all habitues become
perverted, entering into that state so often seen in morphine fiends of
loss of responsibility and inability to distinguish between rignt and
wrong.

The physical effects of such an alcohol are naturalty severe and are
exerted principally on the stomach, liver, and kidneys from the intensely
irritating effects of the raw spirit.

The control of the sale and manufacture of vino is now in civil
hands, but measures should be taken to protect the soldiers by making
the penalty of selling vino to soldiers heavy, both fine and imprison-
ment being imposed, by granting no further distilling licenses to mix-
ing shops and by stopping the production of spurious liquors from
vino.

INSANITY.

One hundred and sixty-six cases of insanity were reported among
the 92,491 men of the Army during the calendar year 1901. This is
equivalent to 1.76 per thousand of strength, but as only 142 of these
men, equivalent to 1.53 per thousand, were ultimately discharged as
insane and committed to the asylum, the record of insanity is corre-

624 KEPOET OF THE SUEGEON-GENEBAL.

spondingly reduced. Thirty four cases were reported from garrisons
in the United States, and all of these, equaling 1.28 per thousand of
strength, were discharged from service and committed to the Govern-
ment Hospital for the Insane. One hundred and twenty cases, equal-
ing 2.02 per thousand of the strength in the Philippines, came irom
those islands, but on arrival in this country it was round necessary to
send only 100 of these, equaling 1.68 per thousand, to the United
States Government Hospital. The home-coming sea voyage and the
period of detention at the general hospital, Presidio of San Francisco,
Cal., permitted of recovery in a number of instances. Eight cases
were reported from Cuba, equaling 1.51 per thousand, but of these
only 4 were discharged on this account. Four cases reported from
Porto Rico gave the high admission rate of 3.47, all of whom were
discharged and transferred to the Government Hospital for the
Insane.

The 166 cases of the past year, equaling 1.76 per thousand men, may
be compared with 2.72 during the year 1900, with 1.78 in 1899, and
with 1.13, the mean annual rate of the decade 1889-1898.

At the general hospital, Presidio of San Francisco, Cal., a small
detached building on the eastern portion of the hospital grounds is go
fitted up and arranged as to accommodate about 15 patients, and is
denominated the detention or insanity ward. It is under the charge
of a medical officer, and has three Hospital Corps privates on day and
two on night duty as attendants. The patients are kept under obser-
vation until their ward surgeon and a board of three medical officers,
of which the ward surgeon is a member, are satisfied as to their mental
condition, when those who are considered to be insane are recom-
mended to the commanding officer for transfer to the Government
Hospital for the Insane, Washington, D. C, while those considered
normal mentall v are returned to duty or discharged, as the case may
be. The length of time required for this purpose is found to average
about four to six weeks, and this period of time is usually quite suf-
ficient for the ward to become tilled with new arrivals.

One hundred and fifty -eight cases diagnosed as insane were received
during the fiscal year — 145 from the Philippines, 1 from Honolulu,
and 12 from other sources.

During the year there were received 3(5 cases diagnosed as insane in
which the diagnoses were not confirmed. It is probably true that most
of these cases, if not all, were insane at the time that they were trans-
ferred to this hospital, but the majority of them came from the Philip-
pine Islands, and the voyage home, together with more cheerful
surroundings, resulted in a disappearance of the abnormal condition.
Most of these cases are of the types of insanitv in which the prognosis
is good, and most of them were, without doubt, due to nostalgia and
the depressing influence of campaigning in the Tropics.

BUBONIC PLAGUE.

In the Division of the Philippines bubonic plague, which in the year
1900 gave a total of 278 cases in the civil population, and in 1901 some
580 cases, has disappeared for the present. During the early part of
the fiscal year three soldiers were attacked, one at Naic and two at
Camp Stotsenburg. In cooperation with the Insular Board of Health

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 625

energetic efforts have been made to catch and kill rats, which in Novem-
ber and December showed about 2 per cent infected with plague, the
percentage gradually declining until at the end of January no plague
rats were found. In December a case of plague occurred in a team-
ster employed by the Quartermaster's Department in Manila, in the
main corral on Malecon drive. The great precautions taken to pre-
vent spread from this case were attended with success. The patient
died after an illness of but a few hours. The observations of the year
confirm the opinion previously formed that the plague is not a particu-
larly contagious disease. The experience of Hongkong, from which
citv the disease has practically disappeared in three different seasons
only to recur in the succeeding years, induces caution in the formation
of an opinion whether Manila may be regarded as freed from plague
or that a recurrence must be expected.

The following case was reported by Capt. Thomas W. Jackson,
assistant surgeon, U. S. Volunteers, September 16, 1901, from Naic,
Cavite Province, P. 1.:

During the night of September 12 a native scoot appeared at this hospital com-
plaining of severe, cramp-like pains in the calves of both legs. He was given chlo-
roform liniment as an application by the hospital steward and returned to his
quarters, appearing the following morning, September 13, at sick call with a tem-
perature of 103° F. Examination revealed a well -developed left femoral bubo of the
size of a small lime, and as no venereal lesion was found he was immediately isolated.

Owing to his lack of knowledge of English and Spanish it was difficult to elicit a
complete history, but by means of an interpreter the following facts were gathered:
Julian Gonzales, about twenty years old, native scout, quartered with Company I,
Fourth Infantry, returned with six other scouts from Magallanes September 9 in
good health. He denied having chills, fever, or symptoms of malarial disease or
other recent illness.

In the absence of a microscope, malaria could not be excluded. Quinine was
administered, and was continued throughout the illness by mouth and needle.
Bowels and kidneys performed their functions normally. The bubo increased in
size during the first twenty-four hours, attaining a large size. The skin was quite
tense, and the bubo moderately tender. At the end of twenty-four hours the bubo
began to diminish in size and consistence, but showed no sign of suppuration. It
has now almost entirely disappeared. A few inguinal glands and one cervical gland
of the same side become slightly swollen, but there was no other manifestation of
glandular enlargement. Upon the fifth day the temperature dropped to 99° F.. but
the afternoon temperature of the same day was 103° F. Upon the morning oi the
sixth day the temperature was slightly subnormal.

This case was seen twice in consultation by Maj. T. B. Anderson, surgeon, U. S.
Volunteers, who declined to express a positive opinion.

District, department, and division chief surgeons were notified by telegram, and
the civil health authorities in Manila wired to send an inspector.

Every precaution was taken to prevent contagion. The quarters in which the case
occurrea were thoroughly disinfected, and the patient was isolated in a tent in the
middle of a large field, attended by a native scout, and visited by me three times
a day. The commanding officer furnished a guard to prevent unauthorized com-
munication with the patient.

In the absence of a microscopical diagnosis, I inclined to the opinion that the case
was one of sporadic plague for the following reasons:

1. The appearance of a femoral bubo without venereal lesion or other near-by skin
lesion coincident with acute febrile symptoms is wiost unusual in cases of malarial
disease. In an experience of two thousand or more cases of malarial disease I have
not met with such a combination of symptoms.

2. The onset and progress of the case suggested an acute infectious disease.

3. The recent occurrence in this town of five cases of bubonic plague, three fatal,
readily accounted for the origin of the case, the infected buildings still remaining.
It is now beyond the power and province of the medical officer to destroy these
buildings, the town being under civil rule.

4. The temperature curve might be variously interpreted and was not inconsistent
with plague.

WAR 1902— vol 1 40

626 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

September 18: Upon the afternoon of September 17 Dr. J. F. Halsell, representing
the Manila Board of Health, made a blood examination of the case under suspicion.
No malarial parasites nor pigment was discovered, but plague bacilli were found in
several specimens examined, making positive the diagnosis of bubonic plague.

September 19: Case is now convalescent, but under strict quarantine.

According to the chief surgeon, Department of California, a few
scattering cases of bubonic plague occurred at Honolulu, Hawaiian
Islands. The disease was confined chiefly to the Asiatic and Japanese
sections of the city, although sporadic cases made their appearance in
various localities. The premises occupied by a case of the disease after
its final disposition were thoroughly disinfected, or whenever prac-
ticable destroyed by fire.

The troops were not attacked by the disease, due in part to feeble
susceptibility and in part to the effective measures taken to prevent
the extension of the infection.

BERI-BERI.

An elaborate report on beri-beri as it occurred among native prisoners
in the military prisons at Lingayen, province of Pangasinan, was pub-
lished, pages 236-239 of the last annual report of the Surgeon-General
of the Army. During the past year only one report on this subject
has been received. This came from Malagi Island, Laguna de Bay,
Lieut. S. M. Waterhouse, assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, dated June
20, 1902. On January 20, 1902, Company H, Twenty-eighth Infantry,
arrived at Malagi Island with 100 native prisoners and a large amount
of supplies. At that time the island was absolutely uninhabited and
presented no indication of former occupancy by men, with the excep-
tion of one group of banana trees and a small quantity of crushed stone
on one part of the shore. The island is about 120 acres in extent, ris-
ing at its highest part to about 100 feet above the water level and
having everywhere a good natural drainage. On February 28, 1902,
among a fresh arrival of prisoners, two cases of beri-beri were dis-
covered. Thev were immediately isolated.

After thin cases continued to appear every few days; and as the authorities refused
to allow their removal, the isolation camp continued growing until it contained 34
patients in all stages of the disease. Upon repeated requests by the surgeon, author-
ity was finally given to remove these patients from the island. A careful examination
was made of all the prisoners, and 59 more cases were discovered and immediately
liberated. Even after this occasional cases appeared on sick report, and a third
examination of the entire prison population was made, resulting in the discovery of
some 40 additional cases in the earlier stages of the disease. Occasional cases appeared
from time to time upon the sick report until the final release of all prisoners on June
4, 1902.

Lieutenant Waterhouse considered that diet had little to do with the
propagation of the disease. He says:

The theory of germ propagation and of infection by personal contact and by place
infection appears to me to account more satisfactorily for the spread of the disease.
To Ivegin with we had 100 prisoners hard at work here for a month and a half with-
out the slightest symptom of the disease; then two cases of beri-beri were introduced,
and after that the spread was steady. Again, it was noticed that most of the cases
came from one set of quarters, the first set erected, and that the number of cases from
that barracks decreased to a marked degree after scrubbing the bamboo floor with
a 4 per cent solution of chloride of lime.

Efficient isolation was impossible, owing to the necessarily limited area of the
stockade. Most writers claim that beri-beri is due to old, damp buildings, made of
stone or of brick, but in this case the conditions were just the reverse, as we had
new, airy, spacious barracks, located on high, well-drained ground with a constant
stiff breeze and no flies or mosquitoes, conditions apparently ideal for health and the

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 627

more marked as this epidemic occurred during the dry season, whereas the rainy
season is said to be especially favorable to such outbreaks.

The fact that the natives go barefooted and that some of the cases appeared in
unfloored tents makes one incline strongly to the possibility of place infection occur-
ring from the ground. Another noticeable fact was that of prisoners sleeping next
to one another; if one developed beri-beri the other was very likely to do the same.

From the fact that none of the prisoners had developed beri-beri prior to its intro-
duction here from a known infected point, of the apparent spread by contact, and of
the slight influence which diet appeared to exert over it, the presumption is that we
are dealing with a disease of microbic origin, prone to attack those in a run-down
and mentally depressed condition, and one which is conveyed by fomites and by
close personal contact.

That it is not very easily contracted unless all the conditions are favorable to its
spread is shown by the complete freedom from infection of the entire white popu-
lation of the island.

INJURIES.

During the calendar year 1901 there were entered on the reports of
sick and wounded of the Army, mean strength 92,491, 17,736 cases,
or 191.77 per thousand of strength, with 407 men discharged for dis-
ability and 403 having a fatal termination, equivalent, respectively, to
4,40 and 4.36 per thousand of the strength. Of the admission rate,
191.77 per thousand, 147.43 was contributed by the few, mostly native,
troops in Porto Rico; 351.90 by the command in Cuba; 168.33 by the
troops in the Philippines and China, and 250.08 by the men serving
at the home stations.

The large rates in the home stations may be explained on the general
principle that in time of peace men report for admission to sick report
and excuse from duty for slight injuries which would not lead them
to do so if in service of an active or quasi active character. The small
rate in Porto Rico may be attributed to the fact that the troops were
natives of the island and did not report sick for slight injures.

One hundred and thirteen deaths from drowning were reported,
equivalent to 1.22 per thousand of strength; 90 of these, equivalent
to 1.47 per thousand of strength, occurrea in the Philippines, and 16,
equivalent to 0.60 per thousand, in the United States.

Exhaustion from exposure and fatigue caused the entry of 370 cases
on sick report, equivalent to 4 per thousand of strength, only one case
fatal. In the United States 85 of these cases occurred, equivalent to
3.21 per thousand; in Cuba 6, equivalent to 1.13; in Porto Rico 1,
equivalent to 0.87, and in the Philippines 278, equivalent to 4.67, but
the only fatal case occurred in the United States.

Heat stroke. — Two hundred and seven cases were reported, equiva-
lent to 2.24 per thousand. Of these 9 died and 5 were discharged
for disability. It is to be noted that the admission rate for this casualty
is greater in the United States than in the tropical islands. In the
islands and China there were 120 cases, equivalent to 1.82 per thousand
of strength, and of these cases 8 died and 4 were discharged, while in
the United States there were 87 cases, equivalent to 3.28 per thousand,
but of these only 1 was fatal and 1 terminated in discharge. No case
of heat stroke was reported from Porto Rico and only 1 from Cuba.

Of hernia 484 cases were reported, 138 cases, or 5.20 per thousand
of strength, among the troops serving in the United States, and 266,
or 4.03 per thousand, among those serving outside of the limits of the
continent. Eighty-six of these cases were discharged for disability.

628 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

Of the injuries constituting 191.77 admissions per thousand of
strength of the Army, 143.69, or three-fourths of the total, were rep-
resented by cases of abrasions, contusions, sprains, lacerated and
incised wounds.

None of these cases presented any notable mortality except the incised
wounds, which in the Philippines gave 82 deaths, equivalent to 1.24 per
thousand of strength. In the United States 3 deaths, equivalent to
0.11 per thousand of strength, resulted from incised wounds.

Most of these wounds in the Philippines were received in action.
Sixty-eight men were killed, a larger number than died by gunshot.
Sixty-one fell by the bolo, 4 by the dagger, and 1 each by the bowie
knife, bamboo spear, and club, while 110 were wounded by similar
weapons. Eight of these 110 cases were fatal: Two bolo fractures of
the cranium; 1 dagger fracture of the spine, said to have been fatal
from septic cerebrospinal meningitis; 3 wounds in which the thorax
was penetrated; 1 bolo fracture or the forearm, with death from hem-
orrhage, and 1 flesh wound of the thigh, with death from septicaemia
and secondary hemorrhage.

GUNSHOT INJURIES.

^ .he close of the last annual report there remained under treat-
mei v 25 cases of gunshot wounds, 15 of which were received in action
and 10 not in action. Of the 15, 2 were returned to duty, 11 were
discharged for disability and 2 on account of the expiration of their
term of service. Of the 10 cases which were not battle wounds 3 were
returned to duty, 2 left the service by expiration of term, and 5 were
discharged for disability.

During the year 19oi, 104 men were killed by gunshot, only 46 of
whom met their death in action. Fourteen of the deaths were acci-
dental, 33 suicidal, and 11 homicidal. Thirty of the suicides and all
the homicides occurred among the 81,885 regular troops; 3 of the
suicides among the 10.606 volunteers.

Besides the 104 men killed outright by gunshot there were 475 cases
of gunshot injury brought to the hospitals for treatment. This num-
ber of cases is equivalent to 5.14 per thousand of strength, and of these
0.53 per thousand were discharged for disability and 0.48 died, leaving
3.82 recoveries per thousand of the strength.

Of the 475 cases of gunshot injury that were brought to the hospitals
during the year only 146 were received in action, but 273 ot the
remainder were reported as having been incurred in the line of duty,
44 not in the line of duty, 6 suicidal, and 6 homicidal. The gunshot
casualties of battle amounted therefore to 46 killed and 146 wounded,
a total of 192, the killed constituting 24 per cent of those struck; but
as 15 of those received into hospital died from the effects of their
injuries, the deaths among those struck constituted a little over 31 per
cent.

Of the total number, 475, of wounded men received into hospital,
44 died from the effects of their wounds and 1 from chloroform admin-
istered for amputation of the leg, 49 were discharged on certificates
of disability, 353 were returned to duty, while 9 remained under
treatment at latest reports. Two of the wounded men were reported
as missing in action and 19 as discharged by order of expiration of
term.

REPOBT OF THE SURGEONGENEBAL. 629

Ten cases of fracture of the cranium were reported, 1 of which was
returned to duty, 3 were discharged, and 6 terminated fatally. In one
of the cases which recovered a portion of the roof of the right orbit was
removed. In one of the fatal cases fragments of bone and a portion of
a bullet were removed from the brain, and in each of two otner cases,
also fatal, fragments of bone and lacerated brain tissue were removed.

Five cases of fracture of the facial bones were taken into hospital,
2 of which were fatal. In one of these an extensive operation was
performed, but the patient died of septicemia.

Twenty -two cases of penetration of the thorax were reported, 7 of
which were fatal, 12 ended in return to duty, and 3 in discharge for
disability. Much bloody liquid was removed from the pleural cavity
and 2£ inches from each of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs were
removed in one case. An intercostal artery was ligated and the pleural
cavity aspirated in another. A bullet was removed in a third case,
and hot sterile normal saline solution was used in a fourth case, all of
which ended favorably.

Seventeen cases of penetrating wound of the abdomen were reported,
13 of these were fatal, 1 was terminated by discharge for disability, 1
by muster out, and 2 by return to duty. Laparotomy was performed
in 2 cases and nephrectomy and suture of the colon in 1 case, all fatal.

Six cases of fracture of the arm were reported, 1 fatal. In this case
both arms were shattered b\r the premature explosion of a shell. A
double amputation was performed.

Ten cases of fracture of the forearm appear on the reports. One of
the patients died, 5 were discharged for disability, 1 by order, and 3
were returned to duty. Death in the fatal case was from septicemia
after amputation.

Of 2 cases of fracture of the wrist joint, 1 died, but the death was
attributed less to the wound than to exhaustion from profound nervous
depression and mental worry.

Among 59 flesh wounds of the thigh there were 3 deaths, caused in
1 by tetanus and in 2 by hemorrhage.

One of the 6 fractures of the upper third of the femur proved fatal
from shock. In one of the recoveries a secondary amputation through
the neck of the femur was performed.

Of 5 fractures of the middle third of the femur, 2 proved fatal, 1
from shock after amputation, the other from septicemia; 1 was dis-
charged for disability, 1 was returned to duty, and 1 remains under
treatment at latest reports.

Of 2 fractures of the lower third of the femur, 1 was discharged for
disability and 1 remains under treatment. A secondary amputation
was performed in each of these cases.

Eight cases of fracture of the kneejoint were reported, 4 of which
proved fatal, 2 ended in return to duty, and 2 in discharge. In 1 of
the cases of recovery a secondary excision was performed. Death in
1 case was from tetanus and in 3 cases from septicemia and shock after
resection in 1 case and after secondary amputation in 2 cases.

Of 16 cases of fracture of the leg, 7 were returned to duty, 6 were
discharged for disability, 2 by order, while 1 continues under treat-
ment. Amputation was performed in 4 of these cases. In a flesh
wound of the leg in which amputation was considered necessary, death
occurred from chloroform narcosis. Amputation was performed also
in a case of fracture of the tarsus and metatarsus.

630 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL,

THE GENERAL HOSPITALS.
ARMY AND NAVY GENERAL HOSPITAL, HOT SPRINGS, ARK.

In the officers' division of this hospital there remained under treat-
ment June 30, 1901, only 1 officer, he belonging to the Regular Army.
During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, there were admitted for
treatment 21 officers on the active list of the Army, 4 on the retired
list of the Army, 3 on the active list and 2 on the retired list of the
Navy, with 1 belonging to the United States Marine-Hospital Service,
making a total of 32, including the 1 remaining over from last year.
Of these 32 officers, 27 were returned to duty or to their residence, 1
died, and 4 remained under treatment June 30, 1902. The 27 officers
who recovered sufficiently to resume their duties or were much bene-
fited were under treatment from 6 to 178 days, giving an average of
69.25 days. The maximum number was 14, in the month of March,
1902. During August and October, 1901, no officer was at the hos-
pital under treatment.

In the enlisted men's division there remained under treatment June
30, 1901, 53 enlisted men of the Army and 15 ex-volunteers, and as
310 such men were admitted during the year there were 384 men to be
accounted for, as follows:

Discharged on certificates of disability in line of duty 42

Discharged for disability not in line of duty 27

Discharged without honor 2

Discharged by expiration of term 16

Discharged by order 1

Deserted 2

Retired 1

Transferred to other hospitals 3

Died 2

Returned to duty 108

204

Ex soldiers and sailors of the United States who left the hospital during the

fiscal year:

Cured or improved 85

Not benefited 38

123

Remaining in hospital June 30, 1902:

Enlisted men of the Army and Navy 50

Ex soldiers and sailors 7

384

The admissions during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, were
distributed as to disease as follows:

Various forms of rheumatism 178

Diseases of the digestive organs 35

Diseases of the nervous system 30

Malarial diseases 7

Other diseases 66

Total 316

Number of cases treated during the fiscal year 1901 438

Number of cases treated during the fiscal year 1902 345

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 631

UNITED STATES GENERAL HOSPITAL, FORT BAYARD, N. MEX.

See under the heading " Consumption," p. 68, supra.

UNITED STATES GENERAL HOSPITAL, WASHINGTON BARRACKS, D. C.

During the. fiscal year the general hospital at Washington Barracks
has served also as the post hospital at that post.

During this period 544 cases were treated, 434 medical and 110 sur-
gical. Three of the former proved fatal. Ninety-one operations were
performed in the 110 surgical cases, 2 of which ended fatally.
* ******

As the officer commanding the hospital also served as professor of
military surgery in the Army Medical School, clinics were given every
Saturday during the school term, which were attended by class sec-
tions, thus familiarizing the student officers with the surgical technique
adapted to military hospitals. As the hospital is equipped with Rtfnt-
gen ray apparatus, this was used in instructing the student officers in
the theory and practice of Rontgen ray work.

During the year practically the same course of instruction has been
carried on with the company of instruction attached to the hospital as
in the previous year. Four hundred and forty-tive enlisted men have
joined the company of instruction during the fiscal year, making a
total of 2,462 enlisted men who have been instructed in the company
since the establishment of the general hospital in 1898.

The officer in command of the company of instruction also served as
instructor in first aid and Hospital Corps drill in the Army Medical
School during the last session, thus enabling the company of instruc-
tion to be utilized for the purpose of instructing the student officers
not only in drill, but in the establishment of field hospitals and in
familiarizing them with the equipment of the Medical Department
both in garrison and in the field.

The necessityfor a general hospital in or near the city of Washing-
ton has been so great that in reply to a communication from the Adju-
tant-General's Office, dated July 8, 1902, requesting to be informed of
the needs of the service for the expenditure of the appropriation of
$200,000 for the United States general hospitals under the appropria-
tion act of the present year, the Surgeon-General stated that the
$200,000 appropriated would be required for the construction, repairs,
and expenses connected with the general hospitals at Fort Bayard,
N. Mex., the Presidio of San Francisco, Cal., and Washington Bar-
racks, D. C.

The construction of a new general hospital in the District of Colum-
bia is necessary to take the place of the present small hospital at Wash-
ington Barracks. The interests of the service would be promoted by
maintaining a general hospital in or near the city of Washington
equipped with all modern appliances for the best medical and surgical
work. In regard to the location of such a hospital it is recommended
that Congress be asked to grant authority to establish it on the lands
of the United States Soldiers' Home, a suitable place for which may
be found just within the southern boundary and near the south gate
of these grounds. If it is not deemed advisable to recommend this
proposition, a site may be secured by the purchase of lands fronting
on Connecticut avenue beyond Rock Creek bridge or elsewhere in

632 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

the District. About 25 or 30 acres would be required for the hospital
and for the hospital school of instruction which should be associated
with it.

In view of section 1136 of the Revised Statutes, which forbids the
erection of any permanent building at a cost of more than $20,000
without special authority from Congress, I respectfully request that
the necessary authority be asked for to expend $140,000, or as much
thereof as may be necessary, for the erection of this hospital.

A general hospital is needed in or near this city —

(a) For the treatment of special cases.

Cases continually arise in the military service for which post hos-
pitals do not furnish the necessary facilities for treatment. These
cases are mainly difficult surgical cases requiring treatment by a
specialist. A general hospital should have all facilities and should
have attached to it medical officers having special knowledge and
experience.

The general hospital is necessary also for the observation of officers
ordered before a retiring board, as the careful examination which may
be given to an officer in a fully equipped hospital will more efficiently
determine his physical condition than the examination made at a post
hospital.

(o) For instruction in connection with the Army Medical School.

In England the Royal Victoria Hospital, which cares for disabled
men returned from all the outlying colonies, is practically an attach-
ment to the Army Medical School at Netley, but our Army Medical
School has at present no such great advantage as an associated hospital
for anny diseases from distant and tropical service.

A general hospital would enable student officers to become familiar
with the methods of administering general hospitals, to instruct them
in methods of hospital inspection, the use of the Rflntgen ray apparatus
and other diagnostic apparatus, and to instruct them in meaical and
surgical procedures as they are adapted to the military service.

It would give facilities for the practical training of men in the Hos-
pital Corps from the company of instruction in Hospital Corps work.
A general hospital with its varied medical and surgical work is especially
adapted to practical training. It would place a company of instruction
of tne Hospital Corps at the disposal of the Surgeon-feefneral for the
instruction of student officers in Hospital Corps drill, the pitching of
field hospitals and familiarize them with Hospital Corps equipment and
medical supplies.

ith a general hospital established and a company of instruction
attached thereto, everything is in readiness at the outbreak of war to
immediately extend the institution to any desired size and to accommo-
date any desired number of patients. This without the trouble, incon-
venience, and delay incident to establishing such a hospital de novo.

The functions of a general hospital are so much more extensive and
so different from those of a post hospital that they can not be properly
conducted in connection with a hospital having post functions. In a
post the medical officers and enlisted men are all directly under the
command of the local commander, and all official communications and
business have to be" transacted through the department to which the
post belongs. The functions which would particularly obtain with a
general hospital in the city of Washington are such that the establish-

fcEPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 63S

ment should be directly under the control of the Surgeon-General and
Secretary of War. Patients and officers sent to the hospital for spe-
cial treatment can be brought in direct touch with the War Office.
The assignment of men to the company of instruction for a course of
instruction for the Hospital Corps and the sending of men, when
instructed, to other posts, can be best managed direct and not through
a department commander. Also, the institution being in direct com-
munication with the Surgeon-General can be properly used for instruc-
tion in connection with the Army Medical School and its work can be
adapted to the school curriculum which can not be satisfactorily done
in a hospital under post control.

It is believed that the interests of the service would be subserved by
attaching the attending surgeon in the city of Washington to the hos-
pital as a visiting surgeon, so that he might have at his disposal a
service hospital in which to treat those of his cases which require hos-
pital treatment, with a minimum of expense to them. This would add
to the number of cases in hospital and so increase its efficiency for
training. At present the attending surgeon sends many cases to the
local civil hospitals, and it is thought that the military service should
hold control of its own cases.

GENERAL HOSPITAL, PRESIDIO OF SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

A full report of the organization and management of this hospital
was published in the reports of the Surgeon-General for the fiscal years
1900 and 1901.

The work done by this hospital during the past year has been of an
exceedingly gratifying and satisfactory character. Estimates for
material and labor have been promptly approved. With some minor
additions this hospital can be made practically perfect, and certainly
equal to the best of similar institutions in civil life.

The steam laundry connected with the hospital is in good working
order and does all the necessary work for the various post hospitals in
and around San Francisco and for the hospitals of transports.

The following shows the amount of work done during the year
ended June 30, 1902:

In hospital June 30, 1901 139

Admissions during the year 4, 551

Returned to duty 2,795

Rate per 1,000 of admissions 614. 00

Rate per 1,000 last year 573. 00

Discharged for disability 401

Rate per 1,000 of admissions 88. 00

Rate per 1,000 last year 181. 00

Deaths from all causes 99

Rate per 1,000 of admissions 21. 80

Rate per 1,000 last year 33. 58

Deserted 48

Sent to Government Hospital for the Insane 130

Sent to the general hospital, Fort Bayard, N. Mex 147

Sent to the general hospital, Hot Springs, A rk 81

Otherwise disposed of 587

Remaining in hospital June 30, 1902 402

4,690

634 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

Of the total admissions, 2,413 came from the Philippines and 2,138
from camps and garrisons in the United States.

Average monthly number of patients in hospital, 480.

Deaths were due mainly to chronic dysenterj7 from the Philippines
and from broncho-pneumonia. Although the former disease caused
the greater number of deaths, the rate of mortality has really been
low when the number of cases received is considered. The large death
rate from broncho-pneumonia was a result of an epidemic of measles
which prevailed among recruits en route to the Philippines.

During the year the work done in the pathological laboratory of the
hospital under the superintendence of Contract Surg. Charles F. Craig,
U. S. Army, consisted of the following:

Examinations of blood 3, 518

Examinations of urine 4, 395

Examinations of sputa 1, 221

Examinations of feces 1, 319

Widal tests 63

Malta fever tests 14

Blood counts 123

Cultures 52

Sections from post-mortem material 542

Of the 3,518 examinations of the blood for malarial parasites, 175
proved positive. Of the positive cases 134 were due to the estivo-
autumnal parasites, 33 to the tertian parasites, and 8 were combined
infections. Of the 131 estivo-autumnal infections, 113 were due to
the tertian estivo-autumnal parasite, 11 to the quotidian estivo-autumnal
parasite, and 10 were combined infections or infections in which the
type of parasite could not be exactly determined. The examinations
of the blood during this year for malarial parasites have shown a
marked decrease in the number of cases of malaria returned to this
hospital from the Philippines.

Most of the 123 blood counts were made in cases of secondary
anamiia, following either dysentery or malarial fever. The lowest
blood count was 855,000 red cells to the cubic millimeter. This
occurred in a case of pernicious secondary anamiia, following estivo-
autumnal malaria, from which the patient died. Of the 123 counts,
55 were from cases suffering from secondary anaemia following malarial
fever, and the others from cases of dysentery and diarrhea.

The urine was examined in all cases admitted to hospital. In cases
which showed no pathological conditions the urine was not again
examined unless requested by the pathologist or the medical officer in
charge.

Of the 1,221 specimens of sputa examined for the bacillus of tuber-
culosis, 143 proved positive.

Of the 1,319 specimens of feces examined for the amoeba of dysen-
tery, 228 proved positive.

There were 03 Widal tests performed during the year. An investi-
gation was carried on as to the etiology of these cases of typhoid, as
it was thought that some of them might have originated in tne camps
at the Presidio. It was found, however, after thorough investigation
that they were all contracted at other posts throughout the United
States or in the Philippine Islands, and that none of the cases of typhoid
sent to this hospital have originated at the Presidio.

Malta fever. — Fourteen tests were made in this hospital during the

REPORT OF THK SURGEON-GENERAL. 635

year for Malta fever by the agglutination reaction, of which 4 were
positive.

Medical officers of the English army were the first to draw attention
to a disease prevailing in Malta and other Mediterranean stations, pos-
sessing many of the symptoms of typhoid, but differing from that
disease in important respects.

In 1816 Burnett" described very fully this disease, but regarded it
as a remittent malarial fever. This view of the character of the fever
was adhered to for many years, and it was not until 1878 that the dis-
tinction was clearlv drawn between remittent malarial fever and Malta
fever.

When first described the disease was supposed to be peculiar to the
island of Malta, hence the name, but continued observation has proved
that it is widespread throughout tropical and subtropical regions.

Thus Donaldson6 describes cases in Gibraltar, Tomaselli in Sicily,
Patterson in Constantinople, Oliver6' along the banks of the Danube,
Vealrf in Cyprus, Mussei,<? and Cox^ in Porto Rico, Chamberlain,^
Curry, h and Strong' in the Philippines.

Various opinions were held by observers as to the etiologic factor
in the production of Malta fever, but it was not until the painstaking
researches of Bruce were published in 1887 that anything positive was
known. Bruce^ demonstrated the cause of the disease to be a micro-
coccus, to which he gave the name Micrococcus melitensis.

Malta fever is generally a fever of long duration, subject to fre-
quent relapses, presenting a most irregular and confusing temperature
course, accompanied with severe pain in the joints, constipation, andpro-
f use perspiration, and often followed by arthritic pains, with or without
swelling of the joints. An enlarged and tender spleen is very com-
mon. Diagnosis of the disease has heretofore presented many diffi-
culties, as it resembles in many instances typhoid or remittent mala-
rial fever; and even with the help of the microscopical examination of
the blood and the Widal test, the distinction between these diseases
can not always be made. In 1897, however, Wright, of the Royal
Army Medical School, England, discovered that the blood serum of a
patient suffering from Malta fever will agglutinate the Micrococcus
melitensis in very dilute solution, and that this agglutination test is
most delicate and can be depended upon absolutely in diagnosis.

In Wright's method of using the serum test sedimentation tubes
having a diameter of less than 1 millimeter and an agar culture of the
micrococcus are used. A salt solution suspension is made, and this
solution is used to dilute the blood serum, the dilution varying accord-
ing as the test is desired to be more or less delicate. It makes no dif-

« Burnett: Practical Account of the Mediterranean Fever, London, 1816.

& Donaldson: Army Statistical Report, 1839.

<"01iveron "Danubian fever," Lancet, Vol. II, 1892, p. 1359.

a Veal: Report on Canes of Fever from Cyprus, Malta, and Gibraltar. Army Medi-
cal Department Report**, England, 1879.

«Musser: Philadelphia Medical Journal, December, 1898.

/Cox: Report of Surgeon-General, U. S. A., 1899, p. 285.

^Chamberlain: Report of Surgeon-General, U. S. A., 1900, p. 226.

ACurry: Report of Surgeon -General, U.S. A., 1900, p. 226. Also, Journal of Med-
ical Research, Vol. VI, No. 1, July, 1901, pp. 241-248.

*Strong: Report of the Surgeon-General, l\ S. A., 1900, p. 227.

J"Note on discussion of microorganisms in Malta fever," Practitioner, Vol.
XXXVI, p. 161. Also, "Observations on Malta, fever," British Medical Journal
May 18, 1889.

636 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

ference whether the micrococci are alive or dead, the agglutination
reaction takes place as well with one as the other.

Gurry* & method. — Curry's method of performing the test, as described
by him ("Malta fever," Journal of Medical Research, vol. 6, No. 1),
differs somewhat from that of Wright, and is thus described by him:

I used common glass tubing about 3 to 4 mm. in diameter, and made the observa-
tions microscopically, and as a control made microscopical observations of drops of
the fluid withdrawn by means of a platinum loop from the top, middle, and bottom
of the tul>e. Tubes 7.5 cm. long and 3 to. 4 mm. in diameter were made from glass
tubing, and the bottoms were drawn out to a long, sharp point. These were steril-
ized and plugged with cotton in the dry sterilizer. Salt solution suspensions were
made according to the method used by Wright. Bacteria were killed by heat at

60° C. for fifteen minutes and 0.5 per cent carbolic acid added. As a routine
method one drop of blood serum was mixed with 19 drops of normal salt solution,
then equal parts of this mixture with the salt suspension of the culture of the Micro-
coccus melitensis, and placed in the small tubes of the sterile pipette, making a dilution
of 1-40. A reaction was called positive and complete only when, in addition to the
precipitation of the bacteria in the bottom of the tube, the supernatant fluid became
clear.

The method of Dr. Charles F. Craig is thus reported by him:

In performing the serum test for Malta fever I have used practically the same
method as that for the Widal test. A pure culture of the micrococcus^ either upon
agar or in bouillon, was used. - The test may be performed either with the fresh
serum or with a dry drop of blood, the latter being used preferably, as it is simpler
and easier to procure. A drop of blood is secured upon a glass slide and diluted with
enough sterilized water to dissolve it. A graduated pipette of very small caliber is
used to make the dilution with the micrococcus. Having dissolved the drop of
blood, a known portion is taken from it by the pipette and placed upon a clean slide.
This is then diluted with a measured quantity of the bouillon culture, or with a sus-
pension of the agar culture made with sterilized water. The pipette is so graduated
that a dilution can be made from 1-10 to 1-150. A cover glass is then placed over
the mixture and this examined microscopically. In using the agar suspension the
drop should be first examined, so as to be sure there is no agglutination present
before the blood is added. Preferably I have used a dilution of 1-75, although the
agglutination reaction has been obtained with dilution as high as 1-25, immediately.
This method is easy of performance, all that is needed being the culture, the special
graduated pipette, the cover glasses and slide, and the drop of blood. The method
was used in all cases at the General Hospital, Presidio of San Francisco, CaL, and
controls with a serum of other diseases made at the same time.

The literature relating to Malta fever among soldiers of the United
States Army is very limited. The first case described was that of Dr.
Musser, of Philadelphia, in the Philadelphia Medical Journal, Decem-
ber, 1898. His case was that of an officer who contracted the disease
in Porto Rico, and he was the first to draw attention to the fact that
the disease was probably endemic in that island.

In the report of the Surgeon-General of the Army for 1899 Lieut
Walter Cox, assistant surgeon, United States Army, described a case
occurring in Porto Rico and observed by him. The patient was a pri-
vate of the Hospital Corps, 30 years of age. He came under observa-
tion January 14, 1899. He contracted the fever in the guardhouse of
an old Spanish barracks, the fever commencing January 11, 1899. He
complained of pain all over the body , especially in the bones and joints.
He had two chills on successive days but none afterwards. This was
at the commencement of the illness. The appetite was poor and the
bowels were first loose and later constipated. The temperature curve
showed daily remissions and reached normal gradually. The morning
temperature for a considerable time reached the normal point, but was
1°, 2°, or 3° above normal toward evening. He was discharged from
the hospital on April 3, after a week of normal temperature, but was

REPORT OF THE 8 URG EON -GENERAL. 637

readmitted April 7, suffering again from fever. This attack was simi-
lar to the first. The blood was examined repeatedly for the malarial
parasites as well as for the Widal reaction. A test with a culture of
the Micrococcus melitensis showed a marked agglutination in dilution
as high as 1-60. Lieutenant Chamberlain, assistant surgeon, United
States Army, while on duty on the hospital ship Relief at Manila,
P. I., observed 2 cases of the disease in soldiers, which were reported
to the Surgeon-General of the Army. The men were in adjacent beds
and both presented mild attacks. The temperature curve was irregu-
lar, being neither markedly remittent nor undulating. The cases were
at first diagnosed as malarial fever, but the Malta fever reaction was
obtained at the laboratory of the First Reserve Hospital and both were
found positive. Examination of the blood for malarial parasites and
the use of the Widal test both resulted negatively. Curry and Strong
in 1900 reported cases occurring at the First Reserve Hospital.
Strong performed an autopsy upon a man who had died from con-
tinued fever of long duration. The post-mortem showed that it was
neither typhoid nor malaria, and cultures from the case made by Curry
resulted in the finding of the Micrococcus melitensis. Inoculations
into monkeys produced the typical symptoms of Malta fever. While
performing these experiments Strong became infected and suffered
irom a typical attack of the fever. In another case the condition was
discovered, post-mortem and cultures were obtained of the microorgan-
ism. At this time two cases were observed in the wards of the hospi-
tal which gave the reaction with the micrococcus and were undoubtedly
cases of Malta fever.

The most valuable report of Malta fever occurring in soldiers of the
Army is that written by Curry and published in the Journal of Medical
Research, volume 6, No. 1. In this report Curry describes the cases
which came under his observation both in Manila and in the Army and
Navy General Hospital at Hot Springs, Ark. Besides the 4 cases of
Malta fever observed in Manila, he observed in all 8 cases of Malta
fever in the hospital at Hot Springs. Four of these were described in
extenso, the notes of the other 4 cases occurring in a note at the end
of the report. All four of the latter cases were in a convalescent
stage, the prominent symptoms being those of articular rheumatism,
constipation, and frequent profuse sweatings. These cases were diag-
nosed as articular rheumatism. Of the four cases described more fully
all gave a marked serum reaction with the Mieroeoeciw m-elitensls when
in a dilution as high as 1-300. None of the cases presented the symp-
toms found in the acute stage. The symptoms complained of were
pains in the articulations, constipation, aim sweating, and all showed
anaemia. These cases were all supposed to be suffering from chronic
articular rheumatism.

In his recapitulation Curry says:

We have four cases of what was thought on admission to be chronic rheumatism.
These cases have not improved under treatment nor by change to this favorable
climate. Neither antirheumatic nor antimalarial treatment has benefited these
men. In spite of treatment and of favorable conditions repeated and more or less
regular recurrence of acute rheumatic pains and swellings and of fever have taken
place. These conditions have lasted a long time, for six months, the shortest, to
sixteen months, the longest, of the series. The other prominent symptoms have been
ansemia, profuse sweating, and constipation. The blood examinations for malarial
fever and for typhoid were negative, save in the case of one who had had severe
typhoid two years ago. The clinical history of these cases corresponds with that of
Malta fever, and the result of the serum test with the micrococcus makes it certain
that the diagnosis of Malta fever in these cases is a correct one.

638 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

Dr. Craig concludes his report as follows:

The important lesson to be learned from a study of the literature of Malta fever
occurring in the United States Army is that the conditions are not easily recognized
clinically, and may be attributed to typhoid, malaria, or in the chronic stages to artic-
ular rheumatism. This being so, the great value of a microscopical examination of
the blood and the performance of the serum test is at once proven. None of the cases
observed by me were diagnosed as Malta fever, and in only one of them was there any
suspicion of the occurrence of this disease. The two cases presenting the chronic
symptoms would, in all probability, have been transferred to Hot Springs, Ark., for
antirheumatic treatment, while in the two cases presenting the acute symptoms the
patient would probably have been treated for either typhoid fever or malaria. In
fact, in cases wlien, on account of finding malarial parasites at different times in the
patient's blood, the treatment has been altogether that for malaria, and had a diag-
nosis of Malta fever been made more quickly much discomfort would probably have
been saved the patient.

The following conclusions may be drawn from the study of these cases:

(1) There occurs in the Tropics a fever which may resemble in its acute stage either
typhoid or malaria and in its chronic stage articular rheumatism, caused by the
Micrococcus melitensis.

(2) There is no pathognomonic symptom of Malta fever. The symptoms are so
inconstant and confusing that no one of them can l>e said to be typical of the disease.

(3) A differential diagnosis of this fever is almost impossible in the majority of
cases without the aid of the microscope and the serum test.

FIRST RESERVE HOSPITAL, MANILA, P. I.

During the period July 1, 1001, to April 15, 1902, 2,999 cases were
treated in this hospital, besides a large number examined and assigned
elsewhere, this being the distributing hospital of Manila. Maj. Wil-
liam H. Arthur, surgeon, U. S. Army, was in command.

The hospital buildings, 23 in number, are much in need of repair.
An allotment of $2,600 was used during the year in fitting up a path-
ological laboratory and receiving ward, in remodeling kitchens and
offices, building a new kitchen and porch for officers' ward, bathroom
and water-closets for hospital corps quarters, and a covered passage-
way from the surgical ward to the operating room. The addition of -a
small receiving and observation ward at the main entrance has been
very useful, rlague, Asiatic cholera, smallpox, measles, and mumps
have been detected at different times in this ward, and proper disposi-
tion made of them without exposing the other patients in a crowded
ward to risk of infection. It is small, bare, and easily disinfected.
The laboratory was opened February 2ti, 1902, and from that time to
April 15, 1902, 406 examinations were made, as follows:

Blood. — One hundred and sixteen examinations, of which 77 were found positive
for malarial parasites and 39 negative.

Stool*. — One hundred and thirty-six examinations with results as follows: Amelwe,
37 eases; ascaris lumbricoides, 22 cases; ankylostomum duodenale, 1 case; larvae,
musea vomitoria, 1 ease.

Urine. — Eighty-three examinations with results as follows: Albumen, 13 cases;
sugar, 17 eases; tubercle bacilli, 1 case; gonococci, 5 cases; normal, 47 cases.

Sputum. — Thirty-sjx examinations for tubercle bacilli; 3 proved positive.

Pwa, liirr. — One examination for amebje; result, positive.

Pux from eye. — Three examinations for gonococci, all proving positive.

Pus urethral. — One examination for gonococci; result, positive.

HOSPITAL NO. 3, MANILA, P. I.

This hospital is situated in Ermita district, just beyond the city walls
and about 300 yards from the bay. It consists of 7 one-story wooden
buildings having a capacity of 225 beds. The locality is good but for

REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL. 639

an estero which runs through the grounds. The average number of
patients daily for the year 1901 was 172.6. From June 30, 1901, to
April 15, 1902, 1,698 patients were treated. Of these, 772 were
returned to duty, 25 died, 40 were discharged for disability, and 629
transferred to transports en route to the United States. The main
specialty of this hospital is the reception for observation and disposi-
tion of cases which nave been recommended for discharge on certifi-
cates of disability. These cases are held until the military history of
each man is found to be complete and correct. In all cases, particu-
larly those of a doubtful character, repeated examinations are made by
the staff of the hospital acting as a board. A small proportion of
these cases recover under treatment and are returned to duty. When
the board is of the opinion that the disability may not prove to be per-
manent, transfer to the United States for treatment is recommended.
When the disability is considered permanent, the case is transferred
to the General Hospital, Presidio of San Francisco, Cal., for final
disposition.

A camp for hospital corps casuals is connected with this hospital.
The detachment is quartered in tents which are framed and floored.

THE NOZALEDA HOSPITAL, MANILA. I'. I.

This hospital was established by Maj. R. W. Johnson, surgeon,
U. S. Arm}7, December 18, 1901, on the breaking up of the Santa
Mesa Hospital. Surrounding it on all sides is the most beautiful
garden in the city of Manila. The front rests on Nozaleda street for
4 20 feet and the rear on Louban street for 320 feet. The reservation
is closed in by a high stone wall on three sides, the fourth side, the
front, by an ornamental iron fence. The building is a two-story brick
and stone structure, the first story taken up chiefly for administrative
purposes, the second used as wards. The capacity is 125 beds; but in
addition to this there is in one corner of the grounds an isolated camp
of 20 beds in 6 hospital tents for patients suffering from turberculosis
of the lungs.

From the time of its installation to April 15, 1902, 444 patients were
admitted, 325 suffering from various forms of venereal disease, 47
from consumption, and 72 from other causes.

THE CONVALESCENT HOSPITAL, CORREGIDOR ISLAND, PHILIPPINE

ISLANDS.

Corregidor Island lies across the entrance of Manila Bay, 27 miles
from the city of Manila. The island is 3 miles long and from one-
fourth to three-fourths of a mile wide. The greater part of it rises
abruptly from the water, reaching an extreme elevation of 550 feet
above the sea. Several plateaus of different sizes are formed on the
higher points of the island. The hospital is situated on the shore of a
small bay, on the north side of the island. It consists of four wooden
pavilions elevated about 3 feet from the ground and with corrugated
iron roofing. Sliding windows encircle the buildings and permit the
wards to be thrown open, giving the most complete ventilation. Cov-
ered porches, 5 feet wide, extend round the buildings.

The administration building is a structure of two stories, 50 feet
square, the lower storv used as offices, the upper as a dormitory for
the detachment of the Hospital Corps.

640 REPORT OF THE SURGEON-GENERAL.

The kitchen, with three army ranges, and dining room are large and
commodious buildings. The latter, accommodating 250 men, is the
largest and most suitable building of the kind to any hospital in or
near Manila.

The last-mentioned buildings are built on the general plans of the
pavilions. All of the buildings are painted white, inside and out, with
green trimmings, and present a very neat appearance.

Storerooms, operating rooms, and dispensary are in two adobe
buildings constructed by the Spaniards. They were rekalsomined
last January, and answer in every respect the purpose for which they
are used.

An ice and distilling plant is in operation, located in a building just
outside the hospital grounds and formerly used as a school building.
The plant is in excellent condition, having run throughout the year
without a single day's stop and has greatly added to the comfort and
health of the patients.

The natural drainage is perfect. Open drains run throughout the
grounds, carrying the surface water to the bay. All excreta, garbage,
and debris of every kind are collected daily and carried in open boats
out to the sea about half a mile from the shore and dumped. This
work is done by four natives hired by the quartermaster department
and are under the immediate charge of an acting hospital steward. By
this method the grounds are kept thoroughly policed and in good
sanitary condition.

Water is supplied by piping from a dam built in a water course
about three-quarters of a mile from the hospital. The dam leaks, and
during the dry season the supply becomes low. This fact may in the
future lead to a serious deficiency unless a larger dam is built. The
erection of a proposed distilling plant would solve the problem to a
great extent. During the rainy season the supply of water is abundant
Drinking water is distilled at the ice plant.

The food is very satisfactory, though recently the scarcity and high
price of chickens and eggs has embarrassed the diet kitchen. Owing
to the character of the hospital— a place for convalescents — practically
all of the patients are on special diet. This is carefully watched, well
prepared, and thoroughly enjoyed. The appetite of nearly all patients
recovering from wasting disease is stimulated by the cool salt breezes,
and in many cases voracious. The allowance of 40 cents is none too
great; 50 cents a day could be easily used, with no wastage or
extravagance.

As far as at present known, Corregidor Island is free from malaria,
and such cases transferred here have done well. The water tanks, and
all connections of water, however small, are covered with a layer of
kerosene oil, and the few mosquitoes that would otherwise be present
have disappeared. The sea air; delightfully cool breezes, almost con-
stant; sea bathing, bright, cheerful wards, good food, and the faithful
performance of their duty by the medical officers, Army Nurse Corps,
and Hospital Corps, have restored to health many cases of debility,
apparently chronic these good results being obtained, as a rule,
rapidly, with little medical treatment.

THE I 'A YM ASTER-GENERAL.

War Department,
Paymasteh-Genrkal'h OfTTOB,
Waihington, September t8, I80g.

Sir; I have the honor to submit the following report of this office
or the fiscal year ended June 3(1, 1902:

i hi Jury 1, 1801, officers of the Pay Department were charged with

public mud* umiinllim .' ¥7, 740.os7.02

I iiiriny I In' I ■ .-=* -;*. I v i -ii r these "Ulcers received—

[•'mm ih,. l'nitf.1 Suites TreiLuurv 41, IK»i, L'70. 3]

(■Von i soldiers' di-posita 2, (W0, 2.W. <tri

From army paymasters' collections 1, 110,870. 40

Total [-alaiices and receipts.. __ 52,523,479.35

Accounted fur
Expended
Expended

Treasury
Expended
Ex]>emled

Expell'lfd

Expcmleil

follows;

of pay of the Army

on account of pay of the Army, war with Spain (oi

I'lTtilii ati'S )

account of extra |«iy to Regular Army, war with Spain

account of uxtm [>ay k> volunteers, war witli Spain . .
account of mileage to officers

""'* if reimbursement In contract surgeons (oi

44, 885. 64
25, 84$. 28

78,3:t5,.'tO

Mil, 181.98

Erpa

Treasury certificates) ...

BKpaodea on account of pay of Military Academy

l'',X|ie ruled on account of volunteers, Treaeury certificates

Surplus f inula lie-posited to credit of Initvl States Treasurer.

Annv ]>iivmasteiV rolli-dinns 'jcpusited to credit of United States

Treasurer 1, 116,870; 46

Baluncea charged officers June 30, 1H02 _ 7, 316, 720. 90

Total 68,683,479.36

A comparison of the expenditures for the ti.-cal year li«>2 with
those of the fiscal year 1901, shown a decrease of $W18,919. This

amount is accounted for in part by the decrease in the pa;

'sing from extra pay to

j of the Army.
♦775,840.43; also the decrease in the claims

Regular Army, war with Spain, and decrease in amount of volunteers,
Treasury certificate!

eers,

REPORT OF THE PAYMASTER-GENERAL.

643

REPORT

THE PAYMASTER-GENERAL.

War Department,
Paymaster-General's Office,

Washington, September IS, 1902.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of this office
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902:

On July 1, 1901, officers of the Pay Department were charged with

public funds aggregating $7, 740, 087. 92

During the fiscal year these officers received —

From the United States Treasury 41, 006, 270. 31

From soldiers' deposits 2, 660, 250. 66

From army paymasters' collections 1, 116, 870. 46

Total balances and receipts 52, 523, 479. 35

Accounted for as follows:

Expended on account of pay of the Army 39, 452, 537. 46

Expended on account of pay of the Army, war with Spain (on

Treasury certificates) 44, 885. 64

Expended on account of extra pay to Regular Army, war with Spain . 25, 645. 28

Expended on account of extra pay to volunteers, war with Spain ... 78, 335, 30

Expended on account of mileage to officers 451, 181. 99

Expended on account of reimbursement to contract surgeons (on

Treasury certificates) 10,905.91

Expended on account of pay of Military Academy 395, 581. 79

Expended on account of volunteers, Treasury certificates 297, 555. 00

Surplus funds deposited to credit of United States Treasurer 3, 339, 259. 62

Army paymasters' collections deposited to credit of United States

Treasurer 1,116,870.46

Balances charged officers June 30, 1902 7, 310, 720. 90

Total 52,523,479.35

A comparison of the expenditures for the fiscal vear 1902 with
those of the fiscal year 1901, shows a decrease of $918,919. This
amount is accounted for in part by the decrease in the pay of the Army,
$775,840.43; also the decrease in the claims arising from extra pay to
Regular Army, war with Spain, and decrease in amount of volunteers,
Treasury certificates.

645

646

Number and

REPORT OF THE PAYMASTER-GENERAL.

Fiscal year ending June 30-

Deposit* received.

Deposits repaid.

Number

Amount.

Number.

Principal.

Intere*.

18T3

1209.860. SB
■■!■-., 609. 66
;aS, iri6. hu
44), 912. 08

. -,. ,». Uf>
:H3, 24X 94
470, 770. SB
477.1T4.44

44*!wL83
W7.W4.08

, :'.',\7.[*}

■ -Vrvr-riw

888,944. 10
:«.). 79*. 34

4i'.1 47; i J 5
:tn, 464. 70
282, 2-18, 04
St.1, NSU. 76
31*, 270. 73
4J),S38.S7
V.5, 392. 64

■ ■1 i, MS. f.l

■ ivvi-Tljfi
vleooiswlos

6.(04

b.m*

8.636
8.942
o.sso
7.902

J.114

7.03s

6. see
T.tro

7.8W
7.634
0,790
b.iJu

S>11

s!77K

21.856

14. ?M
3.182
(.920

O^OOh
8,184
KM
7,835
(1
0,340
7,604
7,206
9,100
8.019
6,317
6,788
6.8S0
0,480
0,970
17,377
2K, 508
27.071

;miIx

104,109

•1.041. 001. »
1*4.007 91
2W.864.48
:«2..S08 90
601, 949. 77
428,482.44
363,673.34
404,291.67
401,902.22
490,600.79
889,083.12
323,962,97
:«»i. «>«. -7,:i
411,039.74
663,047.46
410,873.1'.
288, 835. 4u

29o.oss.ua

308.3T2.4&
359,200.43
345,550.65

5C1, .113. 01
9*8,77463

3.002,424.24

•49.T1S.8V

Cam

--. '.■-■ .-■

26,123.60

40,683.23
S4.758.21

1889

;w, -! r. :;•
41.690.00
61,797.70

20,069.07

■j.~..-.~. ;-.■

38,614,06
34,860.63

i-.:.:;a.--.'

21.289,003.90

17,020,300.09

1,110.827.40

Et-i 1 amount remaining to

..,-, . a from July 1, 1872, to June 30. 1898, were not recorded bj

. . L The repayments of 1877 include hII deposits repaid prior thereto.
The above table gtvra n complete history of soldiers' deposit* at nee tb t pamase

varied comparatively little from (he beginning o
breaking out of the Spanish war.

The depceiu reported as repaid for the lineal ;
repayments are now reported in above table.

The amount of deposit* reported at repaid for th
fact that the May and June accounts from the PI
office, and are not yet examined and analyzed.

it* since Che panose of the act authorfxiiig
e, the number and amount of the depoalti
tern until the fiscal year of 18*7 ana (be

estimated amount. The actual

ilppine Islands have only recently n

ENABLING ACT.

A bill "to authorize the settlement of accounts of officers of the
Army" (S, 5437, Fifty-seventh Congress, first session), which was
approved by the Secretary of War in nis letter of May 7, 1902, to the
chairman of the Committee on Military Affnirs of the Senate, failed of
passage in that House of Congress, not through any opposition to it in
committee, as I am informed, but because of the greater urgency of
other legislative matters.

Induced by the importance of this subject to disbursing officers of
the Army, I earnestly hope that the necessity for this legislation may
be presented again to Congress in the early days of its second session.
The reasons for the passage of S. 5437 having accompanied the Secre-
tary's letter of May 7 last, it is not deemed necessary to repeat them
here.

REPORT OF THE PAYMASTER-GENERAL.

647

MILEAGE.

The mileage law, besides being just to the Government, has been
found easy of execution, and is operating satisfactorily to the account-
ing officers, to paymasters, and to the Army at large. This law hav-
ing fulfilled its purpose so well, no changes in it are deemed necessary.

A new table of distances has been published, governing the payment
of mileage for journeys performed on or after July 1, 1902. The
demand for this publication by all bureaus of the Government, as well
as by outside parties, shows its value as well as the wisdom of the law
making it the absolute authority in the determination of all distances
and deductions.

Mileage disbursements for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902.

Inspection of the Army:

By the General Commanding the Army,
accompanied by his aids, and the gener-
als commanding the several military
departments, accompanied by officers of
their staffs, as provided by paragraph
211, Army Regulations

By officers of the Adjutant-General's De-
partment

By officers of the Inspector-General's De-
partment

By officers of the Quartermaster-General's
Department

By officers of the Commissary-General' s De-
partment

By officers of the Medical Department

By officers of the Paymaster-General's De-
partment

By officers of the Ordnance Department . . .

By officers of the Signal Corps

By officers of artillery (artillery inspection ) .
Inspection by line officers of—

Troops

Horses

Buildings

Engineer and other property

Artillery districts— G. 0. 81, 1901

- Electric apparatus and fire-control

Old ordnance

Torpedoes, submarine defenses, and powder.

Defenses in the Philippine Islands

Military reservations

Telephone and military telegraph lines

Cemeteries

Colleges

Land, roads, and bridges by Engineer

officers

Inspection and instruction of the National
Guard

Certi-
fied
claims.

Total for inspection of the Army

Change of station

Travel of general officers and their aids, other
than for inspection

Travel in Europe and other foreign countries . .

Recruiting duty

Courts-martial and courts of inquiry, to and from

Payment of troops

Officers of the line ordered to express offices to
obtain money for payment of troons

Treasurer and professor Military Academy (Mil-
itary Academy duty )

Instructions of Secretary of War (confidential
duty)

Target practice and inspection of target ranges.

Conducting prisoners, sick, and insane

Attending funerals of officers and other de-
ceased officials

Line officers on business for Quartermaster and
Commissary departments

Janu-
ary 1,
1899.

1899.

1900.

1901.

961.60

261.14

315.60

293.12

109.54
651.36

1,017.18

208.34

53.06

73.85
86.95

7.14

85.67
31.78

: 3,256.33

$335.50

155.05

8.06

18,190.84

72.62

124.84

4,016.19

986.99

232.62

6.30

16.12

190.69

11.44

292.86

1902.

$4,775.79

1,294.94

8,446.39

7,421.69

4,854.34
3,487.42

1,002.12
9,711.87
3,746.30
1,128.06

723.91

3,018.88

79.24

117.22

1,278.01

509.20

52.52

63.56.

123.00

3.36

24.84

73.18

936.06

368.55

19.74

52,749.71

219,789.06

6,678.36

2,639.65

78,221.61

11,494.63

8,354.29

269.41

375.20

3,667.94

201.66

1,152.40

1,063.67

2,462.73

648

REPORT OF THE PAYMASTER-GENERAL.

Mileage dhburxe.ments for tlie fiscal year ending June SO \ 190$ — Continued.

Certi-
fied
claims.

Janu-
ary 1,
1899.

1899.

1900.

1901.

1902.

Battery competitions, provisions of G. 0. 86,
A. G. O..1901

$751.16

Retiring boards and officers retired and ordered
home

$682.30

1,076.62
1.40

4,963.24
9,126.19

Boards of examination to examine officers for
promotion

$119.04

Boards of survey

209.79

Board on location of military sites, paragraph
26, S. 0. 261, 1901

6,887.19
98.36

Boards on range finder

Boards on uniform

1,587.80

Boards on officers' schools, G. 0. 1.%, 1901

168.92

Board on pneumatic gun

18.79

Board on Gathmann gun

556.26

Board on dynamite gun

14.83

Board on examination of gunners

•

271.08

Board on test of field artillery, 8. 0. 242, 19M. . .

47.25

437.76

Board on organization and equipment of siege
artillery

226.66

Board on mortar tests

329.78

Board on ammunition, artillery district of
Pensacola

238.36

Board on purchase of land at Fort Andrews

65.80

Board on purchase of land at Fort Screven

2.52

Board on military site at Des Moines, Iowa

11.56

Board on military site at Fort Niagara

132.86

Board on site for military prison

18.04

Board on land at Fort Monroe

78.96

Board on locating buildings at Fort Casey

52.94

Board on fortification at Galveston Harbor

203.78

Board on harbor defenses at Pearl Harbor, H.I.

43.14

Board on automobile carriage

364.60

Board on brevet rank

804.83

Board on revision of manual of guard dutv

91.42

Board on camp ground !

74.03

Board to investigate accident in firing salute
at Fort Trumbell

74.42

Board to investigate mining claim

258.96

Board to appraise sloop Esperanza

87.08

Witnessing payment of troops

7.00

Witnessing hanging of Filipinos

11.66

Business of Record and Pension Office

122.50

Topographical work !

28.89

Consultation with department commander

11.58

908.71

Army and Navy maneuvers

•

203.98

Memorial-day exercises

76.62

Instruction artillery at Indian Head 1

448.00

Mustering duty

3.60

9.38

War College '

96.32

Attending coronation King Edward VII

268.17

Attending good-roads convention

121.48

Attending Buffalo Exposition

52.92

Marking Indian trail, Yellowstone Park

141.22

Investigating loss of gold by abrasion in Porto
Rico

9.52

Investigating claims '

2.16

16.24

Investigating Indian lease

4.48

Special investigations

14.84

Microscopical and bacteriological examination.

4.90

22.54

Military information

29.00

Customs business

13.00

Relief work in Porto Rico

10.50

Martinique expedition a

71.76

Certified claims

$36.72

Treasury certificates (duty not shown )

$225.12

596.81
67.75

1.550.70
827.78

174.82

Orders mil to state special duty enjoined

923.98

665.41

Total

36.72

23.98

226. 12

1,282.70

31,016.80

419.105.07

« Refunded.

REPORT OF THE PAYMASTER-GENERAL. 649

PERSONNEL.

Since July 1, 1901, the following changes in the personnel of the
Pay Corps have occurred:

Ma]. Hugh R. Belknap, paymaster, died November 12, 1901. Capt.
fieecher B. Ray, paymaster, was promoted to major and paymaster,
November 12, 1901, vice Belknap, deceased. ^

Lieut. Col. Charles McClure, deputy paymaster-general, was retired
from active service February 20, 1902, by operation of law. Maj.
William H. Comegys, paymaster, was promoted to lieutenant-colonel
and deputy paymaster-general February 20, 1902, vice McClure, re-
tired. Capt. Herbert M. Lord, paymaster, was promoted to major
and paymaster February 20, 1902, vice Comegys, promoted.

Maj. John P. Baker, paymaster, was retired from active service July
24, 1902, by operation of law. Capt. William B. Rochester, jr., pay-
master, was promoted to major and paymaster July 24, 1902, vice
Baker, retired.

The following captains of the line have been detailed as captains and
paymasters under the act of February 2, 1901:

Capt. James McAndrew, United States infantry, July 6, 1901.

Capt. Guy Carleton, United States cavalry, October 15, 1901.

Capt. Charles E. Tayman, United States infantry, December 7, 1901,
and detail revoked December 17, 1901.

Capt. Edmund Wittenmyer, United States infantry, December 17,
1901.

Capt. William F. Blauvelt, United States infantry, March 21, 1902.

Capt. Francis G. Irwin, United States cavalry, July 25, 1902.

Capt. Andre W. Brewster, United States infantry, was designated
as acting paymaster United States Legation Guard, Pekin, China, vice
Maj. E. B. Robertson, ordered to join his regiment in the Philippine
Islands.

DISTRIBUTION OF OFFICERS AND GARRISONED POSTS.

On the 30th of June, 1901, there were 27 paymasters serving in the
United States, 20 in the Philippine Islands* 3 in Cuba, 1 in Alaska, and
1 in Porto Rico; total disbursing officers, 52.

On the 30th of June, 1902, 32 were serving in the United States,
paying a force increased by incoming troops from Cuba and the Philip-
pine Islands; 16 in the Philippines, 3 en route to and from the Philip-
pines, and 1 in Porto Rico.

The posts in the United States between January 1, 1901, and August
1, 1902, were increased from 118 to 142 and the number of arsenals
decreased from 17 to 12. In the Philippine Islands between June 30,
1901, and February 2, 1902, the date of the latest returns received, the

farrisons have been decreased from 490 to 320. Notwithstanding this
ecrease of 170 posts, it is found necessary to keep 16 paymasters in
those islands to pay the still widely scattered garrisons, access to which
is laborious and at times hazardous because of the bad condition of the
roads, slow means of land transportation, and inadequate, tardy, irregu-
lar, and unsafe means of water transportation. Nevertheless, in this
country and in the islands paymasters have acquitted themselves to
the satisfaction of the Army.

650 REPORT OB' THE PAYMASTER-GENERAL.

CLERICAL FORCE.

The clerical force of this office is most efficient. During the year,
in accordance with the act of Congress dated April 28, the temporary
force of clerks, consisting of 35, has'been transferred to the classified
service. This force, supplemented by those paymasters' clerks not on
duty with paymasters, is barely sufficient to keep the work of the
office up to date, although it is thought that in the course of a few
months it may be reduced by dropping two or three from the bottom
of the efficiency list. I have no recommendation regarding the cler-
ical force, except to renew that in regard to the establishment of a
s vstem by which clerks who are disabled and who have served not less
than thirty years may be placed on a civil pension list. A scheme has
been suggested which, it would seem, might work well and not increase
the expense of the Government. That is that all clerks should have
deducted from their pay a certain amount each month, thus forming
a fund, held in trust by the United States Treasury, from which such
retired pay or pension could be paid. I see no trouble in adjusting
such a scheme to a practical working basis if the principle be approved.

TRANSFERS BY CABLE.

Between the 26th of September, 1899 (the date of the institution of
the method for supplying in part from moneys circulating in the
islands the currency needed for the cash payment of troops), and the
28th of August, 1902, $12,490,818.04 in currency have been turned in
to the chief paymaster at Manila by foreign banking institutions and
others in the Philippines in exchange for New York checks, placed
by this office, on cable notice, within twenty-four hours, to the credit
of their agents in this country. This supply has of course modified
the otherwise necessary withdrawals of a like amount of currency
from use in the United States.

Since our occupation of the Philippine Islands, however, and to
August 16, 1902, this department has sent out of the country to Manila
by United States transports $25,024,550 in currency for payment of
the troops, in denominations from 1 cent to $20; this in addition to the
twelve million and odd dollars received and above mentioned. Of the
amount transported, $10,380,500 was in gold, $13,220,000 in paper, and
$1,424,050 in subsidiary coin. Shipments of gold ceased October 1,
1901, and paper in lieu of gold will always be sent unless the Treasury
shpuld happen to be unprovided.

DETAILS FROM THE LINE.

The present law detailing captains from the line for duty in the Pay
Department works admirably. The only change that I would recom-
mend in this connection would be that recommended by me in my
annual report for 1901, that instead of the details being made from
the captains of the line they be made from first lieutenants of the line,
and the officers so detailed given the rank, pay, and allowances of cap-
tains, mounted, during their tour of service.

REPORT OF THE PAYMASTER-GENERAL. 651

EXPENDITURES ON ACCOUNT Ol THE WAR WITH SPAIN.

The following letter and tabulated report of expenditures by this
Department on account of the war with Spain may Tbe of interest:

August 22, 1902.

Sin: In response to circular letter dated War Department, August 16, 1902, I have
the honor to herewith submit a statement showing all expenditures from appropria-
tions under control of the Pay Department, U. S. Army, "on account of the war
with Spain from March 9, 1898, to the date of the inauguration of the Government
of Cuba, May 20, 1902, exclusive of expenditures on account of military operations
in the Philippine Islands and the regular expenditures covering the support and
maintenance of the Army within the borders of the United States that would have
been made, ordinarily, had there been no war with Spain.

The total approximate cost of the war with Spain on account of pay and extra pay
to volunteers and regulars and mileage to officers, as shown bv the said statement,
is $73,668,440.40.

Very respectfully, A. E. Bates,

Paymaster- General, U. S. Army.

The honorable the Acting Secretary op War.

Statement of military expenditure* by the Pay Department, U. S. Army, on account of war

with Spain, from March 9, 1898, to May 20, 1902.

MILITARY ESTABLISHMENT.

[Pay, etc., of the Army and mileage to officers.]

Expenditures from March 9, 1898, to June 30, 1898. $6, 563, 732. 36

Expenditures from Julv 1 , 1898, to June 30, 1899. . . 68, 560, 859. 99

Expenditures from July 1, 1899, to June 30, 1900. . . 36, 552, 812. 29

Expenditures from July 1, 1900, to June 30, 1901 ... 39, 838, 227. 13

Expenditures from July 1, 1901, to May 20, 1902. . . 35, 918, 043. 37

Total 187,433,675.14

Less the total average cost of the Regular Army
from March 9, 1898, to May 20, 1902, based upon
expenditures for ten years prior to war with Spain . 56, 883, 605. 23

Approximate pay and mileage $130, 550, 069. 91

EMERGENCY FUND, WAR DEPARTMENT, ACT OF JANUARY 5, 1899.

[" To disband the Cuban army."]

Expenditures from May 27, 1899, to June 30, 1899. $905, 100. 00
Expenditures from July 1 , 1899, to June 30, 1900. . 1, 639, 650. 00

Approximate emergency fund $2, 544, 750. 00

NATIONAL DEFENSE.

[Mileage to officers and pay of contract Hurgeons.]

Expenditures from March 9, 1898, to June 30, 1898. $41, 965. 58

Expenditures from July 1, 1898, to June 30, 1899. . . 174, 087, 02

Approximate national defense 216, 052. 60

MISCELLANEOUS.

Extra pay to Volunteers, war with Spain $3, 562, 980. 00

Extra pay to Regular Army, war with Spain 661, 539. 00

Pay, etc., of the Army, war with Spain 59, 31 1. 00

Approximate miscellaneous 4, 283, 830. 00

Grand total 137,594,702.51

Less the amount expended (pay and mileage) on account of mili-
tary operations in rhilippines, reported in S. Doc. 416 63, 926, 262. 11

Approximate cost of war with Spain 73, 668, 440. 40

652 REPORT OF THE PAYMASTER-GENERAL.

PAYMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

As a matter of general interest and for further reference, I insert
herein a copy of report made to the honorable the Secretary of War,
April 25, 1902:

Sib: In response to section 3, Senate resolution of April 17, 1902, calling for "a
statement of the amount of money expended, and the amount, as far as * * *
able to state the same, for which the Government of the United States is liable,
remaining unpaid, for equipment, supplies, and military operations in the Philippine
Islands each year from May 1, 1898, to the present time," I have the honor to
report that the first detail of officers of the Pay Department left San Francisco, Gal.,
on June 27 and 29, 1898, respectively, for service in the Philippines, arriving at
Manila on July 25 and 31. Trie first payments to the troops then on duty in those
islands were made early in August, 1898, for the muster ot June 30, and included
pay from date of muster in to June 30. Since that date the troops there have been
mustered and paid bimonthly.

The following summarized statement will show the total disbursements yearly
from August 1, 1898, to include December 31, 1901 (the latest date covered by accounts
received to the present time by officers of the Pay Department in the Philippines
to troops there serving) ; also the total yearly disbursements for the same penod at
San Francisco, Gal., on account of pay, mileage, travel allowances, repayment of
soldiers' deposits and interest thereon, clothing pay and extra pay due officers and
men (regulars and volunteers) en route for duty in the Philippines or returning
therefrom for muster out and discharge. The statement will also snow the (estimated )
total disbursements on account of Philippine service for the period from January 1
to April 30, 1902, and, as nearly as can be ascertained, the estimated amount that will
remain due and unpaid on account of such service to include April 30, 1902:

Summary of disbursements by Pay Department, United States Army, on account of Philip-
pine service, from August 1, 1898, to include April 80, 1902.

Disbursed by paymasters in Philippines, August 1,

1898, to June 30, 1899, inclusive $5,854,688.67

Disbursed by paymasters at San Francisco, account
Philippine service same period 1, 800, 836. 71

Total disbursements for fiscal year ended June 30, 1899 $7, 655, 524. 38

Disbursed by paymasters in Philippines, July 1, 1899,

to June 30, 1900, inclusive 14,654,429.03

Disbursed by paymasters at San Francisco, account

Philippine service same period 4, 057, 682. 58

Total disbursements for fiscal year ended June 30, 1900 18, 712, 111. 61

Disbursed by paymasters in Philippines, July 1, 1900,
to June 30, 1901, inclusive (exclusive of $542,792.03
paid to officers and men detached from the Philip-

Jines for service in China, September 2, 1900, to
une30, 1901) $18,098,400.20

Disbursed by paymasters at San Francisco, account
Philippine service same period 6, 223, 761. 47

Total disbursements for fiscal year ended June 30, 1901 24, 322, 161. 67

Disbursed by paymasters in Philippines, July 1, 1901,

to December 31, 1901, inclusive (exclusive of

$28,900.31 paid to officers and men detached from

the Philippines for service as legation guard at

Pekin, China, same period) $7, 245, 309. 67

Disbursed by paymasters at San Francisco, account

Philippine service same period 2, 043, 188. 35

Total disbursements from July 1 to December 31, 1901 9, 288, 497. 92

Estimated disbursements by paymasters in Philip-
pines, January 1, 1902, to April 30, 1902, inclusive. $4, 830, 206. 38

Estimated disbursements at San Francisco, account
Philippine service same period 1, 362, 125. 57

Total estimated disbursements, January 1 to April 30, 1902 6, 192, 331. 95

Aggregate disbursements August 1, 1898, to April 30, 1902 66, 170,627.53

REPORT OF THE PAYMASTER-GENERAL. 658

To this amount add, on account of pay, etc., due for
two months on muster of April 30, 1902, in Philip-
pines and remaining unpaid that date $2, 415, 103. 19

And for pay, etc., for one month on account of Phil-
ippine service remaining unpaid at San Francisco

on April 30, 1902 340,531.39

$2, 755, 634. 58

Aggregate cost (actual and estimated) of military operations in the
Philippines, account of pay, etc., of officers and men, from May 1,
1898, to include April 30, 1902 68,926,262.11

It is proper to add in this connection that the total amount received on account of
soldiers' deposits from enlisted men serving in the Philippines from August 1, 1898,
to include December 31, 1901, was $6,908,176.

As a large proportion of said sum (probably $5,000,000, interest included) has
already been repaid to volunteers and regulars who served in the Philippines and
have since been mustered out or discharged, or will be discharged, and repaid prior
to April 30, 1902, it is suggested that the sum of. say, $5,000,000 is properly deauct-
ible irom the aggregate cost for Philippine service shown in the foregoing summary.
Very respectSiUy, c c gNIFFEN>

Acting Paymaster-General, U. S. Army.

Since the above report was made an official report of the receipts
and disbursements in the Philippine Islands for the entire fiscal year
1902 has been received and is herewith appended.

Statement of receipts and disbursements of Pay Department in the Division of the Philip-
pines during the fiscal year 1902.

Balance on hand July 1, 1901:

With assistant treasurers, United States $1, 086, 123. 53

Cash 2,207,129.62

$3,293,253.15

Credits with assistant treasurers, United States 4, 580, 144. 99

Currency and silver received:

From the United States 4, 300, 000. 00

From Manila banks 5,090,000.00

From insular disbursing officers 307, 835. 34

9, 697, 835. 34

Soldiers' deposits received 1, 938, 241. 76

Paymasters' collections received 505, 284. 97

Total receipts 20, 014, 760. 21

Disbursements:

Pay of the Army 14, 025, 668. 16

Mileage 42, 571 . 58

^ ! 14, 068, 239. 74

Paymasters' collections deposited to credit Treasurer United States. . 504, 913. 02

Surplus appropriations deposited to credit Treasurer United States. . 993, 622. 49

Covered into Treasury (being balance with assistant treasurers in

account with Maj. Hugh R. Belknap at his decease) 59, 301. 68

Transferred to paymasters outside of division 16, 332. 01

Balance on hand June 30, 1902:

With assistant treasurers $996, 868. 68

In transit to assistant treasurers 41, 802. 22

Cash 3,333,680.37

! ! 4, 372, 351. 27

Total 20, 014776O21

The records show that the paymasters have issued checks in exchange for cur-
rency to officers and enlisted men during the fiscal year as follows:

Assistant treasurer United States, New York $462, 600. 29

Assistant treasurer United States, San Francisco 561, 992. 11

Total 1, 024, 592. 40

Chas. H. Whipple,
Lieutenant- Colonel and Deputy Paymaster-General,

Chief Paymaster, Division of the Philippines.

654 REPORT OF THE PAYMA8TER-GENERAL.

It is with satisfaction that I am enabled to state that while the total
disbursements on account of pay, etc., of the Army, from April 21,
1898, to June 30, 1902 (a period of four years two months and ten
da}rs), aggregates $200,051,267, every cent has been satisfactorily
accounted for and the Government has not lost one cent through defalca-
tion, captures by the enemy, robbery, or any other cause; while the
cost of disbursing this vast sum, including the salaries and mileage of
paymasters and their clerks, has been but seven-tenths of 1 per cent
of the amount disbursed.

When it is considered that very much of the service paid for has
been remote from the United States, thereby increasing the cost of
payment, it will be evident that had the troops been serving altogether
in the United States, the cost of disbursement would in all probability
have fallen to, or below, six- tenths of 1 per cent of the amount dis-
bursed.

In this particular, contrasted with the civil war, when nearly a half
million dollars was lost to the Government, the absence of any loss
whatever during the period covering the Spanish-American war and
the Philippine insurrection is a gratifying tribute to the official probity,
responsibility, and accountability of the officers of the Pay Corps.

Attention is invited to the exhibits which are appended, showing in
detail the accounts with the several appropriations, fifty-two paymas-
ters having disbursed $19, 175,396. 25 in the field, and $21,581,232.12
in office payments, a total of $10,756,628.37.
Very respectfully,

A. E. Bates,
Paymaster- General, U. S. Army.

The Secretary of War.

t .

REPORT OF THE PAYMASTER-GENERAL.

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658

EEPOBT OF THE PAYMASTER-GENERAL.

Statement of the account of the Pay Department, United States Army, with the

Appropriations.

Pay, etc., of the Army, 1902...
Pay of Military Academy, 1902.
Mileage to officers traveling

without troops, 1902

Pay, etc., of the Army, 1901...
Pay of Military Academy, 1901.
Mileage to officers traveling

without troops, 1901

Pay, etc., of the Army, 1900 . . .
Pay of Military Academy, 1900.
Mileage to officers traveling

without troops, 1900

Pay, etc., of the Army, 1899 and

In account with the Treasury.

Balance in
the Treas-
ury, July 1,
1901.

prior years
[lli

Mileage to officers traveling
without troops, 1899 ana
prior years

Reimbursement to contract

surgeons

Pay of two and three year
volunteers, 1871 and prior
years

Extra pay to volunteers, war
with Spain

Extra pay to Regular Army,
war with Spain

Bounty under act of July 28,
1866, indefinite

Extra pay to officers and men
who served in Mexican war.

Three months pay proper

Bounty to Fifteenth and Six-
teenth Missouri Cavalry Vol-
teers. .'.

97,041,920.84
18,445.04

264,878.28

5,414,094.37

24,040.02

150,073.20

430.00

Amount of
appropria-
tions and
transfer
warrants.

938,950,624.94
400,817.13

500,000.00

35,634.56

13.00

Unex-
pended
balances
deposited.

$206,973.739412,047.11
70.00

248.05
13.00

10,000.00

65,560.59
17,254.26

21.00

2,970,295.68
6,532.60

31,056.51
98,846.52

3,815.68
19,268.76

1,261.06
1,500.00

500.00

Paymas-
ters' col-
lections
deposited.

1,223.02
284,472.52

Repay-
ments
in settle-
ment of
ao- ■
counts.

Total.

9184.46939,571,830.24
400,887.13

1,592.88
7,048.83

1,390.76
3,127.85

535.76

15.60

501,223.02

2,772.8310,335,096.43

25,310.24

319.60
'447."66

268.18

24.96

685.17

51.24

151.04

100.00

297,026.67

5,520,684.77

24,053.02

155,279.64

22,664.79

1,821.78
11,930.00

685.17
66,611.83
17,920.90

100.00
21.00

CERTIFIED CLAIMS.

Pay, etc., of the Army

Mileage to officers traveling
without troops

Pay, etc., of the Army, war
with Spain, 1902

Arrears of pay, bounty, etc.,
1902

Arrears of pay, bounty, etc.,
1901

Arrears of pay, bounty, etc.,
1900

Pay of two and three year vol-
unteers i

Pay of two and three year vol-
unteers, 1899 and prior years.

Bounty to volunteers, their
widows, and legal heirs

Bounty under act of July 11,
1862

Bounty under act of July 28,
1866

Traveling expenses of Califor-
nia ana Nevada volunteers .

Pay of volunteers

Pay, transportation, services,
and supplies of Oregon and
Washington volunteers in
1866 and 1856

1,536.91

3,270.29

145.44

200,000.00

325,000.00

47.64

106.48

50.62

7,531.90

19,721.71

2, 735. 35
309.77

8PECIAL ACCOUNT.

National Defense (war) .
Total

12,945,374.49

9,286.40
285.44

1.30

10.00
9.20
1.78

17.72
10.00

316.37

1.72

75.00

149.71
39.43

118.21

473.01

4,807.20

146.44

200,047.54

325,000.00

9,420.60

855.26

7,584.98

816.37

19,723.48

75.00

2,785.86

469.48

89.48

118.21
478.01

40,608,985.91

3,351,691.88

711,949.99

6, 396.11 67, 528, 897.1

REPORT OF THE PAYMASTER-GENERAL.

659

appropriations subject to its control during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902,

In account with the Treasury.

Balance in the
hands of pay-
masters, June
30,1902.

Amount drawn by requisi-
tion.

Amount cov-
ered into sur-
plus fund.

Total.

Balance in
the Treasury,
June 30, 1902.

Total bal-
ances, June

On Pay Depart-
ment request.

On Treasury
settlements.

30.1902.

939,139,000.00
400,000.00

495,000.00
479,000.00

939,177,526.67
400,000.00

496,093.12

497,499.80

465.37

752. 10

.4,020,684.77

24,053.02

56,279.64

22,664.79

1,821.78
8,774.71

685.17
65,611.83
17,920.90

100.00
21.00

9394,303.67
887.13

6,129.90

9,837,696.63

24,844.87

296,274.57
1,600,000.00

96,987,797.12
32, 5u9. 99

76,029.86
56,648.42

97,382,100.79
38,447.12

82, 159. 76

93.12

18,499.80

465.37

752. 10
16,167.23

9,894,245.06

24.844.87

44,038.27
15,460.95

340*312.84

35,000.00
13.00

93,969,517.64
24,040.02

64,414.51

22,664.79

1,821.78

1,515,460.96

865.13

100,000.00

3,535.19

103.C35.19

5,314.18

3, 460. 53

3,165.29

938.27

4,093.56

685.17

60,000.00
15,000.00

5,611.83
2,920.90

16,309.27
12,620.74

100.00

21.00

986.00
328.78

391.66
1,707.92

986.00

828.78

391.66

2,653.44

36.72

60,000.00

315,000.00

482. 91

3,136.35

145.44

66,772.63

324,599.10

1,670.86

3,378.77

108. 72
6. 772. *»3

133,274.91

400.90

9,420.60

15,102.86
37,719.24

2,126.48
82.10

2,496.01

148,377.77

9,599.10

••*■■■••*•■•••

38,120.14
11,547.08

10.00
1.30

345.26

355.26

1.30

316.37

82.10

7,533.63

10,029.64

316.37

19,723.43

25.00

2,736.35

256.51

39.43

3,683.60

23,407,08
25.00

50.00

200.00

2,985.85

202.97

256.61

8.17

47.60.

118.21
a 473. 01

118.21
473.01

41,006,270.31

104,949.46

4,073,906.44

45,185.126.21

12,338,272.67

7,310,720.90

19,648,993.67

a This amount, collected during the fiscal year on account of mileage overpaid officers, and being
no longer subject to control of the Pay Department, was carried, on June 80, 1902, to credit of the
general account with "National Defense (War)," and dropped from the Pay Department appropri-
ation ledger.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

661

REPORT

THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

War Department, Signal Office,

Washington, October 1, 1902.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my annual report cover-
ing operations of the Signal Corps of the Army for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1902.

For convenience of reference field operations of the Signal Corps
are treated in this report geographically under the various headings of
Alaska, Cuba, the Philippines, and the United States.

OPERATIONS IN ALASKA.

The act of Congress approved May 26, 1900, provided for an exten-
sive system of military telegraph lines and cables in Alaska, to be con-
structed and operated by the ISignal Corps of the Army.

The remoteness of the region, the shortness of the summers, and
the extreme physical difficulties of transportation and line construction
naturally rendered the completion of these lines impracticable in the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1901. In consequence, tne appropriations
have been continued in force bv Congress including the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1903.

Capt. Frank Greene, Signal Corps, in charge of construction work,
has been transferred from Alaska to the Philippines, being relieved by
Maj. Joseph E. Maxfield as signal officer, Department of the Colum-
bia, under War Department orders, dated February 11, 1902. The
very serious illness of Major Maxfield, culminating during an inspec-
tion trip in Alaska, rendered it impossible for that officer to make an
annual report. Moreover, as Captain Greene and First Lieut. O. B.
Grimm, the only officers of the Signal Corps familiar with the work
in the lower Yukon, are both serving in the Philippines, the general
supervision of the Alaskan work, as well as the detailed preparation
of the report thereon, has during the past months fallen on the Chief
Signal Officer of the Army, the only one having familiarity with the
conditions.

As originally planned, the Alaskan telegraph system simply brought
the territorial military posts in communication with each other and
with the commanding general of the department, then stationed at
St. Michael, but did not afford means ot telegraphic communication
outside of the Territory of Alaska.

663

664 REPORT OF THE CHIEF 8IGNAL OFFICER.

Through conference between the Canadian government at Toronto
and the Chief Signal Officer of the Army cooperation in telegraphic
work between the Alaskan and Canadian systems was established.
The distinguished premier of Canada, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, in con-
senting to recommend favorable action on this cooperation to the
Canadian parliament, expressed personally to the Chief Signal Officer
of the Army his desire to further any plan which would bring the
United States and Canada into closer and more cordial relations,
especially in Northwest America. The Canadian parliament having
made an appropriation therefor, its own system was extended from
Ashcroft, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, to the international bound-
ary line between Dawson and Fort Egbert.

As a result of this cooperative work the telegraph line between
Dawson and Fort Egbert was completed on May 5, 1901, placing the
American territory on the Upper Yukon in direct telegraphic com-
munication with Skagwa}r, whence by steamer telegrams could reach
Washington under ordinary conditions in four days. On September
4, 1901, the Canadian line between Dawson and Ashcroft was com-
pleted, thus bringing the Upper Yukon region of the United States in
direct telegraphic communication with Washington and the rest of the
commercial world.

In the Department of Alaska Brig. Gen. George M. Randall, the
commanding general, has shown not only an unusual official activity
in the construction of lines during the period of his service at St.
Michael, but his personal advice and interest, invaluable to the Signal
Corps of the Army, have been maintained since the transfer of head-
quarters to the Department of theColumbia, Vancouver Barracks, Wash.
The same spirit of helpfulness and assistance has been experienced at
the hands of the officers of his staff and, with very rare exceptions,
from the commanding officers of posts.

A preliminary reconnaissance of the route made by the Chief Sig-
nal Officer in person in 1900 was absolutely necessary, in view of the
extremely conflicting opinions as to the possibility of constructing such
a line, and as to the routes which must be followed to economically
carry out the work. While such reconnaissance afforded invaluable
knowledge to the Chief Signal Officer of the Army as to topographical
features of line construction, it also confirmed his belief that such a
line could be built and operated, despite the predictions of many per-
sons of Alaskan experience that such work was impossible of
execution.

It seemed to the Chief Signal Officer of the Army to be of primary
importance that as many posts as possible should be speedily Drought
into intercommunication with each other and with adjoining telegraph
stations. Thus practical results might be most speedily obtained,
leaving the graver and more difficult parts of the problem for later
solution.

Efforts were therefore directed, first, to connecting Fort Egbert
(Eagle City) with Dawson; second, to connecting Fort Davis, near
Nome City, Alaska, with Fort St. Michael and the headquarters of
the commanding general of the department; third, to connect Fort
Liscum (Valdos), Prince William Sound, with Fort Egbert (Eagle City),
over what is popularly known as the all-American route to tne Klon-
dike; fourth, to connecting department headquarters at Fort St.
Michael with Fort Gibbon at the mouth of the Tanana River; fifth,

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 665

to connecting the military post at Skagway with Juneau, the capital
of Alaska; sixth, to connecting Fort Gibbon with Fort Egbert (Eagle
City) either via Rampart, or, seventh, along the Tanana River by
such route as developments might make advisable.

By the extraordinary energy and activity of officers and men of the
Signal Corps, heartily seconded by the officers and men of the line in
Alaska, the first six lines have been completed, leaving only the seventh
for the coming fiscal year, as shown by the inclosed text map.

EGBERT SECTION.

There being available only a few skilled men of the Signal Corps,
Capt. Charles S. Farnsworth, Seventh Infantry, pushed to a speedy and
successful completion, by a detail from his command, the construction
of the line from Fort Egbert (Eagle City) to the international bound-
ary, where, on May 5, 1901, it was connected with the Canadian tele-
graph line to Dawson, as mentioned in the last annual report.

NOME SECTION.

The connection of Fort Davis, at Nome, with Fort St. Michael was
originally contemplated to be by a direct cable, but consideration of
the usual ice condition of Norton Sound, and in deference to the gen-
eral consensus of opinion confirmed by a personal inspection of the
terrain near Nome City, caused the Chief Signal Officer to believe that
a cable thus laid could not survive the action of the polar pack along
the coast of the open roadstead of Nome. In consequence it was
decided to lay a cable between St. Michael and Safety Harbor, where
the cable, laid in the middle of the channel, would be at least partly
protected from the polar pack, and thence reach Foil Davis and Itfome
by a land line.

A first-class telegraph line, on iron poles, was constructed under the
supervision of Mai. John T. Van Orsdale, Seventh Infantry, from
Nome City, through Fort Davis, to Safety Harbor.

In laying the cable between St. Michael and Safety Harbor the
Chief Signal Officer of the Army decided to follow the same lines of
operation as is pursued by commercial cable companies, and conse-
quently invited proposals looking to the laying of the cable under the
usual conditions, whereby pa}rment is only made after it shall have
been in successful operation for thirty days.

The award was made to Mr. W. R. Brixey, but unfortunately the
steamer Orizaha, engaged in laying the cable, was wrecked near St.
Michael, Alaska, on September 17, 1900. The lateness of the season
made it impossible to obtain outside help. Eventually the cable was
salved and laid by the Alaska Commercial Company, and communica-
tion opened between Nome and St. Michael on October 17, 1900.

Captain Greene, the signal officer of the department at St. Michael,
owing to various complications as to the condition and title of the
cable thus laid, declined to receive it, and referred the matter to the
Chief Signal Officer of the Army. Alaskan navigation being closed,
many months' delay resulted, and in the meantime the cable was broken
by the polar pack. The legality of title to the cable being established,
the Chief Signal Officer directed the signal officer of the department
to receive the cable, which had meanwhile been again restored by the
contractor to working condition.

666 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

The cable was then formally received by the Government and was
operated during the summer and autumn; it was again interrupted by
the polar pack on November 24, 1901. It therefore seemed advisable
to try other methods of communication.

The achievements of wireless telegraphy having been strongly
advanced, recourse was had thereto in the hopes that one of the com-
mercial systems might prove satisfactory. Proposals were invited,
and on the recommendation of a board of signal officers the award
was made to the lowest bidder, Queen & Co., who guaranteed to estab-
lish, in working order, between Nome and St. Michael, the Fessenden
system by October 1, 1902. It became evident some weeks since that
this contract could not be completed without extension of time, which
the companjr has lately urged on the Signal Office.

As soon as delay in the wireless system became evident Gen. George
M. Randall, commanding the Department of the Columbia, urgently
requested that an attempt should be made to repair the Nome-St.
Michael cable this autumn. Tho Chief Signal Officer of the Army
found that the only possible chance of repairs in compliance with
General Randall's request lay in sending Signal Corps experts by
steamer leaving San Francisco September 10, 1902. First Lieut.
Walter L. ClarKe, with two skilled Signal Corps men relieved from
duty with the maneuvers, left for Alaska on three hours' notice. How-
ever, it seems more than probable that the cable will not live in Norton
Sound unless it is taken up and transferred considerably to the east-
ward, so as to run into Golovin Sound, which would require the exten-
sion of the land line some miles to the eastward. This may pos-
sibly be done in the summer of 1903, unless meanwhile a system of
wireless telegraphy can be installed satisfactorily. While there is an
uncertain outcome, yet this action is in keeping with the policy of
meeting the demands of the line of the Army in grave emergencies.

YUKON SECTION.

This section of line extends from department headquarters, at Fort
St. Michael, to Fort Gibbon, in the Yukon Valley. Crossing the Sk
Michael canal to the mainland, it was built via Golsovia and Unalaklik
along the coast, thence across the Kaltag portage to Nulato, whence it
follows the north bank of the Yukon River to the northeast to Fort
Gibbon, at the mouth of the Tanana. At the end of the summer of
1901 222 miles of this line had been built, of which 138 miles were
constructed under the officers and noncommissioned officers of the
Signal Corps and 84 miles under the supervision of live officers of the
line of the Army.

Notwithstanding the urgent orders of General Randall, the work
done under the officers or the line progressed very slowly. These
officers, however, labored under many disadvantages, not being tech-
nically trained in construction work, and being in addition loadeaxLown
with multifarious duties.

While the original estimates and plans looked to the construction of
the line by working details from the line of the Army, supervised by
expert linemen ana electricians of the Signal Corps, yet modifications
were plainly necessary or the whole project woula fail. Signal Corps
detachments were diverted from the Philippines as working parties,
and the original assignment of two officers was increased to four, it

BEPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 667

being necessary to send into an Alaskan winter officers just returned
from prolongecf service in the Tropics. These officers were Capt. Frank
Greene, signal officer of the department, in charge, with station at
Fort St. Michael; Capt. George C. Burnell, stationed at Valdes; First
Lieut. O. B. Grimm, later relieved by First Lieut. George S. Gibbs,
with station at Fort Gibbon, and First Lieut. William Mitchell, sta-
tioned at Fort Egbert. This action was most timely, as the change of
garrisons consumed practically the summer of 1902.

Lieutenant Gibbs applied himself to the work of construction in the
Lower Yukon with great energy, and his efforts were so well directed
that the line was opened to Fort Gibbon on November 18, 1901. This
placed in direct communication with each other Nome, St. Michael,
and Fort Gibbon by combined land line and cable system of 408 miles
in length. The importance and value of this connection may be esti-
mated by the fact that the ordinary mail time between these two points
is twenty -nine days.

VALDEH SECTION.

The construction of a line between Fort Liscum, near Valdes, and
Fort Egbert (Eagle City) was deemed most important, as it would bring
Fort Liscum, the Prince William Sound region, and the rich Copper
River Valley in communication with the outer world. Moreover, it
followed the ail-American route to the Klondike region, then being
much exploited. The line, however, ran through a country of rapid
rivers and tundra morasses without roads. While it has been made
passable for pack trains by the well-directed energies of Maj. WT. R.
Abercrombie, acting engineer officer, Department of Columbia, who
had opened up the trail to Chestochina, about 170 miles inland from
Prince William Sound, the remainder of the distance from Chesto-
china to Fort Egbert, about 270 miles, was country where no improve-
ment of the rarely traveled trail had been made, thus making trans-
Sortation of material and supplies a work of almost inconceivable
ifficulty.

Captain Burnell set to work with a determination to surmount the
almost insuperable obstacles which confronted him, and at the end of
the last fiscal year 37 miles of line had been built. Taking advantage
of the heavy winter snowfall, Captain Burnell put his party in the
field in midwinter, on January 1, and sledded a large quantity of
forage, subsistence stores, and line material over the frozen rivers and
swamps, impassable in summer, breaking the trail into the interior
through deep snow under very trying conditions. Drifting snow, low
temperatures, and many open -water spaces in the rapids of Keystone
Pass made the work most dangerous and delayed progress.

Meanwhile the autumn advanced with no signs of equally extended
work in the Upper Yukon, whence the garrison at Fort Egbert (Eagle
City) was expected to work southward toward Fort Liscum (Valdes).
It was therefore deemed necessary to send First Lieut. William
Mitchell, Signal Corps, into Alaska in midwinter, he crossing over the
White Pass route by sledge to Dawson and thence to Fort Egbert,
which place he reached on January 4, 1902.

The commanding officer at Fort Egbert had not deemed it advisable
to commence transportation of the varied line material, subsistence,
and quartermasters stores, so that Lieutenant Mitchell found himself
handicapped bj' unexpectedly adverse conditions. General Randall,

668 REPORT OF THE CHIEF 8IGNAL OFFICER.

however, placed under him by telegraphic order all available trans-
portation and from the garrison as large a detail as was possible to
assist him in his work, but shortly after most of the men of the linfc
were necessarily relieved, owing to the change of stations then going
on in Alaska.

With Captain Burnell working from the south and Lieutenant
Mitchell from the north, they finally met near the Tanana Junction
on August 24, 1902, when the connection was made and the line opened,
thus bringing Valdes and the Prince William Sound country in tele-
graphic communication with the rest of the world. The line — about
420 miles in length — runs from Fort Liscum through Keystone Can-
yon to Copper River Valley, with stations at Copper Center and
Chistochina, through Mantasta Pass, across the Tanana Valley to
Kechumstock, near head waters of Forty-mile Creek; thence into
Eagle City and Fort Egbert.

Of this line, about 260 miles were built by Captain Burnell, about
125 miles by First Lieut. William Mitchell, Signal Corps, and the bal-
ance of 35 miles by an officer from Fort Egbert. Judging from some
30 miles of BurnelFs work, inspected by the Chief Signal Officer, the
line is of remarkable solidity.

The toil and hardships experienced by these and all other working
parties — enlisted men of the line, the Signal Corps and civilian employ-
ees— can not be fairty appreciated by anyone unfamiliar with Alaskan
trails. Suffice it to say that every pound of food, forage, tentage,
etc., wire, insulators, or line material has to be moved bv pack ani-
mals over a trail so rough that an animal can hardly travel 15 miles a
day. Cold and rapid glacial streams, swampy morasses, tangled under-
brush, steep declivities, narrow canyons, thick timber, and sharp ridges
alternate to tax the strength of man and animal to the utmost. The
monotony of the life is exceedingly trying after the novelty of scenery
disappears. Rarely is any large game or even bird life seen, and
humanity, whether in the shape of prospector or Indian, appears infre-
quently and morosely. When to these conditions are added the phys-
ical discomforts attendant on frequent falls of rain in summer and of
snow in winter, with high, cutting winds, it requires firmness of pur-
pose to persevere to the end. Certain it is that no body of men in
Alaska render more faithful and valuable service to the country than
do the enlisted men of the Army, especially on the telegraph trails.

RAMPART SECTION.

This line, built along the Yukon from Fort Gibbon to Rampart
City, was constructed with a view of reaching Fort Egbert by a
direct route across country to Circle City, and thence follow the
river. Captain Greene was unremitting in his efforts to find a prac-
ticable route, adhering to the opinion that it was the most direct,
and, indeed, the only practicable way. The outcome was so unsatis-
factory that the Chief Signal Officer stopped the line at Rampart
City, and adopted the Tanana route.

It required no less than four exploring expeditions, covering a period
of nearly two years, to find a route between Rampart City and Circle
City which could even be traveled by an exploring party, let alone
building a telegraph line.

The line from tort Gibbon to Rampart City was completed in Jan-
ary, 1902, by Lieut. George S. Gibbs. The adverse conditions of cli*

680 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

The officers who have served with the corps during the fiscal year
are: Capt. G. W. S. Stevens, Artillery Corps (now relieved); First
Lieut. Evan H. Humphrey, Seventh Cavalry; First Lieut. Frederick
M. Jones, Ninth Cavalry; and Second Lieut. James A. Higgins, Thir-
tieth Infantry, and Second Lieut. Herbert G. Millar, Field Artillery
(ordered relieved). They have all performed arduous and valuable
service.

Of the exigencies of the service in this direction, attention is invited
to the remarks of Major Glassford, although the Chief Signal Officer
of the Army does not concur in recommending the appointment of 10
additional volunteer lieutenants for Philippine service. The remedy
lies in the increase of the corps and regular details from the line as
hereafter recommended.

The demand for superintendents at the larger business and transfer offices is so great,
and the retention of the experts now occupying these positions so essential, and in
view of the fact that the expiration of the terms of service will soon remove nearly
all of these first-class sergeants, I have to suggest that the law approved February 2,
1901, authorizing the appointment of 10 lieutenants for Philippine service be applied
as a reward of long and faithful service, and as an inducement for those remaining.
The retention of these expert telegraphers is absolutely necessary for the continued
efficient operation of these lines.

CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES.

While, as shown later, the civil government, with whom the Signal
Corps has always worked with perfect harmony, was unable to receive
and operate the lines ready for transfer, yet it materially assisted in
obtaining local employees, almost entirely Filipinos, by appropriating
sums for this purpose.

The enlisted force of the Signal Corps, reduced from 532 at the
beginning to 396 at the end of the fiscal year, a net loss of 136, has
supplemented these losses as far as possible by civilian employees.
On June 30, 1902, there were 301 civilians in service, of whom 13
Caucasians and 6 Filipinos were paid from Army appropriations, and
7 Caucasians and 275 Filipinos from civil appropriations. All employ-
ees have served most faithfully, and the Filipinos under supervision
work with fidelity and cheerfulness.

ENLISTED FORCE IN THE PHILIPPINES.

During the fiscal year out of 297 men who have been discharged
only 32 reenlisted, and of these only 17 in the first ten months of the
year until the prospect of promotion given by the last Army bill was
presented to the men. Repeated requisitions for additional men from
the Commanding General, Division of the Philippines, were necessarily
unfilled by the Chief Signal Officer of the Army, as the vacancies in
the enlisted force have ranged during the year from 50 to 182, there
being on July 1 in service 628 men, as against the 810 authorized by
law.

The enlisted men of the Signal Corps in the Philippines, as indeed
elsewhere, have justified the confidence reposed in them as a body of
selected American soldiers. Unusual responsibilities, excessive hours
of labor, and hazardous services have taxed their physical and mental
qualities to the utmost, but they have responded to every demand in a
manner worthy of the highest commendation.

Almost invariably they are men of high intelligence, superior char-
acter, and exemplary habits, and their ability, conduct, and courage

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 669

mate and circumstances attending this construction were such that
special credit is due Lieutenant Gibbs and his party for the completion
of this section in the Alaskan winter.

JUNEAU SECTION.

The location of a military post at Skagway, contiguous to the ill
defined boundary line between Alaska and Canada, made it of primary
importance that there should be telegraphic communication with
Juneau, the capital of Alaska, and with the Federal officials at that
point. It seemed best to make this connection by cable instead of
land line.

The award for the construction and laying of a submarine cable
between Juneau and Skagway, Alaska, was made to Mr. W. R. Brixey,
under the usual conditions of no payment until the cable had been
operated successfully for thirty days. The cable installed on August
23, 1901, was interrupted after working a few days. Diligent efforts
were made bv the contractor to restore communication, which were
unsuccessful last year owing to the lateness of the season and the
prevalence of inclement weather. The cable was, however, placed in
good working order and opened to business on June 9, 1902. Ignoring
the military value of this cable, its commercial importance to south-
eastern Alaska is apparent from the fact that the combined govern-
mental and commercial tariffs for June, 1902, exceeded $500.

TANANA SECTION.

This section is yet under construction, and such steps have been
taken as will, it is hoped, secure its completion before th^ end of the
present fiscal year.

The difficulties attendant on the connection of the Egbert-Liscum
line with the Gibbon-St. Michael line have demandea the serious
attention of this office for the past two years. There were three
routes under consideration, the first via the Yukon Flats, the second
via the Tanana Valley, and the third from Rampart City via Beaver
Creek to Circle City, and thence to Fort Egbert.

In a letter dated November 21, 1901, and received at the Signal
Office February 10, 1902, Capt*. Frank Greene said:

The route via the Yukon Flats is not to be thought of except as a last resort. The
solid land is as far from reach of steam boats as the overland route. The route via
the Tanana is as bad as the Yukon. There is a prospect of reaching Circle City by
the route I have indicated (via Beaver Creek), and thence Fort Egbert.

Captain Greene's opinion was expressed after the failure of two
Signal Corps expeditions to pass across the country from Rampart City
to Circle City, and while a third was in the field.

In a letter of November 27, 1901, received at the Signal Office
March 28, 1902, Captain Greene in forwarding a report of Lieutenant
Dichmann, of the Seventh Infantr}r, on the Tanana route said:

It agrees with the former reports of the marshy nature of all the country between
the Tanana and the divide which separates its northern watershed from the Yukon
River. I do not think the Tanana route feasible, nor do I intend to attempt it.

Meanwhile the Chief Signal Officer of the Army, feeling that further
delay would be most prejudicial to the public interests, personally
took up the subject, carefully supplementing his personal knowledge
of Alaska by all sources of information available in Washington. As

670 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

a result, he concluded that the Tanana Valley afforded the only route
over which a telegraph line could be constructed and maintained, and
on February 7, 1902, issued telegraphic instructions accordingly.

The Yukon route was plainly impracticable, not only on account of
its great length, but from the character of the Yukon Flats, where,
new channels continually forming, the river is in places from 30 to
40 miles wide, so that repairs and maintenance would be practi-
cally impossible.

Tne Rampart- Beaver-Circle City route presented insuperable condi-
tions as regards transportation. The exploring parties in this country
barely escaped great privations for themselves and loss of their ani-
mals, so that the transportation through this rugged region of many
tons of telegraph-line material, together with the necessary food sub-
sistence for construction party and forage for animals, was clearly
impossible.

On the other hand, the Tanana route presented the obvious advan-
tages of easy transportation in summer by boat as far at least as Bates
Rapids. Orders were therefore given to construct the line by this
route as far as Bates Rapids and thence across by Delta River should
Captain Burnell find that route to be practicable. Later examinations
of the upper Tanana disclosed the fact that it was easier to avoid Delta
River ana build from Bates Rapid along the northern bank to Tanana
Junction on the Egbert-Liscum line. Operations were therefore ini-
tiated along the Tanana River and their outcome has fully confirmed
the soundness of the decision.

First Lieut. George S. Gibbs began work in February, 1902, and
has prosecuted it with such judgment and energy that at last advice no
less than 100 miles of permanent line had been constructed, while
wire for a temporary line had been extended 150 miles beyond.

Arrangements have been made for the distribution of supplies and
material this autumn at suitable points from the Tanana as far as the
head of Bates Rapids. The work is being coordinated and pushed
under the supervision of Capt. George C. Burnell. It is expected that
Lieut. George S. Gibbs, working from Fort Gibbon, and Lieut
William Mitchell, operating from Fort Egbert, will keep the field all
winter unless extremely unfavorable weather is experienced. Unless
the conditions prove exceedingly adverse, temporary communication
should be opened in early April, and the entire system be permanently
completed by the middle of June, 1903.

The following table shows the amount of work completed on August
24, 1902:

Sections built.

Nome to Fort Davis and Port Safety

Cable. Port Safety to Fort St. Michael

St. Michael to Fort Gibbon

Fort Gibbon to Rampart City

Fort Egbert to international boundary

Fort LiBcum (Valdes) to Fort Egbert (Eagle Cfty).

Cable, Juneau to Skagway military post

Fort Gibbon up Tanana Valley

Total

Distance.

Mile*.

188

281

420

121

100

1,121

The connection of the new post at Haines Mission with Skagway
by either cable or land line should be made in the spring of 1908.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 671

The accompanying reduced map shows the general Alaskan system,
and its connection with the lines of the Canadian government and of
the White Pass Railway. The work accomplished has far exceeded
the most sanguine expectations of the Chief Signal Officer of the
Army. There have been actually built and put inworking order in
Alaska 1,121 miles of land lines and submarine cables within a period
of twenty-four months.

The accomplishment of such results would be most creditable to
officers and men concerned therein if Alaska was an ordinary country,
for this work included not only surveying, construction, and installa-
tion of this length of line, but also involved the manufacture and
inspection of enormous quantities of material, instruments, etc., many
hundred tons in weight, and their transportation oyer distances rang-
ing from 4,00(1 to 7,000 miles.

When one considers, however, the exceedingly difficult physical
conditions within the Territory, the work must be considered simply

Ehenomenal. In all parts of Alaska traversed by this great length of
ne there are not a dozen miles of wagon road. The region through
the Tanana Valley, where hundreds of miles of wire have been laid,
is marked upon most charts as an unexplored region, and there was in
existence until reconnoissances were made by Signal Corps officers no
accurate map of the valley. In line building all transportation, apart
from the Yukon River, has been by pack animals. On the Valdes
section all the wire, insulators, nails, etc., have been carried on mules'
backs, some of it a distance of 100 miles and great quantities distances
of 50 miles or more.

It has fallen to the lot of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army in
his official career to be charged with duties more or less arduous in
character, but there has been none which in the extent and scope
of its difficulties has exceeded those connected with the construction
of this great system of public works in the wilds of Alaska.

The labors and hardships of officers and men can never be duly
appreciated save by those having personally known the conditions of
Alaskan trails, and the work in question does not appeal to thepublic
imagination as has that of China, Cuba, and the Philippines. Timber
is locally abundant, but everything else has to be supplied — food,
shelter, and human society. One officer forcibly writes that what
appalled him was the enormous distances from one handful of humanity
to another in the valley of the Yukon.

It may be added that the Signal Corps is applying to the difficult
task of telegraph maintenance and operation in Alaska the most
improved devices in way of instruments and equipment. As repre-
sentative of this equipment a combined buzzer and telegraph set, shown
by the inclosed photograph, has been devised by Capt. Edgar Russel,
Signal Corps. With this instrument, unless the wire is actually
broken, messages can be transmitted despite electrical leakages caused
by imperfect grounds.

CUBA.

The operations of the Signal Corps of the Army in Cuba terminated
with the evacuation of the island on May 20, 1902. The Signal Corps
duties, including the operation of the entire telegraphic system of
the island, were supervised during the fiscal year by Capt. Otto A.
Nesmith. The great increase in commercial business testifies to the
growing utility of the entire system.

672 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

There were comparatively short extensions — 230 miles — of the tele-
graphic lines during the last year, yet the labor of repair and mainte-
nance was very considerable. The new lines constructed were as
follows: Caibarien-Yaguajay, 11 miles; Palmarita and Mayari, 40
miles; Santiago City, 40 miles, and Guantanamo towapd £>agua de
Tanamo, 102 miles. A submarine cable 16 miles in length was laid
between Caibarien and Cayo Frances with a connecting land line of
6f miles.

For artillery rifle range practice temporary lines are built at Colum-
bia Barracks and land lines between Vedado and Santa Clara.

Through Captain Nesmith's vigilance, efforts on the part of private

1>arties or corporations to establish telephone lines unauthorized by
aw was prevented, thus subserving the rights of the Government of
Cuba, in which, by law, all telegraphic and telephonic rights are
vested.

In formulating regulations regarding private lines, a proper dis-
crimination was exercised toward parties operating private telephone
lines from which no revenue was derived, and for which informal
authority had been previously granted by Spanish officials for their
construction and operation.

The efficient character of the work done by the Signal Corps in the
construction of the Cuban telegraphic system is illustrated by practi-
cally uninterrupted telegraphic transmission throughout the year.
Despite the unfavorable climatic conditions and topographical difficul-
ties, there was but one occasion during the year, for a period of five
hours only, when the wires between Habana and Santiago were com-
pletely interrupted. This occurred during the violent hurricane of
September 13 to 14.

The volume of commercial business increased to such an extent that
additional wires were necessarily strung on many miles of poles during
the year. In order to avoid further expense in this direction a most
satisfactory test of duplex instruments was made during March, 1902,
and contrary to the pessimistic views of many operators the instru-
ments worked with great success. Steps were promptly taken to
duplex the entire line between Habana and Santiago, but owing to
unexpected delays, the installation had not been perfected when the
transfer of the lines to the Cuban Government took place.

Cordial relations continued between the Signal Corps and the various
commercial cable companies operating on the island, although, under
instructions from superior authority, it became necessary to decline to
accept from, or tender to, the French Cable Company any message to
or from any point in the United States, Europe, or beyond. The
International Ocean Telegraph Company continued its courteous coop-
eration in the time service, transmitting regularly for the Signal Corps
time signals from the Naval Observatory in Washington at 12 noon of
each day, in connection with which was operated the time ball by the
captain of the port. Time was furnished with such accuracy and regu-
larity to the U. S. Eagh and the U. S. YanJcton as to facilitate their
surveys and elicit complimentary acknowledgement.

The policy of substituting Cuban for foreign employees was steadily
pursued during the year, so that on April 30, 1902, but 18 per cent
was foreign against 82 per cent Cuban.

One of the most important of minor improvements was the estab-
lishment of free delivery of messages, the messengers having been
accustomed from time immemorial to exact a fee for delivery.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 673

There were handled during the first nine months of the fiscal year
206,294 commercial and 121,226 official messages, which for an entire
year would make proportionately about 440,000. As compared with
the previous year, it is worthy of remark that there was an increase
of over 20 per cent in commercial messages as against 1 per cent in
official messages.

The receipts for commercial messages during the ten months ending
April 30, 1902, amounted to $80,436.63, as against $64,755.11 for the
same period of the previous year, an increase of 25 per cent. The
value of official business at the regular tariff rates amounted to
$95,151.53.

Captain Nesmith says:

These figures, however, do not show the entire financial benefit that had occurred
to the Government by the maintenance of its line, since had it not been practicable
to transact this business over the Government lines, and had it been necessary to
send it over the lines of the local cable companies, the cost of the official business
alone would have amounted to $300,158.05, estimated at regular cable rates. A
remarkable showing, particularly when it is understood there was no increase in
mileage of the lines, and that actual increase in receipts was almost as great as that
attained during the previous year, when the limit of advancement in commercial
business was supposed to have been reached, and demonstrates the truth of the
statements made in the last annual report of the Chief Signal Officer as to the con-
tinued and increasing confidence and appreciation of the services in commercial and
business circles.

An interesting phase of the financial question, and one that affords a practical dem-
onstration of the thoroughness and the efficiency of the system of auditing and
accounting introduced by the service, is also found in the fact that of the total
amount of line receipts, necessarily handled by many employees, there was no loss
whatever to the Government or to the connecting cable lines, while there was a
surplus of $295.63 in cash turned over to the Cuban Government at the time of the
transfer, which had accumulated during the period of military occupation for unused
prepaid replies, etc., pertaining to other line business.

The following text map shows the telegraph lines extant on the occu-
pation of the island, which were all so dilapidated as to necessitate
reconstruction, and also the existing lines, all in first-class condition,
when the telegraphic system was turned over to the Cuban Govern-
ment. They illustrate more forcibly than words the extent of Signal
Corps work during the occupation, and the import and prospective
utility of the system to Cuba, both Government and people.

Captain Nesmith says:

RESUME OF SIGNAL- CORPS WORK IN CONNECTION WITH GOVERNMENT TELEGRAPH LINES

IN CUBA.

It seems not out of place that there should appear in this, the final report of the
chief signal officer, Department of Cuba, a brief statement of the work accomplished
by the Signal Corps in connection with the Government telegraph and telephone
lines. The official report of each year having treated in detail of the work as it
progressed, no attempt is made in this statement to more than draw an outline or to
give in the most concise manner a bare summary. To appreciate, however, the dif-
ficulties of the undertaking and the full value of what was accomplished, the condi-
tions existing at the time of occupation and methods in vogue under the Spanish
regime must be considered.

Under the Spanish Government the postal and telegraph services of the island
constitute a bureau known as cuerpo de communicaciones in the department of
public wrorks, and the first and a difficult task wa-s to arrange for the separation of the
telegraph from the postal service, which was accomplished by the complete reorgan-
ization of both branches into entirely distinct and independent services after the
plan of similar organizations in the United States.

The telegraph lines of the island were found to be in a most deplorable condition,
having been completely destroyed in most of the provinces, or so much out of repair

WAB 1902— VOL 1 ±3

674 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

as to render them practically useless and to necessitate their reconstruction, so that
on January 1, 1899, the Signal Corps came into possession of a broken and dilapidated
system of telegraph lines confined to the western portion of the island, generally
following the railroads, in many places the Government wires being placed on the

g>les belonging to the railroads, wnile there was no means of communication between
abana and the eastern portion of the island except that of the slow and irregular
mail service.

The few lines working when the Signal Corps took possession were, in addition to
their dilapidated condition, operated under the old open circuit and tape system,
which was abandoned in the United States in the early days of telegraphy, the mes-
sages being handled, or relayed, at frequent intervals, the feat of through transmis-
sion between Habana and Santiago, or anything beyond very short distances, never
having been accomplished, while the wires were often useless for thirty hours or
more, and for all points east of Sancti Spiritus (which could be reached only under
favorable conditions) messages had to be sent over the commercial submarine cable
line at rates varying from 15 cents to 30 cents a word, according to distance. More-
over, the Continental instead of the American Morse was used, while the general
manner of operating and methods of business recently in force were at a total variance
with those to which the service had been accustomed.

And in this connection it is interesting to note the peculiar system in vogue, one
that might be termed discouragement of the use of telegraph lines by those engaged
in business and the people in general, for, contrary to the policy of the commercial
telegraph companies, where the additional word rate is always less than that charged
on the first ten words, the Spanish rates were as follows:

Telegrams of from 1 to 10 words, including address and signature, 20 cents, and
5 cents more for each word exceeding those mentioned above, regardless of the num-
ber of words the message may contain. So that for a 10-word message the rate
was 2 cents per word; for a 15- word message, 2 J cents per word; for a 20- word mes-
sage, 4 cents per word, and so on in increasing ratio, a policy which must have
operated strongly against the liberal patronage of the Government wires, and
confined their use to cases of absolute necessity.

On December 30, 1898, a general order having been issued by the commanding
general of the Division of Cuba placing the maintenance and operation of all tele-
graph and telephone lines recently the property of the Spanish Government, and
the construction and operation of necessary new lines, under the control of the Chief
Signal Officer, January 1, 1899, found the Signal Corps in possession of the dilapi-
dated and almost useless system already described ana charged with the duty of its
improvement and extension in accordance with the new conditions existing.

The first duty of the Signal Corps was, however, to furnish means of rapid com-
munication between the commanding general and the various posts throughout the
island, which to some extent had been already begun and anticipated by the build-
ing of local telegraph and telephone lines in connection with department head-
quarters, posts, and encampments in various parts of the island. This necessitated
the immediate extension of the telegraph systems and construction of entirely new
telegraph and telephone systems, with the view of placing all camps, garrisons, and
important cities in electrical communication with headquarters at Habana.

Material necessary for the construction of 500 miles of telegraph line and 5,000 pol

had been collected at the Signal Corps supply depot established at Savannah, Ga.,
in November, 1898, in anticipation of the military occupation of Cuba; and having
these supplies ready and near at hand the work was begun at once and pushed with
such energy that by April 1 the overland trunk line between Habana and Santiago
was completed, and on that date the Secretary of War, who was in Santiago, sent the
first message over the line to the President of the United States. It ran as follows:

"The telegraph line constructed by the Government between Hatwna and this
place has been this day opened for business, thus giving better facilities for commu-
nication between Washington and Santiago than heretofore. I know you will ioin
in congratulations to the officers who have superintended the construction and to
General Wood, who is nearer communication with the outside world than ever
before."

The Chief Signal Officer of the Armv, then inspecting the work of the Signal Corps
in Cuba, cabled from -Habana to the \Var Department on the same day:

"The overland telegraph line to Santiago completed at 10.30 this morning. The
system of military telegraph lines is practically completed, there now being in opera-
tion nine lines crossing the island from north to south and one trunk line running
through the center of the island from Pinar del Rio, at the extreme western end.
through Habana and Santiago to Baracoa, at the extreme eastern end. General
Brooke can now reach, over his own lines, every military command and every town
of importance in Cuba."

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 675

And the Inspector-General of the Array, who was also on the ground, referred to
the work of the Signaj Corps in the islands of Cuba and Porto Rico as follows:

"The good work of the Signal Corps in the two islands is everywhere in evidence,
and the completion of the overland telegraph line from Pinar del Rio to Santiago de
Cuba and on to Baracoa will materially expedite government business."

All posts and camps telegraphically connected and the main line from Habana to
Santiago in operation, other improvements were completed as rapidly as possible,
ho that on June 3 the Signal Corps was operating 2,500 miles of telegraph lines, of
which over 600 miles was absolutely new and much of the balance reconstructed.

While this work, owing to the necessary haste and difficulties of construction, such
as lack of transportation facilities, the uninhabited, mountainous, and forest countries,
traversed by numerous streams and rivers, was not of the best and in many instances
not of a permanent character, and which required subsequent reconstruction, still it
answered: its purpose and reflected credit on those who had accomplished it. The
work thus far had been generally done by the Volunteer Signal Corps, men who had
been selected on account of their telegraphic and electrical knowledge and experi-
ence, and the muster-out of the enlisted force during April and May caused, there-
fore, considerable embarrassment, scarcely 5 per cent of the volunteers being willing
to reenlist or to remain on the island. This rendered it necessary to secure the
services of civilian operators, and these soon took advantage of the situation to
threaten a strike unless wages were increased beyond a figure possible for the Gov-
ernment to grant, and a cessation of operations was narrowly averted by the enlists
ment of a force of operators into the Signal Corps of the Regular Army sufficient to
place the system on a firm basis.

As it was the intention of the Government, however, to place the telegraph lines
of Cuba upon a permanent basis and similar to the great telegraph systems of the
United States, upon which their maintenance and operation could be continued by
the new government, as the enlisted force was withdrawn their places were filled by
civilians, and when practicable by Cubans, and during the years of military occupa-
tion this end has been constantly kept in view, the policy of the system having been
to so conduct its business that, while the official business of the Government was in
no way impeded, the general public should be also benefited, and the people, to
whom the best possible service was given, for which there was a moderate charge,
be encouraged in the use of its wires.

Lines were, therefore, improved and extended and offices opened and maintained,
not only where the amount of business warranted, but also where general commer-
cial benefit and public interests demanded, while the system of free delivery of
messages, maintained in all of the large cities and extended in the city of Habana to
the distant suburbs of Vcdado, Cerro, and Jesus del Monte stimulated business and
brought good returns.

Old lines were reconstructed and new lines built in the best manner that circum-
stances would permit and equipped writh improved modern appliances, automatic
repeaters and duplex instruments replacing the cumbersome and unsatisfactory open
circuit tape register system. Business has been dispatched with a regularity and
promptness formerly unknown and in striking contrast to the delays of hours, and
even of days, of common occurrence under the old regime, while approved methods
of auditing and accounting were introduced under which all moneys received from
commercial business have been promptly covered into the treasury.

Improvements continued until at the time of transfer a stable and permanent system
had Ijeen constructed, the length of the telegraph wires in operation on the island
amounting to nearly 3,500 miles, extending from San Juan y Martinez on the west-
ern end ot the island to Cape Maysi on the extreme eastern end, with every point or
seaport of business importance on the island electrically connected (the map which
accompanies this report and forms Appendix "A" shows the lines constructed by
the Signal Service and in operation May 20, 1902, while the inset map shows the old
Spanish lines standing, though dilapidated and subsequently reconstructed by the
Signal Corps, at the time of military occupation, January 1, 1899), while in addition
to the telegraph lines important telephone systems of many miles in extent were
constructed and maintained where necessary for the proper transaction of public
business, the government cables were repaired and renewed and kept in operation,
and new cables, of which the cable from Caibarien to the Cayo Frances was the most
important, laid as the best interests of the island required.

As to the offices and business, Captain Nesmith continues:

On May 20, 1902, there were 90 offices in operation and open for business, while
the employees numbered 316, of whom 144 were operators (ranging from 18 at Habana
to 1 at the smallest stations), 41 were messengers, and 109 were occupied in the

680 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

The officers who have served with the corps during the fiscal year
are: Capt. G. W. S. Stevens, Artillery Corps (now relieved); First
Lieut. Evan H. Humphrey, Seventh Cavalry; First Lieut. Frederick
M. Jones, Ninth Cavalry; and Second Lieut. James A. Higgins, Thir-
tieth Infantry, and Second Lieut. Herbert G. Millar, FielcT Artillery
(ordered relieved). They have all performed arduous and valuable
service.

CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES.

The enlisted force of the Signal Corps, reduced from 532 at the
beginning to 396 at the end of the fiscal year, a net loss of 136, has
supplemented these losses as far as possible by civilian employees.
On June 30, 1902, there were 301 civilians in service, of wnom 13
Caucasians and 6 Filipinos were paid from Army appropriations, and
7 Caucasians and 275 Filipinos from civil appropriations. All employ-
ees have served most faithfully, and the Filipinos under supervision
work with fidelity and cheerfulness.

ENLISTED FORCE IN THE PHILIPPINES.

The enlisted men of the Signal Corps in the Philippines, as indeed
elsewhere, have justified the confidence reposed in tnem as a body of
selected American soldiers. Unusual responsibilities, excessive hours
of labor, and hazardous services have taxed their physical and mental
qualities to the utmost, but they have responded to every demand in a
manner worthy of the highest commendation.

Almost invariably they are men of high intelligence, superior char-
acter, and exemplary habits, and their ability, conduct, and courage

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682 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

operators who declined to reenlist. Telegraph schools were opened in
August, 1901, and several hundred enlisted men ordered to duty
therein.

Major Glassford reports that —

They have generally failed to make good operators. The school at Calapan, Min-
doro, has, however, been quite successful, and several men from it have transferred
to the Signal Corps, but not in sufficient number to supply the needed operators.

A school to instruct natives as operators was also established, but none have quali-
fied, and the best have acquired only a rate of receiving seven words per minute.
No encouragement whatever is therefore to l>e expected from this source within a
reasonable time.

CITY OP MANILA.

The telegraphic and telephonic facilities of the city of Manila have
been extended and improved during the past year. There are no less
than 51 miles of wire, partly lead-covered cables, on which are installed
six telegraph offices and 177 telephones. The importance and apprecia-
tion of this telephone service by the civil government and the military
officers are shown by the fact that there has been an average of 470
calls for the fifteen hours of daily service. The system not only
includes Manila, but the Marinduque Valley and tne provinces of
Cavite and Rizal.

The central telegraph office has been fitted up with modern appli-
ances, as shown by the inclosed photograph. Otherwise the enormous
business centering in Manila could not be properly transacted. The
generating plant is a source of electric power for all telegraph lines
radiating from Manila, and also furnishes the current for lighting all
the barracks, offices, and quarters at the Cuartel Infanteria.

CABLE SHIP BIJRNSIDK.

During the fiscal year the Signal Corps operations on the U. S.
transport Burnside, which has been fitted up at great expense as a
cable ship, have been under the supervision or Capt. George O. Squier,
Signal Corps, Capt. L. D. Wildman, Signal Corps, and First Lieut.
Charles de P. Chandler, Signal Corps, the latter officer reporting on
the operations for the year.

Without impairing materially its use as a transport, the Bumside
has performed extensive work of extreme value. The Signal Corps
officer, in addition to performing the duties of cable installation and
repairs, has also performed the duties of quartermaster and commis-
sary to the advantage of both the Signal Corps and the Quartermaster's
Department.

The following cables have been laid during the year:

Catbalogan (Samar) to Carigara (Leyte), 45 miles, July 13 to 14.

. July 23 to 24.

Malabang (Mindanao) to Tucuran (Mindanao), 48 miles, July 25 to 26.
Calapan (Mindoro) to Batangas (Luzon), 30 miles, July 8.
Boac (Marinduque) to Calapan (Mindoro), 45 miles, July 15 to 16.
Calbayog (Samar) to Palanog (Masbate), 75 miles, July 5 to 8.
Palanog (Masbate) to Sorsogon (Luzon), 62 miles, September 10 to 13.
Legaspi (Luzon) to Bacon (Luzon), 29 miles, September 14 to 17.
Maasin (Leyte) to Surieao (Mindanao), 56 miles, Septeml>er 25 to 30.
Zamboanga (Mindanao) to Isabela (Basilan), 18 miles, October 4 to 5. "
Jolo (Jolo) to Siassi (Siassi), 50 miles, October 7 and 8.
Milegros (Masbate) to Capiz (Panay), 74 miles, November 2 to 5.

REPORT OB^ THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 683

. These 14 new cables laid during the year aggregate 607 miles.
The Burnside traveled 9,905 miles for laying ana repairing cables;
8,423 miles on transport duty carrying passengers and freight for
the Quartermaster's Department. In addition the Burnside repaired
13 cables: The Malabang-Tucuran cable, on July 26; the Catbalo-
gan-Carigara cable, on August 6; the Zamboanga-Tucuran cable, on
July 21; the Jolo-Zamboanga cable, August 1; Maasin-Surigao cable,
August 14 to 19; Manila-Cavite cable, November 23; Zamboanga-
Jolo cable, February 24 and 25; Zamboanga-Tucuran cable, March 25
and 26; Misamis-Dumaguete cable, April 13; Misamis-Iligan cable,
April 14; Malabang-Parang Parang, April 19; Zamboanga-Isabela
cable, April 20 to 29; Ormoc-Cebu cable, May 5.

The installation and continued maintenance of the extensive cable
system of the Philippine Archipelago has been extraordinarily success-
ful, far exceeding the most sanguine expectations of the Chief Signal
Officer of the Army. It is well known that commercial cables are
transferred from the establishment where manufactured direct to the
cable ship and thence to the bottom of the sea. The Signal Corps has
been seriously handicapped by the necessity of twice as many trans-
fers, which more than doubles the chance of injury to, and necessarily
shortens the life of, the cable. The cable now goes from the manu-
facturing establishment to a lighter or car, thence to a commercial
transport, then to the cable ship, and finally to the ocean bed. Indeed,
some of the cable used has been handled no less than seven times
before it was laid. The conditions of transfer by commercial steamers
to Manila have been such as, in the opinion of foreign cable experts,
should totally destroy the usefulness of the cable. It is officially
reported that one large lot of cable thus shipped from New York to
Manila, not only was covered with heavy extraneous freight and con-
sequently without ventilation, but in passing through the Tropics the
entire mass was heated to such an extent that frequent tests showed
the temperature of the hold to be 92° F.

The high physical character of the American-made cable is illustrated,
however, by the fact that such cables, after subjection to extreme
vicissitudes of physical condition, have worked uninterruptedly for
periods ranging from one to three years.

The presence of a properly equipped cable ship made it possible to
restore communications speedily at a minimum of expense. The inter-
ruptions referred to lasted, as a rule, for two or three days only,
although in the case of Maasin-Surigao, where 2 miles of cable had to
be replaced owing to the extensive earthquake, there was a delay of
live days. In comparison with this instance the Manila-Iloilo, belong-
ing to the Eastern Extension Company, was interrupted some twenty-
nine days. An estimate can be formed of the cost of repairing these
13 cables had it been necessary to hire a cable ship of the Eastern
Extension Company, from the fact that the expense account of the
Eastern Extension Company's cable ship in proceeding from Singapore
to Cavite to repair the cable cut by Admiral Dewey amounted to £855,
about $4,200; this in a case where there was no preliminary work and
no dredging, but only the splicing of the cable.

In order to insure the proper maintenance of these cables they
should be regularly inspected and tested, cable buoys should be repaired
and replaced, and other usual work connected with cable repairs and
testing be carried on.

The policy announced by Major-General Chaffee to the Chief Signal

678 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

only lines of any importance that came into our possession were sev-
eral hundred miles of dilapidated and antiquated lines in the Cagayan
Valley and along the west coast of Luzon.

Applying itself to the problem of establishing a suitable system of
telegraphic intercommunication, the Signal Corps of the Army has
constructed and laid from August, 1898, to June 30, 1902, approxi-
mately nine thousand miles of lines of telegraph, telephone, and subma-
rine cable. About one-third of this mileage consisted of extensive tem-
porary field lines erected for the purpose of maintaining communica-
tion between flying military columns and their bases, the latter being
always in communication by means of permanent lines with division
headquarters at Manila.

In connection with the withdrawal of the military forces from cer-
tain territory, the temporary lines were in most cases recovered, but
in other cases destroyed by the hostile operations of the insurgents.

On June 30, 1902, the permanent system maintained and operated
by the Signal Corps aggregated 6,434 miles, of which 5,108 were land
lines and 1,326 miles cable.

EXTENT AND LOCATION OF TELEGRAPH SYSTEM.

A miniature chart of these lines is incorporated in the text herewith.
The location and length of the submarine cables are as follows:

Laguna de Bay (Luzon) : Miles.

Calamba-Los Banos 4

Calamba-Santa Cruz 18

Santa Cruz-Siniloan 9

Manila-Cavite (Luzon) 8

Naic-Corregidor Island (Luz< >n ) 12

Guinayangan-Pasacao (Luzon) 51

Legaspi-Bacon (Luzon) 29

Sorsogon ( Luzon )-Palanog (Masbate) 62

Batangas ( Luzon )-Calapan (Mindoro) 30

Calapan ( Mindoro) -Boac (Marinduque) 45

Palanog ( Masbate )-Calbayog (Samar) 75

Calbayog(Samar) -Catbalogan (Samar) 37

Catbalogan (Samar)-Carigara (Leyte) 45

Ormoc (Leyte )-Liloan (Cebu) 72

Liloan (Cebu)-Cebu (Cebu) 13

Milagros (Masbate)-Capiz ( Panay ) 74

Argao (Cebu)-Loon (Bohol) 14

Maasin ( Leyte) -Surigao (Mindanao) 56

Oslob (Cebu)-Dumaguete ( Negros) 17

Dumaguete ( Negros )-Misamis (Mindanao) 115

Misamis ( Mindanao )-Lintogup ( Mindanao) 23

Misamis ( Mindanao )-Iligan ( Mindanao) 32

IHgan (Mindanao) -Cagayan (Mindanao) 60

Tucuran (Mindanao )-Malabang (Mindanao) 48

Malabang ( Mindanao) -Parang Parang (Mindanao ) 24

Tucuran ( Mindano)-Zamboanca (Mindanao) 158

Zamboanga (Mindanao Wolo fjolo) 100

Zamboanga ( Mindanao )-Isabela ( Basilan) 18

Jolo ( Jolo)-Siassi (Siassi) 50

This system affords prompt communication and consequently effect-
ive executive control, not only for the army but for the civil gov-
ernment, from Aparri and Bangui on the extreme north coast of Luzon
to the island of Siassi in the extreme south within 60 miles of Borneo.
All the important islands of the archipelago, except Romblon and
Palawan, are connected, and even the former is to be reached by cable.

TELEEKAPH LINES akbEJIELBS
Operated by the Signal Corps. U. & Army.

■fiieisien gfflie PJiilippHie*
1902

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 679

There have been constructed and laid during the fiscal year 1,044
miles of land line and 618 miles of submarine cable, aggregating 1,662
miles. There are 281 stations on these lines over which official mes-
sages may be transmitted; many of them, however, are telephone lines
owing to the extreme difficulty of retaining in service skilled telegraph
operators for the given pay.

The extension of lines, whether cable or land, has been limited to
military necessities, and the military system is practically complete
to-day save certain land lines necessary for operations in Mindanao,
and the extension of a cable to be laid at the expense of the civil gov-
ernment from Mindanao to Romblon.

Major Glassford invites attention to the additional lines necessary to
fully perfect the civil system in the islands where the adoption of the
policy of the commercial companies looking to alternate routes would
doubtless be in the interest of the archipelago. A short cable of some
20 miles between Panay and Negros would give an alternate route to
the important island of Panay, while a double outlet would be given
Mindanao whenever lines between Surigao and Cagayan can be estab-
lished. On northern Luzon a double route would be insured by the
construction of a short compound line between Aparri and Cape
Boieador.

One of the greatest difficulties in the efficient management of the
telegraph system has been the lack of trained Signal Corps officers.
The Chief Signal Officer of the Army has simply been unable to meet
the repeated and urgent requests of the major-general commanding
in the Philippines for additional Signal Corps officers. It may be
pointed out that of the 35 officers of the corps 34 of them have had
ioreign service, and one of them is now in his second tour of duty in
the Philippines.

There are now 11 officers of the Signal Corps, and two detailed
officers of the line, serving in the Philippines charged with the mainte-
nance and repair of 6,500 miles of line located on 13 separate islands.
The daily work of these officers exceeds twelve hours and frequently
runs to sixteen, and it covers every day in the year, Sundays and holi-
days; this in a tropical country where nature wages systematic war
against the health and strength of the individual. There is but one
outcome, which is briefly alluded to under the " Reorganization of the
Signal Corps," that is, deterioration and breakdown with certainty of
early retirement or early death for a corps of officers, which in its
physical qualities was three years since unsurpassed in any army in
the world. One-quarter of the officers of the Signal Corps are to-day
disabled from Philippine service.

The effort to replace these officers from the line has been practically
a failure, despite the cordial cooperation of the Secretary of War,
who has approved every recommendation of the Chief Signal Officer of
the Army in this respect, and of the major-general commanding the
Philippines, who has likewise exerted his good offices in vain. The
Secretary of War directed the detail of four competent line officers
from officers serving in the Philippines, but only two such could be
obtained, General Cnaffee cabling that it was impossible to obtain suit-
ably qualified officers for the work. By diligent efforts one officer has
lately been obtained in the United States, and another has been ordered
to relieve an officer already detailed, Lieut. Herbert G. Millar, whose
relief was ordered just as he was becoming valuable.

680 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES.

The enlisted force of the Signal Corps, reduced from 532 at the
beginning to 396 at the end of the fiscal year, a net loss of 136, has
supplemented these losses as far as possible by civilian employees.
On June 30, 1902, there were 301 civilians in service, of wnom 13
Caucasians and 6 Filipinos were paid from Army appropriations, and
7 Caucasians and 275 Filipinos from civil appropriations. All employ-
ees have served most faithfully, and the Filipinos under supervision
work with fidelity and cheerfulness.

ENLISTED FORCE IN THE PHILIPPINES.

Almost invariably they are men of high intelligence, superior char-
acter, and exemplary habits, and their ability, conduct, and courage

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 681

displayed from one end of the archipelago to the other nave won
numberless encomiums from officers of the line of the Army, in whose
interest their labors are performed.

While other arms of tne service are relieved at regular intervals,
military -exigencies have been such that, although authority to the
same effect has been granted by the Secretary of War, relief has not
not been possible for the Signal Corps in the Philippines. Of 352 men
dropped from the rolls of the Signal Corps in the Philippines during
the fiscal year only 3 have been granted furloughs, and only 8 relieved
for duty in the United States. \Vhere only 3 per cent of the men in
the Signal Corps can look to relief annually the future offers no pros-
pects, and as a result one-half of the command in the Philippines is
now composed of recruits. Only one desertion has been reported
during the year, and few grave offenses have been committed.

As an illustration of the trying conditions attending the service of
enlisted men at remote stations, Major Glassford says:

When troops are withdrawn from posts at which it is necessary to continue a tele-
graph station for the purpose of relaying messages to points occupied, much hard-
ship is worked upon the operator and linemen retained at the posts, and they are
deserving of much credit for the manner in which they have been undergoing the
same. The Filipinos having a diet of their own, it is almost impossible for an
American to secure his subsistence in a town not occupied by the troops, unless he
have the privilege of purchasing commissaries from the constabulary, which privi-
lege is to be secured, if possible, for operators and linemen of the Signal Corps sta-
tioned at posts not occupied by the military. The work of cooking his own meals
is also added to the many duties of the operators upon the withdrawal of troops. At
Guinayagan, lately- abandoned by the military, the Signal Corps has 4 operators and
1 lineman; the lineman has a stretch of 35 miles to keep in repair — two lines, 70
miles of wire — and each operator handles an average of 130 messages per day.

Lieutenant Wallace pays the following tribute to his men:

The enlisted men of the Signal Corps, as operators in ungarrisoned towns and as
linemen, are thrown a great deal on their own resources. They are trustworthy and
loyal and have a high esprit de corps. Instances of marked executive ability, as
well as personal bravery, are common.

It is often necessary, owing to the scarcity of officers, to construct new lines and
make expensive repairs to old lines under first-class sergeants. This means the
employment of labor, contracting for poles, selecting routes, opening offices, and all
other duties usually performed by an officer. In order to perform all these duties
satisfactorily, the sergeants must speak three languages: English, Spanish, and Visa-
yan. The construction and line men also acquire the native tongue as a necessity,
as but little Spanish is spoken by the natives in the interior.

The work is hard and the hours of duty are long, and personal danger is some-
times great. The country offers none of the ordinary pleasures to a soldier when off
duty, and the pay should be increased either by a larger percentage of non-commis-
sioned officers or an increase to their present pay.

The men take ambushes and attacks by natives as a matter of course, and
display a great deal of ingenuity in their efforts to entrap the wire cutters and
amtmshing parties. A notable case of this occurred between Abuyo^ and Dulag,
Leyte. First-class Sergt. Paul J. Zaehringer was patrolling a piece of line, which he
had reason to believe had been cut by insurgents. On nearing a point where he
thought the trouble was likely to occur, and by exercising a little care, he surprised
the insurgents, who were expecting his party to come up the road as usual. As a
result, some 20 insurgents were killed, 8 prisoners and a number of rifles taken, and
the line has not been cut in that section since, where before it had been of almost
daily occurrence.

TELEGRAPn SCHOOLS.

In hopes of thus filling vacancies in the ranks of the Signal Corps,
persistent efforts have been made through the cooperation of .General
Chaffee to train enlisted men from the line so as to replace the skilled

682 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

operators who declined to reenlist. Telegraph schools were opened in
August, 1901, and several hundred enlisted men ordered to duty
therein.

Major Glassford reports that —

A school to instruct natives as operators was also established, but none have quali-
fied, and the best have acquired only a rate of receiving seven words per minute.
No encouragement whatever is therefore to \w expected from this source within a
reasonable time.

CITY OF MANILA.

The telegraphic and telephonic facilities of the city of Manila have
been extended and improved during the past year. There are no less
than 51 miles of wire, partly lead-covered cables, on which are installed
six telegraph offices and 177 telephones. The importance and apprecia-
tion of this telephone sendee by the civil government and the military
officers are shown by the fact that there has been an average of 470
calls for the fifteen hours of daily service. The system not only
includes Manila, but the Marinduque Valley and the provinces of
Cavite and Rizal.

CABLE SHIP JUTRNSIDK.

During the fiscal year the Signal Corps operations on the U. S.
transport Burnside, which has been fitted up at great expense as a
cable ship, have been under the supervision or Capt. George O. Squier,
Signal Corps, Capt. L. D. Wildman, Signal Corps, and First Lieut.
Charles de F. Chandler, Signal Corps, the latter officer reporting on
the operations for the year.

Without impairing materially its use as a transport, the Burnside
has performed extensive work of extreme value. The Signal Corps
officer, in addition to performing the duties of cable installation and
repairs, has also performed the duties of quartermaster and commis-
sary to the advantage of both the Signal Corps and the Quartermaster's
Department.

The following cables have been laid during the year:

Catbalogan (Samar} to Carigara (Leyte). 45 miles, July 13 to 14.

Catbalogan (Samar) to Calbayog (Samar), 37 miles, July 15 to 16.

Argao (Cebu) to Loon (Bohol), 14 miles, July 17.

Malabang (Mindanao) to Parang Parang (Mindanao), 24 miles, July 23 to 24.

Malabang (Mindanao) to Tucuran (Mindanao), 48 miles, July 25 to 26.

Calapan (Mindoro) to Batangas (Luzon), 30 miles, July 8.

Boac (Marinduque) to Calapan (Mindoro), 45 miles, July 15 to 16.

Calbayog (Samar) to Palanog (Masbate), 75 miles, July 5 to 8.

Palanog (Masbate) to Sorsogon (Luzon), 62 miles, September 10 to 13.

Legaspi (Luzon) to Bacon (Luzon), 29 miles, September 14 to 17.

Maasin (Leyte) to Surigao (Mindanao), 56 miles, September 25 to 30.

Zamboanga (Mindanao) to Isabela (Basil an), 18 miles, October 4 to 5. "

Jolo (Jolo) to Siassi (Siassi), 50 miles, October 7 and 8.

Milegros (Masbate) to Capiz (Panay), 74 miles, November 2 to 5.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 683

... These 14 new cables laid during the year aggregate 607 miles.
The Burrmde traveled 9,905 miles for laying and repairing cables;
8,423 miles on transport duty carrying passengers and freight for
the Quartermaster's Department. In addition the Bwniside repaired
13 cables: The Malabang-Tucuran cable, on July 26; the Catbalo-
gan-Carigara cable, on August 6; the Zamboanga-Tucuran cable, on
July 21; the Jolo-Zamboanga cable, August 1; Maasin-Surigao cable,
August 14 to 19; Manila-Cavite cable, November 23; Zamboanga-
Jolo cable, February 24 and 25; Zamboanga-Tucuran cable, March 25
and 26; Misamis-Dumaguete cable, April 13; Misamis-Iligan cable,
April 14; Malabang-Parang Parang, April 19; Zamboanga-Isabela
cable, April 20 to 29; Ormoc-Cebu cable, May 5.

The presence of a properly equipped cable ship made it possible to
restore communications speedily at a minimum of expense. The inter-
ruptions referred to lasted, as a rule, for two or three days only,
although in the case of Maasin-Surigao, where 2 miles of cable had to
be replaced owing to the extensive earthquake, there was a delay of
live days. In comparison with this instance the Manila- Iloilo, belong-
ing to the Eastern Extension Company, was interrupted some twenty-
nine days. An estimate can be formed of the cost of repairing these
13 cables had it been necessary to hire a cable ship of the Eastern
Extension Company, from the fact that the expense account of the
Eastern Extension Company's cable ship in proceeding from Singapore
to Cavite to repair the cable cut by Admiral Dewey amounted to £855.
about $4,200; this in a case where there was no preliminary work ana
no dredging, but only the splicing of the cable.

The policy announced by Major-General Chaffee to the Chief Signal

684 REPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

Officer of the Army that, retaining the transport Burn&ide for inter-
island service, she would be at any time available for cable repairs is
the most economical and satisfactory solution of the question.

During the year the Burnside spent 42 per cent of her actual time
on transport duties and 58 per cent in cable operations. It is not
probable that more than 20 per cent of the ship's time will be needed
ior cable work the coming year, but the necessity of this or another
transport properly equipped for cable is absolutely indispensable for
the cable system. As extended portions of the archipelago are subject
to earthquakes, frequent interruptions of cable are probable. Any
alterations or changes which would reduce the tanks below two, or
which would interfere with the cable machinery, would be, in the
opinion of the Chief Signal Officer, a great mistake.

DEPARTMENT OF NORTH LUZON.

This department was formed by the consolidation of North Luzon
and South Luzon. The latter department until its discontinuance,
November 20, 1901, had as its signal officer Capt. Carl F. Hartmann,
Signal Corps.

In addition to the work of his department, Captain Hartmann han-
dled the line work of Manila, which from its perplexity and extent
was a most difficult problem. Among other installations made by him
was a large quantity of twenty-pair lead covered cable, which to a
considerable extent was of necessity aerial instead of underground.
In addition Captain Hartmann most efficiently supervised the transfer
of the Signal Corps electrical plant, consisting of dynamos, storage
batteries, and other expensive material from the old to the new loca-
tion. Under his efficient control the interruption to lines caused by
the violent typhoon of October 14 was restored to complete working
order throughout the department by the night of October 15. Captain
Hartmann for a time also performed the important duties of traffic
manager for a military telegraph and telephone system of the division,
regulating the transmission of messages, determining the routes,
forming the circuits, etc. He was relieved on May 26, 1902, of this
duty by Capt. C. McK. Saltzman, whose aptitude and technical
knowledge have made him unusually valuable in this connection.

On the reorganization of departmcnts? May 5, 1902, Maj. W. A.
Glassford, in addition to his duties as signal officer of the division,
assumed those of the Department of North Philippines, having as hfe

Erincipal assistant First Lieut. Frank E. Lyman, jr., Signal Corps.
lieutenant Lyman presents the formal report for the department. In
this he says:

During the year the principal field operations in which the Signal Corps partici-
pated were in the fourth separate brigade in the campaign against General Bollarimo,
in Albay Province, and in the third separate brigade in the campaign against General
Malvar, in Batangas, Laguna, and Tayabas provinces. In the latter brigade, by
direction of the commanding general, some 70 miles of field lines were constructed
and operated by telephones and kits of type UD." Nearly every station in the com-
mand was connected with the general telegraph system, making it possible for the
commanding general to instantly communicate with station commanders. A cable
was also laid from Los Banos, Laguna, to Maligi Island, in Laguna de Bay, a distance
of 9 miles. Some of the above-mentioned field lines have been turned over to the
constabulary since the surrender of Malvar, and others will be recovered.

It may be added that Lieutenant Lyman served with great credit in
the field with the third separate brigade, December to January. Dur-
ing this campaign Corpl. James Murphy and Privates Michael Doran

BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 685

and Hildeman L. Johnson displayed conspicuous gallantry under fire
at Canderlaria, Tayabas, on December 10, 1901, for which they received
the written commendation of Brig. Gen. J. F. Bell and Maj. Gren. Adna
R. Chaffee.

Lieutenant Lyman reports that the natives have been employed as
much as possible in line building and repair, and states that—

When constantly under the eye of signalmen the work of natives is satisfactory;
when left alone it is not.

On November 11, 1901, the division commander issued General
Orders, No. 347, directing the chief signal officer of the division to issue
to isolated stations upon the coast with which there is no telegraphic
communication and to which no regular boats apply frequently the
letters a D" and " B" of the International Code of Signals to be used
in communication with the Navy and ships of the Army transport
service when in need of their assistance. The following stations were
equipped: Currimao, Iba, Ballar, Binangonan, Cubat, Matnao, Bulan,
Donosal, Sorsogon, Bagay, Daet, Capalonga, Paracale, Catanauan,
Pitogo, Loboo, Komblon, Abra de Hog, Calapan, Pola, Palaun, Man-
jarin, Naujan, and Pinamalayan.

Lieutenant Lyman's report shows that owing to lack of officers,
many districts have been put in charge of sergeants, who are respon-
sible not only for the condition of lines, but the preparation of pay
rolls, etc. While the necessities of the occasion oblige Signal Corps
sergeants in charge of telegraph offices to receive and to be account-
able for tariffs on telegrams, yet it is contrary to the public policy to
intrust to the enlisted men of the Army insular or other funds for
disbursement, and although restriction of this practice causes annoying
delays and vexatious discussions between the noncommissioned officers
and the debtors, yet such restrictions have been found necessary.

DEPARTMENT OF SOUTII PHILIPPINES.

The Department of South Philippines, formed from the departments
of Visayas and of Mindanao and Jolo, has been efficiently served by
Capt. Charles T. Parker, Corps of Artillery, Capt. John H. Pershing,
First Cavalry, and Maj. James F. Pettit, inspector-general of the
Department of Mindanao and Jolo. To these officers credit is due
for the intelligent interest with which they assumed and performed
duties of a technical character, which were handled by them in a most
"Satisfactory manner. Of the Signal Corps officers, Capt. Leonard
D. Wildman was department signal officer until March 15, 1902,
when he was relieved by First Lieut. Charles S. Wallace, Signal
Corps, who remained on duty at the end of the year. Captain Wild-
man's administrative ability and technical knowledge enaoled him to
handle the affairs of the department in a most efficient manner under
adverse conditions in times of great dfficulty. First Lieut. Charles S.
Wallace, in assuming the duties of signal officer, Department of South
Philippines, brought to them an unusually wide experience gained in
nearly two year's field and office work in the islands of Cebu, Masbate,
and Samar. Lieutenant Wallace has distinguished himself both with
troops in the field and in technical work connected with the extensive
telegraph lines and cables of the department.
Commenting on wire interruptions, Lieutenant Wallace reports that —

On the 1st of July the military situation on the island of Cebu was in an extremely
unsatisfactory condition. It became gradually worse, so far as the Signal Corps was

686

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

concerned, culminating in the destruction of almost all of the lines south of Cebu.
This attack on the lines was apparently preconcerted, and between 12 and 13 miles of
line, cut in several different places, was carried away, insulators broken, and poles
cut down. Immediate steps were taken by the military authorities to furnish suffi-
cient guard for the linemen, and in three days these lines were repaired and in
working order.

Speaking of troublesome conditions in Leyte, he continues:

The following extract from the departmental log for the three months, from Janu-
ary 1 to March 31, 1902, will illustrate what wire cutting by insurgents means and
the amount of work necessary to keep lines in working order:

Date.

Place.

Can.se.

Jan. 1

Ormoc-Baybay, Ley te

4 poles cut; 6 miles wire carried away.

4 miles wire carried away.

200 yards wire carried away.

300 yards wire carried away.

Wire cut.

2 poles cut; 300 yards wire carried away; repair party

fired on.
Wire cut; party fired on.
200 yards wire carried away.

Feb. 6

Ormoc-Jaro, Leyte

Wire cut; party ambushed.
5 miles wire carried away.

Mar. 1

Hindang, Leyte

Baybay-Matalom, Leyte

1 mile wire carried away.

South of Ormoc, Leyte

100 vards wire carried away.

8
10
11

Hilongas, Leyte

North of Ormoc, Leyte

14 miles wire carried away.

1 pole carried away.

Iron poles and wire carried away.

| mile wire carried away; repair party fired on.

Baybay-Matalom., Leyte

i mile wire carried away.

Hilongas, Leyte

I mile wire carried away.

Bay bay-Ormoc, Leyte

200 yards wire carried away.

Ormoc-Caridad, Leyte

180 yards wire carried away.
240 yard 8 wire carried away.

Ormoc-Baybay, Levte

5 spans wire carried away; cut twice at 12-hour

intervals; party fired on.
200 yards wire carred away.

Of Signal Corps work during the Samar campaign Lieutenant Wal-
lace says:

The island of Samar was in a state of active insurrection at the beginning of the
fiscal vear. The only towns at that time with telegraph communication were Cat-
balogan and Calbayog. At the time of the installation of the cable from Cebu to
Ormoc a short length of cable was also laid across the straits separating Leyte and
Samar, near Tacloban. In July this was extended by land line toBasey, giving that
place telephone connection with Tacloban. Later a telephone line was constructed
from Calbayog to the mouth of the Gandara River, but after a few months was
abandoned, owing to the withdrawal of troops from the latter place. On November 1
the brigade commander submitted an elaborate scheme comprising some several,
hundred miles of land lines connecting the interior and east-coast garrisons with the"
cable stations at Calbayog, Catbalogan, and Tacloban, and in December the signal
officer of the department visited the different stations on both the east and west
coasts of the island and equipped four construction parties, in command of officers
detailed from the line of the Army for the purpose by the brigade commander, with
funds and material, including 400 miles of wire and 30 telephones. The parties
were to work from Basey south to Balangiga; Calbayog north to Laguan; Oras
south along the east coast, and from Borongon nortn. The Oras and Borongon
parties were unable to get any line in operation, the insurgents destroying it as
fast as it could be put up. The Calbayog party succeeded in getting a line up to
Mauo, 48 miles north. The Basey party constructed a line to Balangiga, 30 miles.
Both of these lines passed through swamps and jungles for most of the distance,
were cut almost daily, and have been of little benefit. They were finally abandoned
until such time as the country should become more settled. * * *

The difficulty on Samar is not in constructing lines, but in maintaining them. The
people travel almost entirely by the rivers, which flow in every direction to the sea
from the high mountains in the interior. The trails are little more than paths
made by animals through dense forests and over precipitous mountain ranges.

BEPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 687

The following from Lieutenant Wallace's report is of interest in
connection with military operations in Mindanao:

A telegraph line is under construction to connect Cottobato with Davao, via Makar,
for which work the Civil Commission has made a special allotment of $5,000. It has
been completed to a point some 70 miles south of Davao and 50 miles east of Cotto-
bato. Construction parties are under the command of competent officers, and the
line should be completed during the coming summer. The total distance will be
about 350 miles. The route selected by the brigade commander trends southwest
from Cottobato, leaving the river at Riena Regente, passing west to Lake Linguasin,
and touching Sarangan on Lake Buluan, rounding Mount Matutun, and taking a
northeasterly course to Digos on Davao Bay, thence to Davao along the coast. A
loop from the foot of Mount Matutun will connect with Makar. This country is
either mountainous or extremely swampy, and if the natives in the vicinity ever rise
the line will have to be abandoned.

In April it was seen that the natives in the Lake Lanao district were becoming
hostile and extremely insolent, and this culminated in an attack on Lieut. William
D. Forsyth, Fifteenth Cavalry, and about 20 men, who were engaged in investigating
the route for a road and telegraph line from Parang to Lake Lanao. In this engage-
ment 1 man was killed and a number of horses captured. After many attempts to
recover the animals and secure the arrest of the offenders an expedition to the lake
was determined upon, first under the direction of Gen. Frank D. Baldwin and later
commanded in person by Gen. George W. Davis, brigade commander.

As it was shown that active resistance would be offered in the occupation of this
region, a large number of troops were ordered to Malabang as a base, and the signal
corps was ordered to keep in communication with this force. Lieut. W. G. Cooper,
Philippine Scouts, detailed to the signal corps for duty, was sent to Malabang with a
considerable amount of material and all the linemen and operators who could be
spared. Work was immediately commenced and a trail toward the lake widened for
the passage of ammunition wagons and supplies. The signal corps kept up with the
engineers and established stations with telegraph oj>erators every 5 miles along the
trail.

On the 1st day of May the main body of troops started for the lake, and on May
3 stormed the Moro fort on Lake Lanao, at what is now known as Camp Vicars.
The Signal Corps men kept up with the marching troops and opened a station at the
front. Lieut. Basil O. Lenoir, Signal Corps, U. S. Army, relieved Lieutenant Cooper
on May 29 as field signal officer of this expedition. Immediately after Camp Vicars
was established a new permanent road was commenced from Malabang to the lake.
This road was closely followed by the telegraph line, and each camp established had
a signal station and telegraph operator on duty. After this line was nearly com-
pleted to Camp Vicars it was decided to cut out the trees on each side of the road for
a distance of 100 feet. This recutting necessitated an entire change of the line. The
work is not yet entirely completed, but Camp Vicars, the headquarters of the Lake,
has never been out of communication except for short intervals since its occupation
by the American troops. In the near future it is Dossible that this line will be
extended to other towns on the lake, and the matenal is already on the ground for
its construction.

Of Filipino labor, with which Lieutenant Wallace has had two years'
constant experience, he says:

Natives are employed as laborers and drivers for native transportation on the con-
struction of new lines and as messengers, linemen, janitors, etc., in the maintenance
of existing lines. They are paid on construction duty 50 cents, Mexican, per day and
rations; as messengers and linemen, from $15 to $25 per month and rations, and are
scarcely worth even this low rate of wages. On construction work in the interior,
where it is desired to employ a number of them at one time, it can only be done by
the presidente of the town ordering them to work. As messengers and linemen they
are careless and unreliable. This is not the fault of any prejudice against the Amer-
icans or of ill treatment, but it is the natural antipathy of the native to any form of
steady labor. A native will work hard for a day or two if he is assured of sufficient
pay to support him in idleness for the rest of the week. Linemen are not always
occupied, therefore these positions are much sought after by natives, as the wages
are considerably more than they were accustomed to receive under the Spanish
regime, while the cost of living for them is very little higher. Every native aspires
to live like a gentleman and without manual labor, therefore they are very anxious
to learn telegraphy and to become proficient in clerical work.

688 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

He continues:

While stationed at Tacloban, Leyte, with the cooperation of Capt. Henry T. Allen,
Sixth Cavalry, U. S. Army, at that time governor of the island, Lieutenant
Wallace opened a telegraph school for the instruction of native boys. Each presi-
dente in the province was instructed by the governor to send to Tacloban the most
intelligent and best educated young men in his town for this instruction. Ten or
twelve of these boys reported and were given six hours' instruction daily by an expe-
rienced American telegrapher. They did not learn as readily as American boys, but
picked up the mechanical sending and receiving very rapidly. As they progressed
they were detailed by roster for duty in the telegraph office as counter boys, waiting
on customers, preparing messages for delivery, etc. Only two of these boys had
sufficient intelligence to perform even this simple duty. They were exasperatinely
slow and nothing seemea to make them understand it was necessary to hurry. This
school was broken up after about two months, owing to the transfer to other duties
of the officers interested in it.

The Eastern Extension Company used natives in their offices as operators and for
clerical work, but their manner of handling telegrams is very different from the
American plan, and I doubt very mucn if any native, in a reasonable time, could be
educated to handle the large amount of business handled daily by the American
operator. If a telegraph system in the Philippine Islands is to be maintained at its
present high standard of efficiency it will be oy the employment of white operators
and linemen.

Referring to more peaceful themes, the press service inaugurated in
accordance, with instructions from the Chief Signal Officer of the
Army has been continued and expanded, as shown by the following:

A daily bulletin service has t>een established since December, formerly under the
auspices of the Associated Press, and more recently controlled by the office of the
adjutant-general of the division. The cost of the service t)etwcen the United States
and Manila is covered by personal subscriptions of officers and civilians throughout
the islands, the messages being transmitted over the Signal Corps lines free. These
bulletins are practically the only news received at many of the out-of-the-way
stations, and consist of several hundred words daily of the most important
happenings throughout the world.

GENERAL CHARACTER AND SCOPE OF WORK.

The introduction of repeaters and duplexing of land lines and cables
has steadily progressed, improving greatly the efficiency and rapidity
of the service; indeed, without the most modern improved methods
the Signal Corps would have been unable to have transacted the enor-
mous volume of telegraph business that has been filed with it. The
appliances are in all cases of the latest modern types. The wet cell
has been discarded wherever possible, being replaced by storage bat-
teries. The existing conditions are fairly illustrated by the following
photographic views of the electrical generating plant and the power
switch board of the Signal Corps at Manila.

The volume of business has increased 107 per cent, as compared with
the previous year, but such have been the improved methods that the
time of transmission from department headquarters at Cebu to any
station in the department is less than an hour, and through business to
Manila, where there is only a single conductor cable on trunk line, is
handled in slightly over an hour.

The character of the service has been greatly improved by the
appointment of an officer as general traffic manager. On this point
Major Glassford says:

At the head of the operating department has been placed an officer who brings to
the work his experience as a commercial and railroad operator. As most of the
operators are recruited from the railroads and commercial lines in the United States,
these men efficiently respond to his trained superintendence. The service is all the
facilities make possible.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 689

Owing to the scanty postal facilities, all important correspondence,
whether civil, commercial, or military, is sent by telegraph over the
lines of the Army Signal Corps. On this point Major Glassford says:

Military orders and matters usually sent by letter had been transmitted by tele-
graph owing to the absence of other certain means of communication; such has been
the importance of these communications that the military and civil administrations
largely owe their efficiency to them.

Of the field service during the year Major Glassford states that —

The principal field operations during the year in which the Signal Corps partici-
pated were in the Fourth Separate Brigade against General Bafiarmino, who sur-
rendered to Colonel Wint at Legaspi, and the Third Separate Brigade agafnst General
Malvar, who surrendered to General Bell at Lipa. In the latter campaign a second
wire was strung from Batangas to Manila and 70 miles of field lines were built, con-
necting nearly every post in the provinces of Batangas, Laguna, and Tayabas. The
Signal Officer is in receipt of a telegram from the commanding general, Third Separate
Brigade, thanking officers and men for their work. For gallantry in defending tele-
graph office against attack of the insurgents of Candelaria, Tayabas Province, the
commanding general of the division expressed his thanks to Signal Corps men.

As showing the character of the service rendered by Signal Corps
lines, and their indispensability to successful military operations, may
be quoted the telegram of Gen. J. Franklin Bell at the end of the
campaign which resulted in the establishment of peace conditions
throughout the archipelago. General Bell says:

I have nowsent the last telegraphic circularIcontemplatesending,afactwhichaffords
me quite as much satisfaction and relief as I know it will afford the personnel of your
corps serving i n connection with this brigade. Mail facilities are so very slow and uncer-
tain in this brigade that had it not been for the exceptionally valuable service rendered
me by your corps in connection with my work here that I feel morally certain that
I could not have accomplished in six months what has already been accomplished
in about six weeks. I wish to extend to you, and through you to every man and
officer of your corps who has participated in this labor, my sincere thanks for the service
rendered me and their Government in this brigade. I am not insensible to the fact
that they have been called upon and taxed in quite an unusual manner, but I think
they will also realize that they have been assisting in a hard campaign worked out
under verv unusual conditions. The rapidity of such success as we have attained
depends almost exclusively upon the very exceptional and valuable service the mem-
bers of your corps have rendered me; at least such rapidity could not possibly have
been achieved without their assistance. Please thank each individual for me.

MONEY VALUB IN BUSINESS DONE.

Reports in considerable detail have been made of the business trans-
acted by telegraph and telephone in the Philippine Islands during the
fmst fiscal year. If these telegrams had been all transmitted over the
ines of the Eastern Extension Telegraph Company, at minimum com-
mercial tariffs in the archipelago, their cost to the Government would
have aggregated the large sum of $3,109,677.22. Augmenting this by
$70,000 for telephone tariffs and $49,444.66 for commercial tariffs, the
grand aggregate value of Signal Corps work is $3,229,121.88. Regular
reports for ten months show that there were sent in that period 799,250
messages on official business, which approximately determines the
number of official telegrams for the fiscal year as 933,834. It is esti-
mated that the average length of official telegrams is 33.3 words, this
being the length of 459 official and other relayed messages at Cebu in
a single day. Probably the real length exceeds this, as at Cebu there
have been sent none of the long telegraphic circulars running into
thousands of words, which, filed as a single message, was sent simul-
taneously to many stations.

war 1902— vol 1 44

690 BEPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

Assuming the average length of official messages at 33.3 words, and
one-half of t"hese messages pass from one island to another, the regular
Signal Corps rate would be just $1 per message. That the rate of 3
cents per word on these messages is extremely low majr be realized
from the fact that the United States pays 5 cents per word, plus a
large subsidy, on telegrams over the commercial cable of the Eastern
Extension Company, a distance of 20 miles between Iloilo and Bacolod.

This shows that the tariffs on official messages sent over Signal
Corps lines at the very low rates fixed by the Chief Signal Officer of
the Army for telegrams in the Philippines has a money value for
the year of $933,834.

In addition, calculating the telephone rates at 10 cents for each mes-
sage, the telephone tariffs exceed $70,000, being $17,000 for the sta-
tion of Manila alone, and calculated for other stations on the basis of
ten messages per day — a very low estimate. This brings up the total
tariff values of official messages, by telegraph and telephone, to
$1,033,834. As the receipts for the transmission of commercial mes-
sages reached $49,444.66, the entire tariffs aggregate $1,083,278.66.
These figures are certainly below rather than above the truth.

It may be added that official messages are strictly confined to public
business, the commanding general, Division of the Philippines, hav-
ing long since ordered the discontinuance of the practice of free trans-
missal of private messages for officers of the Army, who, however,
have been accorded half rate.

An analysis of Major Glassford's statistics shows that the official
telegrams were sent by different governmental departments as follows:
Philippine civil government, 0.114 per cent; War Department, 0.856
per cent; Navy Department, 0.017 per cent; and other United States
departments, 0.013 per cent. It further appears that the official busi-
ness of the War Department is rapidly decreasing, while that of the
Philippine civil government and of the other United States Govern-
ment departments are materially increasing. This is shown by the
departures of the percentages for May, the last month available, as
compared with the averages for the year as follows: War Depart-
ment decrease, 0.083 per cent; Philippine civil-government increase,
0.054 per cent; Navy Department increase, 0.005 per cent; other
United States Government departments increase, 0.024 per cent.

The commercial business systematically increases, as is shown by
comparison of the receipts or September, 1901, the first full month
after the opening of the system, $3,677.73, with those of June, 1902,
$4,969.17 — an increase of more than one- third. It is safe to assume
that hereafter the income from commercial business will be at least
$60,000 per year. As an illustrative instance of the appreciation of
the telegraph by the local traders should be stated the ract that the
hemp dealers send out to their customers, at the various points, daily
quotations of the Manila market.

EXPENSES.

In view of the foregoing statements regarding money value of work
done by the Signal Corps in the Philippines, it is just to consider the
other side of the ledger with a view of aetermining whether the expend-
itures for such service are excessive. There have been compiled data
showing as far as possible the entire cost of the Signal Corps of the

KEPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICES. 691

Army in the Philippines and of the telegraph system, and estimated
equitable balances have been struck both with the United States and
with the Philippine civil government.

There have been spent during the fiscal year by the United States
on telegraph lines in the Philippines $31,000, almost all of which,
$26,360. 11, were for services. In addition, it is estimated that property
to the value of $151,000 has been shipped from the United States.

It is impossible to determine to what extent the Signal Corps should
be credited on account of the permanent plant added during the fiscal
year. This plant consists of 612 miles of submarine cable installed
during the year and now in good working order, and of 1,043 miles of
land line built during the year and now in operation. If these were
considered the balance would be much more greatly in favor of the
Signal Corps. It is impossible, without great labor, to determine
how much of the permanent plant was purcnased from the appropria-
tions of this fiscal year. The entire plant is estimated to be worth at
present $1,060,110. This value is obtained by fixing a value of $105
for line, instruments, and battery for each of the 5,108 miles of land
telegraph line in operation. Similarly, the 1,326 miles of submarine
cable are estimated as $395 per mile laid and installed.

In view of the above approximate valuations, giving an aggregate
of $1,060,110, it might be fair to assume that a depreciation of 10
per cent per annum for both cable and land lines would be a fair esti-
mate; for land lines the depreciation would be greater than this, but
for cables it would be less; making a maintenance cost for material
and labor $106,011. The entire annual cost to the United States of
maintaining the telegraph system of the Philippines for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1902, may then be stated as follows:

Pay of officers $26,700.00

Pay, cost of clothing and rations of men 212,449.00

Transportation (estimated) 25,000.00

One-half of the expenses or the Burnside (cable ship) 54, 500. 00

Local incidental expenses 35,687.07

Ten per cent depreciation, as above stated 106,011.00

Total 460,347.07

In addition to the cost to the United States, the Philippine civil
government has expended $88,619.31, most of which is for payment
of native employees.

It is interesting to compare the annual costs of this business to the
United States with the annual estimated value of the business if done
by a commercial company. It is too often assumed that army work is
performed in an extravagant and inefficient manner, as compared with
commercial enterprises. The preceding data show, however, that the
entire cost of maintenance, including the pay and allowances of all
officers and men serving in the Philippines, the cable expenses of the
Burnside^ all material for maintenance and its transportation, the
salaries of all civilian employees connected with the work of installa-
tion, maintenance and operation, and the depreciation of the plant of
the telegraph system during the past year, is less than $500,000.

As an offset telegraphic business has been transacted which, at the
current commercial rates in the Philippines, would have cost the United
States and Philippine governments no less than $3,109,667.22. In
addition, not only was telephone business to the value of $70,000 like-

692 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

wise done, but the sum of $49,444.66 was collected for commercial
tariffs and turned into the Philippine treasury. In other words, the
Signal Corps of the Army has rendered services in the Philippines
whose pecuniary value is more than six times the cost of its total
expenses. This has simply been done by overworking officers and
men and by underpayment of the men, as elsewhere mentioned.

As will be seen, the United States and the Philippine civil govern-
ment are getting for approximately one-sixth of what it would pay
commercial companies a service which must of necessity be better, as
it is rendered bv men whose whole lovalty is certainlv involved in
giving good service to the country.

The proportion of this business done solely for the United States
has a tariff value of $892,846 per annum, calculated under the Signal
Corps tariff, or of $2,976,153 on a commercial basis.

Let us turn now to the Philippine civil government. As many tele-
graph offices are being maintained only incidentally for military pur-
poses, the civil government has recognized the value of these lines by
making appropriation of civil funds for their support and maintenance,
pending the transfer of these lines permanently to the civil govern-
ment. The policy followed by the Chief Signal Officer of the Army
has been to separate, as far as possible, the two services, and the
process, as stated elsewhere, is now in operation.

There have been appropriated from the civil funds $97,000 during
the fiscal year, of which $9,000 will be turned into the treasury, leav-
ing an expenditure of $88,000, of which $52,167.08 were for services.

There have been turned into the treasury of the Philippine Islands
all commercial line receipts, amounting to $49,444.66. This leaves
the actual cost to the insular treasury for the maintenance of certain
lines $38,555.34. The telegrams of the civil government and its agents
are transmitted free. For the fiscal year the money value of services
thus performed would approximate, at regular tariff rates, the sum of
$103,000, leaving an equitable balance in favor of the Signal Corps of
$64,000. In addition, the civil government has a reversionary inter-
est in a permanent plant valued at $1,060,110, installed during the
past fiscal years, of which it is now beginning to receive results in the
shape of transferred lines and instruments, as stated later.

TRANSFER OF PHILIPPINE TELEGRAPH LINES.

The negotiations leading to the gradual transfer of the telegraph
lines from the control of the Army to that of the civil government in
the Philippines have been continued throughout the year. As pre-
viously reported, there have been established at various points
throughout the archipelago telegraph schools, whereat the Signal
Corps has instructed and selected classes of intelligent Filipinos, who
were selected by the department of public instruction of the civil gov-
ernment. It is possible that untoward conditions in the archipelago
may have interferred with the presentation of the best class of candi-
dates for such instruction. Whether this be so or not, the advances
made have not been so rapid as was anticipated.

The question of the transfer of lines has been several times renewed
by the Chief Signal Officer of the Army. The Hon. William H. Taft,
governor of the Philippine Archipelago, informed the Chief Signal
Officer of the Army, in a conference in this city in April, that the con-

BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 693

dition of affairs was such as to render it, in his opinion, inadvisable to
make any such transfer until after the end of the fiscal year 1902; but
he promised to give the matter careful attention on his return to
Manila. As soon as Governor Taft arrived in the Philippine Islands
the matter was taken up by the Chief Signal Officer by letter and by
telegram.

The Chief Signal Officer recommended the transfer of all detached
and outlying telephone lines at once, to be followed from month to
month by telegraph lines on the Islands of Masbate, Marinduque, and
Bohol; afterwards by such other lines as might be later agreed upon
b}' General Davis, Governor Taft, and the Chief Signal Officer.

The formal transfer of such lines doubtless began in September of
this year when, at the request of Governor Taft, First Lieut. Charles S.
Wallace, Signal Corps, was detailed to take charge of the work.
There will be retainea by the Signal Corps for strictly military pur-
poses the entire cable system, with one through connecting land line,
so as to keep division, department, and post headquarters in direct
communication. The governor of the Philippine Islands, the com-
manding general Division of the Philippines, and the Chief Signal
Officer of the Army all concur in this method. The Army alone has
the means of maintaining the cable system, which can be turned over
as a whole with far greater advantage than in parts.

REDUCTION OF CABLE RATES.

In accordance with the request of Governor William H. Taft, Philip-
pine Islands, the Chief Signal Officer of the Army visited, in October,
1901, the headquarters of the Eastern Telegraph Company, Limited,
for the purpose of conference on matters of importance to the civil
government.

One object in view was the increasing of the commercial cable
facilities of the Philippine Islands so that archipelago, with a popula-
tion of some 9,000,000 people, should not be dependent upon a single
cable which has already been in use for many years — that extending
from Manila to Hongkong.

It was thought possible by the Philippine Commission, and also by
the Chief Signal Officer of the Army, that cable communication with
the rest of the world could be extended by supplementing the cable
between Hongkong and Manila by a second canle from Siasi, Sulu
Archipelago, to Sandakan, North Borneo, and possibly by a third
cable connecting Cape Bojeador, or Aparri, on the north coast of
Luzon with the Japan cable systems in Formosa. The conditions at
that time, however, proved to be such that the establishment of an
alternate commercial route was impracticable.

Very important results followed negotiations looking to the reduc-
tion of cable rates between the Philippine Islands, the United States,
and other points. These rates were viewed both by the civil govern-
ment and by the Army as excessive, in view of the enormous volume
of business transacted in late years by telegraph to and from the
islands. The action was timely, as a readjustment of eastern cable
rates was clearly imminent.

Repeated conferences were had with Sir John Pender, chairman of
the board of directors of the Eastern Telegraph Company, Sir John
Wolfe-Barry, chairman of the board of directors of the Eastern Exten-

694 BEPOET OF T?HE CHIEF SIGNAL OFtflOfcft.

sion Australasia and China Telegraph Company, and with Mr. F. E.
Hesse, secretary of both companies.

The aspects of the case were thoroughly and carefully considered by
the officials of the Eastern and Eastern Extension Telegraph companies,
who, it should be said, displayed a broad and liberal spirit toward
the United States in connection with these questions. They were
approached strictly on the practical side of the question, the Chief
Signal Officer of the Army stating that this was a matter solely for
them to determine with a view to the interests of their stockholders,
as they would probably be affected by the rapidly growing telegraph
business of the company in the Philippine Islands.

It was pointed out to them that existing telegraphic conditions were
considered to be exceedingly onerous to the American people as well
as to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands. The maintenance of
high rates and a continuance of existing conditions imperiled, it was
urged, the good will of the Philippine government.

It was not concealed that the government hoped in the near future
to see additional cables reaching the archipelago not only from Asiatic
points, but also from the Continent of America. Information was

f riven the company of the establishment on the Signal Corps telegraph
ines in the Philippine Islands of 60 commerciafcable offices, xhey
were advised that the existing system of telegraph lines in the Philip-
pine Islands would be speedily transferred to, and be operated by, the
civil government, and that meanwhile there was a readiness on the
part of both the civil government and the Signal Corps of the Army
to cooperate fully in the interchange of commercial business on terms
that should be beneficial to all parties. It was further suggested that
if exorbitant rates were continued, the advent of a competitor would
naturally turn the current of commercial business very largely to the
lines of such competitor.

Finally the Chief Signal Officer of the Army invited attention to the
fact that the expensive telegraphic environment of Australia had been
materially modified on account of the proposed establishment of a
government cable from Vancouver to Australia, by the action of the
Eastern Telegraph Company and the Eastern Extension Company,
who had a year since reduced by one-half the rates to Australia.

The situation and prospects were thoroughly discussed and the final
action of the company was most liberal, the reduction being as follows:

The reduction in telegraphic rates amounts to 70 cents on every
word sent to the Philippine Islands from the United States, an aver-
age reduction of 30 per cent on the former charges for messages.

The rate from Manila to the United States was made to agree with
the rate from this country, but as such rate had been previously com-
plicated by exchange and was originally lower than the outward rate,
the saving from Manila is not so great as to Manila.

The reductions from Europe were 36 per cent of the old rate — from
8s. 7d. to 5s. 6d. — practically 74 cents per word. The smallest reduc-
tions were those obtained to the Dutch Indies and Cochin China,
which varied from 14 per cent to 18 per cent. The reductions were
more material to Singapore, 18 cents per word, and to India, 44 cents
per word.

Communication with Japan was made much cheaper by a reduction
of 24 per cent, while that to the China coast, Shanghai, Fuchau, and
Hongkong was reduced from 40 to 47 cents per word, respectively, the
rate to Hongkong being made very low, only 16 cents per word.

BEPOET OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 695

Data relative to military messages sent from Washington to Manila
since November 16, 1901, indicate an annual saving in the War
Department alone of $32,430.25. Data are not available as to War
Department messages sent from Manila nor as to messages of the
Navy, State, and other departments of the National Government to
and from the Philippine Islands, China, Japan, and the Straits Settle-
ments. It is, however, reasonable to assume that the new tariff will
make a saving to the United States Government of not less than
$100,000 per year. The commercial and domestic tariffs likewise
have benefited greatly by these negotiations, the reduction to the
Philippine Islands being 70 cents on every word cabled from this
country by private parties.

PACIFIC CABLE.

The Chief Signal Officer of the Army has previously expressed his
official opinion that the military command by the United States of the
Pacific in the future will depend very largely on cable communications
under its complete control.

The importance of an alternate route between the Philippine Islands
and the Asiatic coast has been strongly emphasized by the interrup-
tion to the Manila-Hongkong cable in June, 1901, which fortunately
lasted only ten days. It is a matter of grave importance that a second
route should be obtained either by an all- American Pacific cable or
by connection with Borneo or Japan.

As regards the supplementing of the single cable between the
Philippines and the rest of the world by an alternate route to Borneo,
by a cable of 100 miles from Siasi, such action is possible only by
partnership with the Eastern Extension Telegraph Company, which
possesses exclusive landing rights in North Borneo for many years to
come.

An alternate route from Cape Aparri to Formosa, which would
undoubtedly benefit Japan and the United States, is possible only
through favorable action of the Government of Japan, combined with
the consent of the Great Northern Telegraph Company, a Danish cor-
poration holding certain exclusive telegraph rights in Japan.

The growing military importance of cable communication with Asia
is strongly evidenced by the extension to the China coast of cable sys-
tems entirely within the control of certain governments. England
and Russia are now the only nations having direct communication over
wires under their control. France has taken such action as insures
her communications with Tonkin through cooperation with Russia.

Undoubtedly the most extended system will be that initiated by
Germany, which will give practically an all-German route. This sys-
tem, partly constructed and partly in progress, will cross Asiatic
Turkey to the head of the Persian Gulf, thence by cable to Sumatra,
over tne lines in Dutch East Indies, by cables through South Borneo,
Celebes to the Ladrone Islands, and finally a branch cable at Palau
connecting with the existing German system on the Chinese coast.

Scarcely second in importance is the Pacific cable installed by Great
Britain and its colonies, which by the time this report is in print
should be in operation between Australasia and British Columbia, via
the Fiji group and Fanning Island.

The United States within the past four years has demonstrated- in a
manner never before seen, by the world the importance of electrical
communication in war, and it alone of all nations refrains from install-

696 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFIOEB.

ing, operating, and maintaining a submarine cable between this coun-
try and our Asiatic possessions. Such a cable in war times, while not
costing half as much, would be worth half a dozen war ships, as stated
by competent naval authorities. Such a cable, operating at greatly
reduced tariff rates, would not only pay good interest on the invested
capital, but would greatly facilitate the evolution of American trade
in the East by affording speedy and economical facilities to citizens of
the United States.

The official experiences of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army
show unquestionably that telegraph operators and managers give their
first allegiance to corporations, and lastly to their country ; this, whether
they are American, English, French, Spanish, or of other nationality.

Should there be failure in present negotiations, looking to a com-
mercial trans-Pacific cable under such restrictions as will place that
cable thoroughly under American control, whether in peace or in
war, the Chief Signal Officer believes that action should then be taken
for the construction and installation of an all-American cable, which,
in the words of the President's message on that subject, " should
remain in the power of the American Government, whether in peace

or in war."

OPERATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES.

It is not to be inferred that the work of the Signal Corps has dimin-
ished in past years. Great as are the interests and extent of work in
Alaska and the Philippines, they are closely approached by develop-
ments in the United States, especially in connection with fire-control
communications for seacoast artillery, the electrical installations at
posts, and the necessary provisions for maneuvers and field camps.

VISUAL HIGNALING IN TIIE LINE OF THE ARMY.

Under paragraph 1747, Army Regulations, department commanders
supplement the operations of the Signal Corps by such instruction in
visual military signaling as they deem necessary for the public service.
The instruction in the line of the Army contemplates that each inde-
pendent command (camp, cantonment, or post) should have at least
two signal officers, and at least two enlisted men should be able to
exchange messages in the army and navy code at short distances by day
and nignt.

Deficiency in instruction in military signaling in the line of the
Army has resulted largely from the inability of the Signal Corps to
furnish a signal officer for each military department. Of the eight
military departments in the United States it nas been possible to sup-
ply only two, throughout the year, with a signal officer. Both of
these officers have lately returned from foreign service, one in
impaired health. The six other departments have been served almost
entirely by line officers.

Matter of interest relative to the operations of department signal
officers follow.

DEPARTMENT OF CALIFORNIA.

The duties of the signal officer have been performed by the follow-
ing officers: Maj. W. A. Ulassford, Signal Corps, July 1 to 5, 1901;
Capt. A. B. Dyer, Artillery Corps, July 5 to September 27, 1901;

BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFIOEE. 697

Capt. B. C. Morse, Seventeenth Infantry, September 27 to June 9,
1902; Lieut. Col. James Allen, Signal Corps, June 9 to June 30, 1902.

The routine work of the Department is largely supplemented by the
establishment at San Francisco of Signal Corps depots for the instruc-
tion and training of recruits, the receipt of invalided men returning
from the Philippines, and the purchase, inspection, and shipment of
electrical and telegraphic supplies for the Philippines and Alaska.

The Signal Corps has been most fortunate in securing, during the
absence of its regular officers, the services of Capt. (now Major) A. B.
Dyer, Corps Artillery, and Capt. B. C. Morse, Seventeenth Infantry.
These officers, although charged with other important duties, applied
themselves to Signal Corps work with an aptitude and zeal that nave
materially benefited the service and been most creditable to them.

Telegraphic and telephonic communications have been regularly
maintained between the department headquarters, Forts Baker, Mason,
McDowell, the discharge camp and quarantine on Angel Island, with
Alcatraz Island and the General Hospital of Presidio. Over these
lines a very large volume of telegraphic business has been handled,
the total number of messages being 40,034. All messages, commercial
as well as official, having been handled free, the commercial messages
being connected almost entirely with the short-service and discharged
men from the Philippines. The commercial tariffs, aggregating
$1,465.91, have been transferred to the commercial companies without
loss.

The Signal Corps system of wireless telegraphy is operated success-
fully and continuously between Fort Mason and Alcatraz Island, a
very large volume of business being done during the interruption of
the cable between Angel and Alcatraz islands.

Instruction has been continued at Fort McDowell throughout the
year, there being collected at this point all recruits and transferred
men from points west of the Mississippi River. The school has been
most efficiently and economically managed, and from it there have been
sent 23 instructed men to Alaska and 126 instructed men to the Philip-
pines.

The work of purchasing, inspecting, and forwarding electrical and
other supplies to the Philippines has demanded careful personal atten-
tion on the part of the signal officer of the Department. All shipments
have been made with great promptness and in a manner creditable to
the service.

Colonel Allen, but just returned from the Philippines at the end of
the fiscal year, has also been charged with special duties connected
with the supervision and repair of Alaskan cables.

DEPARTMENT OF THE COLORADO.

Capt. D. J. Carr, Signal Corps, being ordered to duties as disburs-
ing officer in Washington of the Signal Corps was relieved March 1
by Maj. Charles A. Varnum, who in turn was relieved on the last day
of the fiscal year by Lieut. B. J. Mitchell, Twelfth Infantry.

Only 462 miles of military telegraph lines are operated in this
department, the more important being those connected with the great
Indian reservations and along the Mexican frontier. These lines con-
nect the general hospital at Fort Bayard with Silver City; Holbrook
with WilTcox via Forts Apache, Grant, and San Carlos Reservation;
Fort Duchesne with Price, Utah; Bisbee with San Bernardino, Ariz.;

698 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFIOEB.

Fort Huachuca with Huachuca Station, and Fort Wingate with Wh-
ite Station. There is also placed under the signal officer of the
department of the Colorado for the convenience of administration, in
money accounts, the section between Fort Yates and Bismarck, N. Dak.
The extension of railroads, and consequently of commercial tele-
graph systems, in Arizona will soon make it possible to abandon some
of the sections connected with the Indian reservations. It was hoped
that the Holbrook-Willcox section, 268 miles, could be abandoned this
year, but the judgment of the authorities is adverse, owing to its
value in military operations should there be any recurrence of Indian
troubles.

The sum of $891.76, Government tariffs, has been deposited in the
United States Treasury, and commercial tariffs to the amount of
$2,123.47 turned over to the commercial companies to which they
belong. There were handled during the year 32,703 messages. In
view of the possible early abandonment of these lines there have been
no general repairs during the past year; in consequence there was no
less than one hundred days of interruptions during the year. Steps
have been taken to put them in a reasonable state of repair.

DEPARTMENT OP THE COLUMBIA.

Capt. Frank Greene, Signal Corps, was relieved of his duties as
signal officer of the department on February 11 by Mai. Joseph E.
Maxfied, Signal Corps, who remained in charge at the end of the jrear.
Major Maxfaeld having been incapacitated for duty by serious illness,
while on an inspection trip in Alaska, has been unable to render an
annual report of the department, and Captain Greene being on duty in
the Philippines, no report could be obtained from him. under these
circumstances the Chief Signal Officer of the Army has been compelled
to compile data therefor, and has presented the conditions of this
department as far as known to him under the head of Operations in
Alaska.

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF DAKOTA.

Capt. Charles B. Hepburn, Signal Corps, having returned from
foreign service in impaired physical condition, was assigned to this
department September 30, being able to perform only light duty.

DEPARTMENT OP TIIE EAST.

Capt. Leroy S. Lyon, Artillery Corps, performed in a most credit-
able manner the duties of signal officer of this department until relieved
on November 20, 1901, by Col. H. H. C. Dun woody, Signal Corps,
who has since remained in charge. Much has been done in the way
of perfecting intercommunication between the various artillery posts
for fire-control puipose. Forts Adams and Wetherill? R. I., Forts
Carroll and Armistead, Md., Forts Jackson and St. Philip, La., have
thus been connected by cable during the year. There has also been
perfected the cable system between tne artillery posts of Fort Trum-
bull, New London, Forts H. G. Wright, Michie, and Terry, N. Y., and
Gardners Point, at the east entrance of Long Island Sound. Repairs
have been made of the interrupted cables of Fort Hamilton, between
Fort Hancock, N. J., and Fort Wadsworth, N. Y., Fort Mott, N. J.,
and Fort Delaware, Deer Island, Massachusetts, and Long Island
Head, Boston Harbor, Massachusetts.

BEPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 699

There being no officer of the Signal Corps available for such work,
Colonel Dunwoody, in addition to his duties as signal officer, Depart-
ment of the East, has been charged with the supervision, purcnase,
and inspection and shipment of large amounts of cable, electrical sup-
plies, and machinery for the Philippines. In this work he has been
most efficiently assisted by Mr. Townsend Wolcott, inspector.

DEPARTMENT OP THE LAKES.

It has been impossible to spare an officer of the Signal Corps for
duty in this department. There have been frequent and various
changes in the officer nominally charged with the duties, which neces-
sarily have received only formal and incidental attention. No report
has been received of the operations within the department.

DEPARTMENT OP THE MISSOURI.

Despite the request of the general commanding this department, it
has been impossible to spare an officer of the Signal Corps for duty
therein. Indeed, it was with difficulty that a well-instructed first-class
sergeant could be found for duty at headquarters. The signal work
connected with the department has been performed by various officers
as occasion arose, and in consequence the signal work has received but
scant attention.

This condition of affairs is more to be regretted in view of the fact
that within the limits of this department are two instruction schools
for the line of the Army. No annual report has been made as to the
operations of the Signal Corps in the department.

The Signal Corps, however, has established at Fort Riley, where a
commercial system has been inaugurated under shadow of authority,
a post telephone system covering all the administrative needs of tne
garrison. The favoring of commercial telephone corporations by

{governmental assistance nas grown up at a number of theposts which,
ike Fort Riley, were not under the supervision of a Signal Corps
officer. The policy of the Secretary of War as understood by the
Chief Signal Officer of the Army is contrary to such operations, and
whenever brought to the notice of this office they have been promptly
discountenanced. Otherwise there would have been liability in their
outcome to cause embarrassment to the War Department by establish-
ing unwise precedents.

DEPARTMENT OP TEXAS.

Capt. C. B. Roberts, Seventh Infantry, has continued in charge of
Signal Corps work in the Department of Texas throughout the year.
His duties have been performed with the same degree of efficiency
and intelligence that characterized his service in previous years.

There are operated in this department about 260 miles of military
telegraph lines, of which the most important is the line between Forts
Brown, Ringgold, and Mcintosh, as it furnishes the only telegraphic
communication with the Lower Rio Grande Valley, now growing in
importance and prosperity.

The line is not only indispensable to military authorities, but is of
great utility to the Federal judiciary authorities, to the State and
county officers policing the Mexican frontier. It is exceedingly diffi-
cult of repairs, owing to the total lack of modern facilities of trans-
portation. All interruptions have been promptly repaired. Under

700 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

Captain Roberts's administration conditions have materially improved,
so that the depredations so frequent on this section have been discon-
tinued, none having been reported during the year, the first time since
the establishment of the line. The sum of $1,094.08 collected for
Government tariffs has been covered into the United States Treasur3r
as required by law, and the sum of $506.83 collected on commercial
tariffs has been turned over to the commercial companies without loss
or abatement.

SIGNAL CORPS POST, FORT MYER, VA.

Maj. Joseph E. Maxfield continued in command of this post until
October 2, 1901, when on his being ordered to Alaska, Capt. E. B.
Ives remained in charge until March 4, 1902. Maj. R. E. Thompson
assumed charge on April 1, 1902.

The primary function of the post is the instruction of not onty
officers but also recruits and other untrained men of the Signal Corps
to a high degree of professional efficiency. The unremitting demands
for trained men from Alaska and the Philippines, where nine-tenths
of the skilled men have declined to reenlist, has made it impossible to
properly train men before they are imperatively demanded for active
service. Recruits are worked from eight to ten hours daily in duties
of the soldier, foot drills, instructions in Army Regulations, guard
duty, in the garrison duties of the soldier, and in practical and theo-
retical instruction in electricity, telegraphy, telephony, in property
and money accountability.

As a rule it requires six months' careful training before the average
recruit is fairly prepared for the exacting duty required of Signal
Corps men on foreign stations. About one man in three can be sent
fortn in four months fairly qualified, and about one man in four can
never qualify except for strictly subordinate positions.

The situation has been, complicated by the fact that the majority of
the officers of the Signal Corps while skilled in the most important
phases of the work for active operations with an army in the field, are
deficient along theoretical lines, and in many cases of important phases
of military duty. As rapidly as possible these conditions are to be
removed by proper instruction of the officers in question. The cur-
rent work of instruction, however, suffers greatly from the lack of
trained officers as instructors, the exacting duties in Alaska and in
the Philippines, and in fire-control work demanding the services of
the few highly trained officers in the corps to the exclusion of instruc-
tion duty.

To remedy these conditions and assist Major Thompson in his impor-
tant duties, which, as in the case of many other officers, tax his physical
and nervous powers, the Chief Signal Officer has arranged for assistance
from sources outside of the post. To this end on September 15 the
following order was issued:

In order to bring the instruction of the Signal Corps up to the high standard indi-
cated by the Secretary of War in his scheme for the instruction of the line of the
Army, promulgated in General Orders, No. 102, C. S., A. G. O., the Chief Signal Offi-
cer of tne Army directs, as supplementary to the practical instruction now given to the
officers and enlisted men of the Signal Corps, that there shall be established a suitable
theoretical course. To this end a series of professional lectures will be inaugurated
at the Signal Corps post, Fort Myer, Va., at an early date.

A board consisting of the following officers is appointed to formulate instructions
thereon: Maj. li. E. Thompson, Signal Corps; Maj. George P. Scriven, Signal Corps;
Capt. Edgar Russel, Signal Corps; Capt. Daniel J. Carr, Signal Corps.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 701

These lectures will be delivered by such officers of the Signal Corps and such civil-
ian specialists as may be announced from time to time. Signal Corps officers to
whom this work is intrusted are expected in elucidating the several scientific sub-
jects to keep abreast with latest professional thought and discovery. The subjects to
be treated will include the following: (1) Administrative duties, discipline, Army
and Signal Corps Regulations. (2) Aeronautics. (3) Applied electricity. (4) Dyna-
mos and storage batteries. (5) Electrical instruments. (6). Electrical wiring. (7)
Field glasses, range finders, etc. (8) Fire control communications. (9) Photogra-
phy. ( 10 ) Submarine cables. (11) Telegraph lines, their construction, operation, and
maintenance. (12) Telephony. (13) Visual signaling. (14) Wireless telegraphy.

This method will give the officers and men of the Signal Corps the
best theoretical instruction attainable, and when the demands of the
Philippines and Alaska become less exacting, as it is hoped will be
the case the coming year, there is anticipated a marked advance in the
efficiency and availability of both the junior officers of the Signal
Corps and of the enlisted force.

This line of action is in harmony with the wishes and instructions
of the Secretary of War, which look to the conjoining of practical and
theoretical instruction in such manner as to make every officer of the
Army an efficient and reliable factor in the vicissitudes of war or in
connection with multifarious duties in time of peace.

There have been made at the post such electrical installations as are
needed for instruction and use. They are to be supplemented as early
as possible by suitable appliances for visual signaling, including a suit-
able signal tower.

There are very badly needed, in order to tit the post for the impor-
tant work required of it, two double sets of officers' quarters, two
double sets or noncommissioned officers' quarters, a flagstaff, and a
guardhouse. The urgent necessity for additional quarters for officers
and noncommissioned officers can not be more forcibly presented than
in the statement that there are on duty at the post three married and
four unmarried officers for whom there are but three sets of quarters.
This is doubtless the only post in the United States that has not a single
set of quarters for noncommissioned officers. It is hoped that these
entirely inadequate facilities may be remedied the coming year.

The limits of the post should be slightly extended, as under the
present conditions the contiguity of the quarters of one of the cavalry
posts to the signal officers of the Signal Corps post borders on military
impropriety, to speak mildly. On this point the inspector, in his
report of May 10, 1902, remarks:

The line separating the cavalry and Signal Corps posts passes through the back
porches of quarters now occupiea by officers of the Signal Corps, thereby depriving
them of back yards. This annoying defect can be readily overcome by shifting the
dividing line so as to make it coincide with road passing within 30 to 50 yards to the
rear of the quarters. A small frame house, occupied by a noncommissioned officer
of the cavalry, is located immediately in the rear of one set of quarters. It should
be removed or turned over to the Signal Corps for disposition.

The inspector also comments on the necessity of improving the
reservation so as to furnish a parade ground.
As regards improvements, Major Thompson says:

It goes without saying that the important post, in the immediate vicinity of Wash-
ington and upon the direct route of the Arlington Cemetery, should be kept in pre-
sentable condition, in fact should be as far as possible a model. The amount of work
required, however, to effect needed improvements is too great to be performed by
the labor of troops without interference with proper duties. The whole question of
improvements, including grading, draining, the preparation of a parade, and the
arrangement and sodding of slopes, should be undertaken by a competent engineer
and the grounds put in condition to accord with those of the post and cemetery
beyond.

702 REPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

In the interest of economy, the Signal Corps storehouse in Washing-
ton City was abandoned and the stores transferred to the Signal Corps
post, Fort Mver, Va., on August 16, 1901. The centralization of these
supplies, while beneficial to the service in general, has taxed greatly
the facilities and personnel of the post. There was received and
shipped during the year more than 8,000 packages, weighing more than
600 tons.

The relations of the two independent posts at Fort Mver — the cav-
alry post and the Signal Corps post — have been most harmonious, a
spirit of cooperation and kindly feeling obtaining creditable both to
Colonel Dimmick, lately commanding the cavalry post, and Major
Thompson, commanding the Signal Corps post. It should be added
that the present commanding officer, Col. E. L. Huggins, displays a
most cordial spirit of courtesy and cooperation, which will undoubtedly
conduce to the benefit of the service.

The importance of the Signal Corps post as a school of instruction
is shown by the fact that 296 enlisted men have been instructed during
the year, of whom 240 were recruits.

Despite the unfavorable conditions of saloons and other unsavory

E laces immediately adjacent to the men's quarters, the discipline has
een good, there being during the year but three trials by general
court-martial and forty-two cases requiring action of summary court.
As most of these men were recruits, this small percentage of misde-
meanors speaks for the general high character and standing of the
men enlisted, in which direction unusual care has been taken. No
man is enlisted in the United States without the authority of the Chief
Signal Officer, and in addition to the usual requirements recruits are
required to furnish special recommendations as to character, aptitude,
ana mental attainments.

TELEGRAPH AND CIPHER BUREAU OF THE WHITE HOUSE.

The telegraph and cipher bureau of the White House to place the
Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy in quick and direct com-
munication with the forces on land and sea, and with our diplomatic
representatives abroad, has remained under the immediate supervision
of Capt. Benjamin F. Montgomery, Signal Corps.

Twenty -five telegraph wires, several of which are duplexed, and
fifteen telephone cables connect the telegraph and cipher bureau with
the departmental lines of the Government and with commercial com-
panies of the country.

FIRE-CONTROL 8Y8TEM FOR SEACOAST ARTILLERY.

As stated in my last annual report, the reorganization of the Artil-
lery Corps, and the designation of Col. Wallace S. Randolph as Chief
of Artillery, have produced important results in fire-control opera-
tions. The utmost harmony ana thorough cooperation has obtained
throughout the year between this office, the Chief of Artillery, the
Chief of Engineers^ and the Chief of Ordnance.

From the oeginning it has been recognized that the Corps of Artil-
lery is a dominant factor in the operation of our seacoast defenses,
ana that any system of fire control must be such as to commend itself
to the far greater majority of the officers of the Artillery Gorps as
a thoroughly reliable system, capable of satisfactory operation by
the enlisted men of the Artillery Corps. The Chief Signal Officer

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 703

also announced his opinion that no iron-clad system would ever prove
satisfactory, but that it must be flexible and capable of modifica-
tion according to the varying physical environments of the different
fortifications.

In announcing that the Signal Corps was not charged with prob-
lems of designs for artillery instruments, the Chief Signal Officer of
the Army informed the Chief of Artillery that he was willing to take
up the problem of electrical installation for the fire-control system of
any post in such manner as would seem to the Chief of Artillery most
promising in practical results. This is to be done either on plans and
specifications drawn by the artillery, or indeed any other branch of
tne service, or to work out the problem independently on being advised
as to the ends desired. In the former case the Signal Corps could
not, of course, be held responsible for the efficient working of any
system devised by any other corps, only being bound to deliver instru-
ments of first-class workmanship and material, as might be required
by the sample instrument or the specifications filed.

The Chief of Artillery and, indeed, most of the officers of the Artil-
lery Corps charged with important fire-control work took broad views
of the situation. Almost invariably they have simply enunciated to
the Signal Corps the kind and character of work to be done by the
instruments, and left the solution of the electrical problem to the
Signal Corps. This method, it is believed, has produced results more
satisfactory and speedy than could have been otherwise obtained.

Unfortunately, the small appropriation for fire-control purposes for
the fiscal year ($35,000) rendered it impossible to do any considerable
work in the past year. Not 3niy were funds lacking for the purchase
of material tor installation, but the clerical force of the Signal Office
was inadequate to do the additional work.

The appropriations were, however, spent in accordance with the
requests of the Chief of Artillery, whose wishes as regards the order in
which installations shall be made at different posts nave always been
complied with.

While the Chief Signal Officer of the Army in considering fire-
control matters has consistently sought the advice of the expert elec-
tricians among the officers of the Signal Corps, yet the burden of the
work has fallen upon Capt. Edgar Kussel, assistant in charge of the
electrical division of this office.

Bringing to the Signal Corps the ripe experiences of seven years as
an officer of artillery, during which time his practical knowledge was
richly supplemented by stores of knowledge in electricity and chem-
istry, Captain Kussel had in the Signal Corps three years' experience
in the Philippines, where he was able to apply his theoretical knowledge
of electricity to novel and important operations in the field.

In devising suitable electrical apparatus for the artillery, Capt.
Samuel Reber, Signal Corps, now lieutenant-colonel and military secre-
tary, Ma]. Richard E. Thompson, Maj. George P. Scriven, Capt. E. B.
Ives, Signal Corps, and Maj. G. N. Whistler, Capt. H. C. Davis, Capt.
Leroy S. Lyon, Artillery Corps, have contributed materially in sug-
gestions and experiments.

It has fallen, nowever, to Captain Russel to formulate specifications,
make the official tests, and prepare the instructions for tne use of the
various instruments and material, of which the most important are the
armored cables, master clocks, service telephones, and telautographs.

Through the exertions of the officers above named the Chief Signal

704 BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF 8IGNAL OFFICES.

Officer of the Army was able to fix upon the material, instruments,
and systems which it is believed would successfully solve the problems
of fire-control communications as far as the Signal Corps of tne Army
was concerned.

As far as is known there is no army in the world that has fully and
successf ulty solved the problem of reliable and instant intercommuni-
cation between the men at the gun, the battery commander, and the
fire-control officer. The scheme as put forward has been tested in
many of its details at a single artillery post — Fort Wadsworth — by a
board of officers, Majors Story and Whistler, of the Corps of Artillery,
and Captain Reber, Signal Corps, to which the Signal Corps owes
much in the way of wise suggestions and helpful criticism.

It was, however, a matter of grave uncertainty as to how such a
system would work when applied to extensive posts and widely sepa-
rated garrisons. Indeed, there were queries as to whether such scheme
could be depended upon at all, and again whether its complexity was
not too marked for successful operation by the enlisted men of the
Corps of Artillery. The Chief Signal Officer of the Army had doubts
regarding the possibility of any complex system being entirely satis-
factory, although full aware of ana having full confidence in the
intelligence and resourcefulness of the American soldier.

The tests at the Army and Navy maneuvers in Long Island Sound
during the past month have proved, however, that the Signal Corps
system works, even under the adverse conditions that then obtained.

From various factories came stores of material and instruments
which had been made and constructed under high pressure, and which
were thrown into Narragansett and New London districts at the last
moment; indeed, so late that the final fire-control cable was only
delivered eighteen hours prior to, and installed six hours before the
beginning of the period of hostilities. Telephones, batteries, master
clocks and telautographs all reached the districts during the last week
before hostilities, ana in some cases could not be installed until the
day on which hostilities began. Considering that the component parts
of the system were thus, as it were, thrown together for test under
conditions assimilating those of actual hostilities, it can not but be con-
sidered most creditable to both the manufacturers of the country
who completed the instruments and material, to the Corps of Artillery
which suggested, and also to the Signal Corps officers who planned and
ordered.

That there should have been occasional interruptions and minor
criticisms was beyond question, especially when one considers that
with very rare exceptions the enlisted men, whether of the Signal
Corps or of the Artillery Corps, were entirely unfamiliar with the
system or the instruments.

While naturally the whole system reverted to the Corps of Artillery
the moment it was successfully installed and tested, yet the operation
was supervised by Signal Corps men and employees, whose technical
knowledge enabled them to supply promptly all needed information
or aid.

It must be acknowledged, however, that this test does not prove the
efficiency of the fire-control system in the hands of untrained or igno-
rant men. Indeed, almost without exception the defects and inter-
ruptions complained of were traced to failures on the part of the enlisted
men to comply with the simplest and plainest instructions.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 705

As illustrations may be quoted the exhaustion of batteries caused
by making a constant connection in order to avoid forgetf ulness as to
the use of switches; another was the placing of foreign matter in the
orifice of the telephone transmitter, tnus impairing tne audibility of
speech. This question as to whether there should not be available in
every artillery district a Signal Corps officer and men to supervise and
care for these valuable instruments is viewed as most important by
prominent officers of artillery, and as certain by the Chief Signal
Officer of the Army.

The electrical installation of the coast defenses of the United States
will cost eventually in the neighborhood of $1,000,000, and in time its
annual maintenance must cost at the very least $50,000, figuring the
deterioration of the electrical plant at 10 per cent. Many of the
costly instruments, such as telautographs, master clocks, special tele-
phones, switches, and batteries, are certain to deteriorate very rapidly
unless properly cared for. The proper supervision of these expensive
and elaborate electrical plants wnl prevent what otherwise will be an
enormous waste in the years to come. At present the Signal Corps
of the Army has no part in the supervision or inspection of these installa-
tions, which become part of the artillery plant as soon as installed and
turned over in good order.

The conditions are particularly favorable to the application of the
detailed system which now is an integral principle in the administra-
tion of the Army. It is unquestioned that there should be a signal
officer in each artillery district, and at least one Signal Corps man to
every battery.

These signal officers should be obtained by detail from the Corps of
Artillery, and as an incitement to excellent service and professional
attainments the position thus created in the Signal Corps should be
filled by detail from the next lower grade in the Army. A second
lieutenant of artillery while thus serving with the lowest ^rade in the
Signal Corps should receive the rank and pay of a first lieutenant of
the Signal Corps, and whenever vacancies as captain occur, similar
positions should be made for the officers of artillery thus detailed.

The artillery officers would bring to their duties a knowledge of the
artillery service absolutely needful for work of the highest character,
and when they returned to the artillery four years later they would
have a store of electrical knowledge regarding not only fire-control
communication, but other installations that would very greatly increase
their value to the Corps of Artillery. It is elsewhere recommended
that the Signal Corps be increased by nineteen officers, of whom at
least sixteen should come from the Corps of Artillery.

It is also most important that the electrical equipment of a post should
be an entity, and its component parts designed ana adjusted to make one
united whole. From the standpoint of economy, simplicity, and effi-
ciency it is unquestioned that these conditions would best be subserved
by imposing on a single bureau of the War Department all these
duties.

It may be added that the assignment of these duties is the outcome
of the recommendations of the Board of Ordnance and Fortification.
It is most probable that the Army and Navy maneuvers will develop
conditions that will engage the attention of this board, and among
them a reassignment of some of the minor duties will doubtless have
consideration.

war 1902— vol 1 ±5

706 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

While under the law and regulations the Signal Corps is charged
with electrical communication for fire-control purposes and electrical
installations at posts, there have been modifications and limitations
which the Chief Signal Officer of the Army has not thought proper to

auestion, nor does no now do so. Inevitably the duties or various
epartments cross one another at certain points, but as far as the Sig-
nal Corps is concerned there is every desire to avoid clashing and to
seek only the interests of the Army and of the country.

It might be borne in mind that the varied duties in the past have
made the Signal Corps of the Army unusually well skilled in electrical
work. The tendency of the times is to specialization, and past expe-
riences demonstrate the difficulty of bringing together all-round men
competent for the many separate phases of practical electrical work
necessary for the Army.

Apart from its work in telegraphy, telephony, storage batteries,
generating plants, portable searchlights, etc., the Signal Corps of the
Army has added tnat of electric lighting initiated in the Army at
Montauk Point, in the Philippines, and lately at Fort Riley. Its suc-
cess in extending its operations to interior lines of communication is
acknowledged. The field of electricity as applied to military purposes
is not only important and varied, but the task of keeping pace with
modern invention, and applying it to military purposes, involves in no
ordinary degree inventive qualities and aptituaes as well as application.

There is no question that the officers of the Artillery Corps, of the
Corps of Engineers, or of the Ordnance Department could perform
these varied duties as well as officers of the Signal Corps, but to do so
necessarily entails a vast amount of study and training outside of the
ordinary duties pursued by those officers. It seems to be a question
of coordinating the work where it can be most speedily brought to a
degree of perfection in keeping with the high standard of the American
Army.

This report elsewhere demonstrates the economy and efficiency of
the Signal Corps in its electrical work in the Philippines.

It is believed that a slight extension of its enlisted force, and the
addition of a few officers would enable the Signal Corps to perform
the entire electrical work in connection with the coast defenses more
economically than could be done in any other way.

It is a question between doing this work economically by enlisted
men and lieutenants or by a host of high-priced civilians. Despite its
unusually broad field of electrical work, the Signal Corps of the Army
has now in its employ only two civilians dm wing a larger salary
than $1,800 per year and but two drawing between $1,500 and $1,800.
Careful training as well as practical work have brought many of the
first-class sergeants of the Signal Corps to a high electrical standard
considered from the standpoint of practicality.

During the maneuvers the electrical sergeants engaged on duty with
power plants and searchlights were unavailable for the supervision of
fire-control communications in both the artillery districts of Narra-
garisett and New London, and could at no single post either maintain
or care for the fire-control work.

Artillery officers in some cases incline to the opinion that assistance
from the Signal Corps will always be necessary. The late maneuvers

REPOKT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 707

in Long Island Sound, while displaying clearly the importance of
fire-control communications, also emphasized the necessity of an
increased Signal Corps force if this corps is to be responsible for
telegraph, telephone, fire control, wireless telegraphy, ballooning, and
visual signal work. In any event it is of the utmost importance to

Provide for the future a properly trained and available enlisted force,
he men of the Signal Corps have never been instructed in this work,
which hitherto has been considered a function of the enlisted men of
the Corps of Artillery.

Doubtless these questions will receive consideration in the early
future as their importance demands, especially as in an official com-
munication the Chief of Artillery, who both from technical training
and official position speaks with authority, says:

Attention is invited to the fact that a battery of guns without a range finder or
without an adequate means of fire control loses 75 per cent of its efficiency.

The equipment of any attacking squadron is certain to be perfect as
regards both its internal and external systems of communication.
While the internal system is one of vital importance for fire-control
purposes, it should be pointed out that the British navy considers
the external system of such importance that according to a late naval
publication some of the battle ships have a signal staff exceeding 30 in
number.

WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.

Early in 1899 the Signal Corps of the Arnty devised a system of
wireless telegraphy which was the first one ever successful^ operated
at a distance in the United States, it transmitting messages satisfac-
torily between Fire Island and Fire Island light, a distance of 10
miles.

This system, improved in details and installed more than two years
since in San Francisco Harbor, has worked satisfactorily the entire
time, except for a few hours needful to replace broken parts. This
is believed to be the longest record of satisfactory working between
any stations, and it has been done not by highly paid experts but by
the enlisted men of the Signal Corps, whose skill and intelligence are
worthy of commendation.

It was hoped that circumstances would permit the establishment of
wireless stations at suitable points in the Philippines. While the
existing conditions are in many respects ideal, the constant pressure
for every available man in other directions made experimental instal-
lations of this kind impracticable. The Signal Officer of that division
considers that such installation would, in the present condition of the
invention, be expensive and inefficient, in wnich opinion the Chief
Signal Officer of the Army coincides.

The pressure of duties has rendered any extended investigations
impossible for Signal Corps officers even in the United States. Work-
ing out of hours, however. Captain Kusscl reports as follows:

During the months of February and March experiments with the buzzer as a trans
mitting instrument for earth-current telephony and telegraphy was made. The
apparatus used and results obtained are embodied in the report appended. (Not
published.) It was found that communication could be had between stations sepa-
rated 1 } miles, using 200 or 300 feet of wire at each station with ends connected
to earth.

708 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

In connection with the Army and Navy maneuvers it was deemed
advisable to test all available systems, namely, the De Forest, the
Fessenden, and the Marconi. On this subject Captain Russel says:

The report already made to the Chief Signal Officer of the Army concerning the
operation of wireless telegraphy during the September maneuvers indicates quite
clearly the advances that have been made in this line.

The De Forest system gave very good results, and it is believed this system of
transmission, utilizing an alternating current with a step-up transformer in oil insu-
lation, is theoretically the best as well as the one giving the most promising practical
results. The alternating-current method docs away at once with that most trouble-
some and annoying part of wireless apparatus — the interrupter. Of course, it intro-
duces the troublesome feature of a generator and motive power for driving the
alternating dynamos, but a small motor dynamo driven by the same battery power
necessary to run the ordinary induction coils used in wireless telegraphy will be
fully as compact and simple as the coil and interrupter. The transformer is a com-
pact ironclad affair not easily damaged, as the ordinary induction coils are. The
spark given by the instruments used at New London, Conn., has all the qualities
which wireless methods have demonstrated best, being intensely white, clear cut,
and having a vicious tearing sound that indicates a large amount of energy being
delivered across the spark gap.

Unfortunate conditions interfered with the work of the experts of
the Fessenden and Marconi systems.

Steps have been taken looking to the utilization of wireless tele-
graphy on special sections of the Alaskan telegraph system.

On June 17, 1902, Capt. Frank Greene made a detailed report, in
which he said:

After close observations during the past two years I am convinced that it is
impracticable to maintain cables in the shallow waters of Norton Sound, which con-
nect St. Michaels with Unalaklik, Golovin Bay, and Nome.

Captain Greene reported that cables are liable to be broken short
off at the rise and fall of the ice-foot by ice movements of the general
pack during the spring tides and from heavy ice, which is said to have
been seen grounded in seven fathoms of water.

Under these conditions it seemed advisable to establish, if possible,
wireless systems between Fort Davis (Nome City) and Fort St. Michael,
and also to cover the Xanana marshes by a similar stretch between
Fort Gibbon and the vicinity of Bates Rapids.

As a result of proposals, awards were made to and contracts with
Queen & Co. for the installation and successful operation of the Fes-
senden wireless system between Fort Davis (Nome City) and Fort St.
Michael, and with the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of
America for the installation and operation of a wireless system between
Fort Gibbon and Bates Rapids, with the installation of an intermediate
station if necessary. Under the terms of the contract no payments
were to be made until these lines had operated ten consecutive days.

As both Queen & Co. and the Marconi Company have applied for
extensions, it is evident that neither contract will be completed on
October 1. As regardsextensions, the Chief Signal Officer of the Army
recognizes the fact that wireless telegraphy is in a somewhat experi-
mental stage, and proposes to be as lenient with defaulting contractors
as the public interests may permit.

In reporting on some desultory experiments Captain Russel says:

Some very interesting experiments have been made in the past few months in the
testing room, Lemon Building, regarding modifications of certain special types of
coherers.

The most interesting forms developed by these experiments are, first, a simple
tripod of three sewing needles resting on a polished plate of steel or platinum. Tnis

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 709

form is connected with a resistance wire through which the current from a single
dry cell runs, thus permitting an exact adjustment of the voltage, through the coherer
and relay in circuit with it, which gives a certainty and delicacy of action that is
surprising.

A sounder connected in local circuit or relay mounted on the same base as needle
coherer wrili respond instantly to single taps, or groups thereof, without any other
decohering device, thus permitting use of the Myer code as a means of telegraphy.

The second form of coherer is of the Castelii variety, consisting of a small glass
tube, in which there is a bit of iron at the center. Two small carbon rods are
pushed in, one at each end, almost touching the iron, being separated therefrom by
two small globules of mercury previously put in. This coherer is itself decohering,
permitting the use of a telephone receiver as the instrument for reading the message.

This simple device can be made up in a few minutes, one cell of dry battery and
an ordinary telephone receiver constituting the complete receiving apparatus for a
wireless station. A wire elevated by a kite or a small balloon furnishes the neces-
sary antenna, and a receiving station in the field can be quickly extemporized and
as quickly closed up and taken elsewhere.

It would appear that this method can be developed into a practical one for com-
municating with a cavalry or infantry column on the march. The transmitting
apparatus could be made up in a portable form for emergency work somewhat as
follows: Large drv cells, or Edison battery in steel cells, could furnish the necessary
current. The coils or transformer could be made sectional and assembled at the
transmitting station. None of the parts need weigh over 50 pounds, permitting their
carriage by pack animal, or even by the men in an emergency.

FIELD GLASSES, TELESCOPES, AND PORTABLE RANGE FINDERS.

The Chief Signal Officer of the Army has continued his investigation
of these very interesting and important subjects during the past year.
Field glasses of various types have been issued to different batteries
of field artillery for test and report. These reports indicate that no
one type of field glasses can give satisfaction under all circumstances.
Varying conditions of temperature, humidity, and clearness of atmos-
phere make it certain that different types for the differing conditions
will have to be adopted. For example, reports received from San
Antonio, Tex., indicate that the high-power prismatic glasses are there
much preferred, whereas the artillerymen in northern stations, where
the light is less powerful and the atmosphere less clear, give their
unqualified approval to the plain field glasses of large diameter and of
rather low magnifying power.

It is, of course, evident that no glass can suit everybody, as differ-
ent persons have e}Tes of very different capabilities. While the most
important quality of a glass is definition — that is, the sharpness of the
image seen through it — yet the qualities of power, light, and field are
but little less important. No single field glass can furnish a maximum
result as to either of these four qualities, and in consequence all glasses
must be compromises. In addition, whether a glass is used by a
mounted man with free hancj, by one on foot, or in a glass holder very
markedly different powers are used with advantage. The best that
can be done is to select certain standard glasses, leaving the individual
free to utilize special advantages from a glass suited exactly to his
eyes, position, locality, and special need.

The Chief Signal Officer of the Army is now engaged in collecting
a large number of types of glasses for experiment, with a view of
limiting the very large number of types which have been purchased
from time to time upon the recommendations of officers who have
desired them. Upward of 30 types of glasses are now issued, and it
is desired, if possible, to limit this number to not exceed four types.

710 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

The same question concerning telescopes has arisen, and it is believed
that, between the large station telescope of 3 inches aperture and the
small telescope issued for our field batteries, not to exceed two inter-
mediate types will be necessary.

Portable range finders of the field-glass type have been issued to a
limited extent, and the Chief Signal Officer is at present in corre-
spondence with makers with the view of obtaining several types of
these for experiment in the field.

INTERNATIONAL CABLE REGULATIONS.

The Chief Signal Officer invites attention to the fact that the subject
of the rights, privileges, and immunities of submarine cable property
in time of war, brought to notice during the Spanish -American war,
should properly be a matter of consideration for an international cable
conference. Such a conference for the protection of submarine cables
was held at Paris in 1884, and its proceedings, transmitted to Congress
by the President on January 9, 1889, were subscribed to by the United
States and by twenty-five other principal nations of the world.

Article XV of this conference, however, specially states that "the
stipulations of this convention shall in nowise affect the liberty of
belligerents," which leave cables in time of war without adequate inter-
national regulations to meet the complicated conditions.

In view of the present enormous extension of submarine cables,
aggregating in the British Empire alone the value of $30,000,000, such
a conference could properly consider other international cable matters.
A standard international cable code should replace numberless codes
now in use. A single code constructed on scientific lines would materi-
ally increase the working capacity and efficiency of submarine cables.
It should avoid words liable to telegraphic error, whether transmitted
by the European or American alphabet, and those which badly tran-
scribed lead to errors in reading. By selecting suitable code words
the speed of code messages could be increased from 20 to 30 per cent
with equal or improved legibility.

INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH CONVENTIONS.

The next international conference is to be held in London in 1903,
and it is most urgently recommended that the United States adhere to
the International Telegraph Union, and that steps be taken by Con-
gress to authorize the War Department to join and be represented
thereat.

While under the regulations any state may adhere to the convention
on request, and may renounce its adhesion, yet nations not belonging,
such as the United States, can only submit views through a proposal,
which views must be seconded by one of the contracting states, condi-
tions incompatible with the dignity and standing of this nation.

As compared with the contracting states, the United States is now at
a distinct disadvantage in the use of cables and land lines which per-
tain to the union. In time of war or in serious exigencies the United
States has to yield in priority to the official messages of agents of all
contracting states, as under the regulations telegrams . of contracting
states take precedence.

The International Telegraph Union furnishes the contracting states
gratuitously all informaton relative to international telegraphy, such

REPORT OF THE CHIEF 8IGNAL OFFICER. 711

as interruptions, restorations, etc., and the United States has been
obliged for years past to obtain such valuable information secondhand
and as a favor, if at all. The expense of the maintenance of the Inter-
national Bureau is borne by the different states, and would probably
not exceed a few hundred dollars per year for the United States. The
amount could be paid from the telegraphic expense of the Signal
Corps if authority be given, or the expenses could be met, as in other
countries, by the additional charge of 1 cent on each message over
the United States lines, as was regularly done in Cuba, Porto Rico,
and the Philippines prior to 1898.

Prior to the Spanish -American war Porto Rico and the Philippines
participated in the advantages of this union, and there seems to be
good reason why they should continue to adhere, especially in view of
the fact that foreign cables reaching these islanas conform to the
regulations of the International Telegraph Union. It should be borne
in mind that the civil government of the Philippines is now collecting,
under the regulations of the International Telegraph Union, a transit
tax which will more than defray the total expenses of the United
States connected with the union.

Complications have already arisen with regard to the conditions
under which wireless telegraphy should be operated between different
countries, and extensive correspondence has been had with regard to
international conventions for the purpose of formulating international
regulations. It seems most advisable that international regulations
should be established in the infancy of this invention, before serious
or complex conditions arise. At such convention the Signal Corps of
the Army, which by law is charged under the Secretary of War with
the construction, repair, and operation of military telegraph lines and
cables, of collecting and transmitting information for the Army, by
telegraph or otherwise, should be represented.

SIGNAL CORPS OF THE NATIONAL GUARD. v

The importance of communications has been very generally recog-
nized in the organized militia of the United States. There exist Sig-
nal Corps organizations with commissioned officers and enlisted men
in the States of California, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana,
Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Texas,
and Utah, and the Territory of New Mexico, and the District of Colum-
bia. Detachments under noncommissioned officers have also been
organized in Iowa, Maryland, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, and
in the Territory of Arizona.

The relations of the Signal Corps of the Army with the signal organ-
izations of the National Guard of these States have continued harmoni-
ously throughout the year. It has been a source of regret that the
law does not permit this office to recognize requisitions from the gov-
ernors of the various States for equipments needed by the signal
organizations. It is hoped that legislation will soon permit the fullest
cooperation of the regular establishment and the volunteer organiza-
tions. The latter give liberally of their time and effort, which should
be recognized by suitable issues of signal equipment. There have,
however, been distributed code cards, pamphlets of instructions, etc.,
whenever these could possibly be spared.

712

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

REORGANIZATION OF THE SIGNAL CORPS.

The corps now consists of 1 brigadier-general, 1 colonel, 1 lieutenant-
colonel, 4 majors, 14 captains, and 14 first lieutenants, as shown by the
following roster:

Signal Corps, United States Army.

No.

Name and rank.

1
2
3
4

1
2

3
4
5

6
7
8
9
10

13
14

2
8

Chief Signal Officer, brigadiei-
general.

Adolphus W. Greely

Colonel.
Henry H. C. Dunwoody
Lieutenant- colonel.
James Allen

Majors.
Richard E.Thompson .

George P. Scriven

William A. Glassford ..

Joseph E. Max field

Captains.

Frank Greene

Samuel Reber

George O. Squier

Edgar Russel

Edward B. Ives. .

Eugene O. Feehet

Charles McK. Saltzman . .
Benjamin F. Montgomery

Daniel J. Carr

Carl F. Hartmann

George C. Burnell

Leonard D. Wildman.

Station, duties, and foreign service with Signal Corps,
excluding leaves of absence.

Charles B. Hepburn

Otto A. Nesmith

First Lieutenant*.
Walter L. Clarke

Basil O. Lenoir

Charles B. Rogan, jr.

William Mitchell....

Washington, D. C; foreign inspection service, 9
months.

Signal officer, Department of the East, Governors
Island, New York; foreign service, 2 years 2
months.

Signal officer, Department of California, San Fran-
cisco, Cal.; foreign service, 2 years 9 months.

Commanding Signal Corps post, Fort Myer, Va.;
foreign service, 1 year 7 months.

Office Chief Signal Officer, Washington, D. C; foreign
service, 2 years 6 months.

Chief Signal Officer, Division of the Philippines, Ma-
nila, P. I.; foreign service, 3 years 5 months.

Office Chief Signal Officer, Washington, D. C. ; foreign
service, 1 year 7 months.

On duty in the Philippines, Manila, P. I.; foreign

service, 2 years 4 months.
Military secretary to the Lieutenant-General Com-
manding the Army, Washington, D. C; foreign

service, 1 year.
On duty in the Philippines, Manila, P. I.; foreign

service, 1 year 8 months.
Office of the Chief Signal Officer, Washington, D. C;

foreign service, 2 years 10 months.
On duty at the Signal Corps post. Fort Myer, Va.;

foreign service, 7 months; as volunteer 1 year 6

months.
On duty in the Philippines, Manila, P. I.; foreign

service, 1 year.
On duty in the Philippines, Manila, P. I.; foreign

service, 8 months.
On duty at the White House, Washington, D. C;

foreign service, none.
Disbursing officer, Signal Corps, Washington, D. C;

foreign service as volunteer, 2 years 4 months.
On duty in the Philippines, Manila, P. I.; foreign

service, 1 year 8 months; as volunteer, 1 year 5

months.
On duty in Alaska, Fort Egbert (Eagle City), Alaska;

foreign service, 1 year 8 months; as a volunteer, 1

year 1 month.
On duty in the Philippines, Manila. P. I.; under

orders to proceed to Signal Corps post, Fort Mver,

Va.; foreign service. 1 year 8 months; as a volun-
teer. 1 year 10 months.
Signal officer, Department of Dakota, St. Paul,

Minn.; foreign service, 5 months; as a volunteer,

1 year 1 month.
On duty at the Signal Corps post, Fort Myer, Va.;

foreign service, 1 year.

Office of Chief Signal Officer, WTashington, D. C;

foreign service, 1 year 4 months; as a volunteer,

1 year 9 months.
On leave of absence for 1 month: foreign service,

1 year 7 months: as a volunteer, 2 years 6 months.
Under treatment at United States General Hospital,

Fort Bayard, N. Mex.; foreign service, 11 months;

as a volunteer, 1 year 9 months.
On duty in Alaska, Fort Egbert, Alaska; foreign

service, 1 year 1 month; as a volunteer, 2 years.

At present
station
since —

Nov. 20,1901.

June 7, 1902.

Apr. 1, 1902.
June 27, 1901.
Feb. 17, 1902.
Oct. 1, 1902.

June 1, 1901.

Dec. 6, 1900.
May 31, 1901.
Dec. 6, 1901.

Oct. 17, 1901.
Mar. 21, 1902.
Apr. 24, 1901.
Mar. 15, 1902.
May 26,1901.

June24,1901.

May 9, 1901.

Sept. 30J901.
July 18, 1902.

June 16,1902.

Mar. 19, 1902.
Nov. 10, 1901.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF 8IGNAL OFFICER.

713

Signal Corps, United States Army — Continued.

No.

Name and rank.

First lieutenants— Continued.
Richard O. Rickard ^

Frank E. Lyman, jr
Henrv W. Stamford

H Charles S.Wallace.

Station, duties, and foreign service with Signal Corps,
excluding leaves of absence.

9 George S.Gibbs.

10 Mack K.Cunningham.

11 Alfred T. Clifton

12 I Charles DeF. Chandler. ft

13 : Henry S. Hathaway

14 Otto B.Grimm

On duty at the Signal Corps post, Fort Myer, Va.;

foreign service, 1 year 3 months; as a volunteer,

1 year 9 months.
On duty in the Philippines, Manila, P. I.; foreign

service, 1 year 8 months; as a volunteer, 2 years.
On duty at the Signal Corps post, Fort Myer, Va..

foreign service, 8 months; as a volunteer, 2 years;
On duty in the Philippines, Manila, P. I.; foreign

service, 1 year 8 months; as a volunteer, 1 year 11

months.
On duty in Alaska, Fort Gibbon, Alaska; foreign

service, 1 year 4 months; as a volunteer, 2 years

7 months.
On duty in the Philippines, Manila, P. I.; foreign

service, 3 months; as a volunteer, 2 years 2

months.
On duty at the Signal Corps Post, Fort Myer, Va.;

foreign service, 8 months; as a volunteer, 2 years

6 months.
On duty in the Philippines, Manila, P. I.; foreign

service, I year 1 month; as a volunteer, 3 months.
On sick leave for 2 months; foreign service, 1 year

6 months; as a volunteer, 8 months.
On duty in the Philippines, Manila, P. I.; foreign

service, 1 year 6 months; as a volunteer, 8 months.

At present
station
since —

May 15,1902.

May 27, 1901.
Feb. 10, 1902.
May 16,1901.

July 6, 1901.

July 29, 1902.

Feb. 24, 1902.

Sept. 26, 1901.

June 30, 1902.

The Chief Signal Officer of the Army in his last annual report was
of the opinion that the prospective reduction in duties in the Philip-
pines and Cuba would render the commissioned personnel of the corps
sufficient. Increased demands resulting from trie enormous develop-
ment of fire-control work, and the practical completion of the Alaskan
system of telegraph lines show the fallacy of such an opinion.

Attention is called to the fact that the Signal Corps has been most
illiberally dealt with as regards its field officers, such officers being now
but 17 per cent of the Signal Corps as against 20 to 51 per cent in
other corps or departments. The proposed changes will still leave
the Signal Corps with the lowest per cent of field officers, 20 or 1 to 5.

The depleted condition of the available Signal Corps, both officers
and men, was strikingly evidenced by the Army and Navy maneuvers
on Long Island Sound and at the inland camp now in operation at Fort
Riley. In order to perform the duties at all, it was necessary to bring
together on Long Island Sound every available man and officer east of
the Rocky Mountains, involving not only large expenditures for trans-
portation, but expenditure of money for hire oi civilians to replace
the Signal men thus detached. Every officer was relieved from duty
in the office of the Chief Signal Officer, the care of the office devolv-
ing on the commanding officer, Signal Corps post, Fort Myer. Even
under these conditions, excluding the Chier Signal Officer, there were
only five Signal Corps officers available for duty in the entire period,
and these for eighteen hours daily — too great a strain save in cases of
the gravest emergency.

The physical record of officers of the Signal Corps has been extra-
ordinarjr, but the effects of continued overwork, particularly in the
tropical regions, have lately materialized. On October 1 practically
one-quarter of the Signal Corps is physically disabled. Three officers
are thoroughly disabled and can not perform full duty for a long time.
Five others, invalided from foreign service, are fit only for light duty.

714 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

In the Philippines one officer is in the hospital at Manila, while another
is going in and out; both should be relieved, but there is no one to
replace them. While it is true that human life is cheap, it would
seem to be economical to have a sufficient number of officers to enable
duties to be performed until the retiring age at 64, rather than by
filling up the retired list with young officers. This seems inevitable
in the case of Signal Corps officers unless their number is augmented.
The cause and effect are evident from the following data:

1 , i

Regular. I Sick.

Average leave granted per officer for the fiscal year ending June 30 — i Days.

1900 ' 6

1901 i 4

Days.
None.
None.

1902 13 5

Most of the so-called regular leaves were in reality sick leaves, as in
the case of Majors Thompson, Scriven, and Maxfiela, Captains Russet,
Ives, and Carr, and First Lieutenant Lenoir. There have been only
four cases in three years when a month's leave has been granted to
officers in robust health.

It is therefore recommended that the commissioned force of the
Signal Corps of the Army be increased by the addition of 1 colonel,
2 lieutenant-colonels, 1 major, 8 captains, and 8 first lieutenants. The
vacancies thus caused in the lower grades should be filled by detail
from the line of the Army, in accord with the principles now in force.
These details should be very largely from the Corps of Artiller}', in
view of the vital importance of an efficient and reliable fire-control
service for the coast defenses of the United States. In order to stimu-
late application it is recommended that detailed line officers below
the grade of captain receive, when detailed for Signal Corps duty,
the rank and pay of the next higher grade. The increase of one
or two hundred dollars annually will scarcely more than meet the
additional expenditures arising from such details, v;hile the temporary
increased rank will be a reward and incentive to lieutenants thus
serving.

It is hoped that the discrimination made against the Signal Corps in
debarring its officers from the broadening influences and developing
advantages to be gained by detail be remedied by legislation, xhe
law should be amended so as to require that Signal Corps officers below
the grade of major serve one year in five in the line of the Army. The
Chief Signal Officer believes that such legislation would increase the
value of the services of Signal Corps officers.

The enlisted force now consists of 810, as follows: One hundred and
thirty first-class sergeants, of whom 50 are for service in Alaska and
the Philippines; 120 sergeants; 150 corporals; 250 first-class privates;
150 privates; 10 cooks.

The addition of 50 first-class sergeants for service in Alaska and the
Philippines, authorized by the act of Congress approved June 30, 1902,
is gradual^ remedying the unfortunate situation forecast in the last
annual report. The act approved February 2, 1901, affected dis-
astrously the enlisted force, as it necessitated the reduction in rank
and pay of 148 men of the Signal Corps who had served in China and

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 715

the Philippines, of whom many had been commended for gallant and
efficient services. Prior to June 1, 1902, out of 254 men discharged
in the Philippines only 22 reenlisted — 1 out of 12. Of the 55 men dis-
charged from July to September, inclusive, no less than 14 reenlisted,
or 1 in 4.

It is believed that this addition of 100 first-class privates and 50
privates would meet the requirements of the future, which would make
the enlisted force hereafter consist of 130 first-class sergeants, 120
sergeants, 150 corporals, 250 first-class privates, 150 privates, 10 cooks.

The enlisted force should be organized in companies with the same
standing as is accorded the engineer companies. For administrative
purposes the present Signal Corps is thus organized, but this organiza-
tion should have warrant of law. The pride of some few soldiers
centers in their arm of service, but for ninety and nine it is in their
company, troop, or battery.

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

Notwithstanding the adoption by the Chief Signal Officer of the most
approved modern methods in conducting the affairs of his office, the
allotted clerical force is entirely inadequate for handling with dispatch
and efficiency the large amount of work devolving upon the corps,
which is this year greatly augmented by work incidental to the "instal-
lation, operation, and maintenance of electrical communications at the
various artillery posts in the United States. The increase of the Sig-
nal Corps from a force of 10 officers and 50 men to 35 officers and 810
men, and of the annual appropriations from about $18,000 to $550,000,
if followed by a like increase in the civilian force, would require
over four times the number of employees at present engaged or
estimated for.

The increase in the number of official papers entered and made of
permanent record in the administration division alone amounts to
over 300 per cent as compared with the previous year.

At times extra hours and Sunday work have^been the rule instead of
an exception, and the cheerfulness with which Mr. George A. Warren,
chief clerk, and other employees have responded to these calls is most
commendable. Few clerks have been able to avail themselves of the
entire amount of leave to which they are entitled under the law, while
absence on account of sickness has averaged for the entire office less
than 2 per cent of a clerk's time.

The following clerical force, an increase of two over the present
number, is absolute!}' necessary: One chief clerk at $2,000, two clerks
of class 4, two clerks of class 3, two clerks of class 2, five clerks of
class 1, four clerks at $1,000, four clerks at $900, two messengers at
SS40, two assistant messengers at $720, one laborer at $660, and one
draftsman at $1,400.

The enormous increase in the volume of business and in the tech-
nical work devolved by late legislation regarding the Signal Corps
has made it necessary to reorganize the central office. This coordina-
tion has brought current methods of conducting public business into
harmony, and, indeed, has increased the amount of work possible for
each clerk. Five divisions were organized — administrative, disburs-
ing, electrical, examining, and telegraph divisions.

716 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION.

The administrative division has charge of the routine work of the
Signal Office; the receipt and distribution of the mail; general office
correspondence; the care and preservation of the office files, and all
matters affecting the commissioned, .enlisted, and civilian force of the
Signal Corps.

To this division is assigned the principal assistant of the Chief Signal
Officer. This position was filled by Maj. Richard E. Thompson, Signal
Corps, until April 1, 1902, when, on his transfer to the command of
the Signal Corps post, Fort Myer, Va., he was relieved by Maj. George
P. Scnven, Signal Corps. The long and distinguished service abroad
of these officers, where both had practical experience in the field in the
Philippines, and the latter in China, has made their services most
valuable.

DISBURSING DIVISION.

This division is charged with the preparation of estimates for
appropriations by Congress; the keeping of accounts of, making
requisitions upon, and arranging for transfers to officers from such
appropriations; the procuring of quotations, samples, issuing of adver-
tisements; abstracting bids; making awards; placing orders; arranging
for inspection and shipment of supplies; the giving of notice to con-
signees; the invoicing and proper accounting of such supplies; the
payment of accounts; the collecting of bills, and all other duties per-
taining to disbursements.

The duties of disbursing officer were performed by Capt. Eugene
O. Fechet, Signal Corps, from July 1 to August 9, 1901; Maj. George
P. Sc riven, Signal Corps, from August 10 to March 31, 1902, and by
Capt. D. J. Carr, Signal Corps, from April 1, 1902, to the end of the
fiscal year. The duties of aisbursmg officer have been performed
most efficiently and promptly.

Captain Carr's report shows that in the regular inspection of his
accounts no errors have been found during the year and no disallow-
ances have been made by the Auditor for the War Department. These
facts show the high character of the work done in this division and
the care and intelligence displayed by Captain Carr and his predecessor,
Major Scriven.

In urging a much-needed increase in clerical force Captain Carr says:

Attention is invited to the fact that the appropriation for the installation and
maintenance of electrical communication at coast artillery defenses for the ensuing
iiscal year is increased seven-fold over that of the year just closed, i. e., from $35,000
to $259,200. By reason of the technical character of all of this equipment and the
fact that the greater part of it will be new, additional correspondence and other
increased clerical work will devolve upon this division. On account of the accuracy
required in the performance of all clerical duties in this division, skilled clerks of
considerable experience are absolutely essential. I therefore recommend that one
additional competent stenographer and typewriter be assigned to the office of the
disbursing officer.

Steps are being taken to devise a plan by which the property accountability of
the disbursing officer may be simplified and thus obviate the duplication of invoic-
ing and making returns for property purchased and placed in the uossession of an
issuing officer. If this can be accomplished under the present regulations it is believed
the one additional clerk recommended above will enable the disbursing officer to
handle the duties of his office promptly; but if no change is made from tne present
method two additional stenographers and typewriters will be required.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 709

form in connected with a resistance wire through which the current from a single
dry cell runs, thus permitting an exact adjustment of the voltage, through the coherer
and relay in "circuit with it, which gives a certainty and delicacy of action that is
surprising.

A sounder connected in local circuit or relay mounted on the same base as needle
coherer will respond instantly to single taps, or groups thereof, without any other
decohering device, thus permitting use of the Myer code as a means of telegraphy.

The second form of coherer is of the Caatelli variety, consisting of a small glass
tube, in which there is a bit of iron at the center. Two small carlxm rods are
pushed in, one at each end, almost touching the iron, being separated therefrom by
two small globules of mercury previously put in. This coherer is itself decohering,
permitting the use of a telephone receiver as the instrument for reading the message.

This simple device can be made up in a few minutes, one cell of dry battery and
an ordinary telephone receiver constituting the complete receiving apparatusfor a
wireless station. A wire elevated by a kite or a small balloon furnishes the neces-
sary antenna, and a receiving station in the field can be quickly extemporized and
as quickly closed up and taken elsewhere.

FIELD GLASSES, TELESCOPES, AND PORTABLE RANGE FINDERS.

The Chief Signal Officer of the Army has continued his investigation
of these very interesting and important subjects during the past year.
Field glasses of various types have been issued to different batteries
of field artillery for test and report. These reports indicate that no
one type of field glasses can give satisfaction under all circumstances.
Varying conditions of temperature, humidity, and clearness of atmos-
phere make it certain that different types for the differing conditions
will have to be adopted. For example, reports received from San
Antonio, Tex. . indicate that the high-power prismatic glasses are there
much preferred, whereas the artillerymen in northern stations, where
the light is less powerful and the atmosphere less clear, give their
unqualified approval to the plain field glasses of large diameter and of
rattier low magnifying power.

It is, of course, evident that no glass can suit everybody, as differ-
ent persons have eyes of very different capabilities. While the most
important quality of a glass is definition — that is, the sharpness of the
image seen through it — yet the qualities of power, light, and field are
but little less important. No single field glass can furnish a maximum
result as to either of these four dualities, and in consequence all glasses
must be compromises. In addition, whether a glass is usea by a
mounted man with free hancj, by one on foot, or in a glass holder very
markedly different powers are used with advantage. The best that
can be done is to select certain standard glasses, leaving the individual
free to utilize special advantages from a glass suited exactly to his
eyes, position, locality, and special need.

The Chief Signal Officer of the Army is now engaged in collecting
a large number of types of glasses for experiment, with a view of
limiting the very large number of types which have been purchased
from time to time upon the recommendations of officers wrho have
desired them. Upward of 30 types of glasses are now issued, and it
is desired, if possible, to limit this number to not exceed four types.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

717

The financial statement of Captain Carr for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1902, is as follows:

Financial statement of the disbursing officer, Signal Corps, United State* Army, Washing-
ton, D. C, July 1, 1901, to June SO, 1902.

Title of appropriation.

Sijrnal Service of the Army, 1900

Signal Service of the Army, 1901

Signal Service of the Army, 1902

Emergency fund, act March 3, 1899:
For construction, operation, and
maintenanceof military telegraph

and cable lines

Signal Service of the Army, 1902:

Electrical lines, instruments, appa-
ratus, and materials connected

with the use of coast artillery

For cable from Gashen Point, Con-
necticut, to Gardiners Island, New

York

Military telegraph and cable lines,

Alaska

Ordnance and fortification

Ordnance and fortification (Barranca**) . .

Total

Disburse-
ments.

931.12

44, 064. 70

194,917.37

2,393.53

15, 395. 30

15.077.50

113,237.39
4,634.99

398,751.90

«. Turned
back into
the Treas-
ury.

910,290.98

398. 22

10,689.20

Bank bal-
ance July
1,1902.

Cash in
Treasury
due from
appropria-
tion July

1,1902.

Total.

: 983,719.16

$3,478.05 1 19.88

$31.12
138,074.84
198,415.30

640.58 3,432.33

19,604.70, 35,000.00

1.218.50

5,628.45
2,668.50
9,181.00

41,779.20

173,000.00

257,379.62

16,296.00

291,865.81
7,303.49
9,181.00

699,599.92

ELECTRICAL DIVISION.

The tremendous development of electricity has materially modified
many military methods of long standing. Two years since the. Signal
Corps had not a dollar for the purchase of an electrical equipment
absolutely necessary for coast fortifications. The coming year it has an
appropriation of $259,000. This has necessitated the organization of
a new division, for which there are neither officers nor clerks to spare.

This division is charged with the electrical work of the Signal Corps;
the selection of special and general apparatus and devices; of executive
functions relative to electrical matters and fire control, and requisi-
tions for electrical material and supplies, except such as pertain to the
telegraph division.

This division since its organization has been in charge of Capt.
Edgar Kussel, Signal Corps, an officer of extensive field service and
of brilliant attainments, from which the Signal Corps has profited.

The evolution of electricity as applied to military operations, par-
ticularly as a means of communication, is of very recent growth, and
without doubt owes its most important advances to the officers of the
Army of the United States. In addition to electrical appliances for
use of the troops in the field, there devolves on the Signal Corps the
charge of fire-control communications, a field of constantly widening
extent of the greatest importance to the country in general and to the
Corps of Artillery in particular.

Without the electrical appliances lately devised and applied to the
system of tire control on the north Atlantic coast, the efficiency of the
coast fortifications, constructed and installed at a cost of many tens of
millions of dollars, would be very materially curtailed. Indeed, a
prominent officer of the Artillery Corps, fully fanliliar with coast

718 BEPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

defenses, has stated that the elimination of electrical appliances would
impair the efficiency of the defenses 75 per cent. While this may
seem to unduly enlarge the importance of electricity in warfare, yet
there is no doubt in the mind of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army
that the value of the guns of large caliber, on which the safety of the
coasts of the United States depends in case of warfare, is fully doubled
by the application of electricity to range finders, telautographs, and
other apparatus now utilized in fire control work.

Attention is invited to the fact that this new phase of Signal Corps
work demands increased clerical and technical force for its proper
execution. While the Chief Signal Officer of the Army has relt
authorized to employ expert engineers, draftsmen, and electricians by
the appropriation for this work, yet he has not thought it within the
scope of tne law to defray therefrom the expenses of clerical force.

In addition to his routine work, Captain Russel has devoted much
time and energy in devising new electrical instruments and modifying
old ones to the advantage of the service.

The entire instrumental equipment of the Signal Corps has been
taken up anew, and an almost complete equipment of new instruments
has been designed.

Purchase has been made of many types of the best instruments for
test under the auspices of the board of electrical devices, which was
appointed by the Chief Signal Officer of the Army to act in an advisory
way upon many questions coming up for consideration on Signal Corps
equipment. Incidentally all questions of award on bids have been
referred to this board, and recommendations on all kinds of apparatus,
electrical and otherwise, have been made by it.

Thi& board has consisted of the various Signal Corps officers avail-
able at Fort Myer, Va., and Washington, D. C, associate with Captain
Russel. The professional attainments of Lieut. Col. Samuel Reber,
military secretary, have been utilized a number of times in regard to
special questions, such as telephones, cables, wireless telegraphy, etc.,
he being invited to sit with the board.

In all this work Captain Russel has necessarily played the most
important part. The following new instruments have been devised
during the year: Service telephone, field telephone, service buzzer,
Russel cut-in telephone, combination telegraph and buzzer table set,
and cavalry buzzer. This last-mentioned instrument promises to be
especially valuable during rapid field operations. The voltaplex and
Ghegan repeater have been thoroughly tested. In fire-control appar-
atus the artillery type of telautograph, the time- interval clock, and the
anemometer have been perfected and tested. The ohmmeter, Fisher
cable testing set No. 2, and Pignolet's voltammeter, and the Edison
Leland cell have been modified to meet special needs of the Signal
Corps work. A Signal Corps type of armored cable has been devised
for installation where multiple cables are required.

Of special devices for the fire-control service of the Corps of Artil-
lery Captain Russel says:

The design of the artillery type of telautograph has been about completed by the
Gray National Telautograph Company, and several of these instruments were used
in the recent Army and Navy maneuvers, where they worked very well.

This instrument was originally selected by the Chief Signal Officer as being a very
promising one for fire-control work, and it has been greatly improved, due to the sug-
gestions of artillery officers, especially Maj. (J. N. Whistler, at Fort Wadsworth, N. Y.

The time-interval clock, which has been selected by the Chief Signal Officer of the

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 719

Army, in accordance with the general requirements stated by the Board of Ord-
nance and Fortifications in its report, has been tested during the maneuvers in
the New London and Narragansett Bay artillery districts and proved to be very
satisfactory. This clock is electrically wound and controls the bells in all places
required. It can, if desired, also control a series of secondary clocks, giving accurate
time at any place required.

The anemometer, which has hitherto been a source of great expense and vexation,
has been simplified by doing away with the automatic indicator, substituting there-
for a compact stop watch, operated by hand, on which the velocities of wind are
directly indicated by pressing the stop watch at successive strokes of a simple bell in
circuitVith the anemometer.

The multiple cable required in fire-control installation has heretofore been of the
rubber insulated type with lead sheathing. This was satisfactory where conduits
were provided, but in many cases it was not practicable to have conduits. Accord-
ingly a newr type of cable has been deyised, which has an armor of steel wires and
jute serving outside the lead. This gives it great strength and freedom from damage
to such an extent that experience with it leads to the belief that it mav be safely
considered as a substitute for conduit work besides giving greater flexibility to the
cable system.

Of Signal Corps Manuals required by existing General Orders, No.
102, Captain Russel says:

The first of these is "Notes on laying, repairing, operating, and testing submarine
cables," with a supplemental chapter by Lieut. Col. Samuel Reber, on " Factory
testing," which is now in the hands of the Public Printer. The preparation of data
on the general subjects of the telegraph, batteries, testing instruments, and methods
is al)out completed and will soon be ready for publication. The preparation of these
manuals has necessarily been confined to hours outside of office work, as the routine
business of the office has been exceedingly heavy.

The following original work noted by Captain Russel is of interest
and importance:

Three modifications of commercial types of these instruments for Signal Corps use
have been made in the electrical division:

The ohmmeter, a modification of the Wheatstone bridge, a very convenient instru-
ment for measuring resistances.

The Fisher cable-testing set No. 2, with the additional coils suggested for Signal
Corps use.

The voltammeter, made by L. M. Pignolet, NewT York, with the resistance of its
ammeter coils so proportioned as to make it easily available for measuring internal
resistances of batteries.

A special apparatus for use in connection with the cables is an electrical device
tor rapid and accurate vulcanizing of cable joints. This apparatus was used on the
cable ship Burnside, and was devised in the electrical division. The hinged metal
boxes containing resistances utilize the 110-volt current. The resistances are so
proportioned as to get the requisite vulcanizing temperature in a very short time.

Experiments referred to elsewhere under the head of " Wireless
telegraphy" have been made by Captain Russel, one line being in the
direction of using the buzzer as a transmitting instrument for earth
currents.

TESTING AND INSPECTION.

The large quantities of submarine cable and of modern electrical
instruments which the Signal Corps has purchased, early impressed
the Chief Signal Officer of the Army with the importance of pro-
tecting the interests of the United States in connection therewith.
Efforts have been unremitting to suitably equip with standard instru-
ments the Signal Corps officers and inspectors, officials charged with
the duties of inspection and purchase.

This policy has produced important results, and in more than one
instance has raised the standard of American workmanship and manu-
facture.

720 REPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

Captain Russel has not only continued the excellent methods devised
by his predecessors, Lieut. Col. James Allen, Maj. Joseph E. Maxfield,
Capts. Samuel Reber and George O. Squier, all officers of the Signal
Corps, but has further extendea and improved the system.

Recognizing that there should be standard instruments for the rigid
testing of modern electrical instruments, both in the interests of the
manufacturers and of the United States, Captain Russel has installed
a testing room suitably fitted with this special electrical apparatus.

Although the accommodations available for this purpose are inade-
quate and ill-adapted to such work, yet the practical results from
extended tests carried out by Captain Russel have not only proved
valuable in their scientific character, but have served as a basis for
manufacture in a number of important telephonic and telegraphic
instruments, the tests being far more complete and exact than usually
given by the manufacturers themselves.

In the two small rooms used for this purpose the Chief Signal Officer
has provided an Anthony pattern Wheatstone bridge, a standard con-
ductivity bridge for wire testing, a laboratory standard voltmeter, a
portable voltmeter, a thin scale ammeter, a milli-ammeter and an alter-
nating voltmeter with multiplier, three D'Arsonval galvanometers of
various degrees of sensitiveness with Ayrton shunt, a standard subdi-
vided microfarad condenser, a complete set of discharge, short circuit
and reversing keys, a Fisher portable cable-testing set, and numerous
smaller iustruments for carrying out the investigations. Under this
policy, which has proved so fruitful in scientific suggestions and of such
far-reaching utility in providing the Signal Corps with additional elec-
trical apparatus, it now has an equipment of a wider range and com-
pleteness than that possessed bv any army in the world.

The Chief Signal Officer of the Army has pleasure in acknowledging
the cheerful cooperation of Mr. Otto H. Tittmann, the Superintendent
of the Coast ana Geodetic Survey, in furnishing on a number of occa-
sions valuable data and a set of excellent maps for use in connection
with the work of the Signal Corps in the seacoast fortifications.

The director of the Bureau of Standards, Mr. S. T. Stratton, has
courteously extended all facilities to the Signal Corps for standardizing
the Wheatstone bridges, involving an amount of labor in his Bureau
which is little appreciated by one unfamiliar with the painstaking and
exact work required.

It is believed that the public interests would be subserved by adding
to the administration building at the Signal Corps post, Fort Myer, a
suitable testing room, where the standards of the Signal Corps could
be properly assembled, thus rendering their utilization to the utmost
possible extent.

EXAMINING DIVISION.

This division has charge of all matters relating to the auditing of
money and property accounts of persons responsible to the Govern-
ment for money or property pertaining to tne Signal Corps of the
Army. All requisitions for material or supplies are centered in this
division for final administrative action, and all subsequent communi-
cations, memoranda, reports, etc., relating to said requisitions are
filed in this division with the wrapper of the original requisition.

Tfie exigencies of the service at various times placed Maj. W. A.
Glassford, Capt. E. Russell, and First Lieut. Walter L. Clarke, Sig-

BEPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 721

nal Corps, in charge of this division. The supervision of the work
has fallen to Mr. Clarence F. Cobb, an accountant of recognized
ability.

It is very gratifying to report that no officer of the Signal Corps
is in arrears with his money accounts, nor has there been any neces-
sity for calling for any delayed reports during, the fiscal year. * There
have been no disallowances of disbursements in the case of any officer,
and but very few suspensions for informalities of a trivial character.
There has, of course, been delay in the receipt of money returns from
Alaska, owing to the lack of mail facilities, but all these accounts
appear to have been made within the period allowed by law.

All money accounts of volunteer officers in connection with the war
with Spain have been rendered and passed.

Especial attention has been given to the adjustment of property
returns connected with the late war and the Philippine insurrection.
Unremitting efforts have practically closed up the property accounts
of volunteer officers who, of course, are now out 01 service. At the
beginning of the year there were 137 unsettled property returns, which
number, by diligent correspondence, has been reduced to 71. All the
remaining accounts are in tne process of adjustment, the cause of delay
usually assigned by officers is being separated from their official papers.
In the case of officers seemingly negligent the policy of writing the
officer directly is not followed, recourse being had to the mediation of
the Secretary of War. The stoppage of pay is resorted to only in
extreme cases.

The records of the office have been so systematically arranged that
the certificates of nonindebtedness in favor of resigned, discharged,
and deceased officers are furnished the Auditor for the War Depart-
ment and the post paymaster on the day of inquiry.

An extension of the card system to the record of telephones, field
glasses, telescopes, telephotos, and indeed to all important property,
or instruments bearing numbers, has proved of marked utility and is
being extended as rapidly as possible.

The telegraph accounts of commercial companies of telegraph serv-
ices rendered the Signal Corps have been promptly audited and
forwarded. •

Such improvements have been made in business methods regarding
requisitions as to facilitate the tracing of property and fixing respon-
sibility, a matter of previous great difficulty, in shipments maae to
Alaska, China, the Philippines, and other remote stations.

TELEGRAPH DITI8ION.

The work of this division includes all matters relating to the opera-
tion, maintenance, and repair of United States military telegraph,
telephone, and cable lines.

For the greater part of the year this division was under the charge
of Capt. Edgar Russel, Signal Corps, who was relieved on April 30,
11)02, by First Lieut. Walter L. Clarke, Signal Corps.

Under the Secretary of War the Chief Signal Officer of the Army
is directly charged by law with the construction, repair, and operation
of military telegraph lines and cables, but for convenience of admin-
istration the several sections of telegraph lines are controlled by
department signal officers; therefore tne treatment of these lines has
been considered in connection with the various military departments.

war 1902— vol 1 ±6

722 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

A few isolated cases of unauthorized and unjustifiable interference
with military telegraph lines on the part of subordinate and local com-
manders have occurred, which in all cases have been satisfactorily
adjusted by department or division commanders.

In order, however, to diminish the chances of disablement of tele-
graph lines in future, especially at remote stations, and owing to the
large number of officers lately appointed and consequently unfamiliar
with orders and decisions of long standing, the Chief Signal Officer of
the Army issued to the officers of the Signal Corps the following
order outlining the law and regulations and line of action. As will
be noted, the order looks to fostering a spirit of harmony, cooperation,
and obedience:

Orders, ) War Department, Signal Office,

No. 18. / Washington, September 16, 1902,

*******

13. The attention of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army having been called to
various instances in which commanding officers of posts have interfered arbitrarily
with the duties of Signal Corps men serving as operators at their posts, in some cases
disabling the telegraph lines, the following information is given for the benefit of
signal officers as to the law and regulations in the matter.

The second section of the act of Congress, approved October 1, 1890, reads:

"The Chief Signal Officer of the Army shall have charge, under the direction of
the Secretary of War, of * * * the construction, repair, and operation of all mil-
itary telegraph lines." (26 Stat. L., 653. )

Jn construing this law it has been decided that (U. S. Military Laws, ed. 1901, p.
463)—

sion of the construction and operation of military and telegraph lines in department
commanders."

Attention is called to General Orders, No. 1, A. G. O., January 20, 1879, in which
the Secretary of War states:

"In all instances in which the United States telegraph lines are by order of the
Secretary of War placed in charge of acting signal officers, who are thus made respon-
sible for the construction, maintenance, and operation of the same, commanding
officers and others will see that the esj>ecial duties of such officers are not interferred
with, and will, upon application, render whatever proper assistance may be in
their powTer.

"The lines form parts of one connected system of telegraphy extending throughout
the United States. They serve military, commercial, naval, and other distant inter-
ests. The disabling of or interference with any part may cause complications not
possible to be contemplated in the immediate vicinity. Official and military mes-
sages have precedence on all Government lines."

It is recognized by the Chief Signal Officer of the Army that in grave military
emergencies local commanding officers can and should take control of military tele-
graph lines and the entire personnel within the limits of their command, and signal
officers in such cases should cheerfully and loyally obey any instructions then
received.

It is further to be understood that signal officers shall faithfully execute any and
all instructions issued by department or division commanders bearing on their duties
connected with military telegraph lines.

Seeming invasions of the duties and powers of the officers of the Signal Corps when
engaged in carrying out general instructions issued under the authority of law by
the Chief Signal Officer of the Army should always be accepted until remedied by the
local commander, whose attention, however, should l>e called to the situation as
viewed bv the signal officer. Such statements should l>e made in writing when
practicable, and if made verbally should later be reduced to writing and duly pre-
sented at the earliest practicable moment.

The Signal Corps is a servant of the Army, and signal officers should never forget
the often repeated injunctions of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army that it is their

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 723

function to find out what to do and not how not to do it. Courtesy, consideration
and restraint are needed qualities of signal officers, and if properly applied to prac-
tical conditions will rarely fail of satisfactory solving any annoying situations.

Lines of operation regarding post-telephone service, post-telegraph
lines, and other electrical installations have been coordinated in trie
interests of economy and efficiency. Post-telegraph lines are installed
and instruments issued for practice only on the special recommenda-
tion of department commanders and at such posts as their import-
ance, garrison, and location promise satisfactory results from such
facilities.

Post- telephone systems are being installed as necessity or recom-
mendations therefor are received. The policy of the Chief Signal
Officer looks to the connection by a telephone system of all points
whereby the administrative duties of posts, especially those covering
extensive ground, can be more promptty and efficiently performed.

Wherever the extent of the system demands, central telephone
exchanges are established. While such exchanges should be under
the charge of the Signal Corps men, yet the pressing demands upon
the service preclude such details save in special and most important
cases. There should, however, be a sufficient number of Signal
Corps men available for this work, as otherwise the instruments
rapidly deteriorate and the service is inefficient and unsatisfactory.

The distinction made by regulations regarding telephone service
is not generally understood. The Quartermaster's Department is
charged directly with " Exchange service," which means the con-
necting of military posts by commercial lines with existing exchanges
in adjoining towns or cities. The many complications and embarrass-
ments that have arisen in this connection point to the advisability of
the Signal Corps being charged with expenditures of this character in
future appropriation acts. This recommendation is not made in the
interest of the Signal Corps, but of the line of the Army, which
naturally reverts for such facilities to the Chief Signal Officer of the
Army, who by law is charged with duties of this character.

It should be understood that under no consideration will commercial
companies permit the connection of post-telephone service with com-
mercial systems, which causes another source of annoyance and embar-
rassment. For instance, in many posts there are from two to six
commercial telephones which are paid for separately, much to the
advantage of the commercial companies, when a single 'phone would
answer the purpose if it could be connected with a Signal Corps post
exchange.

Under existing conditions the Quartermaster's Department is unable
to exercise an\T supervision after making the contract for the exchange
service. Despite every effort on the part of the Quartermaster-
General and his subordinates, the exchange service is frequently a
source of official complaint through the signal officer of the post to
this office, which entails much unnecessary correspondence, and, as a
rule, without corresponding benefits.

The policy has been continued of improving by the adoption of late
commercial devices and with the invention or service instruments the
efficiency of the working of the telegraph and telephone lines. There
is being installed an experimental system on the Fort Duchesne-Price
line looking to the simultaneous operation of this line telegraphically

724 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

and telephonically, with devices and methods which are mentioned
under the head of "Electrical division."

'ESTIMATES AND EXPENDITURES.

The estimates for the fiscal vear ending June 30, 1904, aggregate
$549,000. This amount is divided as follows: For the SignalService
of the Army, $lt>0,000; for the installation and maintenance of artil-
lery tire-control service, $389,000.

The estimate for the. Signal Service of the Army is an increase of
$20,000 over the appropriation for the fiscal vear ending June 30,
1903. This increase is necessitated as follows: tixtra expenses for the
maintenance and repair of 1,500 miles of military telegraph and cable
lines in Alaska, estimated at $15,000. The remaining $5,000 is the
minimum extra expense involved in army maneuvers and practice
camps, which is the declared policy of the War Department for the
benefit of the militia of th« countrv.

The increase of $129,800 in the estimates for artillery fire-control
work is made in accordance with the statement of the Chief of Artil-
lery that this additional sum will be needful for the proper installation
and maintenance of the artillery fire-control service during the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1904. The basis of this estimate is 389 com-
pleted emplacements at $1,000 each.

The omission of the continuance of the special appropriation for
Alaskan telegraph lines is owing to the belief that the system author-
ized will be completed prior to July 1, 1903.

The expenditures during the year have amounted to $389,751.90,
and for the three preceding years, as shown by reports of the disburs-
ing officer, have been as follows:

Year ending June 30, 1901 $914,132.00

Year ending June 30, 1900 307,114.09

Year ending June 30, 1899 621,457.69

As has been stated in various annual reports, the appropriations
have often of necessity been supplemented in exigencies oy allot-
ments from the war emergency fund and from funds of the Ordnance
and Fortification Board.

Despite every effort to reduce expenses in the Philippine Islands
the estimates can not be safely reduced. The demands for service
upon the Signal Corps have become more urgent, owing to the great
reduction in the garrisons and consequent increase in telegraphic
correspondence.

In addition, the Moro troubles in Mindanao require large expendi-
tures for flying lines necessary to keep the field columns in communi-
cation with their bases.

It being impossible to obtain electrical appliances of any kind in
the Philippine Islands or in the English settlements, except in lim-
ited amounts and at most extravagant prices, the policy has been
forced upon the Chief Signal Officer of maintaining at Manila liberal
supplies of wire, battery material, instruments, etc., for emergencies.
This surplus has been reduced to the minimum consistent with reason-
able provision.

AUTOMOBILES.

Appreciating the great importance of auto-propelled vehicles in
connection with telegraph trains and balloon trains, the Chief Signal
Officer of the Army has continued experiments with automobiles.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 725

Three different types of machines have been tried — the electric,
steam, and internal-combustion. Signal Corps experiences have demon-
strated the practicability of self-propelled vehicles for such military
purposes, and while the good points of the electrical and steam-pro-
pelled vehicles have been thoroughly recognized, for war purposes the
internal-combustion type seems preferable, especially one using either
kerosene or other oil.

The internal-combustion type possesses valuable features in its small
fuel and water consumption, these being absolutely essential qualities
to any army, as the various circumstances under which military auto-
mobiles must be used are such as frequently preclude available external
supplies of fuel and water. This country nas not as yet developed
a satisfactory vehicle of the internal-combustion type which can use
crude oil, and so especially suited to Signal Corps needs. The design
of auto-propelled carriages in this country has run more to road types,
either for speed or for touring purposes, and the auto truck for carry-
ing heavy loads has not been sufficiently developed for carrying pur-
poses outside of cities. The Chief Signal Officer is, however, of the
opinion that the ingenuity of the American manufacturer will soon
place him abreast of foreign practice in this line.

In the past, despite repeated and urgent requests by the Chief Sig-
nal Officer of the Army, it has been impossible to find an American
manufacturer of acknowledged standing who would consent to con-
struct for the Signal Corps an automobile along such indicated lines
of structure, fuel, and fittings as are deemed necessary for efficient use
as self-propelling vehicles forming part of flying telegraph trains or
balloon trains. It is thought, however, that such type will soon be
developed. The experience of the Signal Corps has been confirmed
by experiments of the foreign military experts, which prove the
utility, reliability, and efficiency of auto-propelled vehicles for military
purposes.

ARMY AND NAVY MANEUVERS IN LONG ISLAND SOUND.

The army and navy maneuvers on the south coast of New England
offered an admirable opportunity for testing Signal Corps work. Con-
cerning these maneuvers, the Chief Signal Officer of the Army, who
took the field personally as a staff officer to General MacArthur, has
elsewhere reported fully.

It need only be said here that the Signal Corps system of fire-con-
trol communication, worked out along the lines of modern electrical
theories, was not only permanently installed, but, having its first
extended test under simulated war conditions, worked successfully. It
was necessary, however, for Signal Corps officials to exercise super-
visory control, as stated under fire-control communications.

WAR DEPARTMENT TELEGRAPHIC CODE.

Under paragraph 1741, Army Regulations, the Chief Signal Officer
of the Army is charged with the preparation, distribution, and revision
of the War Department telegraphic code. The extraordinary tele-
graphic expenses of the War Department in late years make this work
of economical importance.

The preparation of this code has devolved upon the Chief Signal

726 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

Officer personally, jus there was no other available officer having com-
bined knowledge of telegraphy, military usages, special vocabularies,
and the commercial cable regulations of the world.

In the preparation of the War Department telegraphic code care has
been taken to omit words which, either in the continental code or
American Morse, are of such telegraphic character as to lead to errors,
whether in the transmission of cipher messages or from defective
transcription. The War Department telegraphic code is supplemented
by the Western Union telegraphic code, and from time to time
appendices have been issued, as the code is not yet perfected. It
includes about 25,000 sentences that are frequently used in military
correspondence. On an average, each cipher word represents about
seven words in plain text. The necessity for economy is apparent, as
official cablegrams to the Philippines cost $1.(>5 for each worn, includ-
ing address and signature.

Specially prepared tables reduce the length of official messages to a
minimum. In connection with certain classes of business a single
word acknowledges the messages and conveys to the sender the action
taken thereon. Nearly every officer in the Army has a single code
word assigned to him, and the same course is followed with each sepa-
rate military organization. For instance, the code word " nettastome"
means " Company B, Twenty-fifth Regiment United States Infantry;"
the word u novel larem " means, ''Your requisition of the 26th received
and will be filled at the earliest opportunity ; " the code word " krediet n
means, "With reference to your telegram of 23d, your recommenda-
tion disapproved," and the word " krenkers," " With reference to your
telegram of 24th, favorable action will be taken thereon at earliest
possible date.'1

Although primarily a code for economy, yet the War Department
telegraphic code is available for enciphering important confidential
messages where secrecy is desired. Each code word has a number, so
that any method, either simple or complex, of enciphering by key
numbers can be readilv used.

The Chief Signal Officer of the Army has awaited the completion of
the reorganization of the Army before perfecting the much-needed
revision of the code, whereby a still larger saving can be made in
telegraphic expenses.

In the revision every officer of the Armv will be given a code word,
and special study will be made of frequently recurring phrased. Much
has already been done in this direction, but the revision could not be
perfected until the personnel of the commissioned force of the Army
was definitely known.

Various suggestions looking to the use of a code composed of figures
alone have been made. Any such step is clearly a retrogression in
efficiency, and as a rule more costly. The telegraph experts of the
world have for years been trying to eliminate figures, and there is no
telegraph corporation in the United States that does not discourage
their use. Commercial regulations on land lines require, when figures
are sent, that they be paid for twice as separate figures and in any
written form. Tlie Signal Corps of the Army has tested thoroughly
the figure system, which was displaced to advantage.

UNITED STATES ARMY AND WAR DEPARTMENT LIBRARY.

This library, established in 1800, has in late years become an impor-
tant auxiliary to the educational needs of the service both in Washing-

REPOBT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER. 727

ton and wherever army officers can be conveniently reached by mail,
the more extended circulation being authorized by General Orders,
No. 21, Wkr Department, Adjutant-General's Office, series of 1894.
By a direct order of the Secretary of War in 1893, the library was

E laced under the supervision of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army,
e being charged with the general supervision of the library work.
The labors of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army have been greatly
lightened by the efficient and intelligent services of the librarian, Mr.
James W. Cheney.

Within the past ten years the number of volumes has been doubled,
while the general usefulness of the collection has increased in still
greater proportion.

Professional publications only are purchased for the library, includ-
ing, besides strictly military publications, works of history, geography,
and administration, and kindred subjects of importance to the War
Department and the Army. Especial attention has been paid since the
beginning of the Spanish war to the accumulation of works treating
of Cuba, colonial administration, China, Japan, Porto Rico, and the
Philippines. The official gazettes of Habana, Manila, Madrid, and
Porto Rico have been added in almost complete series for the past
thirty years, and have proved most valuable adjuncts for the proper
administration of American affairs in the islands to which they per-
tain. As books of reference they are simply invaluable, and they
were obtainable only by special and active interest on the part of the
Chief Signal Officer of the Army.

The total number of books in the library proper, excluding dupli-
cates, on June 30, 1902, is estimated at 45,000. The accessions for
fiscal year 1901-2 were divided as follows: Purchases, 561; exchanges,
590, under the law of January 12, 1895; donations, 2,249. The
loans to army officers and Department employees during the year
exceeded 17,000 — a very large increase over the circulation of the

?revious year. The number of books consulted during the year was
,385.

For purposes of historical and technical reference, this library is
often visited by authors and other consulting students, who thoroughly
appreciate the valuable resources and easy accessibility of this division.
The library not only contains the highest authorities in military history
and science, but has one of .the finest collections of (Congressional
documents in existence. This comprises the original Senate and House
journals, an exceptional large number of documents and reports of the
first fourteen Congresses, and every volume but one printed by Con-
gress since the beginning of the Fifteenth Congress. An elaborate
finding list of early Congressional papers, First to Fourteenth Con-
gresses, prepared in this library under the immediate supervision of
the Chief Signal Officer, was issued as Senate Doc. No. 428, Fifty-
sixth Congress, first session.

Subject Catalogue No. 5 is a finding list of over 8,000 valuable pho-
tographs and negatives relating to the war for the Union in the pos-
session of the library. This collection and a large number of Spanish-
American and Philippine views are carefully preserved for historical
reference and reproduction under proper restrictions.

The Chief Signal Officer notes with pleasure the gratifying results
of better classification, more effective service, and marked improve-
ment all along the various lines of work, due to the intelligent methods
of Librarian James W. Cheney and his staff.

728 REPORT OF THE CHIEF SIGNAL OFFICER.

DISTRIBUTION OF WAR DEPARTMENT DOCUMENTS.

Nearly all the publications issued by the War Department are
received, temporarily stored, and carefully distributed by this divi-
sion. About 55,000 documents have been disposed of during the year.
This work has been most efficiently performed by the shipping clerk,
Mr. F. A. Schneider, and his faithful assistant, both of whom are enti-
tled to great credit for having accomplished such satisfactory results
under very unfavorable working conditions.

A. W. Greely,
Brigadier- General, Chief Signal Officer of 'the Army.

The Secretary of War,

Washington, D. C.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE RECORD

AND PENSION OFFICE.

r29

EEPOET

OF THE

CHIEF OF THE RECORD AND PENSION OFFICE.

Record and Pension Office,
War Department, October 1, 1902.

Sir: The number of cases received and disposed of by the Record
and Pension Office during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, was as
follows:

From the Pension Office ; 100,201

From the Auditor for the War Department 26, 701

Remuster cases 3, 081

Desertion cases 2, 353

All other cases, miscellaneous 36, 686

Total 160,022

On hand June 30, 1902 None.

Of the pension cases referred to, 3,272 were calls from the Commis-
sioner of Pensions for statements of service and medical or surgical
treatment of officers and enlisted men of the Philippine insurrection
or for specific information relative to their service or status; 18,276
were similar calls from the same official for information relative to
Spanish war volunteers, and 78,653 were calls for military histories of
former members of volunteer organizations in service during the civil
war or other wars preceding the war with Spain.

The cases received from tne Auditor for the War Department were
calls for information relative to the military service or status of officers
and enlisted men of the volunteer forces. Of these calls 6,253 related
to service in the Philippine insurrection, 5,128 to service in the war
with Spain, and 15,320 to service in prior wars, principally in the war
of the rebellion.

Notwithstanding the questions constantly arising relative to the
status of members of the recently disbanded forces, and eaually intri-
cate questions relative to service in the earlier wars, all of which
require careful administrative action, the business of the office has been
promptly dispatched, nearly 93 per cent of the cases received during
the fiscal year having been disposed of within twenty-four hours from
the time they reached the office, and at the close of business on the
30th of June not one case remained unacted upon.

BEMUSTEB.

The statistical table shows an increased number of applications
received during the fiscal year for u remuster," or recognition of rank
as commissioned officers, under the provisions of the act of February

731

REPORT

OF THE

CHIEF OF THE RECORD AND PENSION OFFICE.

Record and Pension Office,
War Department, October i, 1902.

Sir: The number of cases received and disposed of by the Record
and Pension Office during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1902, was as
follows:

From the Pension Office ; 100,201

From the Auditor for the War Department 26, 701

Remu8ter cases 3, 081

Desertion cases 2, 363

All other cases, miscellaneous 36, 686

Total 169,022

On hand June 30, 1902 None.

The cases received from tne Auditor for tne War Department were
calls for information relative to the military service or status of officers
and enlisted men of the volunteer forces. Of these calls 6,253 related
to service in the Philippine insurrection, 5,128 to service in the war
with Spain, and 15,320 to service in prior wars, principally in the war
of the rebellion.

Notwithstanding the questions constantly arising relative to the
status of members of the recently disbanded forces, and equally intri-
cate questions relative to service in the earlier wars, all of which
require careful administrative action, the business of the office has been
promptly dispatched, nearly 93 per cent of the cases received during
the fiscal year having been disposed of within twenty-four hours from
the time they reached the office, and at the close of business on the
30th of June not one case remained unacted upon.

REMUSTER.

731

732 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE RECORD AND PEN8ION OFFICE.

24, 1897, for "the relief of certain officers and enlisted men of the
volunteer forces." That act applies only to persons commissioned as
officers of the volunteer forces during the civil war.

The practice of the Department in this class of cases has been modi-
fied to some extent during the past y$ar by the adoption by the Secre-
tary of War of the construction placed upon some provisions of the
law by the Attorney-General of the United States and the Judge-
Advocate-General of the Army.

REMOVAL OF CHARGES OF DESERTION.

The number of applications for removal of charges of desertion
under the act of March 2, 1889, and the acts amendatory thereof, is
gradually diminishing. These acts relate exclusively to regular and
volunteer soldiers of the civil war and the war with Mexico. But few
applications for removal of the charge of desertion have been received
from members of volunteer organizations in service during the Spanish
war and the Philippine insurrection. In the few cases received in
which it is clearly shown by the records that the charge is erroneous a
notation has been made declaring the erroneous character of the charge,
thus relieving the soldier from the effects of an unjust accusation. It
is, however, a well-established rule of the Department that in the
absence of legislation requiring it ex parte testimony can not be
accepted to invalidate the records of disbanded organizations in cases
where the records do not themselves afford reasons for questioning
their accuracy.

MISCELLANEOUS CASES.

The miscellaneous or unclassified cases mentioned in the statistical
table, the character of which has been described in previous annual
reports, are of great variety, including an extensive correspondence
with individual members of both Houses of Congress and the large
number of reports furnished the various Congressional committees.
During the last fiscal year 4,170 inquiries were received from Senators
and Members of the House of Representatives, embracing a great
variety of subjects, and 516 reports were made in response to calls
from Congressional committees for information and advice on subjects
of pending or proposed legislation.

INFORMATION INFORMALLY FURNISHED OTHER BUREAUS.

In addition to the classified and unclassified cases mentioned in the
statistical table, many cases are annually received and disposed of by
the Record and Pension Office of which no formal record is kept.
Among these may be mentioned calls from the Quartermaster- General
of the Army for information from the records for use in the adjudica-
tion of claims under the act of February 3, 1879, and subsequent acts,
for headstones to mark the graves of deceased volunteer soldiers; calls
from the Adjutant-General of the Army for the records of former
officers of volunteers applying for appointment in the Regular Army
or to determine the relative rank of those already appointed in the
regular establishment, and calls from the Adjutant-General for the
records of former volunteer soldiers with a view to their enlistment in
the Regular Army or to establish their title to longevity pay.

The informal calls from the Quartermaster-General received and

REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE RECORD AND PENSION OFFICE. 733

answered during the last fiscal year numbered 10,133, and it is esti-
mated that 3,500 such informal calls from the Adjutant-General were
received and answered during the same period.

CLAIMS OF PAROLED CONFEDERATE OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN.

A new class of cases has recently arisen, the adjudication of which
by the War Department involves a search of the records of the Record
and Pension Office. The cases referred to are the claims arising under
the act of Congress approved February 27, 1902, authorizing the pay-
ment of artillery and cavalry officers and private soldiers of the Con-
federate army, or their heirs, for horses, side arms, and baggage
alleged to have been taken from such officers and enlisted men by
Federal troops at and after the surrender at Appomattox, in violation
of the terms of surrender of the Confederate armies. These claims
are, under the terms of the law, investigated and determined by. the
Quartermaster-General of the Army, under the supervision of the
Secretary of War, but the necessary investigation requires in each
case a search of the records of this office for such information as the
records afford relative to the capture and parole of the individual
officer or enlisted man, the taking of his personal property, and the
orders under which the property was taken. The search necessary in
these cases is extensive and involves the expenditure of considerable
time and labor. From the date of the approval of the act to the end
of the fiscal year, a period of four months, calls were received from
the Quartermaster-General for information in the cases of 302 indi-
vidual claimants under the act referred to.

TERMINATION OF SERVICE OF VOLUNTEERS, PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION.

The act of March 2, 1899, under which the volunteer regiments in
service during the Philippine insurrection were organized, contained
the proviso that the volunteer forces to be raised under its authority
should continue in service only during the existence of the necessity
therefor, and unot later than July 1, 1901." In accordance with this
provision of the law, enlistments were made "for the period ending
June 30, 1901, unless sooner discharged by proper authority."

Orders were issued by the War Department directing the muster out
of officers and enlisted men on or before June 30, 1901, but, through
exigencies that could not be avoided, the muster out of several regi-
ments and parts of regiments was delayed and did not actually take
place until several days after the date to which the employment of
volunteers was authorized by the act. A question soon arose as to the
status of the officers and enlisted men whose muster out was thus
delayed, and as to the status of an officer whose regiment was mustered
out within the prescribed limit of time, but who claimed to have been
himself retained in service after July 1, 1901, by competent authority.
It was decided by the Secretary of War, concurring in the opinion of
the Judge-Advocate-General of the Army, that the terms of service
of the officers and enlisted men of the volunteer forces called into
service under the act of March 2, 1899, who were in service Jul}7 1,
1901, were terminated on that date by the mandatory operation of sec-
tion 12 of the act referred to, and that in the absence of remedial
legislation it can not be held that such officers and enlisted men were
legally in the military service of the United States after July 1, 1901.

734 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE RECORD AND PENSION OFFICE.

JURISDICTION OF COURT8- MARTIAL.

Questions have also arisen as to the status of officers and enlisted
men of the volunteer forces, under a recent decision of the Supreme
Court of the United States that the court-martial by which a certain
volunteer officer was tried was without jurisdiction, the court having
been composed in part of officers of the Regular Army, in contravention
of the seventy-seventh article of war, and that the sentence imposed
was, for that reason, void and inoperative. This decision affects the
status of a considerable number of officers and enlisted men of the
volunteer forces in service during the Spanish war and the l^ilippine
insurrection.

In the case of a volunteer officer in service during the Philippine
insurrection, under a Presidential appointment, who was sentencea by
such an illegal court-martial to dismissal from the service and whose
successor was appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate,
the following questions presented themselves: (1) On what date way
the officer separated from the military service ot the United States ?
(2) What was the cause of his separation from the service? (3) What
was his official status on the date of his separation from the service?
(4) Was his separation from the service honorable, not honorable, or
dishonorable?

It was decided by the Acting Secretary of War, concurring in an
opinion of the Acting Attorney-General of the United States, that
the officer was discharged from the service on the date from which
his successor was to take rank by the terms of his appointment and
that his discharge was by reason of the appointment oi his successor;
and, concurring in an opinion of the Judge- Advocate -General of the
Army, that the officer's status at the date of his discharge was that of
an officer under charges, and that the discharge, though not of the
dishonoral le character attaching to a dismissal by sentence of court-
martial, was nevertheless a discharge without honor.

In the case of a volunteer enlisted man of the Spanish war, sen-
tenced by an illegal court-martial to be dishonorably discharged' and
to be confined at hard labor for a term of years, it was decided by
the Acting Secretary of War, concurring in an opinion of the Judge-
Advocate-General, that the soldier was continued in service to the
date of the muster out of his company and was discharged on that
date, without honor, by reason of the muster out of the organization
to which he belonged.

CERTIFICATES IX LIEU OF LOST DISCHARGES.

During the last session of Congress, by an act approved July 1, 1902,
the Secretary of War was authorized to furnish to any honorabljr dis-
charged officer or enlisted man who has lost his certificate of discharge,
or whose discharge certificate has been destroyed without his privity
or procurement, or to the widow of such officer or enlisted man, a cer-
tificate in lieu of his original discharge certificate, upon the condition
that the certificate in lieu of the original lost or destroyed discharge
certificate "' shall not be accepted as a voucher for the payment of any
claim against the United States for pay, bounty, or other allowances,
or as evidence in any other case,"

REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE RECORD AND PENSION OFFICE. 735

This act is in effect an extension of the provisions of the act of
March 3, 1873 (reenacted in section 224 of the Revised Statutes), in
which, under the same conditions as to the loss or destruction of their
original discharge certificates, but without limitation as to character of
discharge, the Secretary of War was authorized to issue duplicate cer-
tificates of discharge to enlisted men of the war of the rebellion. The
act of 1873 did not, however, authorize the issue of such certificates to
commissioned officers of the civil war, or to officers or enlisted men of
any other war, or to the heirs of deceased officers or enlisted men, and
in this respect the new law is far more comprehensive than the old,
including as it does among its beneficiaries not only the honorably
discharged enlisted men of the civil war, but also the honorably dis-
charged officers and enlisted men at any time in the military service of
the United States and the widows of those who are deceased.

Many thousands of certificates have been issued under the act of
March 3, 1873, and there appears to be no diminution in the number
of applications for such certificates, 87,621 having been received since
the organization of the Record and Pension Office, and 6,108 having
been received and acted upon during the last fiscal year.

Considerable labor is involved in the consideration of these applica-
tions, proof being required by the statute as to the loss or destruction
of the original discharge certificate, and satisfactory evidence of the
identity of the applicant being also required in each case as a prelim-
inary to the issue of a new certificate of discharge.

MEDALS OF HONOR.

In the last annual report of this office considerable space was given
to the subject of the issue of medals of honor. It was shown in that
report that up to June 30, 1901, 2,023 Congressional medals had been
awarded to officers and enlisted men of the volunteer forces. Those
awards were all on account of service rendered during the civil war.
During the last fiscal year 58 applications were received for the award
of medals of honor to survivors of the civil war, but none of these
applications was favorably considered by the Secretary of War. No
applications were received at this office during the same period in behalf
of Spanish war volunteers, and no awards were made. Twenty -one
medals were awarded during the fiscal year to members of the volunteer
organizations in service during the Philippine insurrection.

A board of officers has recently been convened by the Acting Secre-
tary of War to consider all applications for the award of medals of
honor. Under the orders of the Acting Secretary of War all such appli-
cations in behalf of officers and enlisted men of the volunteer service
are received and recorded in the Record and Pension Office, where all
necessary action is taken to prepare them for decision and whence they
are submitted to the Secretary of War after having received the
indorsements and recommendations of the medal of honor board.
After the decision of the Secretary of War is made the further neces-
sary action is taken by the Record and Pension Office.

PUBLICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE OFFICIAL RECORDS OF THE

UNION AND CONFEDERATE ARMIES.

At the date of the last annual report the publication of the Official
Records of the Union and Confederate Armies had been virtually com-

736 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE RECORD AND PENSION OFFICE.

Jleted, the text of the general index being then in the hands of the
'ublic Printer. The printing and distribution of the general index
has since been completed, and the great work of publishing such of
the records of the civil war as are of general historic interest is
finished.

The general character and scope of the work were described in the
last annual report, and a brief history of the work is published in the pre-
face to the final volume, the general index before referred to. This vol-
ume also contains a synopsis of the contents of the several preceding
volumes, including a summary of the principal operations covered by
each; a special index showing the volumes containing reports and cor-
respondence relating to the principal armies, military divisions, depart-
ments, and army corps; and a table of contemporaneous operations,
indicating the volumes containing documents relating to events and
operations in each month from December, 1860, to the end of the war.

The general index also contains a table of "Additions and Correc-
tions," in which the errors and omissions discovered after the publi-
cation of the different volumes are corrected or supplied. These
additions and corrections have also been printed in pamphlet form for
each volume, to be inserted in the volumes to which they relate, and
these pamphlets will be supplied to all persons, libraries, and organi-
zations on the distribution list.

The distribution of the small editions of the publication authorized
by special provisions of law for the use of members of Congress was
completed during the year, with the exception of a few sets remaining
to the credit of members of the Fifty-sixth Congress who have not
as yet designated the persons to whom the volumes shall be sent.

Sixteen thousand two hundred and thirty-nine books were received
from the Public Printer during the fiscal year, and 48,007 books were
distributed. The pamphlet edition of the "Additions and Correc-
tions," before referred to, numbering 781,000 separate slips or pam-
phlets, was also received from the Public Printer. These pamphlets
are now in process of distribution.

The sum of $811.65 was received during the fiscal year as the result
of the sale of books and maps, all of which was deposited in the
United States Treasury as required by law.

INDEX-RECORD CARD WORK.

At the date of the last annual report the work of reproducing, by
the index-record card system, the records relating to the personnel of
the Revolutionary armies, and of the volunteer forces of the United
States in service during the subsequent wars preceding the war with
Spain, had been virtually completed, the records of the war with Spain
had been carded, with the exception of some of the delayed medical
records, and the work of carding the medical records of the Philippine
insurrection had been begun.

During the last fiscal year the carding of the Spanish war records
and the medical records of the Philippine insurrection was completed,
and the reproduction of the military records of the Philippine insur-
rection was begun and prosecuted with such success that at the close
of the year the work was well advanced and is now rapidly approaching
completion.

As intimated in previous reports, much remains to be done in the

REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE REOQRD AND PENSION OFFICE. 737

reproduction of the miscellaneous records of the various wars. A
portion of the clerical force was employed during the last fiscal year
in carding these records, but with the completion of the carding of
the records of the Philippine insurrection a larger number of clerks
will be available for this purpose.

The index-record card work of the last fiscal year included the
preparation of 677,267 military cards and 216,485 medical cards, mak-
ing, with the number prepared in previous years, a total of 43,059,174
of the former and 7,776,929 of the latter class, aggregating 50,836,103
index-record cards prepared up to and including June 30, 1902.

RECORDS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR AND WAR OF 1812.

As mentioned in previous reports, the Congressional enactments
directing the transfer of the records of the Revolutionary war and the
war of 1812 from other Executive Departments to the War Depart-
ment required that they should be "properly indexed and arranged
for use, and that they should also be "prepared for publication."

B}r the application of the index-record card system these records
have been u indexed and arranged for use," but no further prepara-
tion has been made for their publication, and it is not deemed advis-
able to undertake the publication of any portion of the records of the
Revolutionary war until the War Department collection shall be more
nearly complete than it has heretofore been possible to make it.

The Revolutionary records in the possession of some of the States
have been loaned to this Department, and, after being copied, have
been returned to their former custodians. It is expected that the
collection of such records filed in this Department will be further
augmented in the same manner. But until the work of reproducing
the records of the more recent wars shall have been completed ana
the pressure of current business shall have been somewhat relaxed, it
will be impracticable to enter seriously upon the task of completing
the file of Revolutionary records or of undertaking the publication of
the records of either the war of the Revolution or the war of 1812.
No specific authority for the publication of either class of these records
has vet been granted by Congress, but the requisite legislative author-
ity for their publication will doubtless be given, and the necessary
appropriation made, as soon as the Department is prepared to enter
upon the work.

CONFEDERATE ARCHIVES.

The Confederate archives filed in this office, though by no means
complete, are of great volume, and relate to all branches of the late
government of the Confederate States, legislative, executive, and
judicial. Most of these records were seized by the militar}' authori-
ties upon the capture of the Confederate capital, and were transmitted
to the War Department in 1865 for preservation. They were aug-
mented by subsequent captures, by donations, and by purchase. They
are of great historic value, and perhaps of still greater practical value
as evidence in the determination, by the courts and the Executive
Departments of the Government, of claims against the United States.
For the latter purpose they are in constant demand, especially in cases
heard by the Court of Claims, and as to their competency as evidence
it was held by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1899 (Oakes

war 1902— vol 1 47

738 REPORT OF THE CHIEF OFJTHE RECORD AND PENSION OFFICE.

v. U. S., 174 U. S., 778), Mr. Justice Miller delivering the opinion of
the court, that although the government of the Confederate States
was in no sense a government de jure, and was never recognized by
the United States as in all respects a government de facto, its records,
collected and preserved by the United States at great expense, or duly
certified copies of them, are admissible in a court of justice.

•

CLERICAL FORCE.

As a result of the adoption of improved business methods, and espe-
cially because of the application of the index-record card system to
the military and medical records, the clerical force of the Record and
Pension Office has been greatly reduced since the organization of the
office as a bureau of the War Department, a reduction of 300 having
been made in 1894, 50 in 1895, 25 in 1897, 32 in 1900, and 42 for the
present fiscal year. The total reductions in the clerical force have
resulted in an annual saving of $501,540 in salaries alone.
Very respectfully,

F. C. Ainsworth,
Brigadier- General, U. S. A.,
Chief, Record and Pension Office.
The Secretary of War.

REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE BUREAU

OF INSULAR AFFAIRS.

739

REPORT

OP THE

CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS.

Washington, D. C, October 30, 1902.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following annual report of the
Bureau of Insular Affairs:

The report of the Secretary of War, dated November 27, 1901, con-
tains the following statement of the conditions necessitating the crea-
tion of this Bureau:

General policy of Government. — The policy followed by the American Executive in
dealing with the government of the Philippines (and also in dealing with the gov-
ernment of the other islands ceded or yielded by Spain which have been under the
control of the War Department) has been to determine and prescribe the framework
of insular government; to lay down the rules of policy to be followed upon the great
questions of government as they are foreseen or arise; to obtain the best and ablest
men possible for insular officers; to distribute and define their powers; and then to
hold them responsible for the conduct of government in the islands with the least
possible interference from Washington.

Notwithstanding a rigid adherence to this policy, and consistently with it, the
demands upon the Department for action in the vast and complicated business in the
island governments have been constant and imperative. Different civilizations,
different systems of law and procedure, and different modes of thought brought into
contact have evolved a great crowd of difficult questions for determination. New
facts ascertained and changed conditions have called for the interpretation and
application of our own rules of policy and the establishment of further rules. Dif-
ferent views as to the scope of authority under the distribution of powers have
required reconciliation. The application of the law of military occupation to rights
and practices existing under the laws of Spain and the process of overturning invet-
erate wrongs have brought about frequent appeals to the highest authority, which,
being made in the name of justice, have required consideration. The work under-
taken has been the building up of government from the foundation upon unfamiliar
ground. We have had no precedents, save the simple and meager proceedings
under the occupation of California and New Mexico, more than half a century ago,
and it has been necessary to decide every question upon its own merits and to make
our own precedents for the future.

For the performance of all these duties full and accurate knowledge of the condi-
tions and proceedings of all the governments in all the islands on the part of the
authorities in Washington has been required. It has been necessary to follow them
step by step. The President and Congress have looked to the War Department for
information as to how the trust of government in the various islands was being
performed, and tens of thousands of applications by the people of the United States
lor every conceivable kind of information regarding the islands have poured into the
Department in an uninterrupted stream.

Only thorough system could arrange, record, and keep available for use the vast
and heterogeneous mass of reports and letters and documents which this business
has involved, furnish answers to the questions, conduct the correspondence, and

741

742 REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIR8.

keep the Secretary of War from being overwhelmed in hopeless confusion. The
War Department had no machinery for the purpose. No provision for any such
administrative machine was made by law. Of necessity, by the detail of officers and
the employment of the temporary clerks authorized by law, such machinery has
been created in the Department with a chief, an assistant chief, a law officer, a com-
petent force of translators, accountants, stenographers, and recording and indexing
and copying clerks. It is called the Diiwion of Insular Affairs of the War Department,
and it performs with admirable and constantly increasing efficiency the great variety
of duties which in other countries would be descril)ed as belonging to a colonial
office, and would be j>erforined by a much more pretentious establishment.

This quotation was followed by a recommendation which resulted in
the following enactment of "An act temporarily to provide for the
administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine
Islands, and for other purposes," approved July 1, 1902.

Sec. 87. That the Division of Insular Affairs of the War Department, organized
by the Secretary of War, is hereby continued until otherwise provided, and shall
hereafter be known as the Bureau of Insular Affairs of the War Department. The
business assigned to said Bureau shall embrace all matters pertaining to civil govern-
ment in the island possessions of the United States subject to the jurisdiction of the
War Department; and the Secretary of War is hereby authorized to detail an officer
of the Army whom he may consider especially well qualified, to act under the
authority of the Secretary of War as the chief of said Bureau; and said officer while
acting under said detail shall have the rank, pay, and allowances of a colonel.

The Division of Insular Affairs, therefore, on July 1, 1902, became
the Bureau of Insular Affairs of the War Department, and the Secre-
tary of War pursuant to the above authority detailed the undersigned
as chief.

ORGANIZATION.

The Bureau is divided into the following divisions: Law officer, Cor-
respondence, Records, Disbursing and Accounting, Compilation,
Statistical (commerce and immigration), Philippine insurgent records
and captured documents compilation.

PERSONNEL.

[Permanent force.]

One army officer, chief of Jiureau; one law officer; one assistant to the chief, and
the following clerks:

ClassV (chief clerk) 1

Class IV (clerks) 5

Class III (clerks) 5

Class II (clerks) 7

Class I (clerks) 11

Class E ( clerks) 10

Class D (clerks) 11

Class C ( clerks ) 3

— 53

Messengers (5

Laborers 2

' — 8

Total number of jierinanent employees .61

Congress had shown a desire to have complete and up-to-date infor-
mation on the receipts and expenditures in Cuba and in the Philippines,
a work of such magnitude as to require considerable extra force for
the preparation of the same.

BEPOBT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIBS. 743 *~

The following item is contained in the general deficiency bill, which
became a law July 1, 1902:

To enable the Secretary of War to employ temporary force and to pay all necessary
expenses, including rent of rooms, not to exceed one thousand five nundred dollars,
in compiling for the information of Congress a detailed statement of the receipts and
expenditures by the military government of Cuba since May first, nineteen hundred,
in continuation and completion of the statements heretofore furnished of such
receipts and expenditures covering the period from the beginning of American occu-
pation to and including April thirtieth, nineteen hundred; and to enable the Secret
tary of War to pay all necessary expenses in compiling for the information of Congress
a similar statement relating to the Philippine Islands of all receipts and expenditures
from the date of American occupation, thirty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as
may be necessary, to be available until expended.

Pursuant to this authority a temporary force consisting of 33
employees was located in the building, corner of Eighteenth and F
streets, to which building the Statistical Division, and the Accounts
Branch and Map Section were moved, thus relieving the unsanitarily
overcrowded rooms in the War Department.

INFORMATION FOR CONGRESS.

During the first session of the Fifty -seventh Congress the attention
of that body was largely devoted to Philippine legislation, resulting
in the act of March 8, 1902, u An act temporarily to provide revenue
for the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," which ratified and
confirmed, without criticism of any schedule, the Philippine tariff,
revised by the Secretary of War and enacted into law by the Philippine
Commission, also the bill entitled " An act temporarily to provide for
the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine
Islands, and for other purposes," approved July 1, 1902.

Here should be mentioned the fact that the Philippine Committee of
the Senate held hearings from January 21 to June 28, 1902.

In anticipation of approaching close of American occupation in
Cuba, the proposed reciprocal trade relations between that country
and the United States were given much consideration by Congress.

Thus was created a large and constant demand on this Bureau for
information on the Philippines and Cuba, first, on the part of Congress
by resolutions on the Secretary of .War, which were referred to this
Bureau for initial preparation, and second, by Congressional commit-
tees, the press, ana the public in general.

The Congressional resolutions and documents illustrating this demand
for information follow:

GAZETEER OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

The following concurrent resolution passed the Senate January
22, 1902:

Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives concurring), That there be printed
and bound in cloth 4,000 copies of the Gazetteer of the rhilippine Islands, 1,000
copies for the use of the Senate, 2,000 for the use of the House of Representatives,
and 1,000 copies for the use of the War Department.

With the exception of an appendix the Gazetteer is now ready for
distribution. The delay in its printing, caused by the time occupied in
the reproduction of maps and illustrations as well as in the composi-
tion, gave this office the chance to embody therein the constant changes

*" 744 BEPOBT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS,

in and additions to the data up to and including the important date of
July 4, 1902, upon which day the President's proclamation of amnesty
and complete transfer of government from the military to the civil
• obtained. In fact, certain portions of the Gazetteer have been brought
up to include October 30, 1902.

The aim of this work was described in the last annual report of this
Bureau, which onty claims for this Gazetteer that it is the best digest
of information available, and at least that it will furnish a basis upon
which a second edition can be made a most accurate work. Mr. de
B. R. Keim, who has been in special charge of this work, is entitled to
commendation for his indefatigable industry in its compilation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

This bibliography will be printed in a separate volume of probably
over 600 pages as an appendix to the Gazetteer, to which it properly
belongs.

Appreciating the need of such a work throughout the United States,
it was inaugurated about the same time as the Gazetteer, some two years
ago, in the hope that a list of books could be printed to aid in answer-
ing the thousand and one requests for information on the Philippines,
about which country so little was then known in the United States.

With surprise it was soon realized that the bibliography was much
greater than at first anticipated, and that the work, to be of real worth,
should be complete and comprehensively arranged. The cooperation
of the Librarian of Congress was therefore sought, not only by reason
of his more numerous sources of information, but also that the expert
bibliographer in the Congressional Library should arrange the com-
bined work of both offices. Hearty cooperation was not only promised
but given. The volume has been completed and sent to the Public
Printer.

Most fortunately, through the courtesy of Hon. Pardo de Tavera,
one of the Philippine Commissioners, who devoted many years to the
compilation of a bibliography of the Philippines, both in Europe and
Manila, his valuable collection of manuscripts and files was acquired
for publication in a separate chapter of this work.

The complete bibliography contains over 7,000 titles, and is believed
to be a valuable work.

From the number of requests already on hand it is recommended
that Congress largely increase the present edition, which it is believed
will be entirely inadequate.

November 27, 1901.
nousE.

This Bureau prepared for publication and indexed the report for
1901 of the Philippine Commission, which was submitted as an appen-
dix to the report of the Secretary of War of last year, and was pub-
lished as part of House Doc. No. 2, Fifty-seventh Congress, first
session.

February 26, 1901.

SENATE.

Resolved, That the Secretary of War t>e directed to send to the Senate an English
translation of the proceedings of the constitutional convention of the island of CXiba,
as contained in the "Diario de Sesiones."

Answered March 31, 1902, inclosing about 3,000 pages of English
translation. Two translators were engaged eight months on this work.

^REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIR8. 745

December 16, 1901.

SENATE.

Resolved, That the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby, directed to transmit to
the Senate, at his earliest convenience, complete schedules of the customs tariffs
enacted by the Taft Commission and heretofore enforced in the island of Luzon,
Philippine Islands.

Answered January 15, 1902.

January 22, 1902.

SENATE

Resolved, That the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby, directed to transmit to
the Senate copies of all suggestions, statements, criticisms, and correspondence
between the War Department or any official thereof and any person or corporation
relating to the customs tariff affecting the Philippine Islands which culminated in
the tariff adopted by the Philippine Commission September seventeenth, nineteen
hundred and one.

Reply February 4, 1902, published as Senate Doc. No. 171, Fifty-
seventh Congress, first session.

8ENATE.

A full memorandum relating to the tariff for the Philippine Islands
was furnished by direction of the Philippine Committee or the Senate,
and published as Senate Doc. No. 134, Fifty-seventh Congress, first
session.

January 31, 1902.

SENATE.

Resolved, That the Secretary of War is directed to inform the Senate if the follow-
ing has been passed by the Philippine Commission and is being enforced as a law in
said islands and persons punished thereunder, and the date of the promulgation of
such order, namely:

[No. 292. By the United States Philippine Commission.]

Sec. 2. Every person owing allegiance to the United States or the government of
the Philippine Islands and having knowledge of any treason against them or either
of them, who conceals, and does not, as soon as may be, disclose and make known
the same to the provincial governor in the province in which he resides or to the
civil governor of the islands, or to some juage of a court of record, is guilty of mis-
prision of treason and shall be imprisoned not more than seven years and be fined
not more than one thousand dollars.

Sec. 8. Every person who shall utter seditious words or speeches, write, publish,
or circulate scurrilous libels against the Government of the United States or the
insular government of the Philippine Islands, or shall tend to disturb or obstruct
any lawful officer in executing his office, or which tend to instigate others to cabal
or meet together for unlawful purposes, or which suggest or incite rebellious con-
spiracies or riots, or which tend to stir up the people against the lawful authorities
or to disturb the peace of the community, the safety and order of the government,
or who shall knowingly conceal such evil practices, shall be punished by a fine not
exceeding two thousand dollars or by imprisonment not exceeding two years, or
both, in the discretion of the court.

Sec. 9. All persons who shall meet together for the purpose of forming, or who
shall form any secret society, or who shall after the passage of this act continue
membership in a society already formed having for its object, in whole or in part
the promotion of treason, rebellion, or sedition, or the promulgation of any political
opinion or policy, shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars,
or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both.

Sec. 10. Until it has been officially proclaimed that a state of war or insurrection
against the authority or sovereignty of the United States no longer exists in the
Philippine Islands, it shall be unlawful for any person to advocate orally, or by wTrit-
ing or printing or like methods, the independence of the Philippine Islands or their
separation from the United States, whether by peaceable or forcible means, or to

746 REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS..

print, publish, or circulate any handbill, newspaper, or other publication advocat-
ing such independence or separation.

Any person violating the provisions of this section shall be punished by a fine not
exceeding two thousand dollars and imprisonment not exceeding one year.

Answered February 4, 1902. Printed as Senate Doc. No. 172,
Fifty-seventh Congress, first session.

SENATE.

Charles E. Magoon, law officer of this Bureau, on February 7, 1902,
made a report on the subject-matter of above resolution, which was
printed as Senate Doc. No. 173, Fifty-seventh Congress, first session.

February 13, 1902.

SENATE.

Resolved, That the Secretary of War be, and he hereby is, directed to inform the
Senate what railroads, if any, are now being built in the island of Cuba, by whom,
and under what authority of law.

Also what Dermission, if any, has been given by the military authorities of the
United States in the island of Cuba for the building of any railroad, public or private,
and under what provision of law such permission has been granted.

Answered March 12, 1902, and printed as Senate Doc. No. 246. Fifty-
seventh Congress, first session.

February 24, 1902.

HOUSE.

Resolved, That the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby, requested to furnish the
House of Representatives such information concerning the numt)er of acres of land in
Cuba purchased by nonresidents of the island since the date of American occupation
as is snown by the reports to and the records of his Department and by the records
of the military government of the island of Cuba, giving the consideration, the names
and places of residence of purchasers as shown by the recorded instrument of con-
veyance, and also the number of acres contained in each tract so conveyed; also the
acreage of cultivated sugar land in the island of Cuba now owned by citizens of the
United States and also by citizens of other countries foreign to Cuba.

Official copy indorsed February 25, 1902, to the military governor
of Cuba for report. March 4, 1902, the militarv governor of Cuba
replied, saying the information would be gathered as rapidly as possi-
ble, but it would require searching of each and ever , register of
property in the island, which would require probably three or four
months. Copy of above reply was sent to the Speaker of the House
March 28, 1902, and was printed as House Doc. No. 529, Fifty -seventh
Congress, first session.

Full information as to the number of acres of land cultivated in sugar
cane in the fiscal zones of Santiago de Cuba, Holguin, Cardenas, Puerto
Principe, and Cienf uegos was, as promised, transmitted from Cuba as
soon as collated; is now translated and compiled, and will be trans-
mitted to the House on the opening of next session. At the request
of the chairman of the Committee on Relations with Cuba, copies of
these reports have already been furnished him.

March 18, 1902.

SENATE.

Resolved, That the Secretary of the Interior is directed to send to the Senate a
statement of the traffic relations between the railroads that connect with the waters
of the Pacific Ocean and the Government of the United States, with a reference to
the statutes upon which such relations have been conducted; and that the Secretary

REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS. 747

of War is directed to send to the Senate a statement of the legal and traffic relations
between the railroads in the Philippine Islands and as to the charters and ownership
of such railroads.

Reply, April 3, 1902, and printed as Senate Doc. No. 283, Fifty -
seventh Congress, first session.

Marcr 26, 1902.

SENATE.

Resolved, That the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby, directed to communi-
cate to the Senate copies of all papers and correspondence, arranged in chronological
order, relating to the claims of Hen-era' s Nephews for the detention and use of their
steamship San Juan, and of Gal lego, Mesa & Company for the detention and use of
their steamship Tomds Brooks, and the occupation and use of their wharves and ware-
houses by the military authorities of the United States at Santiago de Cuba in the
years eighteen hundred and ninety-eight and eighteen hundred and ninety-nine.

Answered April 22, 1902, and printed as Senate Doc. No. 318,
Fifty -seventh Congress, first session.

April 11, 1902.

SENATE.

The Senate Committee on Philippine Affairs called for and pub-
lished the report of Charles E. Magoon, law officer of this Bureau, on
the application of Clemencia Lopez to the President for the release of
her three brothers from the arrest and confinement ordered by Brig-
adier-General Bell, commanding the United States military forces in
Batangas (see pp. 2589 et seq., Senate Doc. 331, Fifty-seventh Con-
gress, first session).

April 17, 1902.

SENATE.

Resolved, That the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby, directed to send to the
Senate the following:

1. A statement of the amount of money paid by the United States for or on account
of the Philippine Commission to the date when such expenses were paid out of the
Philippine treasury.

2. A statement of the amount of money paid by the United States for or on account
of railroad transportation for troops to and from the Philippine Islands since the rati-
fication of the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain, and the several
railway companies to which it was paid and the sums paid each of them.

3. A statement of the amount of money expended, and the amount, as far as he is
able to state the same, for which the Government of the United States is liable,
remaining unpaid for equipment, supplies, and military operations in the Philippine
Islands each year from May first, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, to the present
time.

Reply published June 20, 1902, as Senate Doc. No. 416, Fifty -seventh
Congress, first session.

April 26, 1902.

SENATE.

April 19, 1902. — Submitted by Mr. Teller and referred to the Committee on Rela-
tions with Cuba.

April 25, 1902. — Reported and referred to the Committee to Audit and Control the
Contingent Expenses of the Senate.

April 26, 1902. — Reported, considered, amended, and agreed to, as follows:

Whereas it has been currently reported that nearly the entire crop of Cuban sugar
has been purchased and is now held by what is generally known as the " Sugar
Trust," which is the principal consumer of raw sugar in the United States, and that
any concessions given to the raisers of cane sugar in the island of Cuba or any meas-
ures intended for their relief by admitting their sugar at reduced rates of duty into

748 REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS.

the United States will only benefit said sugar trust, and that the Cubans will receive
no real benefit from such real concessions; and

Whereas it is alleged that a large number of citizens of the United States have
acquired large holdings of cane-producing lands in Cuba, and are now especially urg-
ing the reduction of duty on sugar under the claim that such reduction will benefit
the people of Cuba: Therefore be it

Resolved, That the Committee on Relations with Cuba be, and is hereby, directed
to make an investigation as to the truth of said charges ana to report to the Senate.

That for the purpose of carrying out the above resolution the committee be, and
hereby is, authorized to send for persons and papers, administer oaths, take testi-
mony, employ a stenographer, and that the expenses of the investigation be paid
from the contingent fund of the Senate upon vouchers approved by the Committee
to Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate. The committee is
authorized to sit during the sessions of the Senate, and also to print from time to time
its hearings.

The chairman of the Senate Committee on Relations with Cuba
called on the Secretary of War for information under above resolution,
which was forwarded to that committee in letters of May 8, 9, and 16,
June 23, August 6, and September 2.

May 27, 1902.

SENATE.

•

Resolved, That the President be requested, if not in his opinion incompatible with
the public interest, to inform the Senate whether there be any law or regulation in
force in the Philippine Islands which will prevent any native of those islands who
may so desire, not under arrest and against whom no charge of any offense against
the United States is pending, from coming to the United States and stating his views
or desires as to the interest of his people to the President or either House of Congress.

Answered May 20, 1902. Printed as Senate Doc. No. 890, Fifty-
seventh Congress, first session.

May 29, 1902.

SENATE.

The Secretary of War sent to the Senate a statement of public civil revenues and
expenditures therefrom in the Philippine Archipelago, from the date of American
occupation, August 20, 1898, to June 30, 1901, snowing the revenues for each of the
fiscal years by items and places of assessment, and separately the expenditures in the
several custom-houses; the postal expenditures, the expenditures by the auditor and
the treasurer, and by captains of ports, and the general expenditures under civil
headings, as classified by the auditor for the Archipelago.

This statement was prepared by the Insular Division of the War Department from
certificates of the several accounts of the collectors and disbursing officers, and repre-
sents the fiscal affairs as settled by the auditor to June 30, 1901.

Printed as Senate Doc. No. 382, Fifty-seventh Congress, first session.

June 14, 1902.

SENATE.

May 26, 1900, the following resolution was passed by the Senate of
the United States:

In the Senate op the United States,

May 26, 1900.

Resolved, That the Committee on Relations with Cuba is hereby directed to inves-
tigate and report to the Senate as early as practicable regarding the moneys received
and expended in the island of Cuba by, through; and under the officials and repre-
sentatives of the United States, both civil and military, and from the date of the
occupation of Cuba by the military forces of the United States until and including
the {Thirtieth day of April, nineteen hundred.

Said committee shall investigate and report as to receipts as follows: From cus-
toms; from postal service; from internal revenue; from all other sources, specifying
the details as far as practicable, and particularly the places where and dates within
which said amounts were collected or received, and the officer or officers collecting
and receiving the same, as well as the law or authority under which said amounts
were in each instance so collected or received.

REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIR8. 749

Said committee shall investigate and report as to the expenditures of the said
amounts so received, the necessity and propriety thereof, specifying in classes and in
detail, so far as practicable, said expenditures, and particularly the work, services,
or property for which said expenditures were made and the value thereof, also the
law or authority under which each of said expenditures was made, the officer, civil
or military, by whom said expenditure was authorized, and the officer, civil or
military, by wnom said expenditure was made, and the particular fund from which
the money was taken for said expenditure.

Said committee shall also report a statement of all public works of every kind,
including buildings, wharves, railroads, and all other structures built or constructed,
improved, repaired, or decorated by or under the authority of any such officer, civil
or military, and in each instance the cost, value, necessity, and propriety of the
same, and the uses to which said buildings or structures nave been put. Where
said buildings and works were constructed or improvements were made by contract,
or where the material used in the same was furnished by contract, the committee
shall report copies of each of said contracts and the names of all parties interested in
each of the same.

Said committee shall also report a statement of the personal property which was
purchased or procured and intrusted to any officer, civil or military, in Cuba within
said time, the cost and value of the same, and the uses to which said property has
been put and the disposition which has been made thereof.

Said committee is authorized to conduct said investigation and make such report
by subcommittee or committees appointed by the chairman; and the committee, or
any subcommittee thereof, is authorized to sit during the recess of Congress at such
place or places in the United States or Cuba as may be necessary; and is empowered
to send for persons and papers, issue subpoenas, administer oaths, examine wit-
nesses, employ stenographers, expert accountants, and other necessary assistance,
and the expense of said investigation shall be paid out of the contingent fund of the
Senate upon vouchers approved by the chairman of the committee.

In compliance with this, the " Bacon," resolution, 5,300 pages of type-
written matter were compiled in this Bureau and published as Senate
Doc. No. 177, Fifty -sixth Congress, first session.

On the above date, June 14, 1902, the Secretary of War furnished
the Senate Committee on Relations with Cuba further reports, com-
prising 555 more pages, which had been compiled in this Bureau, and
which embraced transactions in May and June, 1900, and supple-
mentary accounts from the date of American occupation to June 30,
1900.

The last reports transmitted are published in Senate Doc. No. 448,
Fifty-seventh Congress, first session.

In addition there have been tabulated and now ready for transmittal
to Congress, pursuant to the provisions of the section of the deficiency
bill quoted in the first part or this report, 8,000 large sheets of type-
written matter embracing the period from July 1, 1900, to May 19,
1902, the close of American occupation in Cuba.

June 23, 1902.

HOUSE.

Resolved, That the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby, directed to furnish
to the House of Representatives, if not incompatible with the public interests, the
following information: What amounts, if any, have been paid out of the Cuban treas-
ury or the funds of the Cuban people by the military governor of Cubat or by his
direction, or by any officer of the United States, while the forces of the United States
occupied Cuba, to F. B. Thurber, president of the United States Export Association, or
any other person or persons, corporation or association, for advocating a reduction in
the duties upon Cuban products with a reciprocal reduction in the duties upon Ameri-
can products imported into Cuba, or for services in support of the application of the
inhabitants of the island of Cuba for reciprocal relations with the United States; also
the date or dates of any of such payments.

Reply, July 1, 1902. Printed as House Doc. No. 679, Fifty-seventh
Congress, first session.

750 BEPOBT OF CHIEF OF THE BUBEAU OF IN8ULAB AFFAIBS.

The following executive documents have been published by this office
during the past year:

EXECUTIVE DOCUMENTS.

64 Public Laws and Resolutions Passed by the United States Philip-
pine Commission."

Copies of all acts and resolutions are certified to this office in Eng-
lish, Spanish, and Tagalo. All copies received in English up to the
date of the report of the Secretary of War, which included act No. 263,
were compiled, indexed, and published as a separate volume for distri-
bution throughout the United States. The same compilation has been
made this year, which includes everything from act No. 263 to No. 424,
and is now ready for publication as an appendix to the coming report
of the Secretary of War.

"The Law of Civil Government under Military Occupation."
Pursuant to direction of October 30, 1901, the reports made to the
Secretary of War by Charles E. Magoon, law officer of this Bureau,
on the various questions of law arising during the administration of
the affairs of civil government under military occupation of the islands
ceded or yielded by Spain as a result of the Spanish-American war,
have been compiled and published in book form, making a volume of
808 pages. The demand for this publication was so great that two
editions were exhausted within a few days after coming From the press.
This work has received universal commendation from the press and
public without regard to party affiliation or personal views on the
course pursued by the War Department in matters pertaining to insular
affairs. It was the subject of editorial comment in nearly all the lead-
ing metropolitan journals, was reviewed in a large number of literary
magazines, religious periodicals, and legal publications, and is already
cited with approval in two text-books on constitutional law. The
Review of Reviews in a recent article referred to this work as follows:

Nothing could illustrate better than this volume the vast number of intricate ques-
tions that have arisen in the course of our conduct of affairs in the islands formerly
belonging to Spain, nor could anything throw more light upon the care with which
the War Department has studied all the principles and precedents of constitutional
and international law in its treatment of every issue that nas arisen. It is a veritable
mine of information relating to historical, legal, and administrative phases of the
military occupation and management of conquered or ceded territory.

The New York Independent said:

This book will remain a lasting monument to the admirable administration of the
War Office by Secretary Root during a period in which its administration was
involved in especial difficulty.

Requests for this publication continue to be received daily. There
are no funds available from the regular appropriations for a third
edition, and will not be until July 1, 1903. I therefore recommend
that Congress be requested to authorize a third edition of 5,000 copies,
1,000 to be for the use of the War Department.

"Official Register of Officers and Employees in the Civil Service of
the Philippine Islands, January 1, 1902."

"The Isle of Pines (Caribbean Sea), Its Situation, Physical Features,
Inhabitants, Resources, and Industries. With maps. Prepared in the
Bureau of Insular Affairs."

REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS. 751

"Report on the Right of the Government, Philippine Islands,
to Regulate Commercial Intercourse with the Archipelago, and, as an
Incident to such Regulation, to Impose Import and Export Duties. By
Charles E. Magoon, law officer, Division of Insular Affairs, November
18, 1901."

A number of suits have been instituted in the Federal courts of the
United States seeking to recover from the Federal Government of the
United States the amount paid to the government of the Philippine
Islands as customs duties on articles imported into the Philippine Islands
from the States of the Union. The Department of Justice being
required to defend the interests of the Federal Government in these
actions, called upon this Bureau to provide such information as it pos-
sessed or could secure which would be of service in said defense. In
response, the law officer of the Bureau prepared the above report,
which was transmitted to the Department of Justice by the Secretary
of War and printed as a War Department publication. The Bureau,
in conjunction with the office of the Judge-Advocate-General, U. S.
Army, also prepared and transmitted to the Department of Justice a
memorandum setting forth the facts establishing that the condition of
war existed in the Philippine Islands during the period in which the
litigated payments were made. The Bureau has undertaken, also, to
collect evidence in the Philippines for the use of the Government in
said suits.

44 Manual of Information Relative to the Philippine Civil Service.
Compiled and edited in the Bureau of Insular Affairs, containing all
laws and orders relating thereto, and full instructions to applicants."

u Report of Charles A. Conant, Special Commissioner on Coinage in
the Philippines, which first appeared as an appendix to the report of
the Secretary of War."

44 Report on Certain Questions in the English and Dutch Colonies in
the Orient, by Jeremiah W. Jenks, special commissioner."

Dr. Jeremiah W. Jenks, formerly secretary of the Industrial Com-
mission, was, in August, 1901, given a commission to investigate these
subjects in Europe and in the colonial possessions in the Orient, and
to make a report thereon after arrival in the Philippines to the Philip-

1)ine Commission and the Secretary of War, especially as to coinage,
abor, taxation, and methods of land tenure. This valuable report
comments on these questions in the Philippines, is indexed, printed,
and ready for distribution. One feature is of especial interest in that
it indorses the conclusions of the other special commissioner, Mr.
Conant, and the recommendations of the Philippine Commission and
the Secretary of War as to a gold-standard currency in the Philip-
pines. In fact, several experts, heretofore strong adherents to the
silver standard, have, in light of recent events and further study of
the Philippine situation, become converts to the Philippine govern-
ment gola-standard plan

MONTHLY SUMMARIES OF COMMERCE AND IMMIGRATION OF CUBA AND

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

The monthly summaries of commerce have continued to be published
to date. The last Cuban summary — May, 1902 — gives exhaustive com-
mercial and immigration statistics to include May 19, 1902, the date

752 REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS.

of the termination of American occupation. This summary, in addi-
tion to the usual monthly data, gives a review of the commerce during
the American occupation and comparative statistics by years.

The Philippine summary of December, 1901, gives the same review
of the Philippines during American occupation.

These monthly summaries furnished Congress with statistical informa-
tion while investigating questions relating to the Philippines and Cuba.

Arrangements nave been made with tne authorities in the Philip-
pines to furnish commercial notes upon the Philippines, which it is
trusted will give added interest to these publications.

INSULAR ACCOUNTS.

The new rules and instructions governing the accounting and audit-
ing system in Cuba and in the Philippines, which practically put into
force the accounting and auditing system of the United States, adapted
by experience to local conditions and with added checks and safeguards,
have been given trial for a year, with satisfactory and gratifying
results. The statements of receipts and expenditures, by law required
to be made to the War Department, as well as the method of handling
these accounts after receipt, were explained in the last annual report
of this office.

The work laid out by the item quoted in the first part of this report
from the last general deficiency bill providing for tne bringing up to
date of the statements of receipts and expenditures made to the War
Department relating to Cuba and the Philippines, for presentation to
Congress, is in active progress.

With the exception of a small balance retained by the former mili-
tary governor of Cuba, for the purpose of closing up the civil business
ana publish a full report of the military occupation of Cuba, the Cuban
accounts have all been audited. The certificates of this audit, rendered
to this office, have been compiled, differences reconciled, and, with the
exception of the small balance above mentioned, the Cuban work may
be said to be ready for presentation.

The work accomplished with reference to Cuba, in pursuance to the
special appropriation of $30,000 in the general deficiency appropriation
bill, has Deen mentioned under the heading of Congressional resolutions
and documents. See page 5.

The account of the treasurer, as certified by the auditor, shows
that during the period of American occupation there was deposited
$59,806,236.35, and advanced on accountable and settlement warrants
$59,171,066.06.

To Mr. J. D. Terrill, the efficient auditor of the military govern-
ment in Cuba, who has returned to the Comptroller's Office of the
Treasury Department, much credit is due for completing the audit and
transmission of statements to the War Department.

The original auditing records of the American occupation, weighing
over thirty tons and filling 124 large boxes, have been received in
Washington. Through the courtesy of the Director of the United
States Census these records have found temporary lodgment in the
Census building, where they have been arranged for daily reference,
which will undoubtedly be necessary for some time to come.

Under Senate resolutions, mention has been made of Senate docu-
ment No. 382, publishing a consolidated statement of the civil affairs
in the Philippine Islands from August 20, 1898, to June 30, 1901.

REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS. 753

During the fiscal years 1899 and 1900 there were received and
handled irom the auditor of the Philippine Archipelago 758 accounts.
It is estimated that fully 2,500 accounts will be certified for the last
fiscal year.

The Philippine government reports that due to the great increase of
work in establishing a full civil government, which has largely added
to the number of bonded disbursing officers throughout the Philip-
pines, the difficulty of securing competent clerks, and other unavoid-
able causes, it is in arrears on the required certification to the War
Department, but on the request of this office, and appreciating the
desires of Congress, it has cooperated in every way, by increased
appropriation, overtime work, and extra force, not only to catch up
to date in the statements, but in the attempt to include to the date
of June 30, 1902, the end of the last fiscal year, so that they may be
compiled in time to present to Congress before the end of the coming
session.

When it is realized that even in the United States audits are gen-
erally in arrears six months, that on account of the lack of communi-
cation it often takes three months for an account to reach the audi-
tor's office in Manila, and that the constantly fluctuating currency
often makes it necessary to handle at once five standards of value, then
it may be appreciated that this ambitious task could, with any pros-
pects of success, be undertaken only by men possessing the excellent
qualifications demonstrated by Mr. Lawshe, the present auditor.

INSULAR AND UNITED STATES DEPOSITORIES.

Before May of this year the only insular depositories outside of the
Philippine treasury have been two English corporations, the Hong-
kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation and the Chartered Bank of
India, Australia, and China.

On May 15, 1902, by Executive order, the Guaranty Trust Company
of New xork was appointed a depository for Philippine funds botn
in the United States and Manila, under bond of $2,000,000, approved
by the Secretary of War. The company qualified May 28, 1902.

On June 21, 1902, the President likewise appointed the International
Banking Corporation of Connecticut, with its head office in New York,
a depository for Philippine funds, under a bond of the same amount.
This company qualified on July 2, 1902. At present the Philippine
funds outside of the Philippine treasury are divided equally among
these four depositories.

The Treasury Department of the United States Government has
appointed the Guaranty Trust Company of New York and the Inter-
national Banking Corporation of Connecticut fiscal agents of the
United States in the Philippines.

Pursuant to section 85 of the act of Congress of July 1, 1902, the
Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Treasury designated the
treasury of the Philippine Islands as a depository of the public money
of the United States. Needful provisions were therefore made for
the transmission of United States money other than by actual transpor-
tation to Manila and deposit at that place for the expenses of the United
States in the Philippines, as well as provision for the deposit of Philip-
pine moneys by the Philippine government, both in the Philippines and
in the United States, by the establishment of branches of New York
banks in Manila, thus expediting transactions between the United

war 1902— vol 1 48

754 BEPOBT OF CHIEF OF THE BUBEAU OF INSULAB AFFAIB8

States and the Philippines, both by the United States and Philippine
governments, as well as furthering the commercial relations between
these two countries.

The Philippine treasurer's checks, with an excellent vignette of the
late General Lawton, have been engraved by the Bureau of Engraving
and Printing and supplied to the treasurer of the Philippines, as well
as United States depositary checks in the Philippine treasurer's capac-
ity as United States depositary.

PURCHASE OF SUPPLIES IN THE UNITED STATES BY THE PHILIPPINE

GOVERNMENT.

By act No. 146, January 21, 1902, the Philippine Commission created
the office of insular purchasing agent, whicn office was charged with
the purchase of all supplies required by the various departments and
officers of the insular government, by the provincial governments, and
the government of the city of Manila under the various appropriations
to their respective credits. It has been the policy of tne Philippine
government to secure in the United States supplies not practically
available in the Philippine market. Contracts for public works of
magnitude are also advertised in the United States. Manifestly, pur-
chase, payment, and shipment of these supplies, as well as authorized
prepayments for transportation for civil appointees, can be more satis-
factorily performed by a properly organized agency in the United
States. Competition can be inviteS, following United States Govern-
ment practices, supplies can be inspected, best prices and cash discounts
can be obtained wnen payment is made here. It frequently happened
when payment was made in Manila that settlement checks woukl not
be received for over nine months and sometimes a year.

Such an agency has been created in this Bureau by the appointment
by the Philippine Commission of one of the employees of this Bureau
as disbursing agent of Philippine revenues, stationed in Washington;
also the temporary appointment of a purchasing agent, at present
located in New York City.

PURCHASING AGENT.

The appointment of an agent in New York and the organization of
that office is but tentative and provisional. This work promises to
develop rapidly and become a matter of large proportion and impor-
tance, requiring a most careful organization ana businesslike methods.
The Philippine Commission and this office have given much thought
to the matter, and a recent report advises that a law has been recently
drafted by the Philippine Commission making the necessary provisions.

DISBURSEMENTS.

The past is the first year in which settlements for purchases in the
United States for the insular government have been made through
this Bureau.

The total disbursements up to and including the present date amount
to $1,059,954.54, and are in payment of 1,400 accounts.

The work has increased so rapidly that it has been necessary to aug-
ment the clerical force, and it promises to so increase that it will be

REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS. 755

necessary to further enlarge the force. The disbursing agent pays
only such accounts as are approved by the Secretary 01 War or tne
Philippine Commission, and ne is accountable and makes returns to
the auditor for the Philippine Islands.

A complete set of books has been opened, especially adapted to this
class of work, showing in detail every transaction — the authority,
appropriation, and payment. Every account is so arranged and
checked that it can be finally audited without reference to other papers.

By a Philippine executive order, all requisitions for purchases to be
made in the United States are issued by the insular purchasing agent in
Manila, approved by the civil governor, and referred to this Bureau.
After proper entry here, orders for supplies that are not bought
directly by the chief of the Bureau are transmitted by copy to the
purchasing agent in New York, with the necessary instructions for
purchase and shipment. The requisite vouchers and certificates are
then forwarded to this office and prepared for payment, and duplicates
immediately sent to the proper officials in the Philippines. Thus a
double check or audit is had before the final one in Manila.

Purchases are made f . o. b. New York, in order to take advantage
of the lowest rates obtainable and discounts usually allowed for cash
payments.

The most important accounts disbursed on account of the bureau of
public printing in the Philippines are as follows:

Equipment $131,474.99

Supplies 92,852.07

Ocean freight 10,638.97

Insurance 582. 49

Boxing 156.19

Total 235,704.71

Insular purchasing agent's purchases (located in New York):

School books (302,805) $115,648.46

Constabulary:

Arms and ammunition 87, 118. 03

Clothing and shoes 19, 387. 20

Iron for cold-storage and ice plant 49, 945. 45

Stationery and supplies 29, 571. 06

Hay andoate 23,263.34

Hardware and miscellaneous merchandise 20, 534. 13

Engineering instruments and supplies 20, 046. 97

Typewriters and supplies 15, 685. 88

School supplies 15,242.49

Hose and belting 13,101.41

Office desks and chairs 10, 933. 48

Scales, wagons, and trucks 9, 024. 42

Filing cabinets 8,791.89

Law books for supreme court 6, 576. 03

Total 444,870.24

OCEAN FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION.

In 1900 the Quartermaster's Department rate from New York to
Manila, via Suez, was $12.60 per ton. The best rate prior to January
9, 1902, that this Bureau could secure was $11.25 per ton or 40 cubic
feet, ship's option. After that date the rate of $8 was secured, and since
March 21, 1902, a rate of $7.50 per ton or 40 cubic feet with the
understanding that all packages, regardless of size and weight, should

756 REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS.

be charged for according to their actual weight or ship measurement
This arrangement has already resulted in much saving.

The total amount paid by the disbursing agent For ocean freight
charges is $31,772.68.

MARINE INSURANCE.

Each shipment is insured so as to protect the Philippine government
from losses occasioned by damages of any kind — by sea peril, by
action of the elements, or negligence of handling or storage.

TRANSPORTATION OF CIVIL EMPLOYEES.

These accounts number 413, showing that transportation has been
furnished 1,209 people, costing $37,802.52. Also 169 accounts have
been paid, amounting to $10,531.50 for sleeping car accommodations.

CABLEGRAM AND TELEGRAM ACCOUNTS.

The total number of cable and telegraph accounts is 117; cost of
sending 2,874 messages, total charges amounting to $40,697.64.

In the verification of the various accounts by the disbursing office
deductions to the amount of $3,477.72 have been made and the accounts
submitted for settlement. In the settlement of these accounts more
than 3,000 letters and 20,000 pages of matter have been written.

After an inspection of the disbursing agent's accounts made by
Colonel Burton, of the Army, August 21, 1902, he closed with a remark,
as follows: "This officer's work is commendable for accuracy, integ-
rity, and businesslike methods."

PHILIPPINE CIVIL SERVICE.

This office is charged with the labor in the United States incident to
the selection of appointees upon the certification of the United States
Civil Service Commission after examination, and the arrangement for
their transportation to the Philippines, as well as matters relating to
appointments in the corps of teachers, the judiciary, and positions not
subject to the requirements of the civil-service law.

The Government's policy, that selections be made on merit alone and
according to law, so important, especially so in the past year of the
formative period of civil government, nas been strictly followed.
Careful ana complete information as possible has been obtained rela-
tive to applicants or eligibles before appointment was tendered.

The law requires that preference in appointments shall be given,
first, to citizens of the Philippine Islands, and second, to honorably
discharged soldiers, sailors, and marines of the United States^ and it
has been found possible to fill many of the lower grade positions by
the appointment of this preferred class resident in the islands. For
this reason the positions in the civil service to which provisional
appointment is made, by request of the Philippine Commission, are
generally of a scientific or technical character or require mechanical
or special qualifications. There is not a surplus of this class of
employees in the United States, and the work has been considerably
increased by the difficulty at times of securing suitable employees, and

REPORT OK CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS. 757

by the declination of appointment of many after submitting to exami-
nation by the United States Civil Service Commission. Declinations
have largely increased recently, it is believed largely due to the
reports of cholera.

It is necessary to guard against the appointment of persons merely
willing to accept employment in a spirit of adventure, with the idea of
enjoying a long journey at the expense of the Government with the
intention of forcing their resignations after a brief period of service.
The Philippine Commission passed a law to discourage this spirit,
requiring tnat appointees for whose transportation from the United
States any expense has been incurred by the Philippine government
shall remain at least two years in the civil service, and that a failure
so to do shall debar them from ever again entering the public service
of the Philippines. No return transportation is furnished such
employees.

Just recognition was given to the civil employees of the Government
of American occupation in Cuba, who had renaered lengthy, efficient,
and faithful service, by an Executive order making them eligible for
transfer to the classified civil service of the United States, and there-
fore for service in the Philippine Islands. Many of these employees
have been appointed to the Philippine service, wnere their experience
gained in Cuba and knowledge or the Spanish language have rendered
them peculiarly qualified.

The effect of the wise enactment of the Philippine Commission with
reference to cumulative leaves of absence to be spent in the United
States is now being felt, in that a considerable number of such employ-
ees who have taken advantage of the privilege are returning to tne
Philippine service.

Owing to the peaceful conditions which now obtain in the islands, a
large number ot requests for transportation for dependent members
of families and fiancees of civil employees are being received. These
requests are being honored as fast as the crowded condition of the
transport service will permit.

This practice of furnishing free transportation, it is believed, will
materially promote contentment of the employees, and give that sta-
bility and permanency to the service so much desired.

The army transport service has rendered great aid to the Philip-
pine government, cooperating as it has in every way. During the
past year that service has furnished transportation from San Francisco
or New York to Manila to 221 Philippine civil employees, to 232 de-
pendent members of families, to 34 fiancees, and to 3 Filipino students,
making a total of 690. Of this number, however, about 60 were
unable to proceed to Manila, and their transportation canceled.

The present element most necessary to this Philippine civil service,
established as it has been on the merit system, is stability and perma-
nency, and anything contributing thereto should be encouraged^ The
military service recognizes the principle of limited service, with
promise of return.

The climate of certain portions of the islands is severe on a few,
whose health breaks down without chance of recuperation until return
to the United States. Couid an executive rule be made providing
eligibility for the United States civil service, under proper limitations
ana safeguards, after faithful service of, say, three years in the islands,

758 REPOBT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS.

it is believed it would not only be equitable, but materially aid that
required stability. However, this matter is under active considera-
tion by the War Department and the United States Civil Service Com-
mission.

THE DISINTERMENT AND BRINGING TO THE UNITED STATES OF THE

BODIES OF DECEASED CIVIL EMPLOYEES.

This matter is constantly being brought to the attention of this
Bureau by appeals from relatives and friends. There is no appro-
priation, either of the United States or the Philippine governments,
as yet, that makes provision therefor, except that tree transportation
from Manila to San Francisco is allowed on Government transports,
and also that the United States permits bodies of civil employees to
be interred in Government cemeteries only when they have had previ-
ous military service.

The island service presents so different a situation from the home
service that it is suggested that Congress authorize the setting aside
of a portion of the national cemetery at San Francisco for this purpose.

CABLEGRAMS.

The new War Department cipher code, completed in the Adjutant-
General's Office during the past year, has been used by the Philippine
government. As is known, it is a figure code, insuring secrecy,
elaborately constructed on the verb plan, and comprehensively pro-
viding for many additions. It is an excellent work and has given
much satisfaction with great saving of expense, combined as it may
be with the old code, which has been retained in service.

Although courteous opportunity was given this office to submit
phrases commonly used by the Philippine government, this code was
primarily prepared for military purposes, and an additional appendix
was prepared in this office involving phrases relating to civil affairs.
This appendix has been found so useful in reducing the cost of trans-
mission, that an elaborate revised appendix or supplement is nearing
completion, which it is believed will not only facilitate the work upon
civil messages, but further decrease the cost. This is a matter of con-
siderable moment when it is taken into account that the official rate,
with the considerable reduction secured in the last year, is still $1.56i
per word.

The cost of cablegrams, under the business of the civil government
of the Philippines, which is paid out of Philippine revenues, sent from
this Bureau to the Philippines follows:

Year.

Cablegrams.

Cost.

1901

248
183

$20,927.36

1902

17,445.64

Total

$38,873.00

LIBRARY OF INSULAR DOCUMENT8.

The attempt to ascertain the course pursued by the Executive depart-
ments in respect of the governments of civil affairs of Louisiana, Flor-
ida, New Mexico, California, and Alaska upon the acquisition of said

BEPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIR8. 759

Territories and prior to the establishment of governments therein by
Congressional legislation, developed the fact that such documents as
remained in existence are practically lost by being indiscriminately
mixed with the other Congressional and executive documents pertain-
ing to those periods, and the work of ascertaining the few precedents
to be derived from that portion of our history was greatly increased
in consequence.

It was deemed wise to provide against a recurrence of the difficulty
in respect of the documents relating to our recent acquisitions and to
Cuba, and therefore all official publications relating to the work of this
Bureau have been bound in volumes of convenient size. Five sets of
this compilation are being prepared for the War Department. Much
difficulty has been experienced in securing complete sets, each one
embracing 4,203 separate publications. Up to date there are 120 bound
volumes in each set. It is purposed to add to this library each new
publication as issued, and in this way to segregate the record of the
work performed by this Bureau from that of the War Department and
the mass of publications known as Congressional documents.

These sets are being paged and a card index made of their contents.
This compilation, it is believed, will be of much value and will furnish
the only official library of the Philippines, Porto Rico, and Cuba
extant.

MAP WORK.

This is a comparatively recent addition to the work of this office and
was unexpectedly forced upon it, as events moved so rapidly — civil
government was extended over provinces within such a short period,
schools were established throughout the archipelago, ports were
opened — that even the latest maps became out of date within a few
weeks.

The first map work undertaken was simply the coloring of a number
of maps of the Philippine Islands so as to distinguish the parts that
were under civil government from those under military control. A
number of these maps were prepared for the Secretary of War and
the various committees of Congress.

In January, 1902, the " Insular Division map of the Philippines,"
without topographical features, but embodying up-to-date civil gov-
ernment and commercial information, was made and printed. The
demand for this edition of 600 was so great that it was exhausted in a
few weeks, and it was then decided to issue another which should be
distinctively a map of this Bureau. This map has just been issued,
and contains all tne available information relative to ports, schools,
provinces, Paris treaty lines, American provincial boundaries, and
other data of interest with the exception of topographical features.
Arrangements have been made with the civil government for a series
of large scale maps, 3 miles to the inch, which will be revised and filled
in as fast as the information is received. Comprehensive map work is
now in progress in the Philippines. The Coast and Geodetic Survey,
with the aid of civil funds, is cooperating with the civil government.

The map section is charged with the collection of maps from all
sources for reference.

RECORDS.

The card system iff still in use with some minor changes, which were
found to result in a betterment. About 30,000 letters and indorse-

760 REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS.

ments have been sent and as many received. As an indication of the
great variety of subjects handled by this Bureau, the records show
that since its formation as a division, and subsequently as a bureau,
matters have been referred to it from the following sources: Direct
from the President, 496 cases; from the Secretary of State, 843 cases;
the Secretary of the Treasury, 586 cases; the Secretary of the Navy,
101 cases; the Secretary of the Interior, 67 cases; the Secretary of
Agriculture, 66 cases; Postmaster-General, 55 cases; the Attorney-
General, 43 cases; the Spanish Treaty Claims Commission, 299 cases;
from 85 United States Senators, involving 488 subjects; from 240
Representatives in Congress, involving 601 subjects.

DOCUMENTS.

The distribution of documents, letters, circulars, reports, transla-
tions, and miscellaneous matter relating to insular affairs has been
unusually large. In most instances we have been able to supply the
active and constantly increasing demand for publications. The supply
in many instances has been exhausted. The general mailing list nas
steadily increased.

The distribution of translations of 32 Spanish laws continues, there
having been mailed during the year 18,500 parts and 500 sets embrac-
ing a complete collection of the translations. Sixteen thousand copies
of the Monthly Summary of Commerce have been mailed. The total
.number of documents mailed during the year was 130,050.

There are at present on hand about 80 different publications for dis-
tribution, the total number of which approximates 35,000 copies,
without taking account of leaflets and circulars.

Press bulletins of facts of interest relating to the Philippines are
prepared whenever opportunity offers.

PHILIPPINE IN8URGENT RECORDS.

These records and captured documents have been recently brought
to Washington and loaned to this Bureau by the Adjutant-General's
Office for preparation for possible publication.

Capt. John K. M. Taylor, Fourteenth Infantry, who was chief of
the division of military information, adjutant-general's office, Division
of the Philippines, an office which received these records on their
capture or discovery, an officer peculiarly qualified, has been put in
charge of this work.

SEPARATE FUNDS IN THE TREASURY OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE

CREDIT OF THE PHILIPPINE TREASURY.

Section 2, of the act of March 8, 1902, provides that upon all articles
the growth and product of the Philippine Archipelago coming into
the United States from the Philippine Archipelago there shall be
levied, collected, and paid only 75 per cent of the rates of duty of
the "Dingley tariff."

The following are the amounts deposited each month since the pas-
sage of the act of March 8, 1902, and held as a separate fund to be
paid into the Treasury of the Philippine Islands:

REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIB8, 761

Philippine Islands tariff fund.

March $1,903.01

April 3,651.91

May 2,261.91

June 1,310.79

July 2,167.21

August 2,144.83

September 1,843.41

Total to September 30 15,183.07

The smallness of this sum is quite a surprise, in that the estimate,
while this bill was under consideration, from the analogy of the
amounts collected for the corresponding separate fund to the credit of
Porto Rico, and from a study of the statistics of Philippine trade, was
that a much greater amount would accrue.

When it is considered that a little over $15,000 was thus collected
in seven months, admitting that the bulk of the sugar and tobacco
crops are not generally moved during the above period, the total
amount to be anticipated in any one year would probably not be con-
siderable, when it is recalled that the Philippine Government recom-
mended a reduction of 50 per cent of the "Dingley tariff" to Philip-
pine products, and in fact Governor Taf t believed the reduction of 75
per cent was warranted in the best interests of the Philippines and
the United States.

CLERICAL FORCE.
[Relative efficiency record.]

The keen and capable work of this force is remarkable. The ordi-
nary office hours have generally been ignored. Many of them have
grown up with the Bureau and have become experts by the opportu-
nities offered in the new field of their work. Gratifying recognition
has been given them by Congress and the Secretary of War in cover-
ing them into the classified service, and in grading their salaries accord-
ing to merit and work performed.

The force has so increased in size that much attention has been given
to a practical method of carrying into effect the order of the Secretary
of War of February 14, 1902, respecting semiannual efficiency reports.
The experience and methods in other bureaus have been considered,
and a scheme worked out differing in degrees from all, in which by
the aid of blanks providing for a daily, weekly, and monthlv report,
the several factors, as far as practicable, that go to make up the record
of a man's efficiency may be entered.

An efficiency board, consisting of a Bureau officer and the chiefs of
divisions, has been convened, which board from time to time passes
upon each man's record, aiming to eliminate possible prejudice by
chiefs of divisions who keep the blanks, reconcile dinerences and
determine relative efficiency, and otherwise aid the chief of the Bureau
in determining the proper result.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

The work accomplished and in contemplation has been indicated in
this report. The special appropriation of $30,000 for the work in
arrears on accounts will be exhausted on the completion thereof. The

762 REPORT OF CHIEF OF THE BUREAU OF INSULAR AFFAIRS.

above-mentioned temporary force of thirty -three will then have to be
discharged.

Since the passage of the act which made this office a part of the
recognized machinery of the government of the Philippines, enough
time has elapsed, and that too in the absence of Congress which greatly
increases the work, to make a fair estimate of the daily and monthly
work and the clerical force required.

The following additional force for the fiscal year ending June 30,
1901, is believed necessary:

Class III (clerks) 1

Class 1 1 ( clerks ) 2

Class I (clerks) 1

Class E ( clerks) 4

Class D (clerks) 4

— 12

Assistant messenger ($720) 1

Laborer ($600) 1

Laborer ( $300 ) : 1

— 3

Total 15

Mention has been made of the temporary arrangement for taking
care of the American records of the Cuban audit. In the next six
months it is anticipated that the remaining records of American occu-
pation, weighing over 80 tons, which were left in Habana under charge
of the agent for the War Department, will be brought to Washington.
There is no room in the War Department for them, and no funds
available to rent a building.

In the building on the corner of Eighteenth and F streets, there is
a force of 48, 17 of whom belong to the permanent force, and for whom
there is no room in the War Department proper.

It is therefore believed that $6,000 will be necessary for the renting
of a building for clerks and records for which there is no room in the
War Department proper.

A review of the work performed by this Bureau would be incom-
plete without reference to the large amount of work performed in
examining, investigating, and digesting documents, records, and other
sources of information, and putting in form for convenient examina-
tion by the Secretary such information as is available and useful to him
in determining routine and special matters which press for determina-
tion daily. The record of these cases may disclose only a cablegram or
letter, while the research leading up to the preparation of the cable-
gram or letter in answer may have occupied several days. Frequently
the question presented is so important and urgent as to take unantici-
pated precedence over all other work.
Respectfully submitted.

Clarence R. Edwards,
Colonel, U. S. Army, Chief of Bureau.

The Secretary of War.

INDEX.

Accounts current, Subsistence Department, 537.
Adjutant-General's Department:
Adjutant-General's Office, 342.
Arms in the hands of the militia, 837.
Army, 285.

Army maneuvers at Fort Riley, Kan., 336.
Chaplains, 332.
Clerical force, 342.

Clerical service in the Philippines, 343.
Combined army and navy maneuvers, 333.
Government Hospital for the Insane, 342.
Instruction in military schools and col-
leges, 326.
Instruction in the Army, 325.
List of military attaches, 323.
Military Academy, 316.
Military geographical departments, 315.
Military information division, 320.
Militia, 324.

Movement of troops, 299.
Organization, 332.
Post exchanges, 327.
Recruiting service, 328.
Remarks and recommendations, 356.
Summary of recommendations in reports of

general and staff officers, 344.
Volcanic eruptions in Martinique, 342.
Alaska:

Cable connection urged, 53.
Operations of the Signal Corps—
Egbert section, 665.
Juneau section, 669.
Nome section, 665.
Rampart section, 668.
Tanana section, 669.
Telegraph construction, 52.
Valdes section, 667.
Yukon section, 666.
Remarks of Major Tutherly on work in, 476.
Alaskan Indians, remarks of Major Abercrombie,

476.
Alcoholism, cases, 622.
American troops and the Filipinos, remarks of

Inspector-General on, 484.
Animals, sale of surplus and condemned, 508.
Appendix A. — Specific instructions and various
public acts which accomplished
the termination of the military
government and the inaugura-
tion of the Cuban Government,
69.
B.— Statement showing amount and
sources of all revenue collected
in Cuba and disposition of funds,
127

Appendix C— Proclamation of peace and amnes-
ty in the Philippines, 137.

D. — Memorandum of chief of artillery,
army and navy maneuvers, 139.

E.— Memorandum of General McAr-
thur, army and navy maneu-
vers, 143.

F.— Order on education, 151.

G.— General Service and Staff College
order, 163.

H. — Military school and college order,
169.

I. — Post school order, 187.

K.— General Bates's report, maneu-
vers, Fort Riley, 195.

I,.— Resolutions adopted by officers of
the National Guard, 207.

M. — Memoranda relative to expedi-
ency of supplying heavy furni-
ture at small rental, 209.

N. — Statement of appropriations under
War Department, 215.

O.— Papers relating to friars' land ne-
gotiations, 233.

P.— Comparative statement showing
the commerce between the
Philippine Archipelago and the
United States and leading coun-
tries, 263.

Q. — Statement of revenues and ex-
penditures in the Philippine
Archipelago, 271.

R. — Comparative statement of com-
merce of Cuba and principal arti-
cles of exportation, 273.

Appliances for disabled soldiers, 565.
Appropriations, expenditures, and estimate tables,
54.

Appropriations, expenditures, balances, etc., Pay
Department, 658.

Arms, number and kinds in hands of militia, 337.

Army:

Appointments, 289.

Classified enlistments, 331.

Continuation of Philippine Scouts, 4

Cooks, school for training, 554.

Deaths, 361.

Details from line to Subsistence Department,

553.
Discharge of volunteer surgeons, 5.
Discontinuance of Porto Rico regiment, 4.
Disposition in time of peace, 20.
Distribution, 2, 286.
Enlistments, 686.

763

764

INDEX.

Army— Continued.

General results of enlistments and reenlist-
ments, 351.

Health, 585.

Increased pay of enlisted men, 290.

Losses, 289.

Marriage, 356.

Modification in strength, 518.

Monthly strength and losses, Table G, to face
360.

Mortality and health, 5.

Press and Congressional criticisms, 13.

Promotion of individual economy, 50.

Ranges and office supplies, cost, 508.

Reduction, 1, 285.

Recruiting service, 328.

Signal Corps work, 725.

Strength, by divisions, Table B, to face 360.

Strength, 1, 286.

Strength, with losses, Table A, to face 860.

Summary of recommendations and remarks
in reports of general and staff officers, 344.

Summary of service in Cuba and Philippines,
512.

Training and instruction, remarks of In-
spector-General, 384.

Visual signaling, 696.

Vocal music, 358.

Work of detachment at Military Academy, 526.
Army and militia joint maneuvers:

Advantages, 40, 336.

Report of Major-General Bates, Appendix K,
195.

Resolutions adopted by National Guard offi-
cers, Appendix L, 207.
Army and Navy General Hospital, cases, 630.
Army and Navy joint maneuvers:

Benefit, 25.

General remarks and suggestions, 333.

Memorandum, chief of artillery, Appendix
D, 139.

Memorandum of Major-General MacArthur,
Appendix E, 143.

Work of Signal Corps, 725.
Army bakers, enlistment, 554.
Army camp sites, 42.
Army medical boards, work, 569.
Army medical school, work, 32, 570.
Army Medical Museum, specimens, 565.
Army nurse corps, 583.
Army posts:

Acquisition of lands, 618.

Increase in construction work, 20.

Increase in size, 21.

Location, 21.

Report board of officers, 22.

Schools at, regulations and instruction, Ap
pendix 1, 151.

Sites, 42.
Army Regulations, violations, 407.
Army transports:

Alaskan service, 512.

Repairs, 511.

Service in the Philippines, 512.
Army transport service:

List of vessels, 513.

Operations, 519.

Remarks of Quartermaster-General regard-
ing, 614.

Transportation furnished, 757.

Articles of War, amendment to, 500.

Artificial limbs, 564.

Artillery school, students, 31.

Artillery and cavalry horses, number and cost,

508.
Auction sales, remarks of Inspector-General, 466.
Automobiles, experiments, 724.
Baker, Capt. C. B., commended, 522, 526.
Bakers, enlistment, 554.
Balances, Pay Department, statement, 655.
Baldwin, Col. F. D., commended, 18.
Baldwin, Maj. W. H., commended, 542.
Banking and currency, Philippine Islands, 66.
Barracks and quarters, construction work, 516,

523.
Bates, Maj. Gen. J. C, remarks on army and
militia maneuvers, 41.

Report on, 195.
Beriberi, cases, 626.
Berlin gloves, foreign made, 507.
Bibliography Philippine Islands, 744.
Bird, Lieut. Col. Charles, commended, 525.
Bliss, Brig. Gen. T. H.', commended, «
Board on military posts (House Doc. 618, Fifty-
seventh Congress, first session), 22.
Board on seacoast defenses, necessity of new, 27.
Brooke, Maj. Gen. John R., commended, 9.
Brooks, Lieut. £. C, commended, 9.
Books, record and paper work, remarks of

Inspector-General, 474.
Brainard, Maj. D. L., commended, 541.
Bubonic plague, cases, 624.
Building materials, increased prices, etc. , 518.
Bulletin service, Signal Corps, 688.
Bureau chiefs, commended, 54.
Bureau of Insular Affairs:

Bibliography Philippine Islands, 744.

Cablegrams, 758.

Cablegram and telegram accounts, 756.

Clerical force, 761.

Creation, 741.

Disbursements, 754.

Disinterment and bringing to United States
bodies of deceased employees, 758.

Documents, 760.

Executive documents, 750.

Gazetteer Philippine Islands, 748.

Information for Congress, 743.

Insular accounts, 752.

Insular and United States depositories, 753.

Library of insular documents, 758.

Map work, 759.

Marine insurance, 756.

Monthly summaries, commerce and immigra-
tion, Cuba and Philippines, 761.

Ocean freight transportation, 755.

Organization, 742.

Personnel, 742.

Philippine civil service, 766.

Philippine insurgent records, 760.

Purchasing agent, 754.

Purchase of supplies in Unit 1 States by
Philippine Government, 754.

Recommendations, 762.

Records, 759.

Review of work, 762.

Separate rands in Treasury of United 8tates to
credit of Philippine treasury, m

Tmr*portatkm of oivll captor***, ft&

INDEX.

765

Burial corps operations, 620.

Cable ship Burnside, operations of, 688.

Cables and land lines, character and scope of

work, 688.
Cables, miles laid in Philippines, 682.
Cable rates, reduction, 693.
Cablegram and telegram accounts, charges, 756.
Cablegrams, cost, 758.
Camp sites, selection, 858.
Carroll, Dr. James, commended, 10.
Carson, Capt. J. M., jr., commended, 526.
Cavalry and artillery horses, number and cost,

508.
Cancio, Leopoldo, commended, 9.
Canteen, restoration, 358.
Carr, Capt. D. J., commended, 716.
Certificates in lieu of lost discharges, 734.
Certificates of acting commissary. 538.
Certificates of nonindebtedness, 53*.
Chaffee, Major-General (then Colonel), com-
mended, 10.
Chaplains, conditions governing appointment,332.
Chicago, purchase of subsistence supplies, 542.
Cheney, James W., commended, 727.
China, guard to United States legation, 290.
Cholera:

Cases, 611.

Remarks of Surgeon-General and medical of-
ficers, 611.
Civil employees:

Disinterment and transportation of remains,
758.
* In Quartermaster's Department, adjustment,
526.

In Signal Corps, number, Philippine Islands,
680.
Civil government, Philippine Islands:

Banking and currency, 66.

Economic conditions, 65.

Emigrants, 63.

Gold standard, 64.

Hemp waste, 62.

Imports and exports, 61.

Increase of trade, 61.

Lands, religious orders, Appendix O, 233.

Reduction of duties on products, 64.

Statement of commerce during American oc-
cupation, Appendix P, 263.

Statutes passed, 59.
Claims:

Paroled Confederate officers and enlisted
men, 733.

Subsistence Department, 537.
Clerical force:

Adjutant-General's Office, 342.

Bureau of Insular Affairs, 760.

Commissary -General's Office, 555.

Inspector-General's Office, 477.

Paymaster-General's Office, 650.

Philippines, 343.

Record and Pension Office, 738.

Remarks of Inspector-General, 477.
Clothing and equipage, issue, 505.
Coast artillery, retention in Cuba, 290.
Commerce, Philippine Islands, statement during

American occupation, 63.
Commissary, certificate of service as acting, 538.
Commissary-General, tour of inspection, 542.
Commissary-General's Office, clerical force, 555.

Congress, information furnished, Bureau of Insu-
lar Affairs, 743.
Condemned property, remarks of Inspector-Gen-
eral, 458.
Confederate archives, 737.
Consumption:

Cases, 603.

Report of Consul John C. Covert, 604.
Contracts, subsistence and meals, 538.
Contract surgeons, number, 572.
Contract dental surgeons, work, 573.
Convalescent hospital, Corregidor Island, re-
marks of Surgeon-General, 640.
Cooks, Army, training school for, 554.
Credit sales, subsistence supplies, 536.
Cuba:

Auditing and accounting system, 752.

Comparative statement of commerce during
American occupation, Appendix R, 273.

Consolidated statement fiscal affairs during
American occupation, Appendix B, 127.

Disposition of quartermaster supplies, 522.

Documentary history inauguration govern-
ment of, Appendix A, 69.

Monthly summaries of commerce and immi-
gration, 751.

Operations of Signal Corps, 671.

Operations of Subsistence Department, 538.

Riddance of yellow fever, 595.

Retention of troops, 290.
Davis, Brig. Gen. Geo. W., commended, 18, 20.
Davis, Capt. H. C, commended, 703.
Dare, Capt. J. Z., commended, 526.
Death sentences, number imposed, 499.
Dengue, cases, 595.

Dental surgeons. (See Contract dental surgeons.)
Department of—

California, operations of Signal Corps, 696.

The Colorado, operations of the Signal Corps
697.

The Columbia, operations of the Signal Corps,
698.

The East, operations of the Signal Corps, 698.

The Lakes, operations of the Signal Corps, 699.

The Missouri, operations of the Signal Corps,
699.

Texas, operations of the Signal Corps, 699.
Desertion, identification, 584.
Diphtheria, cases, 595.
Disappearing gun carriage tested and approved,

23.
Distribution of War Department documents, 728.
Disbursements:

Bureau of Insular Affairs, 754.

Remarks of Inspector-General, 454.
Diseases of respiratory system, cases, 609.
Diseases on transports, cases, 594.
Dishonorable discharges, number, 499.
Documents, distribution, Bureau of Insular Af-
fairs, 760.
Documents prepared, Bureau of Insular Affaire, 750.
Doran, Private Michael, commended, 684.
Dress uniforms, blue color, 29.
Duties of Quartermaster's Department, 504.
Dyer, Capt. A. B., commended, 697.
Economic condition, Philippine Islands, 65.
Egbert section, Alaska,operations of Signal Corps,

665.
Electricity, application for handling guns, 24.

766

INDEX.

Emigrants, Philippine Islands, 63.
Emergency ration, 653.
Enabling act, necessity for legislation, 646.
Engineers, remarks of Inspector-General, 404.
Engineer school:

Plans for, 30.

Students at, 31.
Enlisted force, Signal Corps, Philippines, 680.
Enlisted men:

Reading matter for, 521.

Savings deposits, 50.
Enlistments and reenlistments, 831.
Enlistments, number and nativity, 5.
Estimates and expenditures, Signal Corps, 724.
Estimates, appropriations, and expenditures,

tables, 54.
Expenditures, etc., Pay Department statement,

658.
Field artillery, new guns, 27.
Field glasses, telescopes, and portable range find-
ers, remarks of Chief Signal Officer, 709.
Filipino labor, Signal Corps work, 687.
Filipino ration, 552.
Financial statement:

Disbursing officer, Signal Corps, 717.

Pay Department, 645.

Quartermaster's Department, 603.
Fire-control service, remarks of Captain Russel,

718.
Fire-control system, seacoast artillery, 702.
First Reserve Hospital, Manila, cases, 638.
Fiscal exhibits:

Medical Department, 561.

Resources, etc., Subsistence Department, 629.
Forage, purchase, 508.

Foreign languages, post-graduate course, 357.
Fort Myer, VaM Signal Corps Post, 700.
Fort Riley, advantages of maneuvers, 40, 336.
French, Maj. J. T., commended, 526.
Fresh-beef hash, experiments, 553.
Friars' land negotiations, instructions to Gov-
ernor Taft regarding purchase, Appendix O,
233.
Funds, transfer by cable, 650.
Gallagher, Capt. H. J., commended, 541.
Gathmann torpedo gun, unsatisfactory test, 24.
Gazetteer Philippine Islands, 743.
General Court-Martial:

Convictions, 495.

Trials by, 495.
General depots, Quartermaster's Department,

work, 522.
General hospital, Washington Barracks, cases,
631.

Washington, D. C, necessity for, 631.
General Service and Staff College, 326.

Organization, 31.

Regulations and course of instruction, Ap-
pendix G, 153.

Students at, 31.
General staff:

Creation, 42.

Change in title of commanding general, 46.

Duties discussed, 44.

Paramount importance, 42. 359.

Remarks of General Schwan, 43.
Gold standard, Philippine Islands, 64.

Gorgas, Maj. William C, commended, 10.
Government Hospital for the Insane, 342.
German army, maneuvers, military representa-
tives, 63.
Greble, Maj. E. St. John, commended, 9.
Gunshot injuries, cases, 628.
Hanna, Lieut. M. E., commended, 9.
Hawaii, operations Quartermaster's Department,

522.
Headstones, number furnished, 520.
Hemp trade, Philippine Islands, 62.
Heating, expenditures, 520.
Heavy furniture:

Memorandum, Appendix M, 209.

Supply of, 51.
Hodgson, Maj. F. G., commended, 526.
Honolulu, subsistence supply depot, 542.
Hospital Corps, strength, 577.
Hospital issues, Subsistence Department, 532.
Hospital No. 3, Manila, 638.
Hospitals and hospital stewards' quarters, con-
struction work, 518.
Hospitals, completion, 569.

House of Representatives and United States Sen-
ate, data furnished by Bureau of Insular Affairs,
744.
Humphrey, Col. Charles F., commended, 524.
Imports and exports, Philippine Islands:

During American occupation, 263.

Values, 61, 63.
Index record card work, Record and Pension

Office, 736.
Individual economy, 60.
Influenza, cases, 695.

Information informally furnished bureaus, 732.
Injuries, cases, 627.
Insane asylum. {See Government Hospital for

the Insane.)
Insanity, cases, 623.

Inspections, posts, commands, etc., 390.
Inspections, results, remarks of Inspector-Gen-
eral, 486.
Inspector-General's Department:

Alaska, 476.

Alaskan Indians, 476.

American troops and the Filipinos, 484.

Army training and instruction, 383.

Auction sales, 466.

Books, records and paper work, 474.

Clerical force, 477.

Condemned property, 458.

Coast defenses, 405.

Disbursements, 454.

Engineer's, 404.

Inspections, posts, commands, etc, 890.

Inspections, results of, 486.

Investigations, 389.

Medical Department, 482.

Military colleges, 384.

Military prisons, 461.

Mindanao, conditions, 483,

National Home, 469.

Native scouts (Philippines), 481.

Observations in the Philippines, 479.

Operations against Moros, 482.

Ordnance Department, 444.

Pay Department, 443.

INDEX.

767

Inspector-General's Department— Continued.

Post exchange, 489.

Quartermaster's Department, 409.

Recruiting, 405.

Signal Service, 448.

Soldiers' Home, District of Columbia, 460.

8tate and Territorial Homes, 474.

Subsistence Department, 42P.

Summary of operations, 375.

of recommendations, 369.

Supply departments, 407.

Time test of communications, 479.

Ungarrisoned posts, 390.

Uniforms, 475.

Violations of Army Regulations, 407.

War dogs, 476.

Water transportation, 409.
Insular accounts, 752.

Insular and United States depositories, 753.
Insular documents, library, 758.
Insular government, supplies purchased, 754.
International cable regulations, remarks Chief

Signal Officer, 710.
International telegraph* conventions, remarks

Chief Signal Officer, 710.
Intestinal diseases, 610.
Issue bacon, production, 553.
Ives, Capt. E. B., commended, 703.
Investigations, remarks of Inspector-General, 389.
Johnson, Private Hilderaan L.. commended, 685.
Judge- Advocate-General's Department:

Commendation of officers, 500.

Convictions, 495.

Death sentences, 499.

Dishonorable discharges, 499.

Eighty-third article of war, amendment, 500.

Trials by general court-martial, 495.

Trials by military commission, 499.
Juneau Section, Alaska, operations of Signal

Corps, 669.
Jurisdiction of courts-martial, 734.
Kansas City, purchasing supply depot, 541.
Kean, Maj. Jefferson Recommended, 9.
Keim, Mr. de B. R., commended, 744.
Khaki wool shirts, good qualities, 506.
Lacroste, Perfecto, commended, 9.
Land lines and cables, character and scope of

work, 688.
Lands:

Acquisition of, 518.

Policy t j be followed in purchase, 22.

Religious orders, Philippine Islands, titles,
Appendix O, 233.
Land transportation, cost, 508.
Lazear, Dr. Jesse W., battery named for, 10.
Lee, Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh, commended, 10.
Leyte, P. I., destruction of telegraph wires, 686.
Library insular documents, 758.
Library Surgeon-General's Office, additions, 569.
Lighting, expenditures for, 520.
Long Island Sound, Army and Navy maneuvers

in, Signal Corps, work, 725.
Long, Maj. O. F., commended, 526.
Ludlow, Brig. Gen. William, commended, 10.
Lukban and Malvar, campaigns against, 11.
Luzon, department of, operations of Signal Corps,
684.

Lyon, Capt. Leroy S., commended, 698,703.
Mac Arthur, Maj. Gen. A., commended, 13.
Malarial diseases, cases, 600.
Malta fever, remarks of Surgeon-General, 634.
Malvar and Lukban, campaign against, 11.
Maneuvers (see Army and Navy joint maneu-
vers, a&o Army and Militia maneuvers).
German army, military representatives, 54.
Manila, telegraph and telephone facilities, 682.
Map work, Bureau of Insular Affairs, 759.
Marine insurance, freight shipments, 756.
Marriage in the Army, 366.
Martin, Maj. M. C, commended, 526.
Martinique:

Subsistence operations for the relief of suf-
ferers, 539.

Volcanic eruption, 342.
Martinique Relief Expedition, supplies for-
warded, 506.
Measles, cases, 591.
Medals of honor, issue, 735.
Medical Department:

Appliances for disabled soldiers, 565.

Army Medical Museum, 566.

Army medical schools, 570.

Army nurse corps, 683.

Artificial limbs, 664.

Care of destitute patients, Providence Hospi-
tal, 565.

Commended, 10.

Contract dental surgeons, 573.

Contract surgeons, 572.

Financial statement, 561.

General hospitals, 630.

Health of the Army, 585.

Hospital construction and repair, 669.

Hospital Corps, 577.

Identification of deserters and other undesir-
able men, 584.

Library, Surgeon-General' k Office, 568.

Medical and hospital supplies, 583.

Medical officers, 569, 572.

Prevalence of special diseases, 591.

Recruiting, 584.

Remarks of Inspector-General, 432.

Trusses, 665.

Supplies, 683.
Medical officers:

Personnel, 569,

Volunteers, appointments, 572.
Militia:

Camp sites, 42.

General provisions of bill reorganizing, 36.

Marked improvement, 324.

Number and kind of arms in hands of, 337.

Relation to coast defenses, 38.

Reorganization, 34.
Military Academy:

Academic matters, 317.

Admission of candidates on certificate, 317.

Centennial anniversary, 32, 319.

Corps of cadets, 316.

Curriculum, 33.

Discipline and hazing, 33, 317.

Efficiency, 32.

Enlargement, 33.

Health 316.

768

INDEX.

Military Academy— Continued.

New curriculum, 318.

Work of quartermaster's detachment, 626.
Military attaches:

Detail of retired officers, 824.

Friendly treatment, 324.

Increased rank and pay, 324.
Military attaches and legations, list, 323.
Military commissions, trials, 499.
Military colleges, laws, regulations, etc., govern-
ing details, Appendix H, 169.
Military education:

Detail of War College Board, 30. '

Duties of officers regarding, Appendix F, 151.

General Service and Staff College, 326.

Instruction in military schools and colleges,
326.

Necessity of systematic, 29.

Post officers' schools, 326.

Regulations and course of instruction Gen-
eral Service and Staff College, Appendix G,
163.

Regulations and instructions army post
schools, Appendix 1, 187.

Regulations for details, etc., military schools
and colleges, 169.

Special-service schools, 325.

War college, 326.

Work of war college board, 31.
Military events, principal, for past year, 6.
Military geographical departments, changes,- 315.
Military information division, operations, 320.
Military operations, character of, Philippine

Islands, 13.
Military posts. (See Army posts.)
Military prisons, remarks of Inspector-General,

451
Military representatives, German army maneu-
vers, 53.
Military reservations, disposition of, 519.
Military schools and colleges:

Instruction in, 327.

Details, 31.

Regulations, details and instruction, Appen-
dix H, 169.
Mileage, disbursements, 647.
Mileage law, operation, 647.
Mindanao:

Campaign, Signal Corps work, 687.

Conditions, 483.

Heathen tribes, 19.
Miscellaneous cases, Record and Pension Of-
fice, 732.
Moro tribes:

Engagements with, 18.

Industry and ability, 20.

Number, 19.

Operations against, 482.

President's instructions, 17.

Reduction of slavery, 19.

Remarks of Inspector-General on operations
against, 482.
Morse, Capt. B. C, commended, 697.
Mortality and health, improvement, 5.
Mortars, accuracy, 25.
Mumps, cases, 593.
Murphy, Corpl. James, commended, 684.

Nagasaki, operations, Quartermaster's Depart-
ment, 523.
National cemeteries, interments, 520.
National Home, remarks of Inspector-General,

469.
Nitrocellulose smokeless powder, 24.
Nome section, Alaska, operations of Signal'

Corps, 665.
Nozaleda Hospital, Manila, cases, 639.
Ocean freight transportation, payments, 755.
Office of the Chief Signal Officer:

Administrative division, 716.

Clerical force, 715.

Disbursing division, 716.

Electrical division, 717.

Examining division, 720.

Telegraph division, 721.
Officers:

Details to Pay Department, 650.

Details to Subsistence Department, 553.

Number in Pay Department, 649.

Promotion on retirement, 356.

Retirement, resignations, deaths, etc., 363.

Savings deposits, 51', 357.
Officers' schools, instructions, Appendix 1, 187.
Officers' quarters, supply of heavy furniture, 51,

209.
Omaha, purchase of subsistence supplies, 542.
Ordnance Department, remarks of Inspector-
General, 444.
Pacific cable, importance, 695.
Patten, Lieut. Col. W. S., commended, 526.
Pay Department:

Appropriations, expenditures, balances, etc.,
658.

Details of officers, 650.

Disbursements on account of mileage, 647.

Enabling act, 646.

Expenditures on account of war with Spain,
651.

Financial statement, 645.

Payments in Philippines, 652.

Personnel, 649.

Remarks of Inspector-General, 443.

Satisfactory operation of the mileage law, 647.

Statement of balances, 655.

Transfer of funds by cable, 650.
Paymaster-General's Office, clerical force, 650.
Personnel:

Bureau of Insular Affairs, 742.

Pay Department, 649.

Quartermaster's Department, 525.

Subsistence Department, 555.
Philippine Islands:

Army transport service, 612.

Auditing and accounting system, 752.

Beneficent results of civil rights and local self-
government, 12.

Bibliography, 744.

Campaigns against Malvar and Lukban, 11.

Casualties, 291.

Character of military operations, 13.

Clerical service, 343.

Clothing and equipage supplies, 523.

Control of the Moros, 16.

Department of Northern Luzon, 684.

Department of South Philippines, 685.

End of guerrilla warfare, 11.

INDEX.

769

Philippine Islands— Continued.

Extent and location of telegraph lines, 678.
Gazetteer, 748.

List of officers lulled and died, 295.
Monthly summaries of commerce and immi-
gration, 751.
Native scouts, 481.
Number of civilian employees in Signal Corps

680.
Number of troops serving in, 291.
Observations of Inspector-General, 479.
Operations of Signal Corps, 677.
Press and Congressional criticism on the

Army, 13.
Principal combats in, 292.
Proclamation of peace and amnesty, Appen-
dix C, 137.
Reduction of expenses, Quartermaster's De-
partment, 523.
Shipment of sterilizers, 519.
Stations of troops, 291.
Subsistence affairs, 543.
Summary of service, 14.
Summarized statements of payments, 652.
Tariff fund, 760.
Termination of military government, not

inhabited by Moro tribes, 12.
Trade devastations, 60.
Philippine civil service, 756.
Philippine insurgent records, 760.
Philippine scouts, continuation of, 4.
Philippine telegraph lines, transfer, 692.
Portable range finders, telescopes, and field

glasses, 709.
Porto Rico:

Affairs of Quartermaster's Department, 522.
Retention of troops, 290.
Porto Rico regiment, discontinued, 4.
Proclamation of peace and amnesty, Philippine

Islands, Appendix C, 137.
Products, Philippine Islands, reduction of duties,

64.
Providence Hospital, destitute patients, 565.
Post commissary-sergeants, 537. !

Post exchange:

Extract from Inspector-General's report, 489.
Receipts and expenditures, 327. .

Remarks of the Inspector-General, 489.
Post officers' schools, 325. :

Post quartermaster-sergeants, present number

inadequate, 525. '

Post schools for officers, instructions, Appendix

I, 1*7.
Publication and distribution of the official rec-
ords of the Union and Confederate armies, 735.
Purchasing agent, appointment of, 754.
Purchasing depot, Kansas City, 541.
Quartermaster's Department:
Barracks and quarters, 516.
Berlin gloves, 507.
Cavalry and artillery horses and means of

transportation, 508.
Civil employees at large, 526.
clothing and equipage, 505.
Commendation of officers, 524.
Cost of construction increased, 518.
Detachment of Army service men, Military
Academy, 526.

Quartermaster's Department— Continued.
Detailed officers, 525.
Department of Cuba, 522.
Duties of the, 504.
Experiments to obtain fast colors for woolen

material, 506.
Financial statement, 503.
General depots, 622.
General remarks regarding transport service,

509.
Hawaii, 522.
Headstones, 520.

Hospitals and hospital stewards' quarters, 518.
Improved shelter tents and tent poles, 507.
Inspection of supplies, 506.
Khaki wool shirts, 506.
Martinique relief expedition, 506.
Military reservations disposed of, 519.
Nagasaki, 523.
National cemeteries, 52ft
Operations of the burial corps, 520.
Personnel, 525.
Philippine Islands, 523.
Porto Rico 522.

Post quartermaster-sergeants, 525.
Reading matter for enlisted men, 521.
Remarks of Inspector-General, 409.
Sale of surplus and condemned animals, 508.
Seacoast lands, 518.
Shoes, 507.
Sterilizers, 619.
Telescope packing cases, 507.
Transportation, 609.
Waterproofing of woolen goods, 507.
Water supply, sewerage, heating, lighting,
etc., 520.
Quartermaster-General :

Memorandum to, heavy furniture, Appendix

M, 209.
Tour of inspection, 524.
Quartermaster - General's Office, civilian em-
ployees commended, 526.
Quarters, commutation of. 357.
Rampart section, Alaska, operations of Signal

Corps, 668.
Reading matter furnished enlisted men, 521.
Reber, Capt. Samuel, commended, 703.
Record and Pension Office:

Certificates in lieu of lost discharges, 734.
Claims of paroled Confederate officers and en-
listed men, 733.
Clerical force, 738.
Confederate archives, 737.
Index record card work, 736.
Information informally furnished other bu-
reaus, 732.
Jurisdiction of courts-martial, 734.
Medals of honor, 735.
Miscellaneous cases, 732.
Number of cases received and disposed of, 731.
Publication and distribution of the official
records of the Union and Confederate ar-
mies, 735.
Records of the Revolutionary war aud the

war of 1812, 737.
Removal of charges of desertion, 732.
Remuster, 731.

WAR 1902 — VOL 1

770

INDEX.

Record and Pension Office — Continued.

Termination of service of volunteers, Philip-
pine insurrection, 733.
Records, Bureau of Insular Affairs, 759.
Records of the Revolutionary wnr and war of

1812, 737.
Receipts and expenditures, Philippine Islands,

during American occupation, 63.
Reed, Maj. Walter, commended, 10.
Recruits for tropical service, 331.
Recruiting, 584.

Remarks of Inspector-General on, 405.
Recruiting details, 330.
Recruiting service, precautions against spread of

disease, 331.
Recruiting stations and territory, 330.
Remuster, applications received. 731.
Reorganization Signal Corps, 712.
Revenues and expenditures, Philippine Islands,
during American occupation, Appendix Q, 271.
Revolutionary war, records of. 737.
Resolutions adopted by officers State militia, Ap-
pendix L, 207.
Rheumatic affections, cases, 610.
Richards, Col. W. V., commended, 10.
Roberts, Capt. C. B., commended, 699.
Rock Island Arsenal, additional plant, 28.
Room space, Bureau of Insular Affairs, 762.
Roster, Signal Corps, 712.
Ruhlen, Maj. George, commended, 526.
Russel, Capt. Edgar, commended, 703, 717.
Sanger, Hon. William C, commended, 54.
Samar, campaign, Signal Corp* work, 686.
Scarlet fever cases, 592.
Schneider, F. A., commended, 728.
Scriven, Maj. George P., commended, 703, 716.
Searchlights, installation, 24.
Seacoast artillery, training, 26.
Seacoast defenses:

Acquisition of lands, 518.

Application of electricity for handling guns
24.

Army and Navy joint maneuvers, benefit of,
25,27.

Army and Navy joint maneuvers, memoran-
dum Chief of Artillery, Appendix D, 139.

Army and Navy Joint maneuvers, memoran-
dum General MacArthur, Appendix E. 143.

Condition and progress of work, 26.

Devices for protection of guns and gunners. 2 1 .

Gathmann gun test un-utisfnctory, 24.

Guns mounted, 23.

Guns ready to mount, 23.

Installation of searchlights, 24.

Mortars, accuracy, 25.

Necessity for new board, 27.

Remarks of Inspector-General, 405.

Smokeless powder, satisfactory, 24.

Test of disappearing carnage approved, 23.

Training coast artillery, 26.
Schools and colleges. (See Military seh<x>ls and

colleges and Army post schools.)
School of submarine defense, students. 31.
Schofield, Lieut. Gen. J. M.. remarks on general

staff, 4S.
Schwan, Brig. Gen. Theodore, remarks on general

staff, 43.
Scofield, John C. commended. .*>!.
Scott, Col. H. L., commended 10.

Service uniforms, selection of color, 29.

Shelter tents and tent poles, improved pattern,

507.
Shoes, improved pattern, 507.
Signal Corps:

Army and Navy joint maneuvers, work of,
725.

Automobiles, 724.

Cable ship Burnside, operations, 682.

Civilian employees, 680.

Character and scope of work, 688.

Enlisted force, Philippine Islands, 680.

Estimates. and expenditures, 724.

Expenses in the Philippines, 690.

Extent and location of telegraph system, 678.

Field glasses, telescopes, and portable range
finders, 709.

International cable regulations, 710.

International telegraph convention, 710.

National Guard, 711.

Office of the Chief Signal Officer, 715.

Operations in the United States, 696.

Post at Fort Myer, Va.. 700.

Remarks of Inspector-General, 448.

Reorganization, 712.

Samar campaign, 686.

Testing and inspection, 719.

Telegraph and telephone facilities, Manila,
682.

Telegraph schools, 681.

War Department telegraph code, 725.
Signal Corps operations:

Alaska, 663.

Cuba, 671.

Department of Northern Luzon, 684.

Department of South Philippines, 685.

Philippine Islands, 677.
Signal Office:

Administrative division, 716.

Clerical force, 715.

Disbursing division, 716.

Disbursing officer commended, 716.

Electrical division, 717.

Examining division, 720.

Telegraph division, 721.
Small arms:

Improvement, 28.

Production of. 28.
Small-pox cases, 593.

Soldiers' Home, D. C, remarks Inspector-Gen-
eral, 466.
South Philippines, operations Signal Corps, 685.
Spain, Pay Department, expenditures on account

of war with, 651.
Special service schools, 325.
Springfield Armory, enlargement, 28.
State and Territorial Homes, remarks Inspector-
General, 474.
Statutes, Philippine Islands, passage of. 59.
Sterilizers, shipment. 519.
Subsistence Department:

Accounts current and returns, 537.

Army bakers, 554.

Authority for disposition of subsistence stores
no longer needed. 554.

Claims. 537.

Clerical ioree, Office of the Commissary-Gen-
eral. 555.

Depot at Honolulu, 542.

INDEX.

771

Subsistence Department — Continued.

Details from line, 563.

Division of the Philippines, 543.

Emergency ration, 553.

Establishment of purchasing depot, Kansas
City, 541.

Filipino ration and commutation thereof, 552.

Fresh beef hash, 553.

Hospital issues, 532.

Supplies, inspection of, 506.

Issue bacon, 553.

New subsistence manual, 552.

Post commissary sergeants, 537.

Relief of citizens, French West Indies, 539.

Remarks of Inspector-General, 407, 426.

Resources, expenditures, and balances, 529.

Sales of condemned stores and property, 536.

Sales of subsistence stores, 536.

Sales on credit, 536.

Subsistence funds held in hand for ready dis-
bursement, 553.

Tour of inspection of Gen. John F. Weston,
542.

Training school for Army cooks, 554.
Subsistence supplies:

Bill for sale of, 554.

Value of issues, 533.

Values of sales, 536.
Submarine cable and electrical instrument test-
ing and inspection, 719.
Supplies, purchase of, in the United States for j

insular government, 754.
Sewerage, expenditure for, 520.
Taft, Hon. Wm. H., commended, 13.
Tamayo, Diego, commended, 9.
Telegram and cablegram accounts, charges, 756.
Telegraph and cable lines:

Expenses, 690.

Money value of business done, 689.
Telegraph, construction of, in Alaska, 52.
Telegraph lines and cables, character and scope

of work, 688.
Telegraph lines, extent and location of in the

Philippines, 678.
Telegraph schools in the Philippines, 681.
Telescopes, field glasses, and portable range find-
ers, remarks Chief Signal Officer, 709.
Telescope packing cases furnished, 507.
Termination of service of volunteers, Philippine

insurrection, 733.
Terrill, J. D.. commended, 9, 752.
Testing and inspection of submarine cable and

electrical instruments, 719.
Thompson, Maj. Richard E., commended, 703.
Time test of communications, remarks Inspector-
General, 479.
Trade, Philippine Islands, increase, 01.
Transport service :

Commercial lines, 49.

Reduction in* 49.
Transports :

Dates of sailing with troops, 3G2.

Diseases on, 594.

Transports — Continued.
Number inspected, 425.

Transportation, amount furnished exclusive of
transport service, 509.

Transportation of civil employees, cost of, 756.

Troops, summary of movements, 299.

Trusses, issue, 565.

Typhoid fever cases, 696.

Ungarrisoned posts, remarks Inspector-General,
391.

Uniforms:

Changes in head gear, 29.
Remarks of Inspector-General, 475.
Service and dress, color of, 29.

United States Army and War Department li-
brary, usefulness, 726.

United States Senate, data furnished by Bureau
of Insular Affairs, 744.

Valdez section, Alaska, operations of the Signal
Corps, 667.

Varela, Jose, commended, 9.

Varona, Enrique, Jose, commended, 9.

Venereal diseases, cases, 621.

Villalon, Jose B., commended, 9.

Vino, remarks Surgeon-General, 622.

Vocal music, 358.

Volcanic eruption, Martinique. 342.

Volunteer surgeons, discharge, 5.

War College, 326.
Plans for, 30.

War College Board:
Detail of, 30.
Work, 31.

War Department:

Appropriations and expenditures, Appendix
N, 215.

Commendation of bureau chiefs. 54.

Documents, distribution, 72%.

Library, usefulness, 728.

Telegraphic code, remarks of Chief Signal
Officer, 725.
War dogs, remarks Inspector-General, 476.
War of 1812, records, 737.
Warren, George A., commended, 715.
Washington, State of, cable connection urged, 5a
Water supply:

Philippine Islands, 524.

Sewerage, heating, etc., expenditures, 520.
Water transportation, remarks of Inspector-Gen-
eral, 419.

Whistler, Maj. G. N., commended, 703.
White House, telegraph and cipher bureau, 702.
Wilson, Brig. Gen. James H., commended, 10.
Wireless telegraphy, remarks of Chief Signal Offi-
cer, 707.

Wood, Brig. Gen. Leonard, commended, 9.
Woolen goods, waterproofing of, 507.
Woolen materials, fast colors for, 506.
Wright, Hon. Luke E., commended, 13.
Yellow fever, riddance in Cuba, 10, 595.
Yukon section, Alaska, operations Signal Corps,
666.

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